No More Learning

Socrat. At what time then do you think you were
. * See what Alcibiades did one day as he was playingatDice,' as 'tis reported by Plutarch in the beginning of his Life. ,
f W h e n Children trick'd one another in their play, the ordinary; 7"erm they us'd at Athens was &'J)k&{ you, do me ,Injustice, oras w e fay Ton do me rvrong. There is a very express Instance of it, in Aristophanes his Clouds. M. Le F. tvre. JL
N 2 ignorant
? ? 180 TkHr/? Alcibiades;or,
ignorantofit? Consider,reckon. Iam muchaffraid you'll not be able to find that time.
Akib. Indeed Socrates I can't give you an Ac count of it.
Socrat. Then you have not found out of your self the knowledge of what is Just and Unjust ?
Alcih. So itseems, Socrates.
Socrat. You just now acknowledged that you had not learned it of others neither : and if you have nei ther found it out your self, nor learn'd it of others, howcameyoutoknowit? Whencehadityou?
Ak'ib. But perhaps I mistook m y self, and did not
answeryouwell, whenItoldyouIhadfound itout
myself
Socrat. How did you learn itthen ?
Mclb. Ilearn'ditasothersdid.
Foritmst Socrat. Then we aretobeginagain,tellmeof howZddojwhom y? u learn'd iL
whomothers Mew. Ilearn'ditofthePeople. leam'dit, ,Socrnt. Now youquoteabadMaster.
andthat gots ad
Alcib. What isnotthePeoplecapableofteaching -lt ? '
Socrat. So far from that, that they are not capa
ble of teaching one to judge right * of a G a m e at Ta
b l e s -, a n d t h a t i s m u c h l e s s i m p o r t a n t a n d l e s s d i f f i - ? cult, than to understand Justice ;don't you think so
aswellasI? ,
Alcib. Yes without doubt.
Socrat. And iftheyknow riothow toteachyou
thingsoflittleornoconsequence, how shouldthey teachyou thingsof thisImportance andSolidity ?
Jlcib. 1am Ofyourmind ;yetthepeopleareca pableofteachingagreatmany thingsmuchmoreso lid, than any thing that belongs to this Play.
Socrat. What arethose?
J Lib. Our Language for Instance ; I learn'd that
* This play was ne. 'ther pur Draughts nor Chefs } bur a more Philosophical Game, for it taught the motions of the Heavens, the courseoftheSun,thatoftheMoon,theEclipses,&c. FUtofays in his Pbtdrus, h was invented by the Egyptians.
only
? ? >>as a Child's Masttr.
Of the"Natureof Man,
only of the People ; \ can't name you any one single M a s t e r I h a d f o r it j I a m a l t o g e t h e r o b l i g ' d t o t h e peopleforit,whom yetyou accountsobad aMaster.
Socrat. Thisisaverydifferentcafe. *Inthisthe people is a veryExcellent Master ;and w e have always, Reason to apply our selves to 'em on this Account.
Alcib. Why?
Socrat. Becausetheyhaveeverythingthatthebest Mastersoughttohave. ,
Alcib. Why, what havethey? ?
Socrat. Ought not they that would teach, others any thing, first to know it well themselves?
Alcib. Who doubts it?
Socrat. Oughtnottheywhoknowanythingwell to agree about what they know, and never dispute a b o u t i t -, f o r i f t h e y s h o u l d d i s p u t e a b o u t i t , w o u l d you believe'emtobewellinstructedinit? andcould they be able to teach it to others ?
Alcib. By no means.
Socrat. Doyoufeethepeopledisagreeaboutwhat
a Stone and a Stick is? Ask all our Citizens that ques tion, they'll answer you alike, and when they go a- bout to take up a,Stone or a Stick, they'llall run tothesamething,andsooftherest. ForIunder stand this is what you mean by knowing the Lan guage -,allourCitizensconstantlyagreeaboutthis bothwithoneanother,andwiththemselves. Of all our Greek Cities there is not one that disputes
abouttheSignificationanduseofWords. Sothat the People are very good to teach us the Tongue -, andwe can'tdobetterthantolearnof'em,butif i n s t e a d o f d e s i r i n g t o l e a r n w h a t a H o r s e is, w e w o u l d , know what a good Horse is; would the People, do youthink, becapableofinformingus?
Alcib. No certainly*
Socrat. For onecertainsign thattheydon'tknow * ThiswastrueitAthensespecially,wherealltheCitizensspeak
ingperfectlywell, and therebeingnodifferentuseofWords, as now adays among us, the people was an Excellcnc Maler for the ground ofthe Laqguage. ThereforeA ijlopbMts[\ptihe first Comtf
N3 it,
? ? i%i
7he First Alcibiades ? or^
it,andthattheyknownothow toteachit, isthat theycan'tagreeaboutitamongthemselves. Inlike mannerifwedesiretoknow, notwhataMan is, but what a found or unsound M a n is ; would the People be in a Condition to teach us this ?
Alcib. Still less than the other.
Socrat. And when youshouldsee'emagreesolit tle among themselves ; would you not judge 5em to, be very bad Instructors ?
Alcib. Without any difficulty.
Socrat. And do you think the People agree better w i t h t h e m s e l v e s o r o t h e r s a b o u t w h a t isjuft a n d unjust? ,
Alcib. N o indeed Socrates.
Socrat. You believethentheyagreeleastofall
about that ?
ic Alcib. I Jam thoroughly convinc'd of it.
Socrat. Have you ever seen or read that to main tainthatathingisfoundorunsound, Men haveta kenupArmsagainsteachother, andknock'doneano ther o'th'head ?
L Alcib. What a folly must that be !
Socrat. Well, ifyouhavenotseenit,atleastyou have read th>>t this 'has happen'd to maintain that a thing isJust orllnjust. For you have read Homer's Odyfsee and Wade. Alcib. Yes Certainly.
Thecauseof Socrat. IsnotthedifferenceMen havealways, f/r T? ? 1? \. had about Justice and Injustice, the foundation of
M o Z ^ those Poems ? Was it not this difference that Warsis tg-caused so many Battles and Slaughters between the
rioranaaniGreeks and Trojans? was it not this that made injisict. UfyssesundergoibmanyDangersandsomuchToil,
and that ruin'd Penelope's Lovers I Alcib. You fay right.
Socrat. Was itnot thisfame difference that de stroyssomanyAthenians, Lacedemonians,andBeo- tians at the famous t Battel of Tanagra^ and after
* ThisgreatBattlewasfoughtthelastyearoftheLXXXOlym piad). TheAthenianCaptain,whogain'dft,wasnam'dMyrd-
nides. Socrateswasthen12yearsofAge, ortherabout. M. U Ftvrt. '? ? ? "? '? . . -,. -. -v-. r. -. * . -'? '
'" *
that
? ? OftheNatureofMan. 183
that again atthe*Battle cAECoronea where your Fa ther was kill'd ?
Alcib. Who candeny thisi
Socrat. Shallwethendaretofaythepeopleknows a thing well, about which they dispute with so much Animosity, that they are carried to the most fatal Extremities ?
Alcib. No certainly*
Socrat. Very good ! And yet arenot thesetheMas tersyoucite, whenatthefametimeyouacknowledge their Ignorance ?
Alcib. I confess it.
Socrat. What Probability then is there that you shouldknowwhatisJustandUnjust,aboutwhich youappearsouncerlpnandfluctuating-y andwhich you confess you have neither learn'd of others, nor found out your self?
Alcib. According to what you say there is no Pro bability of it at all.
Socrat. How! accordingtowhatIfay> Youspeak not right, Alcibiades, say rather 'tis according to what you fay your self
Alcib. How ! isitnotyou thatfay,Iknow nothing at all of what belongs to Justiceand Injustice ?
Socrat. No, indeed,'tisnotI. Alcib. Whothen? IsitI? Socrat. Yes, 'tisyour self. Alcib. How so?
S o c r a t . I ' l l t e l l y o u h o w s o ? , a n d y o u w i l l a g r e e
withme. IfIshouldaskyouwhichisthegrea testNumber, one, ortwo ? ,youwould immediatly
answer two ;and ifIshould againaskyou how much greaterthisNumberisthantheother;youwould likewiseanswer, that'tisgreaterbyone.
,Alcib. Very true.
, *,ThisBattleofCormta. vcasfought thesecondyearofthe
LXXXIIIOlymp. HerethebraveTolmidtsvvjskill'd;after
whichtheAtheniansweredrivenoutofBeotia. Socrateswas then22yearsofA^e. ThisBatdeofCormiYv*octenthrough
mistake,beenccnfpuadcdwiththatofCbirpnea. M. LeFtvre.
N 4 Socrat.
? ? ffT
Alcib. Thismustbegranted. '? ? '
Socrat. 'Tis your self that have laid that the fine Alcibiades the Son of G//h<w, not knowing what is ^ust and Unjust, and yet thinking he knows it very well, is going to the Assembly of the Athenians to
give them hisAdvice about such things as he knows nothing of ; Isitnot so ? ? ;
Alcib. "Tis even so.
Socrat. One may then apply to you, Alcibiades,
j84
'TheFirstAlcibiacksj or,
Socrat.
Which of us two would it be then that wouldfaytwoismotethanonejwoulditbeI? j
Alcib. No, 'twould be I.
Socrat. For it was I that ask'd, and you that an-
swer'd. IsitnotthesamethinginthepresentQues tion? Alc'ib. That'scertain.
Socrat If I should ask you what Letters compose
SocrateshisName,andyoushouldtell'emme one^f- ter another, which of us two would tell them ? ?
'-. ' A l c i b , I s h o u l d d o i t w i t h o u t d o u b t .
Socrat. ForinaDiscoursewhich isspentinQues
tions and Answers ; he that asks never affirms, but
Thisprovesalwayshethatanswers. "TisIthathaveask'dyou, thevfefd-. and 'tisyou that have answer'd, 'tisyou therefore *? u! iks tnat nave affirm'd the things fbw have said.
'Tkhthe,thatsayingofEuripides. Tisthyselfthathasna- tragedyofmej-;>. YoxitisnotIthathavespokenit,butyour H'PPy- self-,andyouaretoblametochargeitonme.
'? ;'? ?
Alcib. YouhaveReason.
Socrat. Believe me, Alcibiades, 'tisa wild Enter- prize to have amind to go teach the Athenians that which you do not know your self, and about which you have neglected to inform your self.
Alcib. I fancy, Socrates, the Athenians, and all the reft of the Greeks very rarely examine in thek C o u n s e l , w h a t i s m o s t J u s t o r U n j u s t -, f o r t h e y a r e satisfiedthatisvery evident. Andthereforewith out amusing themselves with this vain Enquiry they only consider what is most advantageous . ana useful ; and Utility and Justiceare,:very, different
things ; since there'have always been people in the t ? - :-. . ,. ;-. , World
? ? OftheNatureofMan. 18y
World that have found themselves very prosperous inthe Commission ofgreatInjustice$and otherswho have succeeded very ill, in the exercise of Justice.
Spcrat. What do you * think then that, ifwhat isUseful and what isJust are very different, as you faytheyare,youknowwhatisusefultoMen,and
whyitisso>
' Alcib. W h a t should hinder me, Socrates? ? Unless
youwouldaskmeofwhomIlearn'dthistoo;or howIfounditoutmyself>
Socrat. Is your proceeding just, Alcibiades, sup posing what you say is not right, as that may very well be ; and that 'tisvery easy to refute you by the
same Reasons which I haye already employ'd > You
would have new Proofs, and fresh Demonstrations,
and treat the former as old Clothes, which you are
not willing to wear any longer. You arestillfor
having something entirely new -,but for my part,
without following you in your Stragglings and Es
capes,Ishallaskyou, asIhavealreadydone,whence y o u c a m e t o k n o w w h a t U t i l i t y i s ? , a n d w h o w ? i s
your Instructor : In a word I ask you all I have ask'd youbefore. - 'Tisverycertainyoullanswermetoo after the same manner you have done, and that you'll not be able to shew m e either that you have learn'd ofothers, to know what isuseful, or that you have found it out yOur self. But because you are very nice, and don't love to hear the same thing twice,
I am willing to drop this Question whether you
knowwhatisusefultotheAtheniansorno, "But
ifwhatisjustandwhatisusefulareoneandthe
same thing ; or ifthey are very different asyou fay,
w h y h a v e y o u n o t p r o v ' d it t o m e ? P r o v e it m e ,
e i t h e r b y i n t e r r o g a t i n g m e a s I h a v e d e a l t w i t h y o u -,
orinmakingme afineDiscoursewhich may set the Matter in a clear Light. ?
* If what isuseful, and what isjust, wered'fferentthiags,yet if one knew what is Useful, one nvght also know what isJust : ForweknowContrariesbytheirContraries. Buttheyarenot different,andSocratesisgoingtoproveit. Alcibiadesknowsno
more what is useful thsn what isjust.
'(? -'? ? - '- ,, . . (. . . : . '-. ";-" Alcik
? ? 1 8 6
T h e F i r s t A l c i b i a d e s ,? o r ,
Alcib. But, SocratesIknownotwhetherIamca pable of speaking before you.
Socrat. My dearAlcibiades, imagineme tobethe Assembly,supposemetobethePeople:When you are among them, must you not endeavour to perswade every one of 'em?
Alcib. Yes.
S0cr. 1t. And when a Man knows a thing well, is
it not equal to him to demonstrate to this and that Person one after another ; or to prove it to divers Personsallatonce; asonethatteachesReadingor Arithmetick can equally instruct one or more Scholars together ?
Alcib. That's certain.
Socrat. And consequently of whatsoever you are capable of persuading many you may very easily persuade one single Person. But of what can a Man persuade others, isitnotof thatwhich he
knows himself? . .
Mcib. Without doubt.
Socrat. What otherdifferenceistherebetweenan
Oratorthatspeaks toamultitudeofPeople, anda
Man thatdiscourseswithhisFriendinfamiliarCon- - versation,butthattheformerpersuadesagreatNum
berofPeopleatonce, andthelatterpersuadesbut one ? , .
Alcib. Tis likelytheremay beno other difference.
S o c r a t . C o m e t h e n ; S i n c e h e w h o is c a p a b l e o f p r o vingwhatheknowstomany,isbyamuchstrong er Reason capable of proving it to one single per s o n -, d i s p l a y h e r e a l l y o u r E l o q u e n c e t o m e , a n d . e n deavourtollicvvme thatwhatisjustisnotalways useful. . . /? ? /'. si\
Alcib. You are very urgent, Socrates.
Socrat. I a m so urgent, that I'll presently prove to you the contrary of that which you refuse to prove to me.
Alcib. Do so.
Socrat. Only answer me. '
Alcib. Ha! NothingbutQuestions; le'trheintreat
you to speak your selfalone. Socr. it.
? ? OftheNatureofMa,u 187
Socrat. W h a t are you not willing to be convinc'd ? AIc5y d Mcib. Yes with allmy heart. is^firlidlf Socrat. Whenyouyourself(hallgrant, andas-Socratesbis
firmtome thatwhatladvanceistrue,willyounotQa'P"*** be convinc'd? g j '
Alcib. I think I (hall. tobethe'
Socrat. Answer me then t And if you your M s bestmethod. don't say that what isjust is always useful, nevert0<<>>w'>><<1
believeanyMan livingthatshalltellyouso.
Alcib. Agreed, I am ready to answer you, for I
shall receive no damage by it.
Socrat. You are a Prophet, Alcibiades? ,buttell
me ; do you think there aue some justthings which are useful, and others which are not so >
Alcib. Yes certainly.
Socrat. Do youthinktoothatsomeofthemare comely and honorable, and others the quite contrary ?
Alcib. Howdoyoufay?
Socrat. Iaskyouforinstance, ifaMan who does an Action that isshameful, does an Action that isjust >
Alcib. Iamveryfarfromsuchathought.
Socrat. You believethenthat whatsoever isjust is comely.
Alcib. Iam entirely convinc'd of that.
Socrat. Butiseverythingthatiscomelyandhono rable good ? or do you think there are some comely and honorable things that are Good, and others that are Evil ?
Alsib. Formypart,SocratesIthinktherearesome honorable things that are Evil.
Socrat. And by consequence that there are some shameful things that are Good ?
Alcib. Yes.
undrtjute.
Socrat. SeeifIunderstandyouwell. Ithasoften happen'd in Battles, that one M a n in attempting to. succour his Friend, or Relation, has receiv'd a gtcat manyWounds, orhasbeenkill'd;andanother,by abandoning his Relation, or Friend, has lav'd his
Life : Is not this your meaning ?
? Alcib. "Tis the very thing I would fay.
. **'? ? ' "'? <. Socrat,
? ? i88
The FirstAlcibiades] o^
Socrat. The succouraMan gives tohisFriendis a comely and honourable thing, in that he endea vourstosaveone whom heisohlig'dtosave-,and is not this what we callValour,
Alclb. Yes.
Socrat. And this very Succour is an evil thing, in thatitisthe cause ofaMan'sreceivingWounds, or of being kill'd ?
Alcib. Yes, without doubt.
Socrat. * But isnot Valour one thing,and Death another ?
Alcib. Yes certainly.
Socrat. ThisSuccourthenwhichaMangivesto his Friend, is not at the fame time an honourable and an evil thing in the lame respect.
Alcib. So I think.
Socrat. But observe, if that which renders this Action comely, is not that which also, renders it good : for you have your self acknowledg'd that in respectofValourthisActionwascomely. Letus now examine whether ValourisaGood oranEvil. AndI'llshewyouthewaytomakethisExamena- right. DoyoudesireforyourselfGoodsorEvils?
Alcib. Goods without doubt.
Socrat. And the greatest?
Alcib. Yes, you may besure on't.
Socrat. And would you not suffer any one to de
prive you of 'em >
Alcib. Why shouldIsufferthat?
Socrat. What do you think of Valour ? at what
rate do you value it ? is there any good in the Worldforwhichyouwouldbedepriv'dofit>
Alcib. No, not Life it self.