Thus it hath
been cuftomary to me to hear from my own Family the for-
tunate, or adverfe Accidents of the Republic.
been cuftomary to me to hear from my own Family the for-
tunate, or adverfe Accidents of the Republic.
Demosthenes - Orations - v2
Laft of all Demofthenes arofe, fafhic<<iing his Deport-
ment and his Countenance, according to his wont, in a moft
portentous Manner, and rubbing his Forehead. When perceiv-
ing the People gave Signs of their Approbation, and applauded
what I had faid, he declared himfelf much furprized both at
the Audience and at his Colleagues, who equally mifemployed.
and wafted away the Time of debating what Anfwer fliould be
given to Philip's Ambafladors, or of propofing any Meaftires
for the public Advantage; and in an Affair of domeftic Con-
cernment indulged an Impertinence of talking, totally foreign
to the Subjedl ; for that nothing was more cafy, than to give
an Accdunt of an Embaflj', But I will inform you, fays he,
in what Manner this Affair fhould be conduced. He then
ordered a particular Decree of the People to be read, and after-
wards added, " by this Decree we were appointed Ambafladors,
" and executed what it ordained. Now take the Letter we
*' brought home from Philip. " When that was read, " you
*' have now Philip's Anfwer, and it only remains for you to
*' deliberate upon it. " While the People were riftng in Tu-
mults round him, fome of them applauding him, as a nervous,
cpnpifc Speaker, but the Majority, as malignant and envious ;
Now
2
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? iE S C H I N E S. 177
Now behold, faid he, how fuccindly I fhall lay before you all
other Girciimftances of this Affair. Does Philip appear to
-^fchines a Man of extraordinary Memory, and powerfully elo-
quent ? To me far otherwife. For, in my Opinion, if any
one fliould take away from him his prefent Fortune, and give
it to another, that Perfon would not be greatly his Inferior.
Did he appear to Ctefiphon to have a certain Splendour in his
Afpedl ? To me the Q)median Ariftodemus, who was one of
our Ambafladors, had not lefs Dignity. Was he formidable
in drinking largely? Our Colleague Philocrates much more
formidable. Did one of your Orators inform you, that he left
it to me to fpeak upon the Affair of Amphipolis? Yet never
would that Orator give either to you, or me an Opportunity
of Ipeaking. But thefe Circumftances are Trifles. I will move
for a Decree to negotiate a Truce with the Herald and Am-
baffadors, whom Philip fliall fend jiither; to order the proper
Magiftrates, when they arrive, to appoint Affemblies during
two Days, not only to treat of Peace, but an Alliance, offenfive
and defeniive; to pronounce the cuftomary Panegyric upon
our Ambaffadors, and invite them the Day following to a
public Entertainment, if they appear worthy of fuch Honours.
To convince you of the Truth of thefe Affertions, Secretary,
take his Decrees, that you may perceive the Waywardnefs and
Malignity of the Man; his joining with Philocrates in all his
Schemes; and his own infidious and faithlefs Manners. Then
call our Colleagues, and read their Teftimony,
Vol. II. A a The
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? 178 ORATIONOF
The Decrees of Demosthenes.
Nor did he only propofe thefe Decrees, but afterwards declared
in the Senate, '' I will appoint a place for Philip's Ambafladors,
" when they arrive, to fee the public Games, during the
" Feftival of Bacchus. " Read this Decree.
The Decree.
Now read the Teftimony of our Colleagues, from whence you
may behold, Athenians, that Demoflhenes is incapable of being
an Orator in Defence of the Republic, but meditates his De-
clamations againft thofe, who have any Engagements with him
of Intimacy and Friendfhip.
The Testimony.
You find therefore in thefe Tranfadions with regard to the
Peace, not my Connexions with Philocrates, but thofe of De-
mofthenes and Philocrates. I have produced very fufficient
Proofs, I prefume, of whatever I have faid. You are your-
felves my WitnefTes of the Report I made of my Embafly. I
liave given you my Colleagues in Evidence of our Speeches in:
Macedonia, and whatever happened in our Journey. You have-
heard, and muft remember the late Profecution, which De-
mofthenes opened with his Remarks on my Oration to the
People concerning the Peace. But although that Part of his
Profecution was one continued Falfehood, yet in one particular
Article he was moft terribly diftreffed; for he alTured you, that
my Oration was pronounced in the Prefence of thofe AmbaiTa-
dors,
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 179
dors, whom the Grecians, upon your Invitation, had fent
either to engage with the Athenians, if neceffary, in one com-
mon War againft PhiHp, or to enter into a general Peace, if
that fhould appear of greater Advantage. (14) Now conllder
the enormous Villainy of the Man, and his cxcefTive AlTurance.
For the Names of the Ambafladors, whom you fent to the
Grecian States, while we were engaged in open War againft
Philip; the Time of their being appointed, and being fent,
are all entered in your public Records; neither are they now
in Macedonia, but prefent here in Athens. Befides, the Senate
determines by Decree upon the Introdudlion of all foreign Em-
baflies to the People, and he affirms, that the AmbafTadors of
Greece were really prefent in your Affembly. Come then,
Demofthenes, come forward on this Tribunal; take Part of
the Time allotted me for my Defence, and tell us the Name
of any one Grecian City, from whence you afiert thefe Am-
baffadors arrived; give us to read the Decree oi the Senate,
which introduced them to the People, then fummon our own
AmbalTadors, whom we fent to the States of Greece, to give
Evidence for you, and if they teftify, that they were prefent,
or rather, do not affirm, that they were not yet returned Irom
their Embafly ; if you can prove the Introdudion of thofe foreign
Ambaffadors to the Senate, or produce any Decree for that
Purpofe, at the Time you mention, I will defcend from the
Tribunal, and condemn myfelf to Death.
A a 2 Now
(14) The Reader may find this Charge in the tenth Page of this VoUime.
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? <(
i8o ORATIONOF
Now read the Refolution of our Confederates, in which it
is exprellly written, " Since the People of Athens are now
dehberating upon a Peace with PhiHp; fince the Ambafia-
dors, whom they fent into Greece to animate her Cities to
defend their common Liberty, are not yet returned, it feem-
** eth good to the Confederates, that when the Ambaffadors
" iTiall return, and make Report of their Embafly to the
" Athenians, the Magiftrates fliould appoint two AiTemblies
" according to Law. In tliem let the People of Athens con-
" fult upon the Peace, and whatever they determine, let it be
" the common Refolution of the Confederates. " Read me
the Refolution of the Plenipotentiaries of our Confederates.
The Resolution.
Read me now the Decree preferred by Demofthenes, in
which he commands the Magiftrates, after the Feftival of
Bacchus, celebrated within the City, (15) and the cuftomary
Affembly held in his Temple, to appoint two general AiTem-
blies on the eighteenth and nineteenth ; thus precifely marking
the Time, and prefling forward the Affembly before the Return
of our Ambaffadors. Befides, the Refolution of our Confede-
rates, which I acknowledge I fupported, only directs you to
deliberate upon a Peace with Philip, but Demofthenes urges you
to conclude a League offenfive and defenftve. Read his Decree
to the Judges.
His Decree.
You
(15) To diftinguifh it from the Feftival of the fame God, celebrated in the Fields,
"WoLFirs.
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? uE S C H I N E S. i8i
You have heard, Athenians, both thefe Decrees, by which
Demonfthenes is plainly convicted of having aflcrted, that the
AmbalTadors, although not yet returned from their Embafly,
were prefent at your AfTembly, and of having rendered ineffec-
tual the Refolution of your Confederates, although you were
willing to have complied with them. For they had exprellly
declared, you fhould wait for the Return of the Embaffy you
fent to the States of Greece, but Demofthenes moft opprobri-
oufly and precipitately changed your Determinations, and not
in Words alone oppofed your waiting, but in very Fa6t, and
by his Decree, when he ordered you to enter immediately
upon your Deliberations.
But he affirmed, that in the firft Day's Aflembly, when
Philocrates had harangued the People, I rofe after him, and
blamed the Peace he had propofed, calling it difhonourable,
and unworthy of the Republic: that the Day following I fup-
ported Philocrates, and fuccefsfully carried the Affembly into
my Opinion: that I perfuaded you to pay no Attention to
thofe, who talked to you of the Battles and Trophies of your
Anceftors, nor ever to fend Succours to any of the Grecian
States in their Difl:refs. (i6) That this Accufation is not only
falfe, but impoffible to be true, Demofthenes himfelf fhall give
me one proof in Evidence againfl: himfelf; a fecond the whole
People of Athens, and you yourfelves, if you recoiled ; a third,
the
(16} The Oration of Demofthenes, tenth Page,
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? 1. 82 ORATION OF
the Abfurdity of the Charge itfelf; a fourth, Amyntor, a
Man of Charadler, of unexceptionable Credit, and confiderable
Authority in the Commonwealth, to whom Demofthenes
fliewed a Decree, not in Oppofition to that propofed by Philo-
crates, but the very fame, and with whom he confulted,
whether he fliould give it to the Secretary, to be laid before
the Ailembly. Read me the Decree, wherein he pofitiveiy di-
rects, that there fliould be a general Liberty of debating the
firft Day, but that the proper Officers fliould next Day collect
the Votes, and that no fpeaking fhould be allowed. Yet he
aflertSj that at this very Time I fpoke in Defence of Philocrates.
The Decree of Demosthenes.
Decrees, indeed, remain as they were firfl: written, but the
Speeches of Calumniators are changed occafionally from Day to
Day. My Accufer makes me fpeak twice to the People;
Truth and the Decree, but once. For if we were not per-
mitted to fpeak in the fecond Day's Affembly; if forbidden by
the Magiftrates, there was certainly no poffibility of fuch O-
rations. But with what Intention, if I determined to fupport
Philocrates, did I accufe him the firfl: Day, and after the In-
tervention of only one Night, undertake his Defence before
the very fame Audience? Did I propofe to purchafe Honour
to myfelf, or obtain fome Advantage for him. ? Neither of
thefe was poflible ; but very poflible to gain your univerfal De-
teftation, and not fucceed in any other Inftance. Now fum-
mon
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? uE S C H I N E S. 183
mon Amyntor, and read his Teftimony. Yet I would previoufly
mention, in what Manner it is written. ** Amyntor bears
" Witnefs to iEfchines, that when the People confulted upon
" entering into an Alliance with Philip, according to the
" Decree of Demofthenes, on the fecond of the Aflembly-
" Days; when all public fpeaking was forbidden, and the
** Suffrages only concerning the Peace and Alliance were to be
t* collefted, in this very Aflembly, Demofthenes fitting by him
" fhewed him a Decree, on which the Name of Demofthenes
" was infcribed, and afked his Advice whether he fliould give.
"? it to the Secretary, to be laid before the People by the proper
" Officers. In this Decree were inferted the Conditions, upon
*' which a Peace and Alliance fhould be concluded, the very
" fame that Philocrates had propofed. " Summon Amyntor
and take Witneftes of your Citation if he fhould refufe to
appear. .
The Testimony of Amy. ntor.
You have heard, Athenians, this Teftimony. Now con-
fider, whether Demofthenes appears to have accufed me, or,,
under my Name, to have accufed himfelf ,
But while he condemns my Oration,, and mifreprefents every-
thing I faid, I fhall neither avoid, nor deny whatever I have
aflerted. Nor am I afliamed, let me rather boaft of the Advice
I have given. Let me however defire you to recoiled: the Cir-
cumftances;
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? iS4 O R A T I O N O F
cumftances of the Times, in which you held thefe Councils.
We engaged in the War at firft for the recovery of Amphipolis.
It happened that our General loft feventy-tive Cities, of which
Timotheus had once taken Pofleffion, and reduced under your
Jurifdi6lion (for I am determined to fpeak without Referve
and with Freedom, that either by fpeaking Truth I may be
acquitted, or, if you judge otherwife, be treated with your
utmoft Difplcafure; nor fhall I refufe my Punifhment) he took
out of your Arfenal an hundred and fifty Gallies, and brought
home forty eight. Thefe Fa6ls the Accufers of Chares perpe-
tually prove in all their Profecutions. Befides, he lavifhed
away fifteen hundred Talents, not upon his own Athenian Sol-
diers, but upon the Infolence of the Commanders of his merce-
nary Troops, and on a Number of Vagabonds colledied through
all Greece, befides the Wretches, who attend for Hire on our
Tribunals and Afiemblies. (17) Thefe Commanders annually
raifed fixty Talents Contribution upon the miferable Iflanders,
and plundered the Grecian Merchants on the open Seas, while
inftead of her former Authority, and the Sovereignty of Greece,
the Republic was ftigmatized with a Charadler befitting Myon-
nefus, and its Pyrates. But when Philip had marched out of
Macedonia, the Conteft between us was no longer for Amphi-
polis, but for Lemnos, Imbros and Scyros, our proper Domini-
ons. Our Citizens abandoned Cherfonefus, confefi^edly belong-
ing
(17) Our Commentators acknowledge of the Text are loft. Tbe Tranflator
t'he DiPnculty of this Paffige, or rather hath endeavoured to preferve the general
think it imperfedl, and that fome Words Senfe of the Context.
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? . ESCHINES. 185
ing to Athens. You were compelled to fummoii with Terrour
and Confufion feveral extraordinary Aflemblies. In fuch an
uncertain, dangerous Situation were your Affairs, that Ce-
phifophon, a Friend and Intimate of Chares, was obliged to
prefer a Decree, that Antiochus, who commanded fome light
Pinnaces, fhould fail with the utmoft Expedition, and find
the General, to whom you had intrufted the Command of
your Forces, and tell him, wherever he fhould happen to meet
him, " the People of Athens are aftonifhed, that Philip is
" marching to invade Cherfonefus, the acknowledged Territo-
** ries of the Athenians, while they neither know where their
** General is, nor the Forces under his Command. " (18) To
confirm the Truth of what I have afferted, hear the Decree,
recoiled the Events of that War, and then demand an Account
of the Peace from your Generals, not from your Ambafi^dors.
The Decree.
Such was the Situation of the Republic when we debated
on the Peace. But thefe Orators, entering into a regular Con-
fpiracy together, whenever they rofe to fpeak, never attempted
to mention the Safety of the Commonwealth, but exhorted you
to turn your Eyes towards the Portico of the Citadel, (19) and
to recall to your Remembrance the Sea-fight againft the Perfians
at Salamis, with the Sepulchres and Trophies of your Anceftors.
Vol. II. B b I too
(i8) The ReaJer may find fome other (19) Where all the glorious Actions
Circum (lances of this General's Story in of their Anceftors were painted,
the firft Volume, Page 138.
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? i86 ORATIONOF
I too delired you to recoiled: all thefe Circumftances, and to
emulate the Wifdom of your. Anceftors, but to guard againft
their Errours, and ill timed Spirit of Fadlion. I recommended
to you to imitate with Ardour their Vidories over the Perfians,
at Plataea, Sala mis and Marathon; the Sea-fight at A rtemifium,
and the Condu<<5l of Tolmidas, who marched in Security with
a thoufand chofen Athenians through Peloponnefus, an Enemy's
Country; but to avoid the Sicilian Expedition, in which they
fent Succours to the Leontines, even while the Lacedaemonians
"had made an Incurfion into their own Territories, and Decelia
was fortified againft them. I advifed you to avoid their laft .
Imprudence, when although they were unfuccefsful in the War^
and the Lacedaemonians invited them to Peace; although,,
befides Attica, they were in PoffefTion of Lemnos, Imbros and
Scyros; while their democratical Conftitution of Government^
eftablifhcd by Law, was yet unviolated, yet they refufed all
Piopofds, and determined to carry on a War, they were un-
able to fupport. Cleophon, a Maker of Lyres, whom many
People remembered in the Shackles of a Slave, threatened to cut
any Man's Throat with his Sword, who even mentioned the
Name of Peace. To fuch Extremity did they, at length, reduce
the Republic, that they were abundantly fatisfied to conclude
a Peace, after having ceded all their Dominions, rafed the
Walls of Athens, received a Lacedaemonian Garrifon and Go-
vernor, and furrendered their Democracy to thirty Tyrants, vvlio
put to Death fifteen hundred Citizens, even without a Trial.
I Such
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? iE S C H I N E S. 187
Such Imprudence, I confefs, I advifcd you to guard againft,
but to imitate the Adlions I have juft now mentioned. Nor
did I hear thefe Circumftances, but from the Man, to vvhoni
of all others I am moft nearly allied. For my Father Atro-
metus (whom you, Demofthenes, calumniate, neither know-
ing nor conlidering what he was in his Youth, although you
yourfelf derive your Defcent, on your Mother's Side, from the
houfelefs Scythians) this Father fled from the Tyranny of the
thirty, and was one of the Leaders, who brought home the
People from Exile. My Mother's Brother, Cleobulus, was
joint Commander U^ith Demaenetus of the Fleet, that gained a
Vidlory over the Lacedemonian Admiral Chilon.
Thus it hath
been cuftomary to me to hear from my own Family the for-
tunate, or adverfe Accidents of the Republic.
You befides objedt to me my Oration before the great Coun-
cil of Arcadia, and my Condud: as an AmbafTador; you repre-
fent me as a Deferter to the Enemy, thyfelf the verieft fugitive
Slave, and only not fligmatized like a barbarian Fugitive. Yet,
to the utmoft of my Power, I engaged the Arcadians, and other
Grecian States, in a War againft Philip. But when no Mortal
fuccoured the Republic; when fonie waited indolently for the
Event, and others turned their Arms againft us; when our
City-Haranguers converted the War into an Income to fupply
their Luxury, 1 confefs I then advifed the People to be recon-
ciled to Philip, and conclude that Peace, which you, Demoft-
B b 2 henes.
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? i88 ORATIONOF
henes, who never handled a Sword, imagine diflionourable
but which I pronounce to be far preferable to War. But,
Athenians, you fhould confider your Ambafladors with regard
to thofe favourable Conjunctures, which may have happened in
their Embailies, as you judge of your Generals with regard to
the Forces they Command. Yet you eredl Statues, and appoint
the moft honourable Seats in your Theatres, and Crowns and
Entertainments in the Prytanasum, not for them, who bring
you home Conditions of Peace, but for them, who conquer
your Enemies. But if Profecutions are to be the Portion of
your Ambafladors, and honours of your Generals, you will
render your Wars perpetual, without Negotiations of Peace,
or Heralds to propofe them. No Man will ever be an Ambaflk-
dor.
It now remains to fpeak to the Affairs of Cherfbbleptes and
the Phocjeans, with other Articles, of which I am accufed. (20)
I made an exadt Report, Athenians, of whatever I law, both
in my firft and fecond Embafly, in the Manner I faw it; of
whatever I heard, in the Manner I heard it. Do you, there-
fore, afk either what I faw, or what I heard with regard to
Cherfoblcptes ? I faw, and all our Ambafladors faw his Son
delivered, aa an Hoftage to Philip. He continues fuch at this
Inftant. But it happened, when we were difcharging our firft
Embafly, that I returned hither with my Colleagues, and
Philip
(ao) Demofthenes his Oration, Page 8ow
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 189
Philip marched into Thrace; but he promifcd us not to invade
Cherfonefus, while the Peace was under your Confideration.
In that very Day, therefore, in which you decreed this Peace,
there was not the leaft Mention made of Cherfobleptes. When
we were afterwards appointed to demand Philip's Oath, nor
had yet fet forward upon our fecond EmbafTy, an Aflembly
was fummoned, of which Demofthenes, who now accufes me,
was eledled Preiident. In this Allembly Critobulus declared,
he was fent by Cherfobleptes, and defired, that he might be
allowed to tender the Oaths to Philip's Ambafladors, and that
the Name of Cherfobleptes might be enrolled among your Con-
federates. (21) When he had made this Declaration, Alex-
imachus, of the Pelegian Tribe, gave a Decree to the Presidents
of the Aflembly to be read, in which it was refolved, that
Critobulus, in Conjundion with your other Confederates, might
tender the Oaths to Philip. When this Decree was read, as
I prefume you all remember, Demofthenes rofe from among
the Prefidents, and declared, that he would not propofe
this Decree to the People, nor diflblve the Peace with Philip,
nor acknowledge fuch Confederates, as adled like People, who
have no other Concernment in a Sacrifice, than to partake of
its Libations: but that, however, he would appoint another
Aflembly to take the Affair into Confideration. When you
received
(zt) That as the Athenians and their tobulus might be allowed to do In the
AlHes adminiftered the Oaths of Ratifi- Name of Cherfobleptes, as one of their
cation to Philip s Ambafladors, fo Cri- Allies, Schowast,
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? igo ORATIONOF
received tliis Declaration v/ith repeated Clamours, and called upon
the Prefidents by their Names to come forward on the Tribu-
nal, you confirmed the Decree in Oppofition to his Opinion.
In Proofofthefe Truths, fummon Aleximachus, who preferred
the Decree, and the Colleagues of Demofthenes, when he was
Prefident. Then read their Teftimony.
The Testimony.
Demosthenes, therefore, who lately wept over the Name
of Cherfobleptes, appears evidently to have excluded him from
the general Confederacy. As foon as that AfTembly was dif-
mifled, Philip's AmbafTadors tendered the Oaths to our Con-
federates in the Court appointed for the Councils of your
Generals. Yet my Profecutor had the Affurance to tell you,
that I had driven Critobulus, the AmbaiTador of Cherfobleptes,
from the Sacrifices, in Prefence of your Confederates, while the
People were deliberating on their Decree, and the Generals
were fitting in Council. Whence had I fuch Authority?
How was the Affair pafied over in Silence ? If I had dared to
ad: in fuch a Manner, would you, Demofthenes, have fuffcred
it? Would you not have filled the AfiTembly with Vociferation
and Clamour, if you had feen me, as you lately affirmed, driv-
ing an Ambafiiidor from the Sacrifices? But let the Crier
fummon the Generals, and the Deputies of the Confederates,
that you may hear their Evidence,
The Evidence,
Is
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 191
Is it not then, Athenians, moft terrible, that any Man
(liall dare to utter fuch Falfehoods againft a Fellow Citizen,
not his indeed, for there I would corred myfelf, but yours,
when under the Danger of a capital Trial? Did not our An-
ceftors wifely ordain in Profecutions for Murder in our great
Court of Judicature, the Palladium, when they obliged the
Perfon, who was acquitted, to take out the Bowels of the dead
Body, and to fwear (and this ancient Cuftom is ftill preferved)
that the Judges, who had determined in his Favour, had pro-
nounced a juft and upright Sentence? If otherwife, he impre-
cated Perdition to himfelf and his Family, while he prayed for
every Blefling to his Judges. This Inftitution, Athenians,
was of much Wifdom and good Policy. (22) For if none of
you would willingly charge himfelf with pronouncing Sentence on
the guilty, (23) much more fhould you avoid condemning the
innocent by a Sentence, which takes away his Life, or deprives
him
(22) Perhaps this Paflage is not (o of our Critics, in almoft all other In-
clifficult as the Tranfliuor imagines, for fiances fo judicious, would here very un-
otherwife our Commentators would not necefiar. ly read vikuvto, for vmuvtu? ^
have pafled it over in Silence. Stephans and unhappily confine the Spirit and Li-
underftands it in a Manner very different bcrty of Oratory and Orators by the meer
irom that of Wolfius and his Editors. Mechanifm of grammatical Rules. How-
He gives kis Opinion upon it with a Mo- ever, when Scaliger propoics rif^vcvToe.
defly beStting his great Learning, qui- ra 7 o'ttia applied to i/. )t. -~j/7-a he feems to
bus verbis puio earn rnnuere, and the pre- point to the true Reading and Conflruc-
fent Tranf. ation follows his Opinion, as tion.
well as his Reading, TE/zvoyraf ra ro'^wts! , (23) It fhould fiem by this Cufiom,
which makes a confiderable Alteration that the Tudcres imagined themlelves ab-
in the Senfe. Yet flill the ExprefTions folved from any Enour in acquitting the
'Eocvrov o(,vuTTXri(r(xt (pom ^lytdia rjirn Perfon, p;ofccuted for Murder, if Le
<<t/x:>> are unexplained, and the Reafbn- fwore to the Juftice of their Sentence,
ing ii inconclufive and obfcuie. Some
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? 192 O R A T I O N O F
him of his Property, or degrades him from the Privileges of a
Citizen, after the Lofs of which fome have put themfelves to
Death, and others have retired from the Affairs of the PubUc. (24)
Will you not then, Athenians, grant me your Forgivenefs, if
I fhould call him a polluted Wretch, impure in his Perfon, and
proftituted in his Eloquence ? I {hall then deraonftrate, that
the Remainder of his Charge, with regard to Cherfobleptes, is
evidently falfe. For it is the happieft Circumftance, and in my
Opinion, of utmoft Importance to them, who are accufed, that
the Remembrance of particular ConjunAures, with the Decrees
formed upon them, and the Names of the Perfons, who pro-
pofed thofe Decrees, are for ever preferved in your public
Records.
But Demofthenes hath afferted, that Cherfobleptes was ru-
ined, becaufe, although he himfelf had earneftly advifed our
going into Thrace, when that Monarch was befieged, and en-
tering our Proteft againft the Conduct of Philip, yet, being of
principal Authority in the Embafly, and particularly dif^inguifh-
ed by your Favour, I had abfolutely refufed, and with the
other AmbafTadors fat down indolently in Oreum, receiving
Entertainments of Hofpitality. Now hear the Letter Chares
fent to the People, the twenty-fifth of February, when Cher-
fobleptes had already loft his Kingdom, and Philip had made
himfelf
(? 4) ^>>j/iO(r/a ? T6X? UT>>;(rai/, tranflated yvua-Bivre;. However, he very honeftly
by Wolfius, puMice periermit, and con- acknowledges, that the Paflage is obfcuie.
firmed in his Notes by ^xveins KaTo,-
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? -ffi S C H I N E S. 193
himfelf Mafter of the facred Mountain. Demofthenes, one of
our Colleagues, was Prefident of the AfTembly on the twenty-
fourth of the fame Month.
The Letter.
Yet we did not only ftay here the remaining Days of this
Month, but did not fet out upon our Journey 'till March. In
Evidence of this Fadt, I can produce the Senate itfelf; for its
Decree, which orders the AmbafTadors to leave Athens and to
receive Philip's Oath, is ftill extant. Read me that Decree,
and afterwards at what Time it was propofed.
The Decree. The Time.
? You hear it was propofed the third of March. How many
Days therefore had Cherfobleptes loft his Kingdom before I
left Athens ? Your General Chares and his Letters declare the
Month before, if February be indeed the Month before March.
Could I then have prefervcd Cherfobleptes, who before my
Departure from home was totally undone? Can you imagine
that this Man ever told you a Syllable of Truth with regard
either to Macedonia or ThcfTaly, who thus utters his Lies againft
the Senate, and your public Records; agaiaft the Evidence of
Time and the Meetings of your Affemblics? Did you then,
Demofthenes, at Athens exckide Cherfobleptes from our Ca-
pitulation with Philip when you were Prefident of the AfTembly,
and did you at Oreum lament and pity him? Do you now
Vol. IL C c accufe
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? 194 ORATION OF
accufe me of Corruption, you, who fuffered a Fine to be in-
flidled upon you by the Areopagus for not profecuting the Ac-
tion of Battery you had laid againft your Coufin-German,
although you had yourfeU broken your own Head? And do
you now prefume to talk to us with an Air of Importance, as if
we did not know you to be the Baftard Son of Demofthenes
tlie Sword-Cutler?
But you have attempted to prove, that befides abjuring the Em-
baffy to the Amphidyons I afted in Violation of my Charadler
as an Ambaflador. (25) To this Purpofe you have recited one
Decree, and pafled over another. But when I was appointed
Ambaflador to the Amphiftyons, although I was then in a very
languid State of Health, yet with much Chearfulnefs I made
you my Report of the Embafly, from which I had returned,
nor did I abjure the other, but promifed to undertake it, if I
were able. When my Colleagues were departing, I fent my
Brother with my Nephew, and my Phyfician, to the Senate,
3iot to abjure the Office in my Name (for the Laws do not allow
us to abjure in the Senate an Employment conferred upon us by
the People) but to declare my ill State of Health. Yet when
my Colleagues heard the Misfortunes, that had befallen the
Phocasans, and were returned, an Aflembly was fummoncd, at
which I was prefent, now perfedly recovered from my Diforder,
and the People infifting, that we fliould all engage in this third
1 Embafl]',
C25} Demofthenes Oration, Page 56.
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? i? : S C H I N E S. 195
Embafly, who had been chofen at firft, I efteemed it my Duty
not to prevaricate with the Athenian People. You did not
afterwards accufe me with regard to this Embafly, when I
made my Report, but you now attack me upon the fecond, ap-
pointed for demanding PhiHp's Oath, which I can clearly and
juftly defend. To you indeed it is moft convenient, as to all
Liars, to alter the Situation and Circumftances of Time, but
I fhall regularly purfue my Difcourfe, beginning with our De-
parture on our fecond Embafly. Firft then, among our ten
Ambafladors, to whom another was added by our Confederates,
not one would ever eat with this Demofthenes, when we de-
parted for our fecond Embafly; nor upon the Road, whcre-
ever it was poflible to avoid it, would they enter the fame Inn,
becaufe they perceived he had formed fome villainous Deflgns
againft them. But with regard to going into Thrace, there
was not the leaft Mention of it, for the Decree gave no Infljuc-
tions about it, and only ordered us to receive Philip's Oath,
with fome other particular Diredions. Nor indeed, if we had
gone, was it poflible to have rendered any Service to Cherfoblep-
tes, as his Aflairs were in fiich a Situation, as you have been
juft now informed; nor has Demofthenes told you one Syllable
of Truth, but invents thefe Falfehoods, and having nothing
real whereof to accufe me, he utters thefe monftrous Calumnies.
But two Men followed him carrying a couple of Blankets,
in one of which, as he informed us, was a Talent of Silver.
C c 2 From
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? 196 ORATIONOF
From thence his Colleagues recolle? ted fome of his ancient
Nicknames. While he was a Boy, he was called Battalus foy
his Debauchery and Infamy ', when he came to age, and had
taken out an Adion againft his Guardians, for ten Talents, he
was furnamed the Serpent: but having commenced Man, he
afTumed the common Title of all Villains, and was ftyled, the
Calumniator. Thus he travelled, as he then faid, and as he
lately afTured you, redeeming Prifoners, although he knew, that
Philip never had demanded a Ranfom during the War for any
Athenian Prifoners, and heard from all his Friends, that he
would give the reft their Freedom, whenever a Peace was con-
cluded. But while there were Numbers under this Misfortune,
he carried a Talent with him, a Ranfom only fufficient to re-
deem a fingle Prifoner, and even that fingle Prifoner not
extremely rich.
When we arrived in Macedonia, and had afiembled together,
and found Philip returned from Thrace, the Decree, upon
which we were empowered to a6t as Ambafladors, was read, and
we enumerated the Particulars we had in Command belides
tliofe that regarded the Requifition of Philip's Oath. But
while none of us mentioned the greater Concernments of our
Embafiy, but dwelt rather upon Matters of lefs Importance, I
pronounced an Oration, which it is now become neceilary to-
repeat. And here, Athenians, let me conjure you by the
Godsi that as you have heard me accufed according to the
good!
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 197
good Pleafure of my Adverfary, fo you will alfo hear me re-
gularly make my Defence, and grant me the fame Attention to
the remainder of this Difcourfe, as you have given to the begin-
ning. When our Ambafladors were aflembled, as I have
aleady faid, I fpoke to them in this Manner; " that they feemed
** to me greatly to mifunderftand the principal Command of
" the People; becaufe, if the Republic had fent her Minifters
" with Authority to treat of the Requifition of Philip's Oath,
" and any other particular Articles, and to mention the Affair
" of the Prifoners, I imagined every thing might be executed
'* with Eafe. But to confult with Judgement and Integrity
" upon the Sum of things, with regard either to you, or Philip,
** is the proper Office of wife and upright Ambafladors; I
** mean particularly the Expedition into Thermopylae, which
you behold is now in Agitation. But I will demon ftrate by
very powerful Arguments, that I do not unadvifedly form
" my Conjedlures upon this Affair. The Theban Ambaffadors
*' are already arived ; the Lacedemonians are coming, and we
*' bring with us a Decree of the Athenian People, in which is
** exprefsly written;" The Ambassadors are empowered to
ACT IN ALL other INSTANCES, IN THE BEST MaNNER THEY
ARE ABLE. " The Grecians in general look with Earneft-
" nefs towards the Event. If the Athenian People therefore
" had efteemed it befitting their Dignity to declare openly
*' to Philip, that he fhould reftrain the Infolence of the
"? Thebans, and reflore the Cities of Bocotia, they would
" have
(C
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? (C
(C
cc
198 ORATIONOF
" have certainly mentioned it in this Decree. However, in
" the uncertainty of the Event, they left the Explanation of
" this AfFair to their Ambafladors, who poflibly might be able
** to prevail upon Philip, and they determined to make the
*' Experiment in our Perfons. Yet it becomes whoever is
" ftudious of the public Welfare, not to invade the Province
** of others, whom the People might have fent inflead of us,
and to be cautious of giving OfFence to the Thebansj one
of whom, their General Epaminondas, unawed by the Dig-
nity of the Athenians, exprefsly declared in a Theban AC-
fembly, that the Arcade of the Athenian Citadel fhould be
** carried to Thebes, and placed before the Temple of
" Cadmus. "
While I was thus fpeaking, Demofthenes, as all our Col-
leagues know, cries out aloud, " In addition to our other
*' Misfortunes this iEfchlnes is an errant Boeotian.
ment and his Countenance, according to his wont, in a moft
portentous Manner, and rubbing his Forehead. When perceiv-
ing the People gave Signs of their Approbation, and applauded
what I had faid, he declared himfelf much furprized both at
the Audience and at his Colleagues, who equally mifemployed.
and wafted away the Time of debating what Anfwer fliould be
given to Philip's Ambafladors, or of propofing any Meaftires
for the public Advantage; and in an Affair of domeftic Con-
cernment indulged an Impertinence of talking, totally foreign
to the Subjedl ; for that nothing was more cafy, than to give
an Accdunt of an Embaflj', But I will inform you, fays he,
in what Manner this Affair fhould be conduced. He then
ordered a particular Decree of the People to be read, and after-
wards added, " by this Decree we were appointed Ambafladors,
" and executed what it ordained. Now take the Letter we
*' brought home from Philip. " When that was read, " you
*' have now Philip's Anfwer, and it only remains for you to
*' deliberate upon it. " While the People were riftng in Tu-
mults round him, fome of them applauding him, as a nervous,
cpnpifc Speaker, but the Majority, as malignant and envious ;
Now
2
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? iE S C H I N E S. 177
Now behold, faid he, how fuccindly I fhall lay before you all
other Girciimftances of this Affair. Does Philip appear to
-^fchines a Man of extraordinary Memory, and powerfully elo-
quent ? To me far otherwife. For, in my Opinion, if any
one fliould take away from him his prefent Fortune, and give
it to another, that Perfon would not be greatly his Inferior.
Did he appear to Ctefiphon to have a certain Splendour in his
Afpedl ? To me the Q)median Ariftodemus, who was one of
our Ambafladors, had not lefs Dignity. Was he formidable
in drinking largely? Our Colleague Philocrates much more
formidable. Did one of your Orators inform you, that he left
it to me to fpeak upon the Affair of Amphipolis? Yet never
would that Orator give either to you, or me an Opportunity
of Ipeaking. But thefe Circumftances are Trifles. I will move
for a Decree to negotiate a Truce with the Herald and Am-
baffadors, whom Philip fliall fend jiither; to order the proper
Magiftrates, when they arrive, to appoint Affemblies during
two Days, not only to treat of Peace, but an Alliance, offenfive
and defeniive; to pronounce the cuftomary Panegyric upon
our Ambaffadors, and invite them the Day following to a
public Entertainment, if they appear worthy of fuch Honours.
To convince you of the Truth of thefe Affertions, Secretary,
take his Decrees, that you may perceive the Waywardnefs and
Malignity of the Man; his joining with Philocrates in all his
Schemes; and his own infidious and faithlefs Manners. Then
call our Colleagues, and read their Teftimony,
Vol. II. A a The
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? 178 ORATIONOF
The Decrees of Demosthenes.
Nor did he only propofe thefe Decrees, but afterwards declared
in the Senate, '' I will appoint a place for Philip's Ambafladors,
" when they arrive, to fee the public Games, during the
" Feftival of Bacchus. " Read this Decree.
The Decree.
Now read the Teftimony of our Colleagues, from whence you
may behold, Athenians, that Demoflhenes is incapable of being
an Orator in Defence of the Republic, but meditates his De-
clamations againft thofe, who have any Engagements with him
of Intimacy and Friendfhip.
The Testimony.
You find therefore in thefe Tranfadions with regard to the
Peace, not my Connexions with Philocrates, but thofe of De-
mofthenes and Philocrates. I have produced very fufficient
Proofs, I prefume, of whatever I have faid. You are your-
felves my WitnefTes of the Report I made of my Embafly. I
liave given you my Colleagues in Evidence of our Speeches in:
Macedonia, and whatever happened in our Journey. You have-
heard, and muft remember the late Profecution, which De-
mofthenes opened with his Remarks on my Oration to the
People concerning the Peace. But although that Part of his
Profecution was one continued Falfehood, yet in one particular
Article he was moft terribly diftreffed; for he alTured you, that
my Oration was pronounced in the Prefence of thofe AmbaiTa-
dors,
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 179
dors, whom the Grecians, upon your Invitation, had fent
either to engage with the Athenians, if neceffary, in one com-
mon War againft PhiHp, or to enter into a general Peace, if
that fhould appear of greater Advantage. (14) Now conllder
the enormous Villainy of the Man, and his cxcefTive AlTurance.
For the Names of the Ambafladors, whom you fent to the
Grecian States, while we were engaged in open War againft
Philip; the Time of their being appointed, and being fent,
are all entered in your public Records; neither are they now
in Macedonia, but prefent here in Athens. Befides, the Senate
determines by Decree upon the Introdudlion of all foreign Em-
baflies to the People, and he affirms, that the AmbafTadors of
Greece were really prefent in your Affembly. Come then,
Demofthenes, come forward on this Tribunal; take Part of
the Time allotted me for my Defence, and tell us the Name
of any one Grecian City, from whence you afiert thefe Am-
baffadors arrived; give us to read the Decree oi the Senate,
which introduced them to the People, then fummon our own
AmbalTadors, whom we fent to the States of Greece, to give
Evidence for you, and if they teftify, that they were prefent,
or rather, do not affirm, that they were not yet returned Irom
their Embafly ; if you can prove the Introdudion of thofe foreign
Ambaffadors to the Senate, or produce any Decree for that
Purpofe, at the Time you mention, I will defcend from the
Tribunal, and condemn myfelf to Death.
A a 2 Now
(14) The Reader may find this Charge in the tenth Page of this VoUime.
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? <(
i8o ORATIONOF
Now read the Refolution of our Confederates, in which it
is exprellly written, " Since the People of Athens are now
dehberating upon a Peace with PhiHp; fince the Ambafia-
dors, whom they fent into Greece to animate her Cities to
defend their common Liberty, are not yet returned, it feem-
** eth good to the Confederates, that when the Ambaffadors
" iTiall return, and make Report of their Embafly to the
" Athenians, the Magiftrates fliould appoint two AiTemblies
" according to Law. In tliem let the People of Athens con-
" fult upon the Peace, and whatever they determine, let it be
" the common Refolution of the Confederates. " Read me
the Refolution of the Plenipotentiaries of our Confederates.
The Resolution.
Read me now the Decree preferred by Demofthenes, in
which he commands the Magiftrates, after the Feftival of
Bacchus, celebrated within the City, (15) and the cuftomary
Affembly held in his Temple, to appoint two general AiTem-
blies on the eighteenth and nineteenth ; thus precifely marking
the Time, and prefling forward the Affembly before the Return
of our Ambaffadors. Befides, the Refolution of our Confede-
rates, which I acknowledge I fupported, only directs you to
deliberate upon a Peace with Philip, but Demofthenes urges you
to conclude a League offenfive and defenftve. Read his Decree
to the Judges.
His Decree.
You
(15) To diftinguifh it from the Feftival of the fame God, celebrated in the Fields,
"WoLFirs.
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? uE S C H I N E S. i8i
You have heard, Athenians, both thefe Decrees, by which
Demonfthenes is plainly convicted of having aflcrted, that the
AmbalTadors, although not yet returned from their Embafly,
were prefent at your AfTembly, and of having rendered ineffec-
tual the Refolution of your Confederates, although you were
willing to have complied with them. For they had exprellly
declared, you fhould wait for the Return of the Embaffy you
fent to the States of Greece, but Demofthenes moft opprobri-
oufly and precipitately changed your Determinations, and not
in Words alone oppofed your waiting, but in very Fa6t, and
by his Decree, when he ordered you to enter immediately
upon your Deliberations.
But he affirmed, that in the firft Day's Aflembly, when
Philocrates had harangued the People, I rofe after him, and
blamed the Peace he had propofed, calling it difhonourable,
and unworthy of the Republic: that the Day following I fup-
ported Philocrates, and fuccefsfully carried the Affembly into
my Opinion: that I perfuaded you to pay no Attention to
thofe, who talked to you of the Battles and Trophies of your
Anceftors, nor ever to fend Succours to any of the Grecian
States in their Difl:refs. (i6) That this Accufation is not only
falfe, but impoffible to be true, Demofthenes himfelf fhall give
me one proof in Evidence againfl: himfelf; a fecond the whole
People of Athens, and you yourfelves, if you recoiled ; a third,
the
(16} The Oration of Demofthenes, tenth Page,
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? 1. 82 ORATION OF
the Abfurdity of the Charge itfelf; a fourth, Amyntor, a
Man of Charadler, of unexceptionable Credit, and confiderable
Authority in the Commonwealth, to whom Demofthenes
fliewed a Decree, not in Oppofition to that propofed by Philo-
crates, but the very fame, and with whom he confulted,
whether he fliould give it to the Secretary, to be laid before
the Ailembly. Read me the Decree, wherein he pofitiveiy di-
rects, that there fliould be a general Liberty of debating the
firft Day, but that the proper Officers fliould next Day collect
the Votes, and that no fpeaking fhould be allowed. Yet he
aflertSj that at this very Time I fpoke in Defence of Philocrates.
The Decree of Demosthenes.
Decrees, indeed, remain as they were firfl: written, but the
Speeches of Calumniators are changed occafionally from Day to
Day. My Accufer makes me fpeak twice to the People;
Truth and the Decree, but once. For if we were not per-
mitted to fpeak in the fecond Day's Affembly; if forbidden by
the Magiftrates, there was certainly no poffibility of fuch O-
rations. But with what Intention, if I determined to fupport
Philocrates, did I accufe him the firfl: Day, and after the In-
tervention of only one Night, undertake his Defence before
the very fame Audience? Did I propofe to purchafe Honour
to myfelf, or obtain fome Advantage for him. ? Neither of
thefe was poflible ; but very poflible to gain your univerfal De-
teftation, and not fucceed in any other Inftance. Now fum-
mon
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? uE S C H I N E S. 183
mon Amyntor, and read his Teftimony. Yet I would previoufly
mention, in what Manner it is written. ** Amyntor bears
" Witnefs to iEfchines, that when the People confulted upon
" entering into an Alliance with Philip, according to the
" Decree of Demofthenes, on the fecond of the Aflembly-
" Days; when all public fpeaking was forbidden, and the
** Suffrages only concerning the Peace and Alliance were to be
t* collefted, in this very Aflembly, Demofthenes fitting by him
" fhewed him a Decree, on which the Name of Demofthenes
" was infcribed, and afked his Advice whether he fliould give.
"? it to the Secretary, to be laid before the People by the proper
" Officers. In this Decree were inferted the Conditions, upon
*' which a Peace and Alliance fhould be concluded, the very
" fame that Philocrates had propofed. " Summon Amyntor
and take Witneftes of your Citation if he fhould refufe to
appear. .
The Testimony of Amy. ntor.
You have heard, Athenians, this Teftimony. Now con-
fider, whether Demofthenes appears to have accufed me, or,,
under my Name, to have accufed himfelf ,
But while he condemns my Oration,, and mifreprefents every-
thing I faid, I fhall neither avoid, nor deny whatever I have
aflerted. Nor am I afliamed, let me rather boaft of the Advice
I have given. Let me however defire you to recoiled: the Cir-
cumftances;
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? iS4 O R A T I O N O F
cumftances of the Times, in which you held thefe Councils.
We engaged in the War at firft for the recovery of Amphipolis.
It happened that our General loft feventy-tive Cities, of which
Timotheus had once taken Pofleffion, and reduced under your
Jurifdi6lion (for I am determined to fpeak without Referve
and with Freedom, that either by fpeaking Truth I may be
acquitted, or, if you judge otherwife, be treated with your
utmoft Difplcafure; nor fhall I refufe my Punifhment) he took
out of your Arfenal an hundred and fifty Gallies, and brought
home forty eight. Thefe Fa6ls the Accufers of Chares perpe-
tually prove in all their Profecutions. Befides, he lavifhed
away fifteen hundred Talents, not upon his own Athenian Sol-
diers, but upon the Infolence of the Commanders of his merce-
nary Troops, and on a Number of Vagabonds colledied through
all Greece, befides the Wretches, who attend for Hire on our
Tribunals and Afiemblies. (17) Thefe Commanders annually
raifed fixty Talents Contribution upon the miferable Iflanders,
and plundered the Grecian Merchants on the open Seas, while
inftead of her former Authority, and the Sovereignty of Greece,
the Republic was ftigmatized with a Charadler befitting Myon-
nefus, and its Pyrates. But when Philip had marched out of
Macedonia, the Conteft between us was no longer for Amphi-
polis, but for Lemnos, Imbros and Scyros, our proper Domini-
ons. Our Citizens abandoned Cherfonefus, confefi^edly belong-
ing
(17) Our Commentators acknowledge of the Text are loft. Tbe Tranflator
t'he DiPnculty of this Paffige, or rather hath endeavoured to preferve the general
think it imperfedl, and that fome Words Senfe of the Context.
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? . ESCHINES. 185
ing to Athens. You were compelled to fummoii with Terrour
and Confufion feveral extraordinary Aflemblies. In fuch an
uncertain, dangerous Situation were your Affairs, that Ce-
phifophon, a Friend and Intimate of Chares, was obliged to
prefer a Decree, that Antiochus, who commanded fome light
Pinnaces, fhould fail with the utmoft Expedition, and find
the General, to whom you had intrufted the Command of
your Forces, and tell him, wherever he fhould happen to meet
him, " the People of Athens are aftonifhed, that Philip is
" marching to invade Cherfonefus, the acknowledged Territo-
** ries of the Athenians, while they neither know where their
** General is, nor the Forces under his Command. " (18) To
confirm the Truth of what I have afferted, hear the Decree,
recoiled the Events of that War, and then demand an Account
of the Peace from your Generals, not from your Ambafi^dors.
The Decree.
Such was the Situation of the Republic when we debated
on the Peace. But thefe Orators, entering into a regular Con-
fpiracy together, whenever they rofe to fpeak, never attempted
to mention the Safety of the Commonwealth, but exhorted you
to turn your Eyes towards the Portico of the Citadel, (19) and
to recall to your Remembrance the Sea-fight againft the Perfians
at Salamis, with the Sepulchres and Trophies of your Anceftors.
Vol. II. B b I too
(i8) The ReaJer may find fome other (19) Where all the glorious Actions
Circum (lances of this General's Story in of their Anceftors were painted,
the firft Volume, Page 138.
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? i86 ORATIONOF
I too delired you to recoiled: all thefe Circumftances, and to
emulate the Wifdom of your. Anceftors, but to guard againft
their Errours, and ill timed Spirit of Fadlion. I recommended
to you to imitate with Ardour their Vidories over the Perfians,
at Plataea, Sala mis and Marathon; the Sea-fight at A rtemifium,
and the Condu<<5l of Tolmidas, who marched in Security with
a thoufand chofen Athenians through Peloponnefus, an Enemy's
Country; but to avoid the Sicilian Expedition, in which they
fent Succours to the Leontines, even while the Lacedaemonians
"had made an Incurfion into their own Territories, and Decelia
was fortified againft them. I advifed you to avoid their laft .
Imprudence, when although they were unfuccefsful in the War^
and the Lacedaemonians invited them to Peace; although,,
befides Attica, they were in PoffefTion of Lemnos, Imbros and
Scyros; while their democratical Conftitution of Government^
eftablifhcd by Law, was yet unviolated, yet they refufed all
Piopofds, and determined to carry on a War, they were un-
able to fupport. Cleophon, a Maker of Lyres, whom many
People remembered in the Shackles of a Slave, threatened to cut
any Man's Throat with his Sword, who even mentioned the
Name of Peace. To fuch Extremity did they, at length, reduce
the Republic, that they were abundantly fatisfied to conclude
a Peace, after having ceded all their Dominions, rafed the
Walls of Athens, received a Lacedaemonian Garrifon and Go-
vernor, and furrendered their Democracy to thirty Tyrants, vvlio
put to Death fifteen hundred Citizens, even without a Trial.
I Such
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? iE S C H I N E S. 187
Such Imprudence, I confefs, I advifcd you to guard againft,
but to imitate the Adlions I have juft now mentioned. Nor
did I hear thefe Circumftances, but from the Man, to vvhoni
of all others I am moft nearly allied. For my Father Atro-
metus (whom you, Demofthenes, calumniate, neither know-
ing nor conlidering what he was in his Youth, although you
yourfelf derive your Defcent, on your Mother's Side, from the
houfelefs Scythians) this Father fled from the Tyranny of the
thirty, and was one of the Leaders, who brought home the
People from Exile. My Mother's Brother, Cleobulus, was
joint Commander U^ith Demaenetus of the Fleet, that gained a
Vidlory over the Lacedemonian Admiral Chilon.
Thus it hath
been cuftomary to me to hear from my own Family the for-
tunate, or adverfe Accidents of the Republic.
You befides objedt to me my Oration before the great Coun-
cil of Arcadia, and my Condud: as an AmbafTador; you repre-
fent me as a Deferter to the Enemy, thyfelf the verieft fugitive
Slave, and only not fligmatized like a barbarian Fugitive. Yet,
to the utmoft of my Power, I engaged the Arcadians, and other
Grecian States, in a War againft Philip. But when no Mortal
fuccoured the Republic; when fonie waited indolently for the
Event, and others turned their Arms againft us; when our
City-Haranguers converted the War into an Income to fupply
their Luxury, 1 confefs I then advifed the People to be recon-
ciled to Philip, and conclude that Peace, which you, Demoft-
B b 2 henes.
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? i88 ORATIONOF
henes, who never handled a Sword, imagine diflionourable
but which I pronounce to be far preferable to War. But,
Athenians, you fhould confider your Ambafladors with regard
to thofe favourable Conjunctures, which may have happened in
their Embailies, as you judge of your Generals with regard to
the Forces they Command. Yet you eredl Statues, and appoint
the moft honourable Seats in your Theatres, and Crowns and
Entertainments in the Prytanasum, not for them, who bring
you home Conditions of Peace, but for them, who conquer
your Enemies. But if Profecutions are to be the Portion of
your Ambafladors, and honours of your Generals, you will
render your Wars perpetual, without Negotiations of Peace,
or Heralds to propofe them. No Man will ever be an Ambaflk-
dor.
It now remains to fpeak to the Affairs of Cherfbbleptes and
the Phocjeans, with other Articles, of which I am accufed. (20)
I made an exadt Report, Athenians, of whatever I law, both
in my firft and fecond Embafly, in the Manner I faw it; of
whatever I heard, in the Manner I heard it. Do you, there-
fore, afk either what I faw, or what I heard with regard to
Cherfoblcptes ? I faw, and all our Ambafladors faw his Son
delivered, aa an Hoftage to Philip. He continues fuch at this
Inftant. But it happened, when we were difcharging our firft
Embafly, that I returned hither with my Colleagues, and
Philip
(ao) Demofthenes his Oration, Page 8ow
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 189
Philip marched into Thrace; but he promifcd us not to invade
Cherfonefus, while the Peace was under your Confideration.
In that very Day, therefore, in which you decreed this Peace,
there was not the leaft Mention made of Cherfobleptes. When
we were afterwards appointed to demand Philip's Oath, nor
had yet fet forward upon our fecond EmbafTy, an Aflembly
was fummoned, of which Demofthenes, who now accufes me,
was eledled Preiident. In this Allembly Critobulus declared,
he was fent by Cherfobleptes, and defired, that he might be
allowed to tender the Oaths to Philip's Ambafladors, and that
the Name of Cherfobleptes might be enrolled among your Con-
federates. (21) When he had made this Declaration, Alex-
imachus, of the Pelegian Tribe, gave a Decree to the Presidents
of the Aflembly to be read, in which it was refolved, that
Critobulus, in Conjundion with your other Confederates, might
tender the Oaths to Philip. When this Decree was read, as
I prefume you all remember, Demofthenes rofe from among
the Prefidents, and declared, that he would not propofe
this Decree to the People, nor diflblve the Peace with Philip,
nor acknowledge fuch Confederates, as adled like People, who
have no other Concernment in a Sacrifice, than to partake of
its Libations: but that, however, he would appoint another
Aflembly to take the Affair into Confideration. When you
received
(zt) That as the Athenians and their tobulus might be allowed to do In the
AlHes adminiftered the Oaths of Ratifi- Name of Cherfobleptes, as one of their
cation to Philip s Ambafladors, fo Cri- Allies, Schowast,
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? igo ORATIONOF
received tliis Declaration v/ith repeated Clamours, and called upon
the Prefidents by their Names to come forward on the Tribu-
nal, you confirmed the Decree in Oppofition to his Opinion.
In Proofofthefe Truths, fummon Aleximachus, who preferred
the Decree, and the Colleagues of Demofthenes, when he was
Prefident. Then read their Teftimony.
The Testimony.
Demosthenes, therefore, who lately wept over the Name
of Cherfobleptes, appears evidently to have excluded him from
the general Confederacy. As foon as that AfTembly was dif-
mifled, Philip's AmbafTadors tendered the Oaths to our Con-
federates in the Court appointed for the Councils of your
Generals. Yet my Profecutor had the Affurance to tell you,
that I had driven Critobulus, the AmbaiTador of Cherfobleptes,
from the Sacrifices, in Prefence of your Confederates, while the
People were deliberating on their Decree, and the Generals
were fitting in Council. Whence had I fuch Authority?
How was the Affair pafied over in Silence ? If I had dared to
ad: in fuch a Manner, would you, Demofthenes, have fuffcred
it? Would you not have filled the AfiTembly with Vociferation
and Clamour, if you had feen me, as you lately affirmed, driv-
ing an Ambafiiidor from the Sacrifices? But let the Crier
fummon the Generals, and the Deputies of the Confederates,
that you may hear their Evidence,
The Evidence,
Is
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 191
Is it not then, Athenians, moft terrible, that any Man
(liall dare to utter fuch Falfehoods againft a Fellow Citizen,
not his indeed, for there I would corred myfelf, but yours,
when under the Danger of a capital Trial? Did not our An-
ceftors wifely ordain in Profecutions for Murder in our great
Court of Judicature, the Palladium, when they obliged the
Perfon, who was acquitted, to take out the Bowels of the dead
Body, and to fwear (and this ancient Cuftom is ftill preferved)
that the Judges, who had determined in his Favour, had pro-
nounced a juft and upright Sentence? If otherwife, he impre-
cated Perdition to himfelf and his Family, while he prayed for
every Blefling to his Judges. This Inftitution, Athenians,
was of much Wifdom and good Policy. (22) For if none of
you would willingly charge himfelf with pronouncing Sentence on
the guilty, (23) much more fhould you avoid condemning the
innocent by a Sentence, which takes away his Life, or deprives
him
(22) Perhaps this Paflage is not (o of our Critics, in almoft all other In-
clifficult as the Tranfliuor imagines, for fiances fo judicious, would here very un-
otherwife our Commentators would not necefiar. ly read vikuvto, for vmuvtu? ^
have pafled it over in Silence. Stephans and unhappily confine the Spirit and Li-
underftands it in a Manner very different bcrty of Oratory and Orators by the meer
irom that of Wolfius and his Editors. Mechanifm of grammatical Rules. How-
He gives kis Opinion upon it with a Mo- ever, when Scaliger propoics rif^vcvToe.
defly beStting his great Learning, qui- ra 7 o'ttia applied to i/. )t. -~j/7-a he feems to
bus verbis puio earn rnnuere, and the pre- point to the true Reading and Conflruc-
fent Tranf. ation follows his Opinion, as tion.
well as his Reading, TE/zvoyraf ra ro'^wts! , (23) It fhould fiem by this Cufiom,
which makes a confiderable Alteration that the Tudcres imagined themlelves ab-
in the Senfe. Yet flill the ExprefTions folved from any Enour in acquitting the
'Eocvrov o(,vuTTXri(r(xt (pom ^lytdia rjirn Perfon, p;ofccuted for Murder, if Le
<<t/x:>> are unexplained, and the Reafbn- fwore to the Juftice of their Sentence,
ing ii inconclufive and obfcuie. Some
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? 192 O R A T I O N O F
him of his Property, or degrades him from the Privileges of a
Citizen, after the Lofs of which fome have put themfelves to
Death, and others have retired from the Affairs of the PubUc. (24)
Will you not then, Athenians, grant me your Forgivenefs, if
I fhould call him a polluted Wretch, impure in his Perfon, and
proftituted in his Eloquence ? I {hall then deraonftrate, that
the Remainder of his Charge, with regard to Cherfobleptes, is
evidently falfe. For it is the happieft Circumftance, and in my
Opinion, of utmoft Importance to them, who are accufed, that
the Remembrance of particular ConjunAures, with the Decrees
formed upon them, and the Names of the Perfons, who pro-
pofed thofe Decrees, are for ever preferved in your public
Records.
But Demofthenes hath afferted, that Cherfobleptes was ru-
ined, becaufe, although he himfelf had earneftly advifed our
going into Thrace, when that Monarch was befieged, and en-
tering our Proteft againft the Conduct of Philip, yet, being of
principal Authority in the Embafly, and particularly dif^inguifh-
ed by your Favour, I had abfolutely refufed, and with the
other AmbafTadors fat down indolently in Oreum, receiving
Entertainments of Hofpitality. Now hear the Letter Chares
fent to the People, the twenty-fifth of February, when Cher-
fobleptes had already loft his Kingdom, and Philip had made
himfelf
(? 4) ^>>j/iO(r/a ? T6X? UT>>;(rai/, tranflated yvua-Bivre;. However, he very honeftly
by Wolfius, puMice periermit, and con- acknowledges, that the Paflage is obfcuie.
firmed in his Notes by ^xveins KaTo,-
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? -ffi S C H I N E S. 193
himfelf Mafter of the facred Mountain. Demofthenes, one of
our Colleagues, was Prefident of the AfTembly on the twenty-
fourth of the fame Month.
The Letter.
Yet we did not only ftay here the remaining Days of this
Month, but did not fet out upon our Journey 'till March. In
Evidence of this Fadt, I can produce the Senate itfelf; for its
Decree, which orders the AmbafTadors to leave Athens and to
receive Philip's Oath, is ftill extant. Read me that Decree,
and afterwards at what Time it was propofed.
The Decree. The Time.
? You hear it was propofed the third of March. How many
Days therefore had Cherfobleptes loft his Kingdom before I
left Athens ? Your General Chares and his Letters declare the
Month before, if February be indeed the Month before March.
Could I then have prefervcd Cherfobleptes, who before my
Departure from home was totally undone? Can you imagine
that this Man ever told you a Syllable of Truth with regard
either to Macedonia or ThcfTaly, who thus utters his Lies againft
the Senate, and your public Records; agaiaft the Evidence of
Time and the Meetings of your Affemblics? Did you then,
Demofthenes, at Athens exckide Cherfobleptes from our Ca-
pitulation with Philip when you were Prefident of the AfTembly,
and did you at Oreum lament and pity him? Do you now
Vol. IL C c accufe
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? 194 ORATION OF
accufe me of Corruption, you, who fuffered a Fine to be in-
flidled upon you by the Areopagus for not profecuting the Ac-
tion of Battery you had laid againft your Coufin-German,
although you had yourfeU broken your own Head? And do
you now prefume to talk to us with an Air of Importance, as if
we did not know you to be the Baftard Son of Demofthenes
tlie Sword-Cutler?
But you have attempted to prove, that befides abjuring the Em-
baffy to the Amphidyons I afted in Violation of my Charadler
as an Ambaflador. (25) To this Purpofe you have recited one
Decree, and pafled over another. But when I was appointed
Ambaflador to the Amphiftyons, although I was then in a very
languid State of Health, yet with much Chearfulnefs I made
you my Report of the Embafly, from which I had returned,
nor did I abjure the other, but promifed to undertake it, if I
were able. When my Colleagues were departing, I fent my
Brother with my Nephew, and my Phyfician, to the Senate,
3iot to abjure the Office in my Name (for the Laws do not allow
us to abjure in the Senate an Employment conferred upon us by
the People) but to declare my ill State of Health. Yet when
my Colleagues heard the Misfortunes, that had befallen the
Phocasans, and were returned, an Aflembly was fummoncd, at
which I was prefent, now perfedly recovered from my Diforder,
and the People infifting, that we fliould all engage in this third
1 Embafl]',
C25} Demofthenes Oration, Page 56.
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? i? : S C H I N E S. 195
Embafly, who had been chofen at firft, I efteemed it my Duty
not to prevaricate with the Athenian People. You did not
afterwards accufe me with regard to this Embafly, when I
made my Report, but you now attack me upon the fecond, ap-
pointed for demanding PhiHp's Oath, which I can clearly and
juftly defend. To you indeed it is moft convenient, as to all
Liars, to alter the Situation and Circumftances of Time, but
I fhall regularly purfue my Difcourfe, beginning with our De-
parture on our fecond Embafly. Firft then, among our ten
Ambafladors, to whom another was added by our Confederates,
not one would ever eat with this Demofthenes, when we de-
parted for our fecond Embafly; nor upon the Road, whcre-
ever it was poflible to avoid it, would they enter the fame Inn,
becaufe they perceived he had formed fome villainous Deflgns
againft them. But with regard to going into Thrace, there
was not the leaft Mention of it, for the Decree gave no Infljuc-
tions about it, and only ordered us to receive Philip's Oath,
with fome other particular Diredions. Nor indeed, if we had
gone, was it poflible to have rendered any Service to Cherfoblep-
tes, as his Aflairs were in fiich a Situation, as you have been
juft now informed; nor has Demofthenes told you one Syllable
of Truth, but invents thefe Falfehoods, and having nothing
real whereof to accufe me, he utters thefe monftrous Calumnies.
But two Men followed him carrying a couple of Blankets,
in one of which, as he informed us, was a Talent of Silver.
C c 2 From
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? 196 ORATIONOF
From thence his Colleagues recolle? ted fome of his ancient
Nicknames. While he was a Boy, he was called Battalus foy
his Debauchery and Infamy ', when he came to age, and had
taken out an Adion againft his Guardians, for ten Talents, he
was furnamed the Serpent: but having commenced Man, he
afTumed the common Title of all Villains, and was ftyled, the
Calumniator. Thus he travelled, as he then faid, and as he
lately afTured you, redeeming Prifoners, although he knew, that
Philip never had demanded a Ranfom during the War for any
Athenian Prifoners, and heard from all his Friends, that he
would give the reft their Freedom, whenever a Peace was con-
cluded. But while there were Numbers under this Misfortune,
he carried a Talent with him, a Ranfom only fufficient to re-
deem a fingle Prifoner, and even that fingle Prifoner not
extremely rich.
When we arrived in Macedonia, and had afiembled together,
and found Philip returned from Thrace, the Decree, upon
which we were empowered to a6t as Ambafladors, was read, and
we enumerated the Particulars we had in Command belides
tliofe that regarded the Requifition of Philip's Oath. But
while none of us mentioned the greater Concernments of our
Embafiy, but dwelt rather upon Matters of lefs Importance, I
pronounced an Oration, which it is now become neceilary to-
repeat. And here, Athenians, let me conjure you by the
Godsi that as you have heard me accufed according to the
good!
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 197
good Pleafure of my Adverfary, fo you will alfo hear me re-
gularly make my Defence, and grant me the fame Attention to
the remainder of this Difcourfe, as you have given to the begin-
ning. When our Ambafladors were aflembled, as I have
aleady faid, I fpoke to them in this Manner; " that they feemed
** to me greatly to mifunderftand the principal Command of
" the People; becaufe, if the Republic had fent her Minifters
" with Authority to treat of the Requifition of Philip's Oath,
" and any other particular Articles, and to mention the Affair
" of the Prifoners, I imagined every thing might be executed
'* with Eafe. But to confult with Judgement and Integrity
" upon the Sum of things, with regard either to you, or Philip,
** is the proper Office of wife and upright Ambafladors; I
** mean particularly the Expedition into Thermopylae, which
you behold is now in Agitation. But I will demon ftrate by
very powerful Arguments, that I do not unadvifedly form
" my Conjedlures upon this Affair. The Theban Ambaffadors
*' are already arived ; the Lacedemonians are coming, and we
*' bring with us a Decree of the Athenian People, in which is
** exprefsly written;" The Ambassadors are empowered to
ACT IN ALL other INSTANCES, IN THE BEST MaNNER THEY
ARE ABLE. " The Grecians in general look with Earneft-
" nefs towards the Event. If the Athenian People therefore
" had efteemed it befitting their Dignity to declare openly
*' to Philip, that he fhould reftrain the Infolence of the
"? Thebans, and reflore the Cities of Bocotia, they would
" have
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198 ORATIONOF
" have certainly mentioned it in this Decree. However, in
" the uncertainty of the Event, they left the Explanation of
" this AfFair to their Ambafladors, who poflibly might be able
** to prevail upon Philip, and they determined to make the
*' Experiment in our Perfons. Yet it becomes whoever is
" ftudious of the public Welfare, not to invade the Province
** of others, whom the People might have fent inflead of us,
and to be cautious of giving OfFence to the Thebansj one
of whom, their General Epaminondas, unawed by the Dig-
nity of the Athenians, exprefsly declared in a Theban AC-
fembly, that the Arcade of the Athenian Citadel fhould be
** carried to Thebes, and placed before the Temple of
" Cadmus. "
While I was thus fpeaking, Demofthenes, as all our Col-
leagues know, cries out aloud, " In addition to our other
*' Misfortunes this iEfchlnes is an errant Boeotian.
