The foreign words in
_Bēowulf_
(as ceaster-here) are not numerous;
others are (aside from proper names like _Cain, Abel_, etc.
others are (aside from proper names like _Cain, Abel_, etc.
Beowulf
suggests swā þǣr for hwæðere, = _so there it befell me_.
But the word at l. 574 seems = _however_, and at l. 578 = _yet_; cf. l.
891; see S. ; _Beit. _ ix. 138; _Tidskr. _ viii. 48; _Zacher_, iii. 387, etc.
l. 586. Gr. and Grundt. read fāgum sweordum (no ic þæs fela gylpe! ),
supplying fela and blending the broken half-lines into one. Ho. and Kl.
supply geflites.
l. 599. E. translates nȳd-bāde by _blackmail_; adding "nēd bād, _toll_;
nēd bādere, _tolltaker_. "--Land Charters, Gloss, v.
l. 601. MS. has ond = _and_ in three places only (601, 1149, 2041);
elsewhere it uses the symbol 7 = _and_.
l. 612. _seq. _ Cf. the drinking ceremony at l. 1025. "The royal lady offers
the cup to Beowulf, not in his turn where he sate among the rest, but after
it has gone the round; her approach to Beowulf is an act apart. "--E.
l. 620. "The [loving] cup which went the round of the company and was
tasted by all," like the Oriel and other college anniversary cups. --E.
l. 622. Cf. ll. 160, 1191, for the respective places of young and old.
l. 623. Cf. the circlet of gold worn by Wealhþēow at l. 1164.
l. 631. gyddode. Cf. Chaucer, _Prol. _ l. 237 (ed. Morris):
"Of _yeddynges_ he bar utterly the prys. "
Cf. _giddy_.
l. 648. Kl. suggests a period after geþinged, especially as B. (_Tidskr. _
viii. 57) has shown that oþþe is sometimes = ond. Th. supplies ne.
l. 650. oþþe here and at ll. 2476, 3007, probably = _and_.
l. 651. Cf. 704, where sceadu-genga (the _night-ganger_ of _Leechdoms_, ii.
344) is applied to the demon. --E.
l. 659. Cf. l. 2431 for same formula, "to have and to hold" of the Marriage
Service. --E.
l. 681. B. considers þēah . . . eal a precursor of Mod. Eng. _although_.
l. 682. gōdra = _advantages in battle_ (Gr. ), _battle-skill_ (Ha. ), _skill
in war_ (H. -So. ). Might not nāt be changed to nah = ne + āh (cf. l. 2253),
thus justifying the translation _ability_ (? ) --_he has not the ability
to_, etc.
l. 695. Kl. reads hiera. --_Beit. _ ix. 189. B. omits hīe as occurring in the
previous hemistich. --_Beit. _ xii. 89.
l. 698. "Here Destiny is a web of cloth. "--E. , who compares the Greek
Clotho, "spinster of fate. " Women are also called "weavers of peace," as l.
1943. Cf. Kent's _Elene_, l. 88; _Wīdsīð_, l. 6, etc.
l. 711. B. translates þā by _when_ and connects with the preceding
sentences, thus rejecting the ordinary canto-division at l. 711. He objects
to the use of cōm as principal vb. at ll. 703, 711, and 721. (_Beit_, xii. )
l. 711. "Perhaps the Gnomic verse which tells of Thyrs, the giant, is
written with Grendel in the writer's mind,--þyrs sceal on fenne gewunian
āna inuan lande, _the giant shall dwell in the fen, alone in the land_
(Sweet's Read. , p. 187). "--Br. p. 36.
l. 717. Dietrich, in _Haupt. _ xi. 419, quotes from AElfric, _Hom. _ ii. 498:
hē beworhte þā bigelsas mid gyldenum lǣfrum, _he covered the arches with
gold-leaf_,--a Roman custom derived from Carthage. Cf. Mod. Eng. _oriel_ =
_aureolum_, a gilded room. --E. (quoting Skeat). Cf. ll. 2257, 1097, 2247,
2103, 2702, 2283, 333, 1751, for various uses of gold-sheets.
l. 720. B. and ten Br. suggest _hell-thane_ (Grendel) for heal-þegnas, and
make hæle refer to Beowulf. Cf. l. 142.
l. 723. Z. reads [ge]hrān.
l. 727. For this use of standan, cf. ll. 2314, 2770; and Vergil, _Ecl. _ ii.
26:
"Cum placidum ventis _staret_ mare. "
l. 757. gedræg. _Tumult_ is one of the meanings of this word. Here, appar.
= _occupation, lair_.
l. 759. R. reads mōdega for gōda, "because the attribute cannot be
separated from the word modified unless the two alliterate. "
l. 762. Cf. _Andreas_, l. 1537, for a similar use of ūt = _off_. --E.
l. 769.
The foreign words in _Bēowulf_ (as ceaster-here) are not numerous;
others are (aside from proper names like _Cain, Abel_, etc. ) dēofol
(diabolus), candel (l. 1573), ancor (l. 303), scrīfan (for- ge-), segn (l.
47), gīgant (l. 113), mīl- (l. 1363), strǣt (l. 320), ombeht (l. 287), gim
(l. 2073), etc.
l. 770. MS. reads cerwen, a word conceived by B. and others to be part of a
fem. compd. : -scerwen like -wenden in ed-wenden, -rǣden, etc. (cf.
meodu-scerpen in _Andreas_, l. 1528); emended to -scerwen, _a great scare
under the figure of a mishap at a drinking-bout_; one might compare
bescerwan, _to deprive_, from bescyrian (Grein, i. 93), hence ealu-seerwen
would = _a sudden taking away, deprivation, of the beer_. --H. -So. , p. 93.
See B. , _Tidskr. _ viii. 292.
l. 771. Ten Br. reads rēðe, rēnhearde, = _raging, exceeding bold_.
l. 792. Instrumental adverbial phrases like ǣnige þinga, nǣnige þinga (_not
at all_), hūru þinga (_especially_) are not infrequent. See Cook's Sievers'
Gram. , p. 178; March, _A. -S. Gram. _, p. 182.
l. 811. myrðe. E. translates _in wanton mood_. Toller-Bosw. does not
recognize _sorrow_ as one of the meanings of this word.
ll. 850, 851. S. reads dēop for dēog and erases semicolon after wēol, =
_the death-stained deep welled with sword-gore_; cf. l. 1424. B. reads
dēað-fǣges dēop, etc. , = _the deep welled with the doomed one's
gore_. --_Beit. _ xii. 89.
l. 857. The meaning of blaneum is partly explained by fealwe mēaras below,
l. 866. Cf. Layamon's "and leop on his _blancke" = steed_, l. 23900; Kent's
_Elene_, l. 1185.
l. 859. Körner, _Eng. Stud. _ i. 482, regards the oft-recurring be sǣm
twēonum as a mere formula = _on earth_; cf. ll. 1298, 1686. twēone is part
of the separable prep. _between_; see be-. Cf. Baskerville's _Andreas_, l.
558.
l. 865. Cf. _Voyage of Ōhthere and Wulfstān_ for an account of funeral
horse-racing, Sweet's Read. , p. 22.
l. 868. See Ha. , p. 31, for a variant translation.
l. 871 _seq. _ R. considers this a technical description of improvised
alliterative verse, suggested by and wrought out on the spur of the moment.
l. 872. R. and B. propose secg[an], = _rehearse_, for secg, which suits the
verbs in the next two lines.
ll. 878-98. "It pleases me to think that it is in English literature we
possess the first sketch of that mighty saga [the Volsunga Saga = Wælsinges
gewin] which has for so many centuries engaged all the arts, and at last in
the hands of Wagner the art of music. "--Br. , p. 63. Cf. _Nibelung. Lied_,
l. 739.
l. 894. Intransitive verbs, as gān, weorðan, sometimes take habban, "to
indicate independent action. "--Sw. Cf. hafað . . . geworden, l. 2027.
l. 895. "brūcan (_enjoy_) always has the genitive. "--Sw. ; cf. l. 895; acc. ,
gen. , instr. , dat. , according to March, _A. -S. Gram. _, p. 151.
l. 898. Scherer proposes hāte, = _from heat_, instr. of hāt, _heat_; cf. l.
2606.
l. 901. hē þæs āron þāh = _he throve in honor_ (B. ). Ten Br. inserts comma
after þāh, making siððan introduce a depend. clause. --_Beit. _ viii. 568.
Cf. weorð-myndum þāh, l. 8; ll. 1155, 1243. --H. -So.
l. 902. Heremōdes is considered by Heinzel to be a mere epithet = _the
valiant_; which would refer the whole passage to Sigmund (Sigfrid), the
eotenas, l. 903, being the Nibelungen. This, says H. -So. , gets rid of the
contradiction between the good "Heremōd" here and the bad one, l. 1710
_seq. _--B. however holds fast to Heremōd. --_Beit. _ xii. 41. on fēonda
geweald, l. 904,--_into the hands of devils_, says B. ; cf. ll. 809, 1721,
2267; _Christ_, l. 1416; _Andreas_, l. 1621; for hine fyren onwōd, cf.
_Gen. _ l. 2579; Hunt's _Dan. _ 17: hīe wlenco anwōd.
l. 902 _seq. _ "Heremōd's shame is contrasted with the glory of Sigemund,
and with the prudence, patience, generosity, and gentleness of Beowulf as a
chieftain. "--Br. , p. 66.
l. 906. MS. has lemede. Toller-Bosw. corrects to lemedon.
l. 917. Cf. Hunt's _Exod. _, l.
But the word at l. 574 seems = _however_, and at l. 578 = _yet_; cf. l.
891; see S. ; _Beit. _ ix. 138; _Tidskr. _ viii. 48; _Zacher_, iii. 387, etc.
l. 586. Gr. and Grundt. read fāgum sweordum (no ic þæs fela gylpe! ),
supplying fela and blending the broken half-lines into one. Ho. and Kl.
supply geflites.
l. 599. E. translates nȳd-bāde by _blackmail_; adding "nēd bād, _toll_;
nēd bādere, _tolltaker_. "--Land Charters, Gloss, v.
l. 601. MS. has ond = _and_ in three places only (601, 1149, 2041);
elsewhere it uses the symbol 7 = _and_.
l. 612. _seq. _ Cf. the drinking ceremony at l. 1025. "The royal lady offers
the cup to Beowulf, not in his turn where he sate among the rest, but after
it has gone the round; her approach to Beowulf is an act apart. "--E.
l. 620. "The [loving] cup which went the round of the company and was
tasted by all," like the Oriel and other college anniversary cups. --E.
l. 622. Cf. ll. 160, 1191, for the respective places of young and old.
l. 623. Cf. the circlet of gold worn by Wealhþēow at l. 1164.
l. 631. gyddode. Cf. Chaucer, _Prol. _ l. 237 (ed. Morris):
"Of _yeddynges_ he bar utterly the prys. "
Cf. _giddy_.
l. 648. Kl. suggests a period after geþinged, especially as B. (_Tidskr. _
viii. 57) has shown that oþþe is sometimes = ond. Th. supplies ne.
l. 650. oþþe here and at ll. 2476, 3007, probably = _and_.
l. 651. Cf. 704, where sceadu-genga (the _night-ganger_ of _Leechdoms_, ii.
344) is applied to the demon. --E.
l. 659. Cf. l. 2431 for same formula, "to have and to hold" of the Marriage
Service. --E.
l. 681. B. considers þēah . . . eal a precursor of Mod. Eng. _although_.
l. 682. gōdra = _advantages in battle_ (Gr. ), _battle-skill_ (Ha. ), _skill
in war_ (H. -So. ). Might not nāt be changed to nah = ne + āh (cf. l. 2253),
thus justifying the translation _ability_ (? ) --_he has not the ability
to_, etc.
l. 695. Kl. reads hiera. --_Beit. _ ix. 189. B. omits hīe as occurring in the
previous hemistich. --_Beit. _ xii. 89.
l. 698. "Here Destiny is a web of cloth. "--E. , who compares the Greek
Clotho, "spinster of fate. " Women are also called "weavers of peace," as l.
1943. Cf. Kent's _Elene_, l. 88; _Wīdsīð_, l. 6, etc.
l. 711. B. translates þā by _when_ and connects with the preceding
sentences, thus rejecting the ordinary canto-division at l. 711. He objects
to the use of cōm as principal vb. at ll. 703, 711, and 721. (_Beit_, xii. )
l. 711. "Perhaps the Gnomic verse which tells of Thyrs, the giant, is
written with Grendel in the writer's mind,--þyrs sceal on fenne gewunian
āna inuan lande, _the giant shall dwell in the fen, alone in the land_
(Sweet's Read. , p. 187). "--Br. p. 36.
l. 717. Dietrich, in _Haupt. _ xi. 419, quotes from AElfric, _Hom. _ ii. 498:
hē beworhte þā bigelsas mid gyldenum lǣfrum, _he covered the arches with
gold-leaf_,--a Roman custom derived from Carthage. Cf. Mod. Eng. _oriel_ =
_aureolum_, a gilded room. --E. (quoting Skeat). Cf. ll. 2257, 1097, 2247,
2103, 2702, 2283, 333, 1751, for various uses of gold-sheets.
l. 720. B. and ten Br. suggest _hell-thane_ (Grendel) for heal-þegnas, and
make hæle refer to Beowulf. Cf. l. 142.
l. 723. Z. reads [ge]hrān.
l. 727. For this use of standan, cf. ll. 2314, 2770; and Vergil, _Ecl. _ ii.
26:
"Cum placidum ventis _staret_ mare. "
l. 757. gedræg. _Tumult_ is one of the meanings of this word. Here, appar.
= _occupation, lair_.
l. 759. R. reads mōdega for gōda, "because the attribute cannot be
separated from the word modified unless the two alliterate. "
l. 762. Cf. _Andreas_, l. 1537, for a similar use of ūt = _off_. --E.
l. 769.
The foreign words in _Bēowulf_ (as ceaster-here) are not numerous;
others are (aside from proper names like _Cain, Abel_, etc. ) dēofol
(diabolus), candel (l. 1573), ancor (l. 303), scrīfan (for- ge-), segn (l.
47), gīgant (l. 113), mīl- (l. 1363), strǣt (l. 320), ombeht (l. 287), gim
(l. 2073), etc.
l. 770. MS. reads cerwen, a word conceived by B. and others to be part of a
fem. compd. : -scerwen like -wenden in ed-wenden, -rǣden, etc. (cf.
meodu-scerpen in _Andreas_, l. 1528); emended to -scerwen, _a great scare
under the figure of a mishap at a drinking-bout_; one might compare
bescerwan, _to deprive_, from bescyrian (Grein, i. 93), hence ealu-seerwen
would = _a sudden taking away, deprivation, of the beer_. --H. -So. , p. 93.
See B. , _Tidskr. _ viii. 292.
l. 771. Ten Br. reads rēðe, rēnhearde, = _raging, exceeding bold_.
l. 792. Instrumental adverbial phrases like ǣnige þinga, nǣnige þinga (_not
at all_), hūru þinga (_especially_) are not infrequent. See Cook's Sievers'
Gram. , p. 178; March, _A. -S. Gram. _, p. 182.
l. 811. myrðe. E. translates _in wanton mood_. Toller-Bosw. does not
recognize _sorrow_ as one of the meanings of this word.
ll. 850, 851. S. reads dēop for dēog and erases semicolon after wēol, =
_the death-stained deep welled with sword-gore_; cf. l. 1424. B. reads
dēað-fǣges dēop, etc. , = _the deep welled with the doomed one's
gore_. --_Beit. _ xii. 89.
l. 857. The meaning of blaneum is partly explained by fealwe mēaras below,
l. 866. Cf. Layamon's "and leop on his _blancke" = steed_, l. 23900; Kent's
_Elene_, l. 1185.
l. 859. Körner, _Eng. Stud. _ i. 482, regards the oft-recurring be sǣm
twēonum as a mere formula = _on earth_; cf. ll. 1298, 1686. twēone is part
of the separable prep. _between_; see be-. Cf. Baskerville's _Andreas_, l.
558.
l. 865. Cf. _Voyage of Ōhthere and Wulfstān_ for an account of funeral
horse-racing, Sweet's Read. , p. 22.
l. 868. See Ha. , p. 31, for a variant translation.
l. 871 _seq. _ R. considers this a technical description of improvised
alliterative verse, suggested by and wrought out on the spur of the moment.
l. 872. R. and B. propose secg[an], = _rehearse_, for secg, which suits the
verbs in the next two lines.
ll. 878-98. "It pleases me to think that it is in English literature we
possess the first sketch of that mighty saga [the Volsunga Saga = Wælsinges
gewin] which has for so many centuries engaged all the arts, and at last in
the hands of Wagner the art of music. "--Br. , p. 63. Cf. _Nibelung. Lied_,
l. 739.
l. 894. Intransitive verbs, as gān, weorðan, sometimes take habban, "to
indicate independent action. "--Sw. Cf. hafað . . . geworden, l. 2027.
l. 895. "brūcan (_enjoy_) always has the genitive. "--Sw. ; cf. l. 895; acc. ,
gen. , instr. , dat. , according to March, _A. -S. Gram. _, p. 151.
l. 898. Scherer proposes hāte, = _from heat_, instr. of hāt, _heat_; cf. l.
2606.
l. 901. hē þæs āron þāh = _he throve in honor_ (B. ). Ten Br. inserts comma
after þāh, making siððan introduce a depend. clause. --_Beit. _ viii. 568.
Cf. weorð-myndum þāh, l. 8; ll. 1155, 1243. --H. -So.
l. 902. Heremōdes is considered by Heinzel to be a mere epithet = _the
valiant_; which would refer the whole passage to Sigmund (Sigfrid), the
eotenas, l. 903, being the Nibelungen. This, says H. -So. , gets rid of the
contradiction between the good "Heremōd" here and the bad one, l. 1710
_seq. _--B. however holds fast to Heremōd. --_Beit. _ xii. 41. on fēonda
geweald, l. 904,--_into the hands of devils_, says B. ; cf. ll. 809, 1721,
2267; _Christ_, l. 1416; _Andreas_, l. 1621; for hine fyren onwōd, cf.
_Gen. _ l. 2579; Hunt's _Dan. _ 17: hīe wlenco anwōd.
l. 902 _seq. _ "Heremōd's shame is contrasted with the glory of Sigemund,
and with the prudence, patience, generosity, and gentleness of Beowulf as a
chieftain. "--Br. , p. 66.
l. 906. MS. has lemede. Toller-Bosw. corrects to lemedon.
l. 917. Cf. Hunt's _Exod. _, l.
