Why bear witness against
yourself
in this fashion?
Racine - Phaedra
Dead though he may be, you still see Theseus:
Your soul is forever inflamed with love of him.
Phaedra
Yes, Prince, I languish, and I burn for him.
I love him, not one whom hell has seen descend, 635
Fickle worshipper of a thousand diverse ends,
Who'd dishonour the bed of the god of the dead:
But the loyal, proud, even shy man, instead,
Charming, young: drawing after him all hearts.
Such as one depicts the gods: or as you are. 640
He shares your bearing, your eyes, your speech,
That noble modesty that stains his cheeks,
As when he sailed across our Cretan waters
Worthy to be desired by Minos' daughters.
What were you doing then? Why gather the heroes, 645
All the flower of Greece, without Hippolytus?
Why could you, still so young, not be aboard
The ships that brought him once to our shores?
The Cretan monster would have perished there,
At your hand, despite the toils of his vast lair. 650
To disentangle that confusing problem, too
My sister would have handed you the fatal clew.
No! I'd have been before her with that course,
Love would have swiftly inspired the thought.
I it is, Prince, I whose expert assistance 655
Would have taught you the windings of the Labyrinth.
With what care I would have cherished your dear head!
Your lover would not have been content with a thread.
A companion in the danger you had to go through,
I myself would have wished to walk ahead of you: 660
And Phaedra, plunging with you into the Labyrinth,
Would have returned with you, or herself have perished.
Hippolytus
You gods! What do I hear? Madame, do you forget
That Theseus is my father, your husband yet?
Phaedra
And what makes you think I forget his memory 665
Prince? Have I lost all care for my own glory?
Hippolytus
Madame, forgive me. I blush at my confession
I've wrongly judged an innocent expression.
My shame can no longer endure your vision:
And I go. . .
Phaedra
Ah! You've listened too long, cruel one. 670
I've told you enough for you to be undeceived.
Well! Contemplate Phaedra then in all her fury.
I love. But don't think at the moment of loving you
I find myself innocent in my own eyes, or approve,
Or that slack complacency has fed the poison, 675
Of this wild passion that troubles all my reason.
I, the wretched object of divine vengeance,
Loathe myself much more than you ever can.
The gods are my witnesses, those gods who placed
The fire in my breast, so fatal to all my race, 680
Those gods whose glory it is, always cruel,
To seduce the heart of a weak mortal.
You yourself can bring the past the mind, too,
It was not enough to avoid you: I exiled you.
I wished to seem odious, inhuman to you. 685
I sought your hate, the better to resist you.
How have those useless efforts brought success?
You hated me more: I did not love you less.
Your misfortune even lent you fresh dimension.
I languished, withered, in tears, and in passion. 690
You only needed eyes to be persuaded,
If your eyes had looked at me, not been dissuaded.
What? This confession that I so shamefully,
Make to you, do you think it voluntary?
Trembling for a son I did not dare betray, 695
To beg you not to hate him I come today.
Weak project of a heart too full of what it loves!
Alas! It is only yourself I have spoken of.
Take vengeance: punish me for loathed delight.
Worthy son of a hero who granted you light. 700
Deliver the world from a monster so odious.
Theseus' widow dares to love Hippolytus!
This dreadful monster won't escape: believe me.
Here's my heart. Here's where your hand should strike me.
Impatient already to expiate its offence, 705
To meet your arm I can feel it now advance.
Strike. Or if you think it not worthy of your blow,
If your hate refuses me such sweet torment, so,
Or if your hand by my vile blood would be stained,
Instead of your arm lend me then your blade. 710
Offer it.
Oenone
Madame, what would you do? Gods above!
Someone's here. Avoid hateful witnesses: remove:
Come, return home: flee now from certain shame.
Act II Scene VI (Hippolyte, Theramenes)
Theramenes
Is that Phaedra fleeing, or rather being led away?
Why, my Lord, why then all these signs of grief? 715
I see you without your sword, stunned, pale beyond belief.
Hippolytus
Theramenes, my astonishment's complete.
I can't view myself without horror. Let us leave.
Phaedra. . . No! You gods! In what deep oblivion
Must this appalling secret be entombed! 720
Theramenes
If you're ready to depart, the sails are rigged.
But Athens, my Lord, has already voted.
Her leaders have taken soundings of every man.
Your brother carried the day: Phaedra has won.
Hippolytus
Phaedra?
Theramenes
A herald charged with Athen's demands 725
Comes now, to place control of the state in her hands.
Her son is king, my Lord.
Hippolytus
You gods, who know her,
Is it for her virtues you now reward her?
Theramenes
Meanwhile vague rumours say the king still lives.
They claim that Theseus appeared in Epirus. 730
But I who looked for him, my Lord, well knowing. . .
Hippolytus
No matter: listen to all, and neglect nothing
Let's look into this rumour, trace its source.
If it doesn't merit any change of course,
We'll leave: and whatever the cost to us may be, 735
We'll yet place the sceptre in hands more worthy.
Act III Scene I (Phaedra, Oenone)
Oh! If they'd take elsewhere the honours they send me!
Importunate girl, do you want them to see me?
With what do you hope to stir my desolate heart?
Rather you should hide me: I the truth impart. 740
My visible passions dared to appear abroad.
I have said what should never be overheard.
Heavens! How he listened! In how many ways
That unfeeling man evaded what I had to say!
To achieve a swift departure was his only aim! 745
And how his blushes increased my sense of shame!
Why did you seek to thwart my desire for death?
Alas! When that sword of his sought out my breast,
Did he grow pale for me, and snatch it from me?
It was enough for my hand to touch it lightly, 750
To render it distasteful to that inhuman man:
And for that wretched blade to soil his hands.
Oenone
So in this affliction, that only breeds anguish,
You nourish a passion that you should extinguish.
Would it not be better, Minos' worthy daughter, 755
To search for repose amongst the nobler cares,
Rule, in opposition to that ungrateful man
Who resorts to flight: and govern in the land?
Phaedra
I rule? I, and bring the state beneath my law,
When my weak mind can rule itself no more! 760
When I've abandoned control of my senses so!
When I can scarce breathe beneath a shameful yoke!
When I am dying!
Oenone
Take flight.
Phaedra
I cannot leave him.
Oenone
You dared to banish him: you daren't avoid him?
Phaedra
No longer. He knows my ardent ecstasy. 765
I've passed the bounds of cautious modesty.
In my conqueror's sight I declared my shame,
Yet hope glides to my heart now all the same.
You yourself, defeating my powers' eclipse,
Recalling my soul, already hovering on my lips, 770
You revived me with your flattering advice.
Made me see, that I might love him, with your eyes.
Oenone
Alas! Innocent of your misfortune, or culpable,
To save you still, of what would I not be capable?
But if ever its offence distressed your mind, 775
Can you forget the scornfulness of his pride?
With what cruel glances his harsh severity
Left you well nigh submissive at his feet!
How odious his savage pride has made him!
If Phaedra only had my eyes to see him! 780
Phaedra
Oenone, he may quench this pride that wounds you.
Raised in the forests, he has their wildness too.
Hippolytus, hardened by their savage laws,
Hears love's language he never heard before.
Perhaps his astonishment explains his silence, 785
And our complaints perhaps show too much violence.
Oenone
Think: a barbarian formed him in her womb.
Phaedra
Scythian, and barbarian, she's known love too.
Oenone
He has a deadly hatred for all our sex.
Phaedra
Then I'll suffer a dearth of rivals, I expect. 790
Your advice, in short, is out of season.
Serve my madness, Oenone, not my reason.
His inaccessible heart is opposed to love:
Let's find a weaker spot that he might be moved.
The charms of Empire appeared to stir him: 795
He could not conceal it: Athens attracts him:
His ships are already turned that way I find,
Their fluttering sails abandoned to the wind.
Seek out for me this youth and his ambition,
Oenone. Make the crown glitter to his vision. 800
Let him place the sacred diadem on his brow:
The honour of setting it there's all I wish now.
Let's cede the power we can't hold to this man.
He'll teach my son how to exercise command.
Perhaps he'd truly like to replace his father. 805
I'll commit to his power both son and mother.
Try every means you can to change his mind:
Your words will find a more ready ear than mine.
Urge him, weep; moan; paint Phaedra as dying,
Don't be ashamed to adopt a suppliant's sighing. 810
I'll approve you in all: I've no hope but you.
Go, I'll await you, then decide what I shall do.
Act III Scene II (Phaedra)
Phaedra
O you, who see the shame into which I fall,
Implacable Venus, am I sufficiently in thrall?
You could take your cruelty no further though. 815
Your triumph's complete: your arrows all strike home.
Yet cruel one, if you still seek fresh glory
Attack some more rebellious enemy.
Hippolytus flees you, who, braving your anger,
Has never bowed his knees before your altar. 820
Your name seems to offend those proud ears of his.
Goddess, take vengeance! We share the same cause.
If only he loves. But already you return,
Oenone? He detests me: he will not listen.
Act III Scene III (Phaedra, Oenone)
Extinguish all thought of this vain amour,
Madame. And summon up your former honour. 825
The King, thought dead, will appear before your face:
Theseus is here: Theseus has reached this place.
The crowd go now to see him, in a headlong rush,
I went out, at your command, to find Hippolytus,
When a thousand cries split the heavens. . . 830
Phaedra
My husband is alive, Oenone, that's sufficient.
I've confessed an unworthy love he'll deplore.
He lives. And I wish to know of nothing more.
Oenone
What?
Phaedra
I predicted it, but you'd not accept it. 835
Your tears prevailed then over my deep regret.
Dying this morning I would have been wept for:
I followed your counsel: I die without honour.
Oenone
You die?
Phaedra
Just heavens! This day, what have I done?
My husband will appear: with him is his son. 840
I'll see the witness to my adulterous amour
Noting the manner in which I greet his father,
My heart full of the sighs he would not embrace,
My eyes wet with the tears scorned by that ingrate.
Do you think that he, conscious of Theseus' honour, 845
Will conceal what I am burning with, this ardour?
Will he let his king and father be betrayed?
Can he contain the horror he's displayed?
He'd be silent in vain. I know my transgression,
Oenone, and I'm not one of those bold women 850
Who enjoy their crimes in peace and tranquillity,
And know how to show their faces unblushingly.
I know my madness, and recall it completely.
Already it seems these walls, and these ceilings
Will speak aloud, and are ready to accuse me, 855
Await my husband, to disabuse him of me.
Let me die. From what horrors death sets me free!
Is it such great misfortune to cease to be?
Death, to the wretched, is no cause for terror.
The name I leave behind is all I have to fear. 860
What a fearful inheritance for my poor children!
Let the blood of Jupiter swell their courage then:
Yet despite the true pride pure blood may occasion,
A mother's guilt is still a heavy burden.
I tremble lest words that speak their truth 865
Some day reproach them for a mother's guilt.
I tremble lest, oppressed by so odious a weight,
Neither will ever dare to lift their gaze.
Oenone
It cannot be doubted: I pity both together:
Nothing was ever more justified than your fear. 870
But why expose them to such confrontation?
Why bear witness against yourself in this fashion?
It's done: Phaedra, only too guilty, they'll say,
Fled the fierce gaze of the husband she betrayed.
Hippolytus is happy: by ending your days, 875
You yourself, in dying, endorse what he says.
And how can I respond when you're accused?
Face to face with him I'd be utterly confused.
I'll see him rejoice in triumph now, I fear,
Speaking your shame to whoever will give him ear. 880
Ah! Better that flames from heaven should devour me!
But is he still dear to you now, don't deceive me?
With what gaze then do you view this daring prince?
Phaedra
He seems like some terrible monster to my glance.
Oenone
Why grant him a complete victory so? 885
You fear him. Be first to accuse him, though,
Of a crime he may accuse you of today.
Who'll deny you? All's against him anyway:
His sword that he happily left with you:
Your present sorrow, your past distress, too: 890
His father warned long ago by your complaints:
And his exile you've already once obtained.
Phaedra
I, to dare to oppress and blacken innocence!
Oenone
My zeal only has need of your silence.
I tremble as you do, feel almost your own regret. 895
You'd see me sooner die a thousand deaths.
But since I'll lose you without this remedy,
Your life's a prize before which all else must yield.
I'll speak out. Theseus, angered by my confession,
Will be content to exile his son, in vengeance. 900
A father, in punishing, Madame, is always a father.
A light sentence will suffice to cool his anger.
But even if innocent blood must still be shed,
Your honour, being threatened, demands no less.
The treasure's too dear to dare to compromise it. 905
Whatever sentence is pronounced, you must submit,
Madame, if embattled honour would be rescued,
You must sacrifice everything, even virtue.
They come: I see Theseus.
Phaedra
Hippolytus, I:
I see my ruin written in his bold eye. 910
Do what you will: to you I abandon myself.
In this distress, I can do nothing for myself.
Act III Scene IV (Theseus, Hippolytus, Phaedra, Oenone, Theramenes)
Theseus
Fortune has ceased to oppose my wishes,
Madame, and brings to your arms. . .
Phaedra
Stop, Theseus,
And don't profane your feelings of joyfulness. 915
I no longer deserve this gracious tenderness.
You have been wronged. Fortune in her jealousy
Has not spared your wife, in your absence from me.
Unworthy of pleasing you, or approaching you,
I must only think now of hiding from you. 920
Act III Scene V (Theseus, Hippolytus, Theramenes)
My son, what is this strange welcome for your father?
Hippolyte
The mystery can only be explained by Phaedra.
But if my ardent prayers can move you at all,
Permit me, my Lord, never to see her more.
Allow your trembling Hippolyte to vanish 925
Forever from the place your wife inhabits.
Theseus
You are leaving me, my son?
Hippolytus
I did not seek her.
It was you who led her footsteps to this shore.
You, my Lord, deigned to entrust in parting,
To Troezen's coast, Aricia and your Queen: 930
I was even charged with the duty of protection.
But what duty holds me from this moment on?
My idle youth has plied its skills long enough
Against the insignificant prey of the woods.
Should I not, fleeing idleness that's worthless, 935
Dip my javelins in blood more meritorious?
You had not yet achieved my tender age,
When many a tyrant, and many a savage
Monster had felt the full force of your strength:
Already, the triumphant scourge of insolence, 940
You'd secured the shores of the two seas:
Fearing no violence the traveller felt free.
Hercules, hanging on rumours of those labours,
Was already resting from his, in favouring yours.
And I, the unknown son of a famous father, 945
Lag far behind even the footsteps of my mother.
Let my courage, in short, dare to be occupied.
Let me, if some monster has escaped your eye,
Set at your feet the honoured spoils I'll bring:
Or let the memory of a glorious ending, 950
Immortalise my days, a death so nobly won,
And prove to the whole world I was your son.
Theseus
What is this? What horror spreading through this place
Makes my distraught family flee my face?
If there's so much fear so little joy at my return 955
O heaven, why did you release me from my prison?
I had but the one friend. His insolent passion
Sought to abduct the wife of Epirus' tyrant:
Reluctantly I served his amorous intent:
But we were both blinded by an angry fate. 960
The tyrant surprised me unarmed, defenceless.
I saw the sad object of my tears, Pirithous,
Thrown to cruel monsters by that barbarian,
Those he fed on the blood of wretched men.
For myself, he shut me in a gloomy cavern, 965
A deep place, near to the realm of shadows.
The gods relented, when six months had passed,
I tricked the eyes of those who guarded me, at last.
I freed Nature from a treacherous opponent:
He served as food for that monstrous regiment. 970
And now when I think to approach so joyfully
All that the gods have made most dear to me:
What do I find? When my soul, my own again,
Wants to drink its fill of so dear a vision,
There's only fear and trembling to welcome me: 975
They all refuse my embraces, and they flee.
And myself knowing the terror I produce,
Would prefer to be in that prison in Epirus.
Speak. Phaedra complains I've been offended.
Who has betrayed me? Why am I not avenged? 980
Has Greece, to whom my arm has been so useful,
Given a sanctuary to this criminal?
You do not reply? My son? Is my own son
In complicity with my enemies then?
Enter. Too close a secret overwhelms me. 985
Let us swiftly know the guilt, and the guilty.
Let Phaedra explain the trouble I find her in.
Act III Scene VI (Hippolytus, Theramenes)
Hippolytus
What's the meaning of these words that chill me with fear?
Will Phaedra, always a prey to her deep emotion,
Destroy herself, by framing her own self-accusation. 990
You gods! What will the King say? What deadly poison
Has spread through his whole house with this passion!
For myself, filled with love his hatred must disdain,
How he once saw me then, how he finds me again!
Dark presentiments rise to terrify me here. 995
But innocence has nothing, in the end, to fear.
Come: let me seek elsewhere some means of address,
By which I might move my father's tenderness,
And speak to him of a love he may oppose,
But which all his power knows no way to depose. 1000
Act IV Scene I (Theseus, Oenone)
Theseus
Ah! What do I hear? A reckless traitor,
Planned this outrage to his father's honour?
Destiny, how relentlessly you pursue me!
I know not where I am, or where I journey.
O tenderness! O kindness so ill repaid! 1005
A detestable design! A plot so boldly made!
To achieve the object of his dark course,
His insolence employed the use of force.
I recognise this blade, tool of his madness,
I armed him with it for a nobler purpose. 1010 Did our blood ties not provide enough restraint!
And Phaedra has delayed his punishment!
Phaedra's silence has spared the guilty one!
Oenone
Phaedra has rather spared a father's pain.
Ashamed of a passionate lover's designs 1015
The criminal desire reflected in his eyes,
Phaedra was dying. My Lord, a deadly sight,
Her hand quenching her eyes' innocent light.
I saw her lift her arm: I ran to save her.
I alone, for your love, have preserved her: 1020
And pitying both her distress and your fears,
Despite myself, I've served to explain her tears.
Theseus
The traitor couldn't prevent himself turning pale!
I saw him shudder with fear, finding me again.
I was astonished by such lack of joyousness, 1025
His cold embrace has chilled my tenderness.
But had he already declared this guilty love
In Athens, this passion by which he's devoured?
Oenone
My lord, remember the Queen's complaints.
His guilty passion the cause of all her hate. 1030
Theseus
And his passion then began again in Troezen?
Oenone
I've explained, my Lord, all that happened then.
The Queen has been left too long in mortal pain:
Allow me to leave you, and go to her again.
Act IV Scene II (Theseus, Hippolyte)
Theseus
Ah! He is there. High gods! Tell me whose seeing 1035
Wouldn't be misled, like mine, by noble bearing?
How can the brow of this profane adulterer
Shine out with virtue's sacred character?
And shouldn't we be able to recognise
The heart of a treacherous mortal by sure signs? 1040
Hippolytus
May I ask you, my Lord, what gloomy cloud,
Allows itself to trouble your noble brow?
Will you dare to confide this secret to me?
Theseus
Traitor, do you dare to show yourself before me?
Monster, whom the thunderbolt too long has spared, 1045
Foul leavings of those thieves I swept from the earth!
After the transports of horror-filled passion led
Your madness as far as your father's bed,
You dare to present your hostile face to me
You approach this place full of your infamy, 1050
Rather than finding, under some unknown sky,
A country where my name never met the eye.
Traitor, flee. Don't come here to brave my pain,
Tempting the anger I can barely contain.
Enough eternal disgrace has been heaped on me 1055
In having brought to light a son so guilty,
Without his death, a shameful future memory,
Arriving to stain my noble labours' glory:
Flee, if you don't wish my swift punishment
To add to the rascals who've known chastisement, 1060
Take care that the star that lights us never
Sees you setting a reckless foot here, ever.
Flee, I say, and set out without returning,
Rid all my lands of your dreadful being.
And you, Neptune, you, if my courage ever 1065
Cleansed your shore of those infamous murderers,
Remember that as a prize for all my labour,
You promised to fulfil my future prayer.
During the long rigours of a cruel prison,
I never called on your immortal person. 1070
Eager for the help I expect from your care,
For this greater need I retained my prayer.
Today I beg you, avenge an unhappy father.
I now abandon a traitor to your anger.
Drown his outrageous desires in his own blood. 1075
Theseus by your fury measures his own good.
Hippolyte
Phaedra accuse Hippolytus of a guilty passion!
Such excess of horror renders my spirit numb:
So many unforeseen blows together rain on me
They stifle my words, and rob me of my speech. 1080
Theseus
Traitor, you imagined that in cowardly silence
Phaedra would bury all your brutish insolence.
You should never have dropped your sword as you fled
Which, left in her hands, condemns you instead:
Or rather in order to complete your treachery, 1085
You should have robbed her of life and speech.
Hippolyte
Rightly indignant at such a dark deceit,
My Lord, I should allow the truth to speak.
But I'll suppress a secret that touches you.
Respect closes my lips: which you should approve. 1090
And without wishing you to increase your pain
Reflect on my life, and think who I am, again.
Crime of sorts ever precedes some greater crime.
Whoever crosses lawful boundaries, in time
Violates the most sacred rights with impunity: 1095
As well as virtue, crime too has its degrees,
And no one has ever seen shy innocence
Suddenly transform itself to extreme licence.
A single day can't make a man who's virtuous
A treacherous assassin: cowardly, incestuous. 1100
Nurtured in the womb of a chaste heroine,
I've never betrayed my blood, and my origin.
Pittheus, accounted wise amongst all men,
Deigned to instruct me when I left her hands.
I do not seek to present myself to advantage: 1105
But if any virtue fell to my share by parentage,
My Lord, I've shown hatred above all I believe
For the errors that men dared to impute to me.
Throughout Greece they know this of Hippolytus,
That I've carried virtue to the point of rudeness. 1110
They know the inflexible rigour of my sadness.
The daylight is not so pure as my heart's depths.
Yet they say Hippolytus, drunk with base desire. . .
Theseus
Yes, you're condemned for that same cowardly pride.
I can see the shameful reason for your coldness. 1115
Phaedra alone bewitched your lustful senses.
And for every other object your soul, indifferent,
Disdained to burn with any flame so innocent.
Hippolytus
No, father, this heart - a truth too great to hide -
Has never disdained to burn with chaste desire. 1120
At your feet I'll confess my true offence:
I love, I love it's true, in your defiance.
Aricia holds my wishes slaves to her law: your
Son has indeed been conquered by Pallas' daughter.
I adore her, and my soul, rebelling at your order, 1125
Can only breathe, and be inspired by her.
Theseus
You love her? No, this is a crude deception.
You pretend to this crime as a justification.
Hippolytus
My Lord, for six months I've shunned and loved her.
Trembling to speak to you myself I came here. 1130
What! Can nothing disabuse you of your error?
What fearful vow, in reassurance, must I swear.
By heaven, and earth, and all that Nature sees. . .
Theseus
Rogues always have recourse to perjuries.
Cease, cease, and spare me idle discourse, 1135
If your false virtue has no better recourse.
Hippolytus
It seems false to you and full of artifice.
Phaedra, in her heart's depths, grants me more justice.
Theseus
Ah! How your impudence excites my passion!
Hippolytus
What place is set for my exile, what duration? 1140
Theseus
If you were beyond the pillars of Hercules,
I'd still think one traitor far too near to me.
Hippolytus
Charged with the dreadful crime you suspect,
What friend will pity one whom you reject?
Theseus
Go and seek out those friends whose fatal respect 1145
Honours adultery, and praises incest:
Traitors, without law, honour, gratitude,
Worthy to shelter criminals like you.
Hippolytus
You always speak of incest and adultery!
I'll be silent. But Phaedra's of a dynasty, 1150
Phaedra has a mother, my Lord: you know her line
Is more replete with these horrors than is mine.
Theseus
What! Your madness with me loses all sense?
For the last time, take yourself from my presence.
Leave, traitor. Don't wait till a father's anger 1155
Sees you taken, in disgrace, from these shores.
Act IV Scene III (Theseus)
Wretch, you are rushing now to certain death.
Neptune has sworn to me, by Stygian depths
Dreadful even to the gods, and will not fail.
An avenging god pursues you: you'll not escape. 1160
I have loved you: and despite your offence,
My heart is troubled for you in advance.
