1093), where the
expression
thought so highly of his powers, that he requested
kad nuâs, in an author who quotes from so many him to write an account of his consulship (ad Att.
kad nuâs, in an author who quotes from so many him to write an account of his consulship (ad Att.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
) Accord- Periclymenus, who was either a son or a grandson
ing to others, however, Poseidon did not create of Poseidon, received from him the power of as-
the horse in Attica, but in Thessaly, where he suming various forms. (i. 9. & 9, iii. 6. $ 8. )
also gave the famous horses to Peleus. (Lucan, Poseidon was married to Amphitrite, by whom
Phars. vi. 396, &c. ; Hoin. Il. xxiii. 277; Apollod. he had three children, Triton, Rhode, and Ben-
iii. 13. $ 5. )
thesicyme (lles. Tlog. 930; Apollod. i. 4. & 6,
ix. 6. )
## p. 507 (#523) ############################################
POSEIDONIUS.
807
POSEIDONIUS.
3
iii. 16. § 4); but he had besides a vast number of observing the setting of the sun, and by his observ.
children by other divinities and mortal women. ations confuting the ignorant story of the hissing
He is mentioned by a variety of surnames, either sound made by the sun as it descended into the
in allusion to the many legends related about him, ocean. Having collected a variety of information
or to his nature as the god of the sea.
llis wor-
on points of geography and natural history, he set
ship extended over all Greece and southern Italy, out for Italy: Nor was he idle on the roynge,
but he was more especially, revered in Pelopon- paying attention to the course of the winds, and
nesus (which is hence called oikntiglov ſloo eidavos) examining the peculiarities of the coasts along
and in the lonic coast towns. The sacrifices offered which he passed. He visited Sicily and the neigh-
to him generally consisted of black and white bouring islands, and then proceeded to Dalmatia
bulls (Hom. Od. iii. 6, II. XX. 404; Pind. Ol. xiii. and Illyricum (Strab. iii. p. 165, iv. p. 197, xiii.
98; Virg. Aen. v. 237); but wild boars and rams p. 614; Vitruv. de Archit. viji. 4). After visiting
were also sacrificed to him. (Hom. Od. xi. 130, Massilin, Gallin Narbonensis, and Liguria, he
&c. , xxij. 277 ; Virg. Aen. iii. 1 19. ) In Argolis returned to the East, and fixed his abode at
bridled horses were thrown into the well Deine ns Rhodes, where he became the president of the
a sacrifice to him (Paus. viii. 7. $2), and horse Stoic school. lle also took a prominent part in tho
and chariot maces were held in his honour on the political affairs of the republic, influencing the
Corinthian isthmus. (Pind. Nom. v. 66, &c. ) The course of legislation, and among other offices filling
Panionia, or the festival of all the lonians near that of Prytanis (Strab. iv. p. 655, vii. p. 316).
Mycale, was celebrated honour of Poseidon. He was sent as ambassador to Rome in B. c. 86.
(Herod. i. 148. ) In works of art, Poseidon may With Marius he became personally acquainted,
be easily recognised by his attributes, the dolphin, and Plutarch in his life of Marius was consider-
the horse, or the trident (Paus. x. 36. & 4), and he ably indebted to information derived from him
was frequently represented in groups along with (Plut. Mar. 45). Cicero, when he visited Rhodes,
Amphitrite, Tritons, Nereids, dolphins, the Dios received instruction both from Molo and from
curi, Palaemon, Pegasus, Bellerophontes, Thalassa, Poseidonius (Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 3, de Fin. i. 2;
Ino, and Galene. (Paus. ii. 1. $ 7. ) His figure Plut. Cic. 4). Pompey also had a great admiration
does not present the majestic calm which charac- for Poseidonius, and visited him twice, in B. C. 67
terises his brother Zeus ; but as the state of the sea and 62. (Strab. xi. p. 492 ; Plut. Pomp. 42;
is varying, so also is the god represented some Plin. H. N. vii. 31. ) To the occasion of his first
times in violent agitation, and sometimes in a state visit probably belongs the story that Poseidonius,
of repose. (Hirt, Mythol. Bilderb. i. p. 26. ) It to prevent the disappointment of his distinguished
must be observed that the Romans identified visitor, though severely afflicted with the gout,
Poseidon with their own Neptunus, and that ac- held a long discourse on the topic that pain is not
cordingly the attributes belonging to the former an evil (Cic. Tusc. Disp. ii. 25). He seems to
are constantly transferred by the Latin poets to have availed himself of his acquaintance with
the latter.
(L. S. ] Pompey to gain such additions as he could to his
POSEIDO'NIUS (Tlogerdvios), a distinguished geographical and historical knowledge (Strab. xi.
Stoic philosopher, was a native of A pameia in p. 492). In B. C. 51 Poseidonius removed to
Syria (Strab. xiv. p. 968, xvi. p. 1093; Suidas, Rome, and appears to have died soon after. He was
8. v. Nogeið. ). He was called sometimes the succeeded in his school by his disciple and grand-
Apamean, from his birthplace, sometimes the Rhod- son Jason. [Jason, p. 556. ] Among his disciples
iun, from the place where he taught (Lucian, were Phanias (Diog. Laërt. rii. 41), and Ascle-
Macrol, vol. iii. p. 223; Athen. ri. p. 252, e. ) He piodotus (Senec. Qu. Nat. ii. 26, vi. 17). Besides
was also known by the surname 'Aeantns (Suid. Cicero, he seems to have had among his hearers
loc. ). The date of his birth is not known with any C. Velleius, C. Cotta, Q. Lucilius Balbus, and
exactness ; but he was a disciple of Panaetius and probably Brutus. (Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 44 ; Plut.
;
a contemporary of Pompeius and Cicero. Athenaeus Brut. p. 984. ) Of Pompey we have already
(xii. p. 549, e. ), by a great mistake, mentions spoken.
Poseidonius instead of Panaetius as the companion Poseidonius was a man of extensive and raried
of Scipio Africanus on his embassy to Egypt. acquirements in almost all departments of human
Elsewhere (xiv. p. 657) he talks of him as a con- knowledge. Strabo (xvi. p. 753) calls him durip
temporary of Strabo, misunderstanding a passage TWV kao nuas oiloróow To vuaBeatatos. Cicero
of the latter (xvi. p.
1093), where the expression thought so highly of his powers, that he requested
kad nuâs, in an author who quotes from so many him to write an account of his consulship (ad Att.
writers of different ages, may very well be under- ii. 1). As a physical investigator he was greatly
stood of one who preceded him but a short time. superior to the Stoics generally, attaching himself
Vossius supposes that the old age of Poseidonius in this respect rather to Aristotle. His geogra-
may have coincided with the childhood of Strabo. phical and historical knowledge was very extensive.
The supposition is not necessary. As Panaetius Though attached to the Stoic system, he was far
died in B. c. 112, and Poseidonius came to Rome less dogmatical and obstinate than the majority of
in the consulship of M. Marcellus (B. C. 51), and that school, refusing to admit a dogma because it
according to Lucian (l. c. ) reached the age of 84 was one of the school, if it did not commend itself
years, B. c. 135 is probably not far from the date to him for its intrinsic merits. This scientitic cast
of the birth of Poseidonius.
of his mind Galen attributes to his accurate ac-
Poseidonius, leaving Syria, betook himself to quaintance with geometry (De Plac. Hipp. et Plat.
Athens, and became the disciple of Panaetius, and iv. p. 279, viii. p. 319). His style of composition
never returned to his native country. (Suid. l. c. ; also seems to have been far removed from the un-
Cic. de Off. iii. 2, Tusc. Disp. v. 37. ) On the graceful stiffness which was frequently affected by
death of Panaetius he set out on his travels, and Stoic writers. (Strab. v. p. 147; comp. Galen, l. c.
first visited Spain. At Gades he staid thirty days, I iv. p. 281, v. p. 296. )
a
## p. 508 (#524) ############################################
808
POSEIDONIUS.
PUSEIDONIUS.
1
Poseidonius adhered to the division of philosophy | Plato and Aristotle. In some respects his riews
usual ainong the ancients, into physics, ethics, and approximated to the Pythagorean doctrines. (Sext
diulectics (Diog. Laërt. vii. 39), comparing the first | Empir. Adv. Math. vii. 93 ; Galen. de Hipp. et
to the blood and flesh of an animal, the second to Plat. Plac. 1. p. 171. ) It seems to have been his
the bones and nerves, the last to the soul. (Sextus object as far as possible to banish contradiction
Emp. adv. Math. vii. 19; Diog. Laërt. vii. 40. ) from philosophy, and bring all the systems which
He recognised two principles (dpxai) – passive had been propounded into harmony with each
(matter), and active (God). His physical doctrines other, and to infuse into the decaying vitality of
were, in the main, those of the Stoics generally, philosophical thought something of the vigour of
though he differed from them in some particulars. past times. But that he could suppose the doc-
He held that the vacuum beyond the universe was irines of Zeno, Aristotle and Plato capable of recon-
not infinite, but only large enough to allow of the ciliation with each other, shows that he could not
dissolution of the universe (he discarded the doc- bave seized very distinctly the spirit of each. To
trine of its destruction by fire, Phil. Jud. de Aet. give anything like plausibility to this attempt, it
Mundi, ii. p. 497, ed. Mang. ). He considered the was of course necessary to introduce considerable
heaven as the governing principle (T) oyeuovikóv) modifications into the Stoic doctrines. In some
of the universe (Diog. Laërt. vii. 139. ) He cul- points however in which he differed from Panae
tivated astronomy with considerable diligence, ind, tius he rather returned to the views of the earlier
unlike Panaetius, was a believer in astrology (Cic. Stoic philosophers. His fourfold division of virtue
de Div. ii. 42). Poseidonius also constructed a is apparently that followed by Cicero in his De
planetary machine, or revolving sphere, to exhibit officiis. He did not think virtue by itself suffi-
the daily motions of the sun, moon and planets. cient for perfect happiness, unless accompanied by
(Cic. de Nat. Deor. ii. 34. ) He inferred that the external, bodily good. (Diog. Laërt, vii. 128. )
sun is larger than the earth, among other reasons The summum bonum he considered to be the living
because the shadow cast by the earth is conical. in the contemplation of the truth and order of all
(Diog. Laërt. vii. 144 ; Macrob. ad Somn. Scip. things, and the fashioning oneself, as far as pos-
i. 20. ) Its greater apparent magnitude as it sets sible, in accordance there with, being led aside as
he attributed to its being seen through dense and little as possible by the irrational part of the soul.
misty air, and supposed that if we could see it (Clem. Alex. Strom. ii. p. 416. ). In the classifica-
through a solid wall it would appear larger still. tion of the faculties of the soul he returned to the
(Cleomedes, Cycl. Theor. ii. p. 430. ) He calcu- system of Plato, dividing them into reason, emotioni,
lated the diameter of the sun to be 4,000,000 and appetite (SelkvvOIV 10! Kovuévous nuas úto Town
stadia, on the assumption that the orbit of the sun | δυνάμεων, επιθυμητικής τε και θυμοειδούς και λο-
was 10,000 times the circumference of the earth, PLOTikis, Galenus, l. c. viii. p. 319), with which di-
and that it is within a space of 400 stadia N. and vision he considered questions of practical morality
S. that the sun casts no shadow. (Cleomedes, l. c. to be intimately connected (Galen. I. c. iv. p. 284, v.
p. 452. ) The distance between the earth and the p. 291). It was apparently to keep up a bond of
bun he set down at above 502,000,000 stadia. connection with the Stoic dogmas that he spoke of
(Plin. H. N. ii. 21. ) The moon also he considered these durduers as all belonging to one essence
to be larger than the earth, and composed of trans (Galen. l. c. vi. p. 298), though other features of
parent elements, though on account of its great size his system are not easily reconcilable with that
the rays of the sun do not pass through it in view. But instead of regarding the náon of the
eclipses. (Stob. Ed. Phys. i. p. 59; Cleom. I. c. ii. soul as being, or ensuing upon, judgments (kploeis)
p. 500. ) His view of the milky way, that it is of an of the reason, he deduced them from the irrational
igneous nature, not so dense as stars, but more so faculties of the soul, appealing to the fact that
than light, and intended to warm those parts of emotion and appetite manifest themselves in irra-
the universe which the sun's heat does not reach, tional beings. He connected affections and per.
was extensively adopted. (Macrob. l. c. i. 15. ) | turbations of the mind with external influences,
Poseidonjus's calculation of the circumference of the union of the soul with the body, and the in-
the earth differed widely from that of Eratosthenes. fluence of the latter upon the former, some con-
He made it only 180,000 stadia, and his measure- ditions of man being predominantly bodily, others
ment was pretty generally adopted. His calcu- spiritual ; some passing from the body to the soul,
lation was founded on observations of the star others from the soul to the body. This idea he
Canobus made in Spain, not, as Cleomedes says, in carried out to the permanent modifications of cha-
Rhodes. (Strab. ii
. p. 119 ; Cleom. I. c. i. 8. ; racter produced by particular bodily organisations,
comp. Mannert, Geogr.
ing to others, however, Poseidon did not create of Poseidon, received from him the power of as-
the horse in Attica, but in Thessaly, where he suming various forms. (i. 9. & 9, iii. 6. $ 8. )
also gave the famous horses to Peleus. (Lucan, Poseidon was married to Amphitrite, by whom
Phars. vi. 396, &c. ; Hoin. Il. xxiii. 277; Apollod. he had three children, Triton, Rhode, and Ben-
iii. 13. $ 5. )
thesicyme (lles. Tlog. 930; Apollod. i. 4. & 6,
ix. 6. )
## p. 507 (#523) ############################################
POSEIDONIUS.
807
POSEIDONIUS.
3
iii. 16. § 4); but he had besides a vast number of observing the setting of the sun, and by his observ.
children by other divinities and mortal women. ations confuting the ignorant story of the hissing
He is mentioned by a variety of surnames, either sound made by the sun as it descended into the
in allusion to the many legends related about him, ocean. Having collected a variety of information
or to his nature as the god of the sea.
llis wor-
on points of geography and natural history, he set
ship extended over all Greece and southern Italy, out for Italy: Nor was he idle on the roynge,
but he was more especially, revered in Pelopon- paying attention to the course of the winds, and
nesus (which is hence called oikntiglov ſloo eidavos) examining the peculiarities of the coasts along
and in the lonic coast towns. The sacrifices offered which he passed. He visited Sicily and the neigh-
to him generally consisted of black and white bouring islands, and then proceeded to Dalmatia
bulls (Hom. Od. iii. 6, II. XX. 404; Pind. Ol. xiii. and Illyricum (Strab. iii. p. 165, iv. p. 197, xiii.
98; Virg. Aen. v. 237); but wild boars and rams p. 614; Vitruv. de Archit. viji. 4). After visiting
were also sacrificed to him. (Hom. Od. xi. 130, Massilin, Gallin Narbonensis, and Liguria, he
&c. , xxij. 277 ; Virg. Aen. iii. 1 19. ) In Argolis returned to the East, and fixed his abode at
bridled horses were thrown into the well Deine ns Rhodes, where he became the president of the
a sacrifice to him (Paus. viii. 7. $2), and horse Stoic school. lle also took a prominent part in tho
and chariot maces were held in his honour on the political affairs of the republic, influencing the
Corinthian isthmus. (Pind. Nom. v. 66, &c. ) The course of legislation, and among other offices filling
Panionia, or the festival of all the lonians near that of Prytanis (Strab. iv. p. 655, vii. p. 316).
Mycale, was celebrated honour of Poseidon. He was sent as ambassador to Rome in B. c. 86.
(Herod. i. 148. ) In works of art, Poseidon may With Marius he became personally acquainted,
be easily recognised by his attributes, the dolphin, and Plutarch in his life of Marius was consider-
the horse, or the trident (Paus. x. 36. & 4), and he ably indebted to information derived from him
was frequently represented in groups along with (Plut. Mar. 45). Cicero, when he visited Rhodes,
Amphitrite, Tritons, Nereids, dolphins, the Dios received instruction both from Molo and from
curi, Palaemon, Pegasus, Bellerophontes, Thalassa, Poseidonius (Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 3, de Fin. i. 2;
Ino, and Galene. (Paus. ii. 1. $ 7. ) His figure Plut. Cic. 4). Pompey also had a great admiration
does not present the majestic calm which charac- for Poseidonius, and visited him twice, in B. C. 67
terises his brother Zeus ; but as the state of the sea and 62. (Strab. xi. p. 492 ; Plut. Pomp. 42;
is varying, so also is the god represented some Plin. H. N. vii. 31. ) To the occasion of his first
times in violent agitation, and sometimes in a state visit probably belongs the story that Poseidonius,
of repose. (Hirt, Mythol. Bilderb. i. p. 26. ) It to prevent the disappointment of his distinguished
must be observed that the Romans identified visitor, though severely afflicted with the gout,
Poseidon with their own Neptunus, and that ac- held a long discourse on the topic that pain is not
cordingly the attributes belonging to the former an evil (Cic. Tusc. Disp. ii. 25). He seems to
are constantly transferred by the Latin poets to have availed himself of his acquaintance with
the latter.
(L. S. ] Pompey to gain such additions as he could to his
POSEIDO'NIUS (Tlogerdvios), a distinguished geographical and historical knowledge (Strab. xi.
Stoic philosopher, was a native of A pameia in p. 492). In B. C. 51 Poseidonius removed to
Syria (Strab. xiv. p. 968, xvi. p. 1093; Suidas, Rome, and appears to have died soon after. He was
8. v. Nogeið. ). He was called sometimes the succeeded in his school by his disciple and grand-
Apamean, from his birthplace, sometimes the Rhod- son Jason. [Jason, p. 556. ] Among his disciples
iun, from the place where he taught (Lucian, were Phanias (Diog. Laërt. rii. 41), and Ascle-
Macrol, vol. iii. p. 223; Athen. ri. p. 252, e. ) He piodotus (Senec. Qu. Nat. ii. 26, vi. 17). Besides
was also known by the surname 'Aeantns (Suid. Cicero, he seems to have had among his hearers
loc. ). The date of his birth is not known with any C. Velleius, C. Cotta, Q. Lucilius Balbus, and
exactness ; but he was a disciple of Panaetius and probably Brutus. (Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 44 ; Plut.
;
a contemporary of Pompeius and Cicero. Athenaeus Brut. p. 984. ) Of Pompey we have already
(xii. p. 549, e. ), by a great mistake, mentions spoken.
Poseidonius instead of Panaetius as the companion Poseidonius was a man of extensive and raried
of Scipio Africanus on his embassy to Egypt. acquirements in almost all departments of human
Elsewhere (xiv. p. 657) he talks of him as a con- knowledge. Strabo (xvi. p. 753) calls him durip
temporary of Strabo, misunderstanding a passage TWV kao nuas oiloróow To vuaBeatatos. Cicero
of the latter (xvi. p.
1093), where the expression thought so highly of his powers, that he requested
kad nuâs, in an author who quotes from so many him to write an account of his consulship (ad Att.
writers of different ages, may very well be under- ii. 1). As a physical investigator he was greatly
stood of one who preceded him but a short time. superior to the Stoics generally, attaching himself
Vossius supposes that the old age of Poseidonius in this respect rather to Aristotle. His geogra-
may have coincided with the childhood of Strabo. phical and historical knowledge was very extensive.
The supposition is not necessary. As Panaetius Though attached to the Stoic system, he was far
died in B. c. 112, and Poseidonius came to Rome less dogmatical and obstinate than the majority of
in the consulship of M. Marcellus (B. C. 51), and that school, refusing to admit a dogma because it
according to Lucian (l. c. ) reached the age of 84 was one of the school, if it did not commend itself
years, B. c. 135 is probably not far from the date to him for its intrinsic merits. This scientitic cast
of the birth of Poseidonius.
of his mind Galen attributes to his accurate ac-
Poseidonius, leaving Syria, betook himself to quaintance with geometry (De Plac. Hipp. et Plat.
Athens, and became the disciple of Panaetius, and iv. p. 279, viii. p. 319). His style of composition
never returned to his native country. (Suid. l. c. ; also seems to have been far removed from the un-
Cic. de Off. iii. 2, Tusc. Disp. v. 37. ) On the graceful stiffness which was frequently affected by
death of Panaetius he set out on his travels, and Stoic writers. (Strab. v. p. 147; comp. Galen, l. c.
first visited Spain. At Gades he staid thirty days, I iv. p. 281, v. p. 296. )
a
## p. 508 (#524) ############################################
808
POSEIDONIUS.
PUSEIDONIUS.
1
Poseidonius adhered to the division of philosophy | Plato and Aristotle. In some respects his riews
usual ainong the ancients, into physics, ethics, and approximated to the Pythagorean doctrines. (Sext
diulectics (Diog. Laërt. vii. 39), comparing the first | Empir. Adv. Math. vii. 93 ; Galen. de Hipp. et
to the blood and flesh of an animal, the second to Plat. Plac. 1. p. 171. ) It seems to have been his
the bones and nerves, the last to the soul. (Sextus object as far as possible to banish contradiction
Emp. adv. Math. vii. 19; Diog. Laërt. vii. 40. ) from philosophy, and bring all the systems which
He recognised two principles (dpxai) – passive had been propounded into harmony with each
(matter), and active (God). His physical doctrines other, and to infuse into the decaying vitality of
were, in the main, those of the Stoics generally, philosophical thought something of the vigour of
though he differed from them in some particulars. past times. But that he could suppose the doc-
He held that the vacuum beyond the universe was irines of Zeno, Aristotle and Plato capable of recon-
not infinite, but only large enough to allow of the ciliation with each other, shows that he could not
dissolution of the universe (he discarded the doc- bave seized very distinctly the spirit of each. To
trine of its destruction by fire, Phil. Jud. de Aet. give anything like plausibility to this attempt, it
Mundi, ii. p. 497, ed. Mang. ). He considered the was of course necessary to introduce considerable
heaven as the governing principle (T) oyeuovikóv) modifications into the Stoic doctrines. In some
of the universe (Diog. Laërt. vii. 139. ) He cul- points however in which he differed from Panae
tivated astronomy with considerable diligence, ind, tius he rather returned to the views of the earlier
unlike Panaetius, was a believer in astrology (Cic. Stoic philosophers. His fourfold division of virtue
de Div. ii. 42). Poseidonius also constructed a is apparently that followed by Cicero in his De
planetary machine, or revolving sphere, to exhibit officiis. He did not think virtue by itself suffi-
the daily motions of the sun, moon and planets. cient for perfect happiness, unless accompanied by
(Cic. de Nat. Deor. ii. 34. ) He inferred that the external, bodily good. (Diog. Laërt, vii. 128. )
sun is larger than the earth, among other reasons The summum bonum he considered to be the living
because the shadow cast by the earth is conical. in the contemplation of the truth and order of all
(Diog. Laërt. vii. 144 ; Macrob. ad Somn. Scip. things, and the fashioning oneself, as far as pos-
i. 20. ) Its greater apparent magnitude as it sets sible, in accordance there with, being led aside as
he attributed to its being seen through dense and little as possible by the irrational part of the soul.
misty air, and supposed that if we could see it (Clem. Alex. Strom. ii. p. 416. ). In the classifica-
through a solid wall it would appear larger still. tion of the faculties of the soul he returned to the
(Cleomedes, Cycl. Theor. ii. p. 430. ) He calcu- system of Plato, dividing them into reason, emotioni,
lated the diameter of the sun to be 4,000,000 and appetite (SelkvvOIV 10! Kovuévous nuas úto Town
stadia, on the assumption that the orbit of the sun | δυνάμεων, επιθυμητικής τε και θυμοειδούς και λο-
was 10,000 times the circumference of the earth, PLOTikis, Galenus, l. c. viii. p. 319), with which di-
and that it is within a space of 400 stadia N. and vision he considered questions of practical morality
S. that the sun casts no shadow. (Cleomedes, l. c. to be intimately connected (Galen. I. c. iv. p. 284, v.
p. 452. ) The distance between the earth and the p. 291). It was apparently to keep up a bond of
bun he set down at above 502,000,000 stadia. connection with the Stoic dogmas that he spoke of
(Plin. H. N. ii. 21. ) The moon also he considered these durduers as all belonging to one essence
to be larger than the earth, and composed of trans (Galen. l. c. vi. p. 298), though other features of
parent elements, though on account of its great size his system are not easily reconcilable with that
the rays of the sun do not pass through it in view. But instead of regarding the náon of the
eclipses. (Stob. Ed. Phys. i. p. 59; Cleom. I. c. ii. soul as being, or ensuing upon, judgments (kploeis)
p. 500. ) His view of the milky way, that it is of an of the reason, he deduced them from the irrational
igneous nature, not so dense as stars, but more so faculties of the soul, appealing to the fact that
than light, and intended to warm those parts of emotion and appetite manifest themselves in irra-
the universe which the sun's heat does not reach, tional beings. He connected affections and per.
was extensively adopted. (Macrob. l. c. i. 15. ) | turbations of the mind with external influences,
Poseidonjus's calculation of the circumference of the union of the soul with the body, and the in-
the earth differed widely from that of Eratosthenes. fluence of the latter upon the former, some con-
He made it only 180,000 stadia, and his measure- ditions of man being predominantly bodily, others
ment was pretty generally adopted. His calcu- spiritual ; some passing from the body to the soul,
lation was founded on observations of the star others from the soul to the body. This idea he
Canobus made in Spain, not, as Cleomedes says, in carried out to the permanent modifications of cha-
Rhodes. (Strab. ii
. p. 119 ; Cleom. I. c. i. 8. ; racter produced by particular bodily organisations,
comp. Mannert, Geogr.
