No More Learning

Murat. ii. p. Apollo. She was killed by Artemis for having
210. )
[P. S. ] found fault with the beauty of that goddess, and
CÍLIOMARA (Xloudpa), wife of Ortiagon, | her father in his grief threw himself from a rock of


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CHIOS.
695
CHNODOMARIUS.
Parnassus, but in falling he was changed by Apollo CHITOʻNE (XcTávn), a surname of Artemis
into a bawk. Chione is also called Philonis. (Ov. who was represented as a huntress with her chiton
Met. xi. 300, &c. ; Hygin. Fab. 200; comp. Au- girt up. Others derived the name from the Attic
TOLYCUS. ) There is a third mythical personage of village of Chitone, or from the circumstance of the
this name. (Serv. ad Aen. iv. 250. ) (L. S. ] clothes in which newly-born children were dressed
CHIOʻNIDES (Xwwvions and' Xcovisns), an being sacred to her. (Callim. Hymn. in Dian. 225;
Athenian comic poet of the old comedy, whom Schol
. ad Callim. Hymn. in Jov. 77. ) Respecting
Suidas (s. v. ) places at the head of the poets of the the festival of the Chitonia celebrated to her at
old comedy (wpwraywvlotov cñs apzalas Kwua Chitone, see Dict. of Ant. s. v. XcTávia. (L. S. ]
dias), adding that he exhibited eight years before
CHIUS AUFI'DIUS. [Aufidius Chius. ]
the Persian war, that is, in B. c. 487. (Clinton, CHLAE'NEAS (XAauvéas), an Aetolian, was
sub ann. ) On the other hand, according to a pas- sent by his countrymen as ambassador to the Lace-
sage in the Poctic of Aristotle (c. 3), Chionides daemonians, B. c. 211, to excite them against Philip
was long after Epicharmus. (EPICHARMU. ) On V. of Macedon. He is reported by Polybius as
the strength of this passage Meineke thinks that dwelling very cogently (voavtippřtws) on the
Chionides cannot be placed much earlier than B. C. oppressive encroachments of all the successive kings
460; and in confirmation of this date he quotes of Macedonia from Philip II. downwards, as well
from Athenaeus (xiv. p. 638, a. ) a passage from a as on the sure defeat which awaited Philip from
play of Chionides, the ntwxoi, in which mention the confederacy then formed against him. Chlae-
is made of Gnesippus, a poet contemporary with neas was opposed by the Acarnanian envoy Lycis-
Cratinus. But we also learn from Athenaeus (l. c. cus, but the Lacedaemonians were induced to join
and iv. p. 137, e. ), that some of the ancient critics the league of the Romans with the Aetolians and
considered the itwxoi to be spurious, and with Attalus I. (Polyb. ix. 28–39, x. 41; Liv. xxvi.
respect to the passage of Aristotle, Ritter has 24. )
[E. E. ]
brought forward very strong arguments against its CHLOE (XAon), the blooming, a surname of
genuineness. (For the discussion of the question Demeter the protectress of the green fields, who
see Wolf, Proleg. ad Hom. p. lxix. ; Meineke, had a sanctuary at Athens conjointly with Ge
Hist. Crit. pp. 27, 28; Grysarius, de Com. Doric. Curotrophos. (Paus. i. 22. & 3; Eustath. ad Hom.
pp. 152, 153 ; Ritter, Comm. in Aristot. Poet. 3. ) p. 772. ) This surname is probably alluded to
However this may be, the difference of some when Sophocles (Oed. Col. 1600) calls her anuntap
twenty years in the date of Chionides is of little eŭx^oos. (Comp. Aristoph. Lysist. 815. ) Respect-
consequence compared with the fact, attested by ing the festival Chloeia, see Dict. of Ant. s. v. [L. S. ]
Suidas and implied by Aristotle, that Chionides CHLORIS (Xłwpís). 1. A daughter of the
was the most ancient poet of the Athenian old Theban Amphion and Niobe. According to an
comedy, not absolutely in order of time, for Argive tradition, her original name was Meliboea,
Susarion was long before him (SUSARION), and, and she and her brother Amyclas were the only
if the passage of Aristotle be genuine, so were children of Niobe that were not killed by Apollo
Euetes, Euxenides, and Myllus ; but the first who and Artemis. But the terror of Chloris at the
gave the Athenian comedy that form which it re death of her brothers and sisters was so great, that
tained down to the time of Aristophanes, and of she turned perfectly white, and was therefore called
which the old comic lyric songs of Attica and the Chloris. She and her brother built the temple of
Megaric buffoonery imported by Susarion were Leto at Argos, which contained a statue of Chloris
only the rude elements.
also. (Paus. ii. 21. $ 10. ) According to an Olym-
We have the following titles of his Comedies : pian legend, she once gained the prize in the foot-
"Hpwes (a correction for "Hpws), Iltwxoi (see race during the festival of Hera at Olympia. (Paus.
above), Πέρσαι ή, Ασσύριοι. Of the last not v. 16. $ 3. ) Apollodorus (iii. 5. § 6) and Hyginus
a fragment remains : whether its title may be (Fab. 10, 69) confound her with Chloris, the wife
taken as an argument for placing Chionides about of Neleus.
the time of the Persian war, is of course a mere 2. A daughter of Amphion, the ruler of Orcho-
matter of conjecture. The ſtwxoi is quoted by menos, by Persephone, the daughter of Minyas.
Athenaeus (1. c. , and iii. p. 19), e. ), the 'Hpwes by She was the wife of Neleus, king of Pylos, and
Pollux (x. 43), the Antiatticista (p. 97), and became by him the mother of Nestor, Chromius,
Suidas (s. v. "Ayvos). The poet's name occurs in Periclymenos, and Pero. (Hom. Od. xi. 281, &c. ;
Vitruvius. (vi. Praef. )
[P. S. ) Paus. x. 36. § 4, x. 29. & 2; Apollod. i. 9. $ 9. )
CHI'ONIS (Xióvis), a Spartan, who obtained 3. The wife of Zephyrus, and the goddess of
the victory at the Olympic games in four successive flowers, so that she is identical with the Roman
Olympiads (Ol. 28-31), four times in the stadium Flora (Or. Fast. v. 195. ) There are two more
and thrice in the diaulos. (Paus. iii. 14. § 3, iv. mythical personages of the name of Chloris. (Hy-
23. SS 2, 5, vi. 13. & 1, viii. 39. & 2: Anchionis gin. Fab. 14; Anton. Lib. 9. ) [L. S. ]
is the same as this Chionis; see Krause, Olympia, CHLORUS. [CONSTANTIUS. ]
Pp. 243, 261. )
CHNODOMA'RIUS or CHONDOMA'RIUS
CHI'ONIS(Xiovis), a statuary of Corinth, about (Gundomar), king of the Alemanni, became con-
B. C.
480, executed, in conjunction with Amyclaeus spicuous in Roman history in A. D. 351. Magnen-
and Dyillus, the group which the Phocians dedi- tius having assumed the purple at Augustodunum,
cated at Delphi. [AMYCLAEUS. ] Chionis made in now Autun, in Gaul, the emperor Constantius
it the statues of Athene and Artemis. (Paus. x. made an alliance with the Alemanni and induced
13. $ 4. )
[P. S. ] them to invade Gaul. Their king, Chnodomarius,
CHIOS (Xlos), the name of two mythical per- consequently crossed the Rhine, defeated Decen-
sonages, each of whom is said to have given the tius Caesar, the brother of Magnentius, destroyed
name to the island of Chios. (Paus. vii. 4. § 6; many towns, and ravaged the country without op-
Steph. Byz. s. v. Xios. )
[L. S. ] position. In 356 Chnodomarius was involved in
ܪ


## p. 696 (#716) ############################################

696
CHOERILUS.
CHOERILUS.
a war with Julian, afterwards emperor, and then being exactly the number of victories assigned to
Caesar, who succeeded in stopping the progress of Aeschylus. The great number of his dramas not
the Alemanni in Gaul, and who defeated them only establishes the length of his career, but a
completely in the following year, 357, in a battle much more important point, namely, that the exhi-
near Argentoratum, now Strassburg. Chnodoma- bition of tetralogies commenced early in the time
rius had assembled in his camp the contingents of of Choerilns; for new tragedies were exhibited at
six chiefs of the Alemanni, viz. Vestralpus, Urius, Athens only twice a year, and at this early period
Ursicinus, Suomarius, Hortarius, and Serapio, the we never hear of tragedies being written but not
son of Chnodomarius' brother Mederichus, whose exhibited, but rather the other way. In fact, it is
original name was Agenarichus; but in spite of the general opinion, that Choerilus was the first
their gallant resistance, they were routed, leaving who composed written tragedies, and that even of
six thousand dead on the field. Obliged to cross his plays the greater number were not written.
the Rhine in confusion, they lost many thousands Some writers attributed to him the invention or
more who were drowned in the river. Ammianus great improvement of masks and theatrical costume
Marcellinus says, that the Romans lost only two (τους προσωπείοις και τη σκεύη των στολών επε-
hundred and forty-three men, besides four officers xeipnoe are the words of Snidas, s. r. ). These
of rank, but this account cannot be relied upon. inventions are in fact ascribed to each of the great
Chnodomarius fell into the hands of the victors, tragedians of this age ; and it is remarkable that
and being presented to Julian, was treated by him the passages on the authority of which they are
with kindness, and afterwards sent to Rome, usually attributed to Aeschylus imply not so much
where he was kept a prisoner in the Castra Pere actual invention as the artistic perfection of what
grina on Mount Caelius. There he died a natural previously existed in a rude form. It is evident,
death some time afterwards. Ammianus Marcel- moreover, that these great improvements, by whom-
linus gives a detailed account of the battle of soever made, must have been adopted by all the
Strassburg, which had the most beneficial effect tragedians of the same age. The poetical character
upon the tranquillity of Gaul. (Amm. Marc. xvi. and construction of the plays of Choerilus probably
12; Aurel. Vict. Epit. C. 42; Liban. Orat. 10, differed but little from those of Thespis, until the
12. )
[W. P. ] period when Aeschylus introduced the second actor
CHOEʻRILUS (Xoiplaos or Xoípıllos). There -a change which Choerilus of course adopted, for
were four Greek poets of this name who have been otherwise he could not have continued to compete
frequently confounded with one another. They with Aeschylus. The same remark applies to the
are treated of, and properly distinguished, by separation made by Pratinas of the satyric drama
A. F. Näke, Choerili Samii quae supersunt, Lips. from the regular tragedy. It is generally supposed
1817, 8vo.
that Choerilus had some share in effecting this im-
1. Choerilus of Athens, a tragic poet, contem- provement, on the authority of a line from an un-
porary with Thespis, Phrynichus, Pratinas, Aes known ancient poet (ap. Plotium de Metris, p.
chylus, and even with Sophocles, unless, as Welc- 2633, ed. Putsch. ),
ker supposes, he had a son of the same name, who ηνίκα μεν βασιλεύς ήν Χοιρίλος έν Σατύροις.
was also a tragic poet. (Welcker, Die Griech. Tra- But it seems more natural to take the words év
göd. p. 892. ) "His first appearance as a competitor Satúpols to mean the tragic Chorus, at the time
for the tragic prize was in B. c. 523 (Suid. s. v. ), when the persons composing it retained the cos
in the reign of Hipparchus, when Athens was be tume of satyrs.
coming the centre of Greek poetry by the residence The name of Choerilus is mentioned in a very
there of Simonides, Anacreon, Lasus, and others. curious fragment of the comic poet Alexis, from his
This was twelve years after the first appearance of play Linus. (Athen. iv. p. 164, C. ; Meineke, Frag.
Thespis in the tragic contests; and it is therefore Com. Graec. iii. p. 443. ) Linus, who is instructing
not improbable that Choerilus had Thespis for an | Hercules, puts into his hand some books, that he
antagonist. It was also twelve years before the first may choose one of them to read, saying,
victory of Phrynichus. (B. C. 511. ) After another 'Ορφεύς ένεστιν, Ησίοδος, τραγωδία,
twelve years, Choerilus came into competition with Χοιρίλος, "Ομηρος, Επίχαρμος, συγγράμματα
Aeschylus, when the latter first exbibited (B. C. 499); παντοδαπά.
and, since we know that Aeschylus did not carry Here we have a poet for each sort of poetry:
off a prize till sixteen years afterwards, the prize Orpheus for the early mystic hymns, Hesiod for
of this contest must bave been given either to the didactic and moral epos, Homer for the heroic
Choerilus or to Pratinas. (Suid. s. vu. Aloxúdos, epos, Epicharmus for comedy ; but what are tpa-
Πρατίνας. ) Choerilus was still held in high esti-zuôía, Xocpidos? The usual answer of those cri-
mation in the year 483 B. C. after he had exhibited tics who abstain from evading the difficulty by an
tragedies for forty years. (Cyrill. Julian. i. p. 13, b. ; alteration of the text is, Tragedy and the Satyric
Euseb. Chron. sub. Ol. 74. 2; Syncell. p. 254, b. ) Drama : but the question is a very difficult one,
In the statement in the anonymous life of Sopho- and cannot be discussed here. (See Näke, p. 5. )
cles, that Sophocles contended with Choerilus, Possibly the passage may refer, after all, to the
there is very probably some mistake, but there is epic poet, Choerilus of Samos, and there may be
no impossibility; for when Sophocles gained his some hit at his owopayla (see below) in the choice
first victory (B. C. 468), Choerilus would be just of Hercules, who selects a work on óvaptuoia.
80, if we take 25 as the usual age at which a tragic Of all the plays of Choerilus we have no rem-
poet first exhibited. (Compare Welcker, l. c. and nant except the statement by Pausanias (i. 14. & 2)
Nüke, p. 7. )
of a mythological genealogy from his play called
Of the character of Choerilus we know little 'Alban.
more than that, during a long life, he retained a The Latin grammarians mention a metre which
good degree of popular favour. The number of his they call Choerilian. It was
tragedies was 150, of his victories 13 (Suid. s. r. ),
. VVVV.
vv. vv


## p. 697 (#717) ############################################

CHOERILUS.
697
CHOEROBOSCUS.
in fact, a dactylic hexameter stript of its final | p. 303); by Josephus from the catalogue of the
atalexis. It must not be supposed that this metre nations in the anny of Xerxes, among whom were
was invented by Chocrilus, for the Greek metrical the Jews (c. Apion. i. 22, vol. ii. p. 454, ed. Ha-
writers never mention it by that name. Perhaps vercamp, iii. p. 1183, ed. Oberthür; compare Eu-
it got its name from the fact of the above-mentioned seb. l'raep. Erung. ix. 9); and other fragments,
line, in praise of Choerilus, being the most ancient the place of which is uncertain. (See Näkc. ) The
verse extant in this metre. (See Nake, pp. 257, chief action of the poem appears to have been the
263; Gaisford's edition of Hephaestion, notes, battle of Salamis. The high estimation in which
pp. 353, 354. )
Choerilus was held is proved by his reception into
2. Choerilus, a slave of the comic poet ECPRAN- the epic canon (Suid. s. v. ), from which, however,
TIDES, whom he was said to assist in the composi- he was again expelled by the Alexandrian gram-
tion of his plays. (Hesych. s. v. 'EkKexopiawuém marians, and Antimachus was substituted in his
and Xoiplaov 'Ex avridos. ) This explains the place, on account of a statement, which was made
error of Eudocia (p. 437), that the epic poet Choe- on the authority of Heracleides Ponticus, that
rilus wrote tragedies. (Meineke, Hist
. Crit
. Com. Plato rery much preferred Antimachus to Choerilus.
Graec. pp. 37, 38; Gaisford, ad Heph. p. 96. ) (Proclus, Comm. in Plat. Tin. p. 28; see also an
3. Choerilus of Samos, the author of an epic epigram of Crates in the Greek Anthology, ii. p. 3,
poem on the wars of the Greeks with Xerxes and eds. Brunck and Jac.