The following are the genuine works
There are several editions of his separate works.
There are several editions of his separate works.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
xv.
), and that Ad little church, and they accused him in a court of
Nazianzenos, timore trepidantes, et Prae fectum justice as a disturber of the public peace ; but he
iratum (Orat. xvii. ), the occasion of which seems to bore their persecutions with patience, and, finally,
have been some popular commotion in the city, many of his opponents became his hearers. The
which the praefect was disposed to punish severely. weaker side of his character was displayed in his
Gregory Nazianzen, the father, died in the year relations to Maximus, an ambitious hypocrite,
374, at the age of almost a hundred years, and his whose apparent sanctity and zeal for orthodoxy so
son pronounced over him a funeral oration, at which far imposed upon Gregory, that he pronounced a
his mother Nonna and his friend Basil were panegyrical oration upon him in his presence.
presenta (Orat. xix. ) He was now anxious to (Orat. xxii. ) Maximus soon after endeavoured, in
perform his purpose of laying down the bishopric, 380, to seize the episcopal chair of Constantinople,
but his friends prevailed on him to retain it for a but the people rose against him, and expelled him
time, though he never regarded himself as actually from the city. This and other troubles caused
bishop of Nazianzus, but merely as a temporary oc- Gregory to think of leaving Constantinople, but, at
cupant of the see (Epist. xlii. p. 804, lxv. p. 824, the entreaties of his people, he promised to remain
Curm. de Vito sua, p. 9, Orat. viii. p. 148). It is with them till other bishops should come to take
therefore an error of his disciple Jerome (Vir. charge of them. He retired home, however, for a
IUust. 117), and other writers, to speak of Gregory short time to refresh his spirit with the solitude he
as bishop of Nazianzus. From a discourse delivered loved.
about this time (Orat, ix,), we find that he was In November, 380, Theodosius arrived at Con-
still as averse from public life, and as fond of stantinople, and received Gregory with the highest
solitary meditation, as ever. He also began to favour, promising him his firm support. He com-
feel the infirmities of age, which his ascetic life had pelled the Arians to give up all the churches of the
brought upon him, though he was not yet fifty. city to the Catholics, and, in the midst of the im-
From these causes, and also, it would seem, in perial guards, Gregory entered the great church of
order to compel the bishops of Cappadocia to fill up Constantinople, by the side of Theodosius. The
the see of Nazianzus, he at last tied to Seleuceia, excessive cloudiness of the day was interpreted by
the capital of Isauria (A. D. 375), where he appears the Arians as a token of the Divine displeasure, but
## p. 313 (#329) ############################################
GREGORIUS.
313
GREGORIUS.
when, at the commencement of the service, the sun The former was tempered by sincere and humble
burst forth and filled the church with his light, all piety, and by a deep conviction of the benefits of
the orthodox accepted it as a sign from heaven, and moderation; the latter was aggravated by his
called out to the emperor to make Gregory bishop notions of philosophic quietism, and by his con
of Constantinople. The cry was with difficulty tinual encounters with difficulties above his strength.
appeased for the time, and shortly afterwards Gre- He was a perfectly honest man. His mind, though
gory was compelled to accept the office. As the highly cultivated, was of no great power. His
lread of the orthodox party, Gregory used their pocms are not above mediocrity, and his discourses,
victory with a healing moderation, at least accord- though sometimes really eloquent, are generally
ing to the ideas of his time, for the suppression of nothing more than favourable specimens of the
the public worship of the heretics by the edicts of rhetoric of the schools. He is more earnest than
Theodosius was not regarded by him as an act of Chrysostom, but not so ornamental. He is more
persecution. On the other hand, many of the artificial, but also, in spirit, more attractive, than
Arians regarded him with the deepest enmity, and Basil. Biblical theology has gained but little from
he relates a romantic story of an assassin, who either of these writers, whose chief aim was to
came with other visitors into his room, but was explain and enforce the dogmas of the Catholic
conscience-stricken, and confessed his guilt: Gre church.
gory dismissed him with his benediction. The The works of Gregory Nazianzen are, 1. Orar
affairs of the church were administered by him tions or Sermons ; 2. Letters ; 3. Poems ; 4. His
with diligence and integrity, and he paid no more Will.
court to the emperor than the etiquette of his rank The following are the most important editions of
required. Several of his sermons belong to the the works of Gregory Nazianzen:-An editio prin-
year of his patriarchate.
ceps, Basil. 1550, folio, containing the Greek text,
At the beginning of the year 381, Theodosius and the lives of Gregory by Suidas, Sophronius,
convoked the celebrated council of Constantinople, and Gregory the presbyter. A Latin version was
the second of the oecumenical councils. One of its published at the same place and time, in a separate
earliest acts was to confirm Gregory in the patri- volume. 2. Morell's edition, after the text of
archate of Constantinople, and soon after, in con- Billius, 2 vols. fol. Paris. 1609-1611; a new and
sequence of the sudden death of Meletius, he becanie improved edition, 1630; a careless reprint, Colon.
president of the council. He soon found, however, (Lips. ), 1690. 3. Another edition, after Billius,
that he had not the power to rule it. He was by Tollius and Muratorius, Venet. 1753. 4. The
too good and moderate, perhaps also too weak and Benedictine edition, of which only the first volume
indolent, to govern a general council in that age. was published: it was commenced by Louvart,
His health also was very infirm. He gradually continued by Maron, and finished by Clemencet.
withdrew himself from the sittings of the council, It contains only the discourses, preceded by an
and showed a disposition to lay down his bishopric. excellent life of Gregory, Paris. 1778. The dis-
His chief opponents, the Egyptian and Macedonian courses are placed in a new order by Clemencet.
bishops, seized the opportunity to attack him, on The numbers used in this article are those of Bil-
the ground that he could not hold the bishopric of lius. The edition of Billius only contains a part of
Constantinople, as he was already bishop of Na- Gregory's poems. The principal edition of the
zianzus, and the church did not permit translations. remainder is by Tollius, under the title of Car-
Upon this he gladly resigned his office. His re- mina Cygnea, in his Insignia Itinerarii Italii,
signation was accepted without hesitation by the Traj. ad Rhen. 1696, 4to. , reprinted, 1709.
council and the emperor, and he took leave of the Muratori further discovered several of Gregory's
people of Constantinople in a discourse which is epigrams, which he published in his Anecdota
the noblest effort of his eloquence. He returned Graeca, Patav. 1709, 410. These epigrams form a
to Cappadocia, and, the course of his journey lead- part of the Palatine Anthology, and are published
ing him to Caesareia, he there delivered his ad- more accurately in Jacobs's edition of the Palatine
mirable funeral oration upon Basil. Finding the Anthology, b. viii, vol. i. pp. 539—604; and in
bishopric of Nazianzus still vacant, he discharged Boissonade's Poet. Graec. Sylloge, Paris, 1824,
its duties until, in the following year, 383, he &c. There are many other editions of parts of his
found a suitable successor in his cousin Eulalius. works. (The authorities for Gregory's life, besides
He now finally retired to his long-sought solitude, those already quoted, are the lives of him by
at his paternal estate at Arianzus, where the enjoy- Nicetas and by Gregory the presbyter, the Eccle-
ment of quiet philosophical meditation was mingled siustical Histories of Socrates and Sozomen, the
with the review of his past life, which he recorded works of Baronius, Tillemont, Fleury, Du Pin,
in an lambic poem. This work breathes a spirit Lardner, Le Clerc; Cave, Hish. Lit. vol. i. p. 246;
of contentment, derived from an approving con- Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol viii. p. 383; Schröckh,
science, but not unmixed with complaints of the Christliche Kirchengeschichte, vol. xiii. p. 268 ; Ull-
ingratitude and disappointment which he had en- mann, Gregorius von Nazianz, der Theologe, ein
countered in the discharge of duties be had never Beitrag zur Kirchen und Dogmengeschichte des
sought, and lamentations over the evil times on vierten Jahrhunderts, Darmst. 1825, 8vo. ; Hoff-
which he had fallen. He draws a melancholy mann, Lexicon Bibliographicum Scriptorum Grae-
picture of the character of the clergy of his time, corum. )
[P. S. )
derived chiefly from his experience of the council GRÉGO'RIUS NYSSE'NUS, ST. , bishop of
of Constantinople. He also wrote other poems, and Nyssa, in Cappadocia, and a father of the Greek
several letters, in his retirement. He died in 389 church, was the younger brother of Basil the Great.
or 390. After the account given of his life, little He was born at Caesareia, in Cappadocia, in or
remains to be said of his character. His natural soon after A. D. 331. Though we have no express
disposition partook of the two qualities, which are account of his education, there is no doubt that,
often found united, impetuosity and indolence. I like his brothers, it was the best that the Roman
## p. 314 (#330) ############################################
314
GREGORIUS.
GREGORIUS.
anzen.
empire could furnish. Like his brother also, he came the pupil and the convert of Origen, about
formed an early friendship with Gregory Nazi- 1. D. 234. At the end of five years, during which
He did not, however, share in their reli- Origen instructed him in logic, physics, mathema-
gious views; but, having been appointed a reader tics, ethics, and the whole circle of philosophy, as
in some church, he abandoned the office, and be well as in the Christian faith and biblical science,
came a teacher of rhetoric. Gregory Nazianzen Gregory returned to his native place, where he
remonstrated with him on this step by letter (Epist. soon received a letter from Origen, persuading him
43), and ultimately he became a minister of the to become a minister of the church. Gregory, how-
church, being ordained by his brother Basil to the ever, withdrew into the wilderness, whithar he
bishopric of Nyssa, a small place in Cappadocian was followed by Phaedimns, bishop of Amaseia,
about A. D. 372. As a pillar of orthodoxy, he was who wished to ordain him to the bishopric of Neo
only inferior to his brother and his friend. The caesareia. Gregory for a long time succeeded in
Arians persecuted him; and at last upon a frivo- evading the search of Phaedimus, who at last, in
lous accusation, drove him into banishment, A. D. Gregory's absence, performed the ceremony of his
375, from which, on the death of Valens, he was ordination, just as if he had been present. Upon
recalled by Gratian, A. D. 378. In the following this Gregory came from his hiding place, and under-
year he was present at the synod of Antioch ; and took the office, in the discharge of which he was so
after visiting his dying sister, Macrina, in Pontus successful, that whereas, when he became bishop,
[Basilius), he went into Arabia, having been there were only seventeen Christians in the city,
commissioned by the synod of Antioch to inspect at his death there were only seventeen persons
the churches of that country. From this tour he who were not Christians, notwithstanding the two
returned in 380 or 381, visiting Jerusalem in his calamities of the Decian persecution, about A. D.
way. The state of religion and morality there 250, and the invasion of the northern barbarians,
greatly shocked him, and he expressed his feelings about A. D. 260, from which the church of Neo-
in a letter against the pilgrimage to the holy city. caesareia suffered severely during his bishopric.
In 381 he went to the oecumenical council of Con- In the Decian persecution he fled into the wilder-
stantinople, taking with him his great work against ness, not, as it really appears, from fear, but to
the Arian Eunomius, which he read before Gregory preserve his life for the sake of his flock. He was
Nazianzen and Jerome. In the council he took a a warm champion of orthodoxy, and sat in the
very active part, and he had a principal share in council which was held at Antioch in a. D. 265, to
the composition of the creed, by which the Catholic inquire into the heresies of Paul of Samosata. He
doctrine respecting the Holy Ghost was added to died not long afterwards. The very probable
the Nicene Creed. On the death of Meletius, the emendation of Kuster to Suidas, substituting the
first president of the council, Gregory was chosen name of Aurelian for that of Julian, would bring
to deliver his funeral oration.
down his life to A. D. 270.
He was present at the second council of Con- This is not the place to inquire into the miracles
stantinople in 394, and probably died shortly after which are said to have been performed by Gregory
wards. He was married, though he afterwards at every step of his life. One example of them
adopted the prevailing views of his time in favour is sufficient. On his journey from the wilder-
of the celibacy of the clergy. His wife's name was ness to his see he spent a night in a heathen
Theosebeia.
temple. The mere presence of the holy man er-
The reputation of Gregory Nyssen with the orcised the demons, so that, when the Pagan priest
ancients was only inferior to that of his brother, came in the morning to perform the usual service,
and to that of Gregory Nazianzen. (See especially he could obtain no sign of the presence of his divi-
Phot. Cod. 6. ) Like them, he was an eminent nities. Enraged at Gregory, he threatened to take
rhetorician, but his oratory often offends by its ex- him before the magistrates; but soon, seeing the
travagance. His theology bears strong marks of calmness of the saint, his anger was turned to ad-
the influence of the writings of Origen.
miration and faith, and he besought Gregory, as a
His works may be divided into: 1. Treatises further proof of his power, to cause the demons to
on doctrinal theology, chiefly, but not entirely, return. The wonder-worker consented, and laid
relating to the Arian controversy, and including upon the altar a piece of paper, on which he had
also works against the Appollinarists and the Mani-written, “ Gregory to Satan:- Enter. ” The ac-
chaeans. 2. Treatises on the practical duties of customed rites were performed, and the presence of
Christianity. 3. Sermons and Orations. 4. Letters. the demons was manifested. The result was the
5. Biographies. The only complete edition of conversion of the Pagan priest, who became a dea-
Gregory Nyssen is that of Morell and Gretser, con of Neocaesareia, and the most faithful follower of
2 vols. fol. Paris, 1615-1618 ; reprinted 1638. the bishop.
The following are the genuine works
There are several editions of his separate works. of Gregory Thaumaturgus :- 1. Panegyricus aul
(Lardner's Credibility; Care, Hist. Lit. vol. i. p. Origenem, a discourse delivered when he was about
244; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ix. p. 98; Schröckh, to quit the school Origen. 2. Metaphrasis in
Christliche Kirchengeschichte, vol. xiv. ; F. Rupp, Ecclesiasten. 3. Expositio Fidei, a creed of the
Gregors von Nyssa Leben und Meinungen, Leipz. doctrine of the Trinity. 4. Epistola canonica, de
1834, 8vo. ; Hoffmann, Lexicon Bibliograph. Script. us, qui in Barbarorum Incursione idolothyta come-
Graec. )
[P. S. ] derant, an epistle in which he describes the penances
GREGO'RIUS THAUMATURGUS, to be required of those converts who had relapsed
THEODOʻRUS, ST. , received the surname off into heathenism through the fear of death, and
Thaumaturgus from his miracles. He was a native who desired to be restored to the church. 4.
of Neocaesareia in Cappadocia, and the son of Other Letters. The other works ascribed to him
heathen parents. He pursued his studies, chiefly are either spurious or doubtful.
in Roman law, at Alexandria, Athens, Berytus, The following are the editions of Gregory's
and finally at Caesareia in Palestine, where he be- / works:--1. That of Gerardus Vossius, Greek and
or
## p. 315 (#331) ############################################
GRYNEUS.
315
GULUSSA.
a
itin, Lips. 1604, 4to. 2. The Paris edition, in under which he had a temple, an ancient omcle,
Greek and Latin, which also contains the works of and a beautiful grove near the town of Grynion,
Macarius and Basil of Seleuceia, 1622, fol. 3. In Gryna, or Grynus in Aeolis in Asia Minor. (Paus.
Gallandii Biblioth. Patrum, Paris, 1788, folio. i. 21. § 9 ; Serv. ad Virg. Eclog. vi. 72; Athen.
There are several editions of his separate works. iv. p. 149 ; Steph. Byz. s. o. Spúvol. ) Under the
(Gregorius Nyssen. Vil. S. Greg. Thaum. ; Suid. similar, if not the same name, Spureus, Apollo was
8. o. ; the ancient ecclesiastical historians; Lard- worshipped in the Hecatonnesi. (Strab. xiii. p.
ner's Credibüity; Cave, Hist. Lit. sub. ann. 254 ; 618. ) Ovid (Net. xii. 260) mentions a centaur of
Fabric. Bill. Graec. vol. vii. p. 249 ; Schröckh, the name of Grynius.
(L. S. ]
Christliche Kirchengeschichte, vol. iv. p. 351; Hoff- GRYNUS, a son of the Mysian Eurypylus, who
mann, Lar. Bill. Script. Graec. ) [P. S. ) after his father's death invited Pergamus, the son
GREGO'RIUS ([propios), a veterinary sur- of Neoptolemus and Andromache, to assist him
geon, who may perhaps have lived in the fourth or against his enemies. After he had gained a vic-
fifth century after Christ. Some fragments, which tory over them, he built, in commemoration of it,
are all that reinains of his writings, are to be found two towns, Pergamus and Grynus. (Serv. ad Virg.
in the collection of writers on veterinary surgery, Ecog. vi. 72; comp. GRYNEU6. )
(L. S. ]
first published in Latin by John Ruellius, Paris, GRYPS or GRYPHUS (Tpúy), a griffin, a
1530, fol. , and in Greek by Simon Grynaeus, fabulous, bird-like species of animals, dwelling in
Basil. 1537, 4to.
(W. A. G. ) the Rhipaean mountains, between the Hyperbo
GROSPHUS, POMPEIUS, a Sicilian of great reans and the one-eyed Arimaspians, and guarding
wealth, to whom Horace addressed the ode“ Otium the gold of the north. The Arismaspians mounted
divos," &c. , in which the poet gently reprehends a on horseback, and attempted to steal the gold, and
too great desire for wealth in Grosphus. (Carm. ji. hence arose the hostility between the horse and the
16. ) In an epistle to Iccius, the factor or bailiff griffin. The body of the griffin was that of a lion,
of M. Agrippa in Sicily, Horace commends Gros- while the head and wings were those of an eagle.
phus to Iccius as a man whose requests might be This monstrous conception suggests that the origin
safely granted, since he would never ask any thing of the belief in griffins must be looked for in the
dishonorable. The turn of Horace's character of east, where it seems to have been rery ancient.
Grosphus resembles Pope's praise of Cornbury, (Herod. iii. 116, iv. 13, 27 ; Paus. i. 24. $ 6. viii.
2, $ 3; Aelian, H. A. iv. 27; Plin, H. N. vii. 2,
“ Disdain whatever Cornbury disdains. "
x. 70. ) Hesiod seems to be the first writer that
(Hor. Ep. i. 12, 22. )
(W. B. D. ] mentioned them, and in the poem “ Arimaspue
GRY’LLION (fpuallar), an artist, who is of Aristeas they must have played a prominent
mentioned, as then living, in Aristotle's will (Diog. part. (Schol. ad Aeschył. Prom. 793. ) At a later
Laërt. v. 15). The passage seems to imply that he period they are mentioned among the fabulous
was a statuary, but Sillig calls him a painter. animals which guarded the gold of India. (Philostr.
(Catal. Artif. s. D. ; comp. Visconti, Iconographie Vit. Apollon. iii. 48. ) The figures of griffins were
Grecque, vol. i. p. 185 ; R. Rochette, Lettres Ar- frequently employed as ornaments in works of art ;
chéolog. vol. i. p. 164, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. the earliest instance of which we have any record
75. )
(P. S. ] is the bronze patera, which the Samians ordered to
GRYLLUS (rpúaros"), the elder son of Xe- be made about B. c. 610. (Herod. iv. 152 ; comp.
nophon. When the war, which broke out between 79. ) They were also represented on the helmet
Elis and Arcadia, in B. C. 365, on the subject of of the statue of Athena by Phidias. (Paus.
the Triphylian towns, had rendered a residence at 1. c.
Nazianzenos, timore trepidantes, et Prae fectum justice as a disturber of the public peace ; but he
iratum (Orat. xvii. ), the occasion of which seems to bore their persecutions with patience, and, finally,
have been some popular commotion in the city, many of his opponents became his hearers. The
which the praefect was disposed to punish severely. weaker side of his character was displayed in his
Gregory Nazianzen, the father, died in the year relations to Maximus, an ambitious hypocrite,
374, at the age of almost a hundred years, and his whose apparent sanctity and zeal for orthodoxy so
son pronounced over him a funeral oration, at which far imposed upon Gregory, that he pronounced a
his mother Nonna and his friend Basil were panegyrical oration upon him in his presence.
presenta (Orat. xix. ) He was now anxious to (Orat. xxii. ) Maximus soon after endeavoured, in
perform his purpose of laying down the bishopric, 380, to seize the episcopal chair of Constantinople,
but his friends prevailed on him to retain it for a but the people rose against him, and expelled him
time, though he never regarded himself as actually from the city. This and other troubles caused
bishop of Nazianzus, but merely as a temporary oc- Gregory to think of leaving Constantinople, but, at
cupant of the see (Epist. xlii. p. 804, lxv. p. 824, the entreaties of his people, he promised to remain
Curm. de Vito sua, p. 9, Orat. viii. p. 148). It is with them till other bishops should come to take
therefore an error of his disciple Jerome (Vir. charge of them. He retired home, however, for a
IUust. 117), and other writers, to speak of Gregory short time to refresh his spirit with the solitude he
as bishop of Nazianzus. From a discourse delivered loved.
about this time (Orat, ix,), we find that he was In November, 380, Theodosius arrived at Con-
still as averse from public life, and as fond of stantinople, and received Gregory with the highest
solitary meditation, as ever. He also began to favour, promising him his firm support. He com-
feel the infirmities of age, which his ascetic life had pelled the Arians to give up all the churches of the
brought upon him, though he was not yet fifty. city to the Catholics, and, in the midst of the im-
From these causes, and also, it would seem, in perial guards, Gregory entered the great church of
order to compel the bishops of Cappadocia to fill up Constantinople, by the side of Theodosius. The
the see of Nazianzus, he at last tied to Seleuceia, excessive cloudiness of the day was interpreted by
the capital of Isauria (A. D. 375), where he appears the Arians as a token of the Divine displeasure, but
## p. 313 (#329) ############################################
GREGORIUS.
313
GREGORIUS.
when, at the commencement of the service, the sun The former was tempered by sincere and humble
burst forth and filled the church with his light, all piety, and by a deep conviction of the benefits of
the orthodox accepted it as a sign from heaven, and moderation; the latter was aggravated by his
called out to the emperor to make Gregory bishop notions of philosophic quietism, and by his con
of Constantinople. The cry was with difficulty tinual encounters with difficulties above his strength.
appeased for the time, and shortly afterwards Gre- He was a perfectly honest man. His mind, though
gory was compelled to accept the office. As the highly cultivated, was of no great power. His
lread of the orthodox party, Gregory used their pocms are not above mediocrity, and his discourses,
victory with a healing moderation, at least accord- though sometimes really eloquent, are generally
ing to the ideas of his time, for the suppression of nothing more than favourable specimens of the
the public worship of the heretics by the edicts of rhetoric of the schools. He is more earnest than
Theodosius was not regarded by him as an act of Chrysostom, but not so ornamental. He is more
persecution. On the other hand, many of the artificial, but also, in spirit, more attractive, than
Arians regarded him with the deepest enmity, and Basil. Biblical theology has gained but little from
he relates a romantic story of an assassin, who either of these writers, whose chief aim was to
came with other visitors into his room, but was explain and enforce the dogmas of the Catholic
conscience-stricken, and confessed his guilt: Gre church.
gory dismissed him with his benediction. The The works of Gregory Nazianzen are, 1. Orar
affairs of the church were administered by him tions or Sermons ; 2. Letters ; 3. Poems ; 4. His
with diligence and integrity, and he paid no more Will.
court to the emperor than the etiquette of his rank The following are the most important editions of
required. Several of his sermons belong to the the works of Gregory Nazianzen:-An editio prin-
year of his patriarchate.
ceps, Basil. 1550, folio, containing the Greek text,
At the beginning of the year 381, Theodosius and the lives of Gregory by Suidas, Sophronius,
convoked the celebrated council of Constantinople, and Gregory the presbyter. A Latin version was
the second of the oecumenical councils. One of its published at the same place and time, in a separate
earliest acts was to confirm Gregory in the patri- volume. 2. Morell's edition, after the text of
archate of Constantinople, and soon after, in con- Billius, 2 vols. fol. Paris. 1609-1611; a new and
sequence of the sudden death of Meletius, he becanie improved edition, 1630; a careless reprint, Colon.
president of the council. He soon found, however, (Lips. ), 1690. 3. Another edition, after Billius,
that he had not the power to rule it. He was by Tollius and Muratorius, Venet. 1753. 4. The
too good and moderate, perhaps also too weak and Benedictine edition, of which only the first volume
indolent, to govern a general council in that age. was published: it was commenced by Louvart,
His health also was very infirm. He gradually continued by Maron, and finished by Clemencet.
withdrew himself from the sittings of the council, It contains only the discourses, preceded by an
and showed a disposition to lay down his bishopric. excellent life of Gregory, Paris. 1778. The dis-
His chief opponents, the Egyptian and Macedonian courses are placed in a new order by Clemencet.
bishops, seized the opportunity to attack him, on The numbers used in this article are those of Bil-
the ground that he could not hold the bishopric of lius. The edition of Billius only contains a part of
Constantinople, as he was already bishop of Na- Gregory's poems. The principal edition of the
zianzus, and the church did not permit translations. remainder is by Tollius, under the title of Car-
Upon this he gladly resigned his office. His re- mina Cygnea, in his Insignia Itinerarii Italii,
signation was accepted without hesitation by the Traj. ad Rhen. 1696, 4to. , reprinted, 1709.
council and the emperor, and he took leave of the Muratori further discovered several of Gregory's
people of Constantinople in a discourse which is epigrams, which he published in his Anecdota
the noblest effort of his eloquence. He returned Graeca, Patav. 1709, 410. These epigrams form a
to Cappadocia, and, the course of his journey lead- part of the Palatine Anthology, and are published
ing him to Caesareia, he there delivered his ad- more accurately in Jacobs's edition of the Palatine
mirable funeral oration upon Basil. Finding the Anthology, b. viii, vol. i. pp. 539—604; and in
bishopric of Nazianzus still vacant, he discharged Boissonade's Poet. Graec. Sylloge, Paris, 1824,
its duties until, in the following year, 383, he &c. There are many other editions of parts of his
found a suitable successor in his cousin Eulalius. works. (The authorities for Gregory's life, besides
He now finally retired to his long-sought solitude, those already quoted, are the lives of him by
at his paternal estate at Arianzus, where the enjoy- Nicetas and by Gregory the presbyter, the Eccle-
ment of quiet philosophical meditation was mingled siustical Histories of Socrates and Sozomen, the
with the review of his past life, which he recorded works of Baronius, Tillemont, Fleury, Du Pin,
in an lambic poem. This work breathes a spirit Lardner, Le Clerc; Cave, Hish. Lit. vol. i. p. 246;
of contentment, derived from an approving con- Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol viii. p. 383; Schröckh,
science, but not unmixed with complaints of the Christliche Kirchengeschichte, vol. xiii. p. 268 ; Ull-
ingratitude and disappointment which he had en- mann, Gregorius von Nazianz, der Theologe, ein
countered in the discharge of duties be had never Beitrag zur Kirchen und Dogmengeschichte des
sought, and lamentations over the evil times on vierten Jahrhunderts, Darmst. 1825, 8vo. ; Hoff-
which he had fallen. He draws a melancholy mann, Lexicon Bibliographicum Scriptorum Grae-
picture of the character of the clergy of his time, corum. )
[P. S. )
derived chiefly from his experience of the council GRÉGO'RIUS NYSSE'NUS, ST. , bishop of
of Constantinople. He also wrote other poems, and Nyssa, in Cappadocia, and a father of the Greek
several letters, in his retirement. He died in 389 church, was the younger brother of Basil the Great.
or 390. After the account given of his life, little He was born at Caesareia, in Cappadocia, in or
remains to be said of his character. His natural soon after A. D. 331. Though we have no express
disposition partook of the two qualities, which are account of his education, there is no doubt that,
often found united, impetuosity and indolence. I like his brothers, it was the best that the Roman
## p. 314 (#330) ############################################
314
GREGORIUS.
GREGORIUS.
anzen.
empire could furnish. Like his brother also, he came the pupil and the convert of Origen, about
formed an early friendship with Gregory Nazi- 1. D. 234. At the end of five years, during which
He did not, however, share in their reli- Origen instructed him in logic, physics, mathema-
gious views; but, having been appointed a reader tics, ethics, and the whole circle of philosophy, as
in some church, he abandoned the office, and be well as in the Christian faith and biblical science,
came a teacher of rhetoric. Gregory Nazianzen Gregory returned to his native place, where he
remonstrated with him on this step by letter (Epist. soon received a letter from Origen, persuading him
43), and ultimately he became a minister of the to become a minister of the church. Gregory, how-
church, being ordained by his brother Basil to the ever, withdrew into the wilderness, whithar he
bishopric of Nyssa, a small place in Cappadocian was followed by Phaedimns, bishop of Amaseia,
about A. D. 372. As a pillar of orthodoxy, he was who wished to ordain him to the bishopric of Neo
only inferior to his brother and his friend. The caesareia. Gregory for a long time succeeded in
Arians persecuted him; and at last upon a frivo- evading the search of Phaedimus, who at last, in
lous accusation, drove him into banishment, A. D. Gregory's absence, performed the ceremony of his
375, from which, on the death of Valens, he was ordination, just as if he had been present. Upon
recalled by Gratian, A. D. 378. In the following this Gregory came from his hiding place, and under-
year he was present at the synod of Antioch ; and took the office, in the discharge of which he was so
after visiting his dying sister, Macrina, in Pontus successful, that whereas, when he became bishop,
[Basilius), he went into Arabia, having been there were only seventeen Christians in the city,
commissioned by the synod of Antioch to inspect at his death there were only seventeen persons
the churches of that country. From this tour he who were not Christians, notwithstanding the two
returned in 380 or 381, visiting Jerusalem in his calamities of the Decian persecution, about A. D.
way. The state of religion and morality there 250, and the invasion of the northern barbarians,
greatly shocked him, and he expressed his feelings about A. D. 260, from which the church of Neo-
in a letter against the pilgrimage to the holy city. caesareia suffered severely during his bishopric.
In 381 he went to the oecumenical council of Con- In the Decian persecution he fled into the wilder-
stantinople, taking with him his great work against ness, not, as it really appears, from fear, but to
the Arian Eunomius, which he read before Gregory preserve his life for the sake of his flock. He was
Nazianzen and Jerome. In the council he took a a warm champion of orthodoxy, and sat in the
very active part, and he had a principal share in council which was held at Antioch in a. D. 265, to
the composition of the creed, by which the Catholic inquire into the heresies of Paul of Samosata. He
doctrine respecting the Holy Ghost was added to died not long afterwards. The very probable
the Nicene Creed. On the death of Meletius, the emendation of Kuster to Suidas, substituting the
first president of the council, Gregory was chosen name of Aurelian for that of Julian, would bring
to deliver his funeral oration.
down his life to A. D. 270.
He was present at the second council of Con- This is not the place to inquire into the miracles
stantinople in 394, and probably died shortly after which are said to have been performed by Gregory
wards. He was married, though he afterwards at every step of his life. One example of them
adopted the prevailing views of his time in favour is sufficient. On his journey from the wilder-
of the celibacy of the clergy. His wife's name was ness to his see he spent a night in a heathen
Theosebeia.
temple. The mere presence of the holy man er-
The reputation of Gregory Nyssen with the orcised the demons, so that, when the Pagan priest
ancients was only inferior to that of his brother, came in the morning to perform the usual service,
and to that of Gregory Nazianzen. (See especially he could obtain no sign of the presence of his divi-
Phot. Cod. 6. ) Like them, he was an eminent nities. Enraged at Gregory, he threatened to take
rhetorician, but his oratory often offends by its ex- him before the magistrates; but soon, seeing the
travagance. His theology bears strong marks of calmness of the saint, his anger was turned to ad-
the influence of the writings of Origen.
miration and faith, and he besought Gregory, as a
His works may be divided into: 1. Treatises further proof of his power, to cause the demons to
on doctrinal theology, chiefly, but not entirely, return. The wonder-worker consented, and laid
relating to the Arian controversy, and including upon the altar a piece of paper, on which he had
also works against the Appollinarists and the Mani-written, “ Gregory to Satan:- Enter. ” The ac-
chaeans. 2. Treatises on the practical duties of customed rites were performed, and the presence of
Christianity. 3. Sermons and Orations. 4. Letters. the demons was manifested. The result was the
5. Biographies. The only complete edition of conversion of the Pagan priest, who became a dea-
Gregory Nyssen is that of Morell and Gretser, con of Neocaesareia, and the most faithful follower of
2 vols. fol. Paris, 1615-1618 ; reprinted 1638. the bishop.
The following are the genuine works
There are several editions of his separate works. of Gregory Thaumaturgus :- 1. Panegyricus aul
(Lardner's Credibility; Care, Hist. Lit. vol. i. p. Origenem, a discourse delivered when he was about
244; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ix. p. 98; Schröckh, to quit the school Origen. 2. Metaphrasis in
Christliche Kirchengeschichte, vol. xiv. ; F. Rupp, Ecclesiasten. 3. Expositio Fidei, a creed of the
Gregors von Nyssa Leben und Meinungen, Leipz. doctrine of the Trinity. 4. Epistola canonica, de
1834, 8vo. ; Hoffmann, Lexicon Bibliograph. Script. us, qui in Barbarorum Incursione idolothyta come-
Graec. )
[P. S. ] derant, an epistle in which he describes the penances
GREGO'RIUS THAUMATURGUS, to be required of those converts who had relapsed
THEODOʻRUS, ST. , received the surname off into heathenism through the fear of death, and
Thaumaturgus from his miracles. He was a native who desired to be restored to the church. 4.
of Neocaesareia in Cappadocia, and the son of Other Letters. The other works ascribed to him
heathen parents. He pursued his studies, chiefly are either spurious or doubtful.
in Roman law, at Alexandria, Athens, Berytus, The following are the editions of Gregory's
and finally at Caesareia in Palestine, where he be- / works:--1. That of Gerardus Vossius, Greek and
or
## p. 315 (#331) ############################################
GRYNEUS.
315
GULUSSA.
a
itin, Lips. 1604, 4to. 2. The Paris edition, in under which he had a temple, an ancient omcle,
Greek and Latin, which also contains the works of and a beautiful grove near the town of Grynion,
Macarius and Basil of Seleuceia, 1622, fol. 3. In Gryna, or Grynus in Aeolis in Asia Minor. (Paus.
Gallandii Biblioth. Patrum, Paris, 1788, folio. i. 21. § 9 ; Serv. ad Virg. Eclog. vi. 72; Athen.
There are several editions of his separate works. iv. p. 149 ; Steph. Byz. s. o. Spúvol. ) Under the
(Gregorius Nyssen. Vil. S. Greg. Thaum. ; Suid. similar, if not the same name, Spureus, Apollo was
8. o. ; the ancient ecclesiastical historians; Lard- worshipped in the Hecatonnesi. (Strab. xiii. p.
ner's Credibüity; Cave, Hist. Lit. sub. ann. 254 ; 618. ) Ovid (Net. xii. 260) mentions a centaur of
Fabric. Bill. Graec. vol. vii. p. 249 ; Schröckh, the name of Grynius.
(L. S. ]
Christliche Kirchengeschichte, vol. iv. p. 351; Hoff- GRYNUS, a son of the Mysian Eurypylus, who
mann, Lar. Bill. Script. Graec. ) [P. S. ) after his father's death invited Pergamus, the son
GREGO'RIUS ([propios), a veterinary sur- of Neoptolemus and Andromache, to assist him
geon, who may perhaps have lived in the fourth or against his enemies. After he had gained a vic-
fifth century after Christ. Some fragments, which tory over them, he built, in commemoration of it,
are all that reinains of his writings, are to be found two towns, Pergamus and Grynus. (Serv. ad Virg.
in the collection of writers on veterinary surgery, Ecog. vi. 72; comp. GRYNEU6. )
(L. S. ]
first published in Latin by John Ruellius, Paris, GRYPS or GRYPHUS (Tpúy), a griffin, a
1530, fol. , and in Greek by Simon Grynaeus, fabulous, bird-like species of animals, dwelling in
Basil. 1537, 4to.
(W. A. G. ) the Rhipaean mountains, between the Hyperbo
GROSPHUS, POMPEIUS, a Sicilian of great reans and the one-eyed Arimaspians, and guarding
wealth, to whom Horace addressed the ode“ Otium the gold of the north. The Arismaspians mounted
divos," &c. , in which the poet gently reprehends a on horseback, and attempted to steal the gold, and
too great desire for wealth in Grosphus. (Carm. ji. hence arose the hostility between the horse and the
16. ) In an epistle to Iccius, the factor or bailiff griffin. The body of the griffin was that of a lion,
of M. Agrippa in Sicily, Horace commends Gros- while the head and wings were those of an eagle.
phus to Iccius as a man whose requests might be This monstrous conception suggests that the origin
safely granted, since he would never ask any thing of the belief in griffins must be looked for in the
dishonorable. The turn of Horace's character of east, where it seems to have been rery ancient.
Grosphus resembles Pope's praise of Cornbury, (Herod. iii. 116, iv. 13, 27 ; Paus. i. 24. $ 6. viii.
2, $ 3; Aelian, H. A. iv. 27; Plin, H. N. vii. 2,
“ Disdain whatever Cornbury disdains. "
x. 70. ) Hesiod seems to be the first writer that
(Hor. Ep. i. 12, 22. )
(W. B. D. ] mentioned them, and in the poem “ Arimaspue
GRY’LLION (fpuallar), an artist, who is of Aristeas they must have played a prominent
mentioned, as then living, in Aristotle's will (Diog. part. (Schol. ad Aeschył. Prom. 793. ) At a later
Laërt. v. 15). The passage seems to imply that he period they are mentioned among the fabulous
was a statuary, but Sillig calls him a painter. animals which guarded the gold of India. (Philostr.
(Catal. Artif. s. D. ; comp. Visconti, Iconographie Vit. Apollon. iii. 48. ) The figures of griffins were
Grecque, vol. i. p. 185 ; R. Rochette, Lettres Ar- frequently employed as ornaments in works of art ;
chéolog. vol. i. p. 164, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. the earliest instance of which we have any record
75. )
(P. S. ] is the bronze patera, which the Samians ordered to
GRYLLUS (rpúaros"), the elder son of Xe- be made about B. c. 610. (Herod. iv. 152 ; comp.
nophon. When the war, which broke out between 79. ) They were also represented on the helmet
Elis and Arcadia, in B. C. 365, on the subject of of the statue of Athena by Phidias. (Paus.
the Triphylian towns, had rendered a residence at 1. c.
