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256
HEADLEY - HEDGE
his Generals) (1847); (Grant and Sherman,
their Campaigns and Generals) (1865); and
( The Great Rebellion (1864).
256
HEADLEY - HEDGE
his Generals) (1847); (Grant and Sherman,
their Campaigns and Generals) (1865); and
( The Great Rebellion (1864).
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
19, 1894.
He studied theology
at Leyden, and was pastor of Reformed »
churches in various parts of the Netherlands
for some years.
While still a student he pro-
duced a series of parodies, love songs, and
sketches (called in collected form (Skits and
Jests'), which are now known almost by heart
to the whole Dutch collegiate world. Later
he wrote realistic novels and tales of a some-
what serious tendency. Among them are: (My
Brother's House); "The Pastorate of My
Grandfather); and various others. His pictures
of Dutch life are vivid and well drawn.
Havliček, Karel (häv'li-chek). [“Borovsky. ”]
A Czech prose-writer and agitator; born at
Borova, Oct. 31, 1821 ; died at Prague, July 29,
1856. As a tutor at Moscow, he gathered the
material for his Pictures from Russia. Later
he became an influential journalist in Bohemia.
His Czech agitation resulted in imprisonment
for some years, during which he wrote (Tyro-
lese Elegies,' satires popular with his country.
In 1855 he was released. He was the
most picturesque figure in the new Czech »
movement. His fierce sarcasm and unsparing
wit were the dread of friend and enemy alike,
and not until he had been dead some years
were the most effective of his epigrams pub-
lished at all. His posthumous poem, (The
Baptism of St. Vladimir,' appeared first in
1877; and later his collected works were pub-
lished at Prague.
Haweis, Hugh Reginald (hois). An Eng.
lish clergyman and author; born at Egham,
Surrey, April 3, 1839. He was a Cambridge
graduate. His terse and vigorous language and
a rare capacity for exposition have given his
score of books a wide circulation ; among them
may be mentioned : (Music and Morals) (1871;
13th ed. 1885), in which he expounds the emo-
tional theory of music; (Thoughts for the
Times) (1872); (Shakespeare and the Stage);
(Unsectarian Family Prayers) (1874); Pet, or
Pastimes and Penalties) (1874); (American Hu-
morists) (1883); "Life of Queen Victoria' (1887);
(The Broad Church. '
Hawes, Joel. An American Congregational
divine, and religious and ethical writer; born
in Massachusetts, 1789; died 1867. He was
settled at Hartford, Conn. , 1818-67. He wrote:
(Religion of the East); (Looking-Glass for
Ladies); Washington and Jay); (Tribute to
the Pilgrims); etc.
Hawker, Morwenna Pauline. An English
novelist; born 1865. She has written "Cecilia
de Noel) (1891), and other novels, employing
the pen-name of “Lanoe Falconer. ”
## p. 254 (#270) ############################################
254
HAWKESWORTH - HAYES
Hawkesworth, John. A noted English mis-
cellaneous writer; born in London about 1715;
died Nov. 16, 1773. He is best known as editor
of the Adventurer, and as author of about half
its contents. He wrote also an account of the
voyages of Captain Cook, Byron, Wallis, and
Carteret (3 vols. , 1773); "Zimri? (1760), an ex-
cellent oratorio; (Edgar and Emeline) (1761),
a drama; (Almoran and Hamet) (1761), a tale;
(Life of Swift) (1765-66); etc. Allibone speaks
of him as occupying the first rank among
English classical essayists. "
Hawkins, Anthony Hope. A popular Eng.
lish novelist, writing under the name “An-
thony Hope”; born in London, Feb. 9, 1863.
He was admitted to the bar in 1887. Among
his best-known works are : (A Man of Mark)
(1890); (Father Stafford); (The Prisoner of
Zenda); (The Indiscretion of the Duchess);
(Phroso); Heart of the Princess Osra. '
Hawkins, Frederick. An English journal-
ist and author; born in 1849. He assisted in
establishing the Theatre, a periodical exclus-
ively devoted to the literature and art of the
stage, and was its editor until 1879. He was
dramatic critic of the Times for a short period,
and has been for some time on its editorial
staff. His works are : "Life of Edmund Kean)
(1869); Annals of the French Stage, from its
Origin to the Death of Racine) (1884); and a
continuation of it to the Revolution period in-
clusive under the title of (The French Stage
in the Eighteenth Century) (1882).
Hawks, Francis Lister. An American Epis-
copal divine; born at New Berne, N. C. , June
10, 1798; died in New York, Sept. 26, 1866. Ori-
ginally a lawyer, he was the first president of
the University of Louisiana. Besides legal and
religious works he wrote : Contributions to the
Ecclesiastical History of the United States)
(1836-41); Narrative of Commodore Perry's
Expedition (1856); History of North Caro-
lina) (1857–68); etc.
Hawthorne, Julian. An American novelist
and journalist, son of Nathaniel ; born in Bos.
ton, June 22, 1846. His boyhood was passed
in Europe, his youth in New England. Upon
leaving Harvard he studied civil engineering
in Dresden, but took to authorship almost in
spite of himself. His success was not rapid,
but popular favor has been accorded to the
novels Idolatry, Fortune's Fool, (Sinfire,
(Beatrix Randolph, and (Garth. As a jour-
nalist he has traveled widely in prosecution of
his work, his latest task being a study on the
spot of the horrors of the Indian famine plague
of 1896-97. *
Hawthorne, Nathaniel. An American novel-
ist and short-story writer; born in Salem, Mass. ,
July 4, 1804; died at Plymouth, N. H. , May 19,
1864. He graduated at Bowdoin in 1825;
held a customs post at Boston from 1838 to
1841 ; was a member of the Brook Farm com-
munity, 1841; was surveyor of the port at
Salem from 1846 to 1849, and consul at Liver-
pool from 1853 to 1857, returning to the United
States in 1861. Among his works are: (Fan.
shawe) (1826); (Twice-Told Tales) (1837, a
second series appearing some years later);
(Mosses from an Old Manse) (1846); (The
Scarlet Letter) (1850); (The House of the
Seven Gables) (1851); (The Wonder Book)
(1851); (The Blithedale Romance (1852); (The
Snow Image and Other Twice-Told Tales)
(1852); Life of Franklin Pierce) (1852); (Tan-
glewood Tales) (1853); (The Marble Faun!
(1860); (Our Old Home) (1863); Pansie, some-
times called (The Dolliver Romance) (1864);
(Note Books) (1868–72); (Septimius Felton)
(1872); “Tales of the White Hills) (1877); and
(Dr. Grimshawe's Secret' (1883), the last-named
being left in a fragmentary condition. *
Hay, John. An American poet and prose-
writer; born in Salem, Ind. , Oct. 8, 1838. He
graduated from Brown University, and settled
in Illinois as a lawyer, but went to Washington
in 1861 as one of Lincoln's private secretaries,
acting also as his aide-de-camp. He served
under Gens. Hunter and Gillmore with the rank
of major and assistant adjutant-general. He
was subsequently in the United States diplo-
matic service, stationed at Paris, Vienna, and
Madrid. In 1897 he was made ambassador to
England. His literary reputation rests upon
(Pike County Ballads, the best known of
which are perhaps Little Breeches) and (Jim
Bludso); (Castilian Days,' a volume of travel;
and Life of Abraham Lincoln) (with J. G.
Nicolay). *
Hay, John Charles Dalrymple, Sir. An
English admiral and author; born Feb. 11,
1821. He was actively engaged in Borneo
(1845-46), in operations against the Chinese
pirates (1849), and in the Crimean War (1854-
56), retiring with the rank of rear-admiral in
1870. He has been several times a member of
Parliament in the Conservative interest. His
works include: "The Reward of Loyalty)
(1862), being suggestions in regard to the Amer.
ican colonies; (Remarks on the Loss of the
(Captain))) (1871); (Ashanti and the Gold
Coast: A Sketch) (1873).
Hay, Mary Cecil. A popular English nov.
elist; born at Shrewsbury, 1840 (? ); died 1886.
Her home in later life was at East Preston,
Sussex. Among her best works are: (Hidden
Perils) (1873); (Old Myddleton's Money) (1874);
(The Arundel Motto) (1877); (For Her Dear
Sake) (1880).
Hayes, Augustus Allen. An American nov.
elist; born 1837; died 1892. His home was in
Brookline, Mass. He wrote: New Colorado
and the Santa Fé Trail) (new ed. 1880); (The
Jesuit's Ring) (1887), a romance of Mount Des.
ert; (The Denver Express); etc.
Hayes, Henry. See Kirk.
Hayes, Isaac Israel. An American explorer
and prose-writer; born in Chester County, Pa. ,
March 5, 1832 ; died in New York city, Dec. 17,
1881. Graduating in medicine at the University
131
## p. 255 (#271) ############################################
HAYGOOD – HEADLEY
255
of Pennsylvania (1853), he joined Dr. Kane's
expedition in search of Sir John Franklin. In
1860, as commander of the ship United States,
he sailed for exploration of the open polar sea.
His reputation was gained as explorer, author,
lecturer, surgeon, and legislator. Among his
writings are: “The Open Polar Sea' (1867);
(The Land of Desolation (1871).
Haygood, Atticus Green. An American
Methodist divine, and religious and miscellane-
ous writer; born at Watkinsville, Ga. , Nov. 19,
1839; died 1896. He became bishop in 1890.
He wrote: (The Monk and the Prince,' a study
of Savonarola and Lorenzo de' Medici; (Our
Brother in Black) (1881); Pleas for Progress)
(1889); etc.
Hayley, William. An English poet; born
at Chichester, Oct. 29, 1745; died at Felpham,
Nov, 12, 1820. He was the biographer of Cowper,
who received his pension through Hayley's in-
fluence with Pitt. (Essay on History' appeared
in 1780; (The Triumphs of Temper) in 1781;
an (Essay on Epic Poetry) in 1782; an Essay
on Old Maids) in 1785; (Essays on Sculpt-
ure) in 1800; and (The Triumph of Music)
in 1804. He wrote also a Life of Milton)
(1796). Cowper and Gibbon commended his
(Essay on Epic Poetry.
Hayne, Paul Hamilton. An American poet;
born in Charleston, S. C. , Jan. I, 1830; died at
Augusta, Ga. , July 6, 1886. At first a lawyer,
he turned to journalism, and in 1855 his maiden
volume of verse appeared. (Sonnets and Other
Poems) followed it two years later, and then
came (Avolio, a Legend of the Island of Cos.
He served through the war, retired from the
field in poverty, and wrote poetry. Legends
and Lyrics ); «The Mountain of Lovers ); (The
Wife of Brittany); and other productions of
this period, mark him easily first among South-
ern poets. *
Haynes, Emory Judson. An American
Methodist divine and novelist; born at Cabot,
Vt. , 1846. He has written : (Fairest of Three)
(1883), a tale of American life; Dollars and
Duties) (1887); (A Farmhouse Cobweb, a
Vermont novel; (Are These Things So ? ) etc.
Hays, William Shakespeare. An American
popular ballad and song writer; born in Ken-
tucky, 1837. His home is in Louisville, Ky.
One of his best-known songs is Norah O'Neill. ?
He has written (Poems and Songs.
Hayter, Henry Heylyn. An English statis-
tician and author; born at Eden Vale, Wilt-
shire, October 1821. He emigrated to Victoria,
Australia, in 1852, in 1857 joined the department
of the Registrar-General, and in 1874 was made
government statist. He soon after originated
the well-known Victorian Year-Book, which he
still edits. His publications include: Notes
of a Tour in New Zealand); Notes on the
Colony of Victoria) (1875); (School History
of Victoria); My Christmas Adventure, Car.
boon2, and Other Poems) (1887); besides sci-
entific papers and statistical reports.
Hayward, Abraham. An English essayist;
born Nov. 22, 1801; died in London, Feb.
2, 1884. Educated as a lawyer, he became a
contributor to the Edinburgh Review ; also
wrote regularly for the Quarterly Review. He
translated Goethe's Faust) in 1883, and wrote
(Sketches of Eminent Statesmen and Writers)
(1880).
Hazard, Samuel. An American writer of
travels; born in Pennsylvania, 1834 ; died 1876.
He was an officer in the United States army.
He wrote : "Cuba with Pen and Pencil (1870);
(Santo Domingo Past and Present) (1873).
Hazeltine, Mayo Williamson. An Ameri-
can journalist; born at Belfast, Me. , 1841.
Originally a lawyer, he is now the well-known
literary editor of the New York Sun. He has
published : (The American Woman in Europe);
( British and American Education'; 'Chats
about Books); etc.
Hazlitt, William. An English critic and
prose-writer; born in Maidstone, Kent, April
10, 1778; died at London, Sept. 18, 1830. He
was at first a painter. His characteristic work
is interesting but bizarre, like himself. (Char.
acters of Shakespeare's Plays); Lectures on
English Poets); “The Spirit of the Age); and
other collected volumes of his essays, are still
widely read. *
Hazlitt, William Carew. An English com-
piler and author, son of William ; born Aug.
22, 1834. He was a lawyer, but did not follow
his profession, and has either written or edited
a large body of literature on archæological and
popular subjects. He is the author of "The
History of the Venetian Republic) (4 vols. ,
1860), and is the editor of the works of Henry
Constable, Richard Lovelace, Robert Herrick,
William Hazlitt, Charles Lamb, and others;
(Old English Jest-Books) (1864); (Remains of
the Early Popular Poetry of England' (1864-66);
(Bibliographical Collections and Notes) (1876-
82).
Head, Barclay Vincent. An English numis-
matist; born at Ipswich, England, in 1844. He
entered the British Museum in 1864, became
Assistant Keeper of the Coin Department in
1871, and Keeper in 1893. He has made a
special study of ancient Greek coinage, and
was the first to methodize the science of Greek
numismatics by introducing a chronological
system of classification. His works include:
(History of the Coinage of Syracuse) (1874);
(Guide to the Principal Gold and Silver Coins
of the Ancients) (1881), both crowned by the
French Institute; (Historia Numorum' (1887),
a complete illustrated historical manual of the
whole science of Greek numismatics.
Headley, Joel Tyler. An American prose-
writer; born in Walton, N. Y. , Dec. 30, 1813;
died 1897. Graduating from Union College in
1846, he became assistant editor of the New
York Tribune. His writings had great cur-
rency in their day, and include: Napoleon
and his Marshals) (1846); (Washington and
## p.
256 (#272) ############################################
256
HEADLEY - HEDGE
his Generals) (1847); (Grant and Sherman,
their Campaigns and Generals) (1865); and
( The Great Rebellion (1864).
Headley, Phineas Camp. An American
Congregational divine and miscellaneous writer,
cousin of Joel T. ; born at Walton, N. Y. , June
24, 1819. He has written : (Women of the Bi-
ble) (1850); Lives) of Josephine (1850), Kos-
suth (1852), Lafayette (1855), Mary Queen of
Scots (1856), etc. ; a series of Heroes of the
Rebellion) (Grant, Ericsson, Farragut, Sherman,
etc. : 1864-65); (Court and Camp of David)
(1868); etc.
Hearn, Lafcadio (hérn). An American jour-
nalist and miscellaneous writer; born of an
English father and a Greek mother, at Santa
Maura, Ionian Islands, June 27, 1850. He was
educated in England and France, and has since
resided in this country and in Japan. He has
written : (Some Chinese Ghosts) (1887), six
stories exquisitely told; (Two Years in the
French West Indies) (1890); (Youma) (1890),
the story of a West-Indian slave; (Glimpses
of Unfamiliar Japan,' and several other books
on Japan, including (Kokovo; Hints and Ech-
oes of Japanese Inner Life); (Gleanings in
Buddha Fields) (1897); etc. *
Heath, Francis George. An English bota-
nist; born at Totnes, Devonshire, Jan. 15, 1843.
He is a surveyor in the customs department,
and has supported movements for the extension
of open spaces, chiefly in and around London.
His works on agricultural subjects include:
(The Romance of Peasant Life) (1872); “The
English Peasantry) (1874); (The Fern World)
(1877); (Sylvan Spring) (1880); My Garden
Wild) (1881).
Heaton, John Henniker. An English jour-
nalist and publicist; born at Rochester, May
18, 1848. At the age of sixteen he emigrated
to Australia, became connected with the press,
and was prominent in all public and philan-
thropic works in the Australasian colonies.
As M. P. for Canterbury, England, he intro-
duced a proposal for a universal international
penny postage system. His chief works are:
(The Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men
of the Time,' a standard work of reference on
Australia ; (The Manners, Customs, Traditions,
and Annihilation of the Aborigines of Aus-
tralia'; A Short Account of a Canonization at
Rome. )
Hebbel, Friedrich (heb'bel). A German
dramatist of the first rank; born in Wessel-
buren, Holstein, March 18, 1813; died at Vi-
enna, Dec. 13, 1863. A poor but precocious
peasant lad, his youthful poems brought him
patrons, and education in philosophy and his-
tory at Heidelberg. In 1839 appeared his first
tragedy, Judith, and his recognition was in-
stantaneous; a volume of short poems in 1842
widened his reputation; an allowance from the
Duke of Holstein enabled him to travel. In
1844 the tragedy Mary Magdalen' appeared at
Paris. He married a celebrated actress, set-
tled in Vienna, and produced (Herod and Mari-
amne); Julia'; and other plays. These display
great versatility and exhaustless fertility, but
are too terrific to be pleasing. Recognizing this
himself, he essayed a gentler mood in Mi-
chael Angelo, Agnes Bernauer,' and others.
In the Nibelungen trilogy and in Demetrius)
he has produced what many consider his mas-
terpieces.
Hebel, Johann Peter (hā'bel). A German
dialect poet; born in Basle, Switzerland, May
11, 1760; died at Schwetzingen, Sept. 22, 1826.
Educated for the ministry, he held various
pastorates and rectorships; and devoted his
leisure to poetry, his subjects drawn from the
dialect and folk-lore of his parishioners. His
(Alemannische Gedichte, «for friends of rural
life and manners,” published in 1803, has at-
tained wide celebrity. This and other poetry
owed its vogue to exquisite appreciation of
nature, pleasing revelations of rustic simplicity,
and vivid realism.
Heber, Reginald. A British hymn-writer
and clergyman; born in Cheshire, April 21,
1783; died at Trichinopoly, India, April 2, 1826.
Graduating at Oxford with honors, he became
prominent as prebendary of St. Asaph, 1812;
preacher of Lincoln's Inn, 1822; and Bishop of
Calcutta, 1822. The most popular of his hymns,
(From Greenland's Icy Mountains,' appeared
in 1819; and his sermon on (The Personality
and Office of the Christian Comforter) also
brought him fame. He wrote (A Journey
through India from Calcutta to Bombay! *
Hecker, Isaac Thomas. A distinguished
American Roman Catholic clergyman; born in
New York, Dec. 18, 1819; died there, Dec. 22,
1888. In early life he was a member of the
Brook Farm community. He founded the order
of the Paulists (1858), becoming their superior;
and established the Catholic World (1865),
editing it till he died. He wrote Questions
of the Soul) (1855); “The Church and the Age'
(1888); etc.
Hector, Annie. See Alexander, Mrs.
Hedberg, Frans Theodor (hed'berg). A
Swedish dramatic poet; born in Stockholm,
March 2, 1828. He began life in a store, then
turned to wig-making, and at last drifted to
the stage. (The Wedding at Ulfasa, published
in 1865, a historical piece; and "When You
Have No Money,' a comedy brought out in
1854 and afterwards rewritten, are typical of
his talent. He has produced many plays, be-
sides writing a history of the Swedish stage.
Hédelin, François. See Aubignac.
Hedenstierna, Karl Joseph Alfred (hed'-en-
sher-nä). A Swedish humorist and prose-writer;
born in Wedåsa, March 12, 1852. He writes
sketches of native peasant life and humorous
skits. (All Kinds of People) is his most popular
work.
Hedge, Frederick Henry. A distinguished
American scholar and Unitarian divine; born
## p. 257 (#273) ############################################
HEEMSKERK - HEIGEL
257
at Cambridge, Mass. , Dec. 12, 1805; died there,
Aug. 21, 1890. He edited the Christian Ex-
aminer (1857-60), and was professor of German
at Harvard University (1872-81). Deeply read
in philosophy, ecclesiastical history, and Ger-
man literature, he was a finished writer and a
polished orator. Among his writings are :
Reason in Religion (1865); (The Primeval
World of Hebrew Tradition) (1870); Martin
Luther and Other Essays) (1888); etc. His
Prose Writers of Germany) (1848) is a stand-
ard work. He translated and wrote numer-
ous hymns for the Unitarian Church, and in-
troduced German scholarship and literature into
this country.
Heemskerk, Johann van (hēmz'kerk). A
Dutch poet and jurist; born 1597 ; died at The
Hague, Feb. 27, 1656. He studied law at Ley.
den and Paris, under his kinsman Grotius.
He held important government posts in Hol-
land for years. His ( Batavian Arcadia) (1637)
is his principal poetical work, but his love
poems and elegies are much admired. His
works on jurisprudence are valuable but super-
seded.
Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig (hā'ren).
A German historian of eminence; born near
Bremen, Oct. 25, 1760; died in Göttingen,
March 6, 1842. His fame rests upon Views on
the Politics, Commerce, and Mercantile Condi-
tions of the Ancient World) (4th ed. 1824-26),
a work characteristic of his method, style, and
province as a historian. Scarcely less note-
worthy is History of the Study of Classical
Literature since the Revival of Learning) (new
ed. 1822); (History of the States [Staat) of
Antiquity) (5th ed. 1828); (History of the Eu-
ropean State-System (5th ed. 1839). His (His-
torical Works) (1821-26) comprise 15 volumes.
Hefner-Alteneck, Jacob Heinrich von (hef'.
ner-äl'tė-nek). A German writer on art; born
at Aschaffenburg, May 20, 1811. He went
through a complete course of artistic educa-
tion, and then devoted his attention to the
history of art, particularly of the Middle Ages.
In 1868 he became Conservator-General of the
artistic monuments of Bavaria, and director of
the Bavarian National Museum. His numer-
ous works include : (Costumes of the Christian
Middle Ages) (1840-54); “Works of Art and
Furniture of the Middle Ages and Renais-
sance) (1848-55); Iron Work of the Middle
Ages and Renaissance) (1861-86); (Costumes,
Works of Art, and Furniture) (1879-90).
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (hā'gel).
An eminent German philosopher; born at Stutt-
gart, Aug. 27, 1770; died at Berlin, Nov. 14, 1831.
Among his writings are: (On the Difference
between the Fichtean and Schellingian Sys-
tems) (1801); (The Orbits of the Planets)
(1801); Phenomenology of the Human Mind)
(1807), the first part of his "System of Science);
(Science of Logic) (3 vols. , 1812-16); (Ency.
pædia of the Philosophical Sciences) (1817);
« Principles of the Philosophy of Law, or the
Law of Nature and Political Science) (1821).
His Complete Works) appeared in 18 vol-
umes, 1832-42. *
Hegner, Ulrich (heg'ner). A Swiss story-
writer and humorist; born in Winterthur, Feb.
7, 1759; died there, Jan. 3, 1840. His reputation
was made by (The Whey Cure) (Die Molken.
kur) and (Susan's Nuptials. (Sally's Revolution
Days) is an effective picture of conditions in
Switzerland at the end of the last century.
Helberg, Hermann (hi'berg). A German
novelist; born in Schleswig, Nov. 17, 1840.
He retired in 1870 from the publishing busi-
ness left him by his father, to devote himself
to letters and journalism. His numerous stories,
novels, and essays have been widely read, par-
ticularly (Talks with the Duchess of Seeland. ?
Other successful books include: (Shoulder to
Shoulder); (Blind Love); and (The Golden
Serpent, ingenious and powerful novels.
Heiberg, Johann Ludvig. An eminent Dan-
ish poet and critic, son of Peter Andreas; born
in Copenhagen, Dec. 14, 1791; died at Bon-
derup, in the island of Seeland, Aug. 25, 1860.
His first literary training was received from his
father, whose widow became Baroness Gyllem-
bourg-Ehrensvärd. His early attempts in liter-
ature were as an exponent of the philosophical
system of Hegel. He then turned to play.
writing : (King Solomon and the Hatter) and
(April Fools) were extremely successful, the
latter being still popular with Danish audiences.
He is known as a sound critic and a graceful
essayist. “He was long the undisputed law-
giver of the Danish Parnassus. "
Heiberg, Peter Andreas. A Danish dra-
matic poet, satirist, and political writer; born
in Vordingborg, Nov. 16, 1758 ; died at Paris
April 30, 1841. His early political writings re-
sulted in his banishment. He went to Paris
and entered the service of Talleyrand, and ob-
tained lucrative posts under the first French
empire. His comedies, especially (Hecking-
born, have been much admired, and success.
fully produced on the English, French, Dan-
ish, and German stage. He had a rare genius
for social satire. His Life of a Dollar Bill
is a prose fancy.
Heidenstam, Werner von (hi'den-stäm). A
Swedish poet and novelist; born at Olshammer,
July 6, 1859. He is the originator of the move-
ment in Sweden against extreme realism. He
has made Oriental themes his specialty. His
novel (Endymion, published in 1889, is very
popular. Pilgrimages, a collection of poems
appearing in 1888, established his international
reputation.
Heigel, Karl von (hi'gel). A German poet;
born in Munich, March 25, 1835. His father's
influence as an official of the Hoftheater intro-
duced him to dramatic authorship. He at-
tracted the attention of King Ludwig II. of
Bavaria, for whom he wrote numerous plays,
and by whom he was decorated. He has writ-
ten, besides the plays, several volumes of verse.
17
## p. 258 (#274) ############################################
258
HEIJE - HELMERS
at
His dramas include (Marfa,' which has been
widely staged. His best-known poems are
(Walpurg,' a Bavarian legend, and his lyrics,
which are technically perfect. The Way to
Heaven,' 'The Theatrical Devil,' and (The
King's Secret,' are among his successful works
of fiction.
Heije, Jan Pieter (hi'ę). A Dutch poet and
critic; born in Amsterdam, March 1, 1809;
died there, Feb. 24, 1876. He was a prominent
physician in Amsterdam when, with a friend,
he founded in 1834 The Muses, as a national
organ of the arts. He composed songs and
rectified scores; his (Songs of Childhood and
(Book of Songs for the People) being two
among many works that largely influenced
popular melody. His poetry is strongly na-
tional. His prose, comprising essays and criti-
cisms, is terse and vigorous.
Heimburg, Wilhelmine (him'börg), pseudo-
nym of Bertha Behrens. A German story-
writer; born at Thale, Sept. 7, 1850. Her prin-
cipal works are: From the Life of my Old
Friend? (1879); "Lumpenmüller's Lisbeth
(1879); "The Wendhusen Cloister) (1880);
Her Only Brother) (2d ed. 1883); (Crises of
the Heart) (1888); Under the Linden? (1888),
short stories; Forest Flowers) (5th ed. 1891),
a collection of short stories; (An Insignificant
Woman' (1891); Miss Useless' (1893).
Heine, Heinrich (hi'nė). A German poet
of the first rank; born at Düsseldorf, Dec. 13,
1799; died at Paris, Feb. 17, 1856. His chief
works are: a volume of Poems) (1822); two
tragedies, (Almansor) and (Radcliff) (1823);
(Pictures of Travel (vols. I and 2, 1826-27;
to which were added two volumes more, 1830-
31); "Book of Songs) (1827); History of Re-
cent Polite Literature in Germany) (2 vols. ,
1833); (The Salon (4 vols. , 1835-40); (The
Romantic School' (1836); (Shakespeare's Maids
and Matrons) (1839); New Poems) (1844);
(Germany: A Winter's Tale) (1844); (The
Romancers) (1851); Doctor Faust! 11851);
Miscellaneous Writings' (3 vols. , 1854). (“Com-
plete Works, 22 vols. , 1861-66. ) *
Heinrich Julius (hin'rich), Duke of Bruns-
wick. A German dramatist and jurist; born
Oct. 15, 1564; died at Prague, July 20, 1613.
Contests with the city of Brunswick resulted in
his repairing to the imperial court at Prague,
where he officiated for a time in the royal privy
council. His dramas, mostly written under the
pseudonym "Hibaldeha,” are palpably inspired
by foreign models, English and Italian mainly.
The tragedy of? The Adulteress) is reminiscent
of Shakespeare; his comedy (The Nobleman)
suggested Bürger's "Emperor and Abbot. )
(Vincentius Ladislaus) is the counterpart of an
older Italian play and of Plautus's (Miles Glori-
osus. )
Heinrich von Veldecke (hin'riċh fon vel'.
de-ké). A German poet of the twelfth century.
He celebrated in verse the jousts and tourna-
ments of his day. His love songs are among
the most exquisite that have survived from that
period. His epic of (Eneit) is a classic. It is
not modeled after Virgil's Æneid, but after
the Roman d'Enéas,' attributed to Benoit
de St.
at Leyden, and was pastor of Reformed »
churches in various parts of the Netherlands
for some years.
While still a student he pro-
duced a series of parodies, love songs, and
sketches (called in collected form (Skits and
Jests'), which are now known almost by heart
to the whole Dutch collegiate world. Later
he wrote realistic novels and tales of a some-
what serious tendency. Among them are: (My
Brother's House); "The Pastorate of My
Grandfather); and various others. His pictures
of Dutch life are vivid and well drawn.
Havliček, Karel (häv'li-chek). [“Borovsky. ”]
A Czech prose-writer and agitator; born at
Borova, Oct. 31, 1821 ; died at Prague, July 29,
1856. As a tutor at Moscow, he gathered the
material for his Pictures from Russia. Later
he became an influential journalist in Bohemia.
His Czech agitation resulted in imprisonment
for some years, during which he wrote (Tyro-
lese Elegies,' satires popular with his country.
In 1855 he was released. He was the
most picturesque figure in the new Czech »
movement. His fierce sarcasm and unsparing
wit were the dread of friend and enemy alike,
and not until he had been dead some years
were the most effective of his epigrams pub-
lished at all. His posthumous poem, (The
Baptism of St. Vladimir,' appeared first in
1877; and later his collected works were pub-
lished at Prague.
Haweis, Hugh Reginald (hois). An Eng.
lish clergyman and author; born at Egham,
Surrey, April 3, 1839. He was a Cambridge
graduate. His terse and vigorous language and
a rare capacity for exposition have given his
score of books a wide circulation ; among them
may be mentioned : (Music and Morals) (1871;
13th ed. 1885), in which he expounds the emo-
tional theory of music; (Thoughts for the
Times) (1872); (Shakespeare and the Stage);
(Unsectarian Family Prayers) (1874); Pet, or
Pastimes and Penalties) (1874); (American Hu-
morists) (1883); "Life of Queen Victoria' (1887);
(The Broad Church. '
Hawes, Joel. An American Congregational
divine, and religious and ethical writer; born
in Massachusetts, 1789; died 1867. He was
settled at Hartford, Conn. , 1818-67. He wrote:
(Religion of the East); (Looking-Glass for
Ladies); Washington and Jay); (Tribute to
the Pilgrims); etc.
Hawker, Morwenna Pauline. An English
novelist; born 1865. She has written "Cecilia
de Noel) (1891), and other novels, employing
the pen-name of “Lanoe Falconer. ”
## p. 254 (#270) ############################################
254
HAWKESWORTH - HAYES
Hawkesworth, John. A noted English mis-
cellaneous writer; born in London about 1715;
died Nov. 16, 1773. He is best known as editor
of the Adventurer, and as author of about half
its contents. He wrote also an account of the
voyages of Captain Cook, Byron, Wallis, and
Carteret (3 vols. , 1773); "Zimri? (1760), an ex-
cellent oratorio; (Edgar and Emeline) (1761),
a drama; (Almoran and Hamet) (1761), a tale;
(Life of Swift) (1765-66); etc. Allibone speaks
of him as occupying the first rank among
English classical essayists. "
Hawkins, Anthony Hope. A popular Eng.
lish novelist, writing under the name “An-
thony Hope”; born in London, Feb. 9, 1863.
He was admitted to the bar in 1887. Among
his best-known works are : (A Man of Mark)
(1890); (Father Stafford); (The Prisoner of
Zenda); (The Indiscretion of the Duchess);
(Phroso); Heart of the Princess Osra. '
Hawkins, Frederick. An English journal-
ist and author; born in 1849. He assisted in
establishing the Theatre, a periodical exclus-
ively devoted to the literature and art of the
stage, and was its editor until 1879. He was
dramatic critic of the Times for a short period,
and has been for some time on its editorial
staff. His works are : "Life of Edmund Kean)
(1869); Annals of the French Stage, from its
Origin to the Death of Racine) (1884); and a
continuation of it to the Revolution period in-
clusive under the title of (The French Stage
in the Eighteenth Century) (1882).
Hawks, Francis Lister. An American Epis-
copal divine; born at New Berne, N. C. , June
10, 1798; died in New York, Sept. 26, 1866. Ori-
ginally a lawyer, he was the first president of
the University of Louisiana. Besides legal and
religious works he wrote : Contributions to the
Ecclesiastical History of the United States)
(1836-41); Narrative of Commodore Perry's
Expedition (1856); History of North Caro-
lina) (1857–68); etc.
Hawthorne, Julian. An American novelist
and journalist, son of Nathaniel ; born in Bos.
ton, June 22, 1846. His boyhood was passed
in Europe, his youth in New England. Upon
leaving Harvard he studied civil engineering
in Dresden, but took to authorship almost in
spite of himself. His success was not rapid,
but popular favor has been accorded to the
novels Idolatry, Fortune's Fool, (Sinfire,
(Beatrix Randolph, and (Garth. As a jour-
nalist he has traveled widely in prosecution of
his work, his latest task being a study on the
spot of the horrors of the Indian famine plague
of 1896-97. *
Hawthorne, Nathaniel. An American novel-
ist and short-story writer; born in Salem, Mass. ,
July 4, 1804; died at Plymouth, N. H. , May 19,
1864. He graduated at Bowdoin in 1825;
held a customs post at Boston from 1838 to
1841 ; was a member of the Brook Farm com-
munity, 1841; was surveyor of the port at
Salem from 1846 to 1849, and consul at Liver-
pool from 1853 to 1857, returning to the United
States in 1861. Among his works are: (Fan.
shawe) (1826); (Twice-Told Tales) (1837, a
second series appearing some years later);
(Mosses from an Old Manse) (1846); (The
Scarlet Letter) (1850); (The House of the
Seven Gables) (1851); (The Wonder Book)
(1851); (The Blithedale Romance (1852); (The
Snow Image and Other Twice-Told Tales)
(1852); Life of Franklin Pierce) (1852); (Tan-
glewood Tales) (1853); (The Marble Faun!
(1860); (Our Old Home) (1863); Pansie, some-
times called (The Dolliver Romance) (1864);
(Note Books) (1868–72); (Septimius Felton)
(1872); “Tales of the White Hills) (1877); and
(Dr. Grimshawe's Secret' (1883), the last-named
being left in a fragmentary condition. *
Hay, John. An American poet and prose-
writer; born in Salem, Ind. , Oct. 8, 1838. He
graduated from Brown University, and settled
in Illinois as a lawyer, but went to Washington
in 1861 as one of Lincoln's private secretaries,
acting also as his aide-de-camp. He served
under Gens. Hunter and Gillmore with the rank
of major and assistant adjutant-general. He
was subsequently in the United States diplo-
matic service, stationed at Paris, Vienna, and
Madrid. In 1897 he was made ambassador to
England. His literary reputation rests upon
(Pike County Ballads, the best known of
which are perhaps Little Breeches) and (Jim
Bludso); (Castilian Days,' a volume of travel;
and Life of Abraham Lincoln) (with J. G.
Nicolay). *
Hay, John Charles Dalrymple, Sir. An
English admiral and author; born Feb. 11,
1821. He was actively engaged in Borneo
(1845-46), in operations against the Chinese
pirates (1849), and in the Crimean War (1854-
56), retiring with the rank of rear-admiral in
1870. He has been several times a member of
Parliament in the Conservative interest. His
works include: "The Reward of Loyalty)
(1862), being suggestions in regard to the Amer.
ican colonies; (Remarks on the Loss of the
(Captain))) (1871); (Ashanti and the Gold
Coast: A Sketch) (1873).
Hay, Mary Cecil. A popular English nov.
elist; born at Shrewsbury, 1840 (? ); died 1886.
Her home in later life was at East Preston,
Sussex. Among her best works are: (Hidden
Perils) (1873); (Old Myddleton's Money) (1874);
(The Arundel Motto) (1877); (For Her Dear
Sake) (1880).
Hayes, Augustus Allen. An American nov.
elist; born 1837; died 1892. His home was in
Brookline, Mass. He wrote: New Colorado
and the Santa Fé Trail) (new ed. 1880); (The
Jesuit's Ring) (1887), a romance of Mount Des.
ert; (The Denver Express); etc.
Hayes, Henry. See Kirk.
Hayes, Isaac Israel. An American explorer
and prose-writer; born in Chester County, Pa. ,
March 5, 1832 ; died in New York city, Dec. 17,
1881. Graduating in medicine at the University
131
## p. 255 (#271) ############################################
HAYGOOD – HEADLEY
255
of Pennsylvania (1853), he joined Dr. Kane's
expedition in search of Sir John Franklin. In
1860, as commander of the ship United States,
he sailed for exploration of the open polar sea.
His reputation was gained as explorer, author,
lecturer, surgeon, and legislator. Among his
writings are: “The Open Polar Sea' (1867);
(The Land of Desolation (1871).
Haygood, Atticus Green. An American
Methodist divine, and religious and miscellane-
ous writer; born at Watkinsville, Ga. , Nov. 19,
1839; died 1896. He became bishop in 1890.
He wrote: (The Monk and the Prince,' a study
of Savonarola and Lorenzo de' Medici; (Our
Brother in Black) (1881); Pleas for Progress)
(1889); etc.
Hayley, William. An English poet; born
at Chichester, Oct. 29, 1745; died at Felpham,
Nov, 12, 1820. He was the biographer of Cowper,
who received his pension through Hayley's in-
fluence with Pitt. (Essay on History' appeared
in 1780; (The Triumphs of Temper) in 1781;
an (Essay on Epic Poetry) in 1782; an Essay
on Old Maids) in 1785; (Essays on Sculpt-
ure) in 1800; and (The Triumph of Music)
in 1804. He wrote also a Life of Milton)
(1796). Cowper and Gibbon commended his
(Essay on Epic Poetry.
Hayne, Paul Hamilton. An American poet;
born in Charleston, S. C. , Jan. I, 1830; died at
Augusta, Ga. , July 6, 1886. At first a lawyer,
he turned to journalism, and in 1855 his maiden
volume of verse appeared. (Sonnets and Other
Poems) followed it two years later, and then
came (Avolio, a Legend of the Island of Cos.
He served through the war, retired from the
field in poverty, and wrote poetry. Legends
and Lyrics ); «The Mountain of Lovers ); (The
Wife of Brittany); and other productions of
this period, mark him easily first among South-
ern poets. *
Haynes, Emory Judson. An American
Methodist divine and novelist; born at Cabot,
Vt. , 1846. He has written : (Fairest of Three)
(1883), a tale of American life; Dollars and
Duties) (1887); (A Farmhouse Cobweb, a
Vermont novel; (Are These Things So ? ) etc.
Hays, William Shakespeare. An American
popular ballad and song writer; born in Ken-
tucky, 1837. His home is in Louisville, Ky.
One of his best-known songs is Norah O'Neill. ?
He has written (Poems and Songs.
Hayter, Henry Heylyn. An English statis-
tician and author; born at Eden Vale, Wilt-
shire, October 1821. He emigrated to Victoria,
Australia, in 1852, in 1857 joined the department
of the Registrar-General, and in 1874 was made
government statist. He soon after originated
the well-known Victorian Year-Book, which he
still edits. His publications include: Notes
of a Tour in New Zealand); Notes on the
Colony of Victoria) (1875); (School History
of Victoria); My Christmas Adventure, Car.
boon2, and Other Poems) (1887); besides sci-
entific papers and statistical reports.
Hayward, Abraham. An English essayist;
born Nov. 22, 1801; died in London, Feb.
2, 1884. Educated as a lawyer, he became a
contributor to the Edinburgh Review ; also
wrote regularly for the Quarterly Review. He
translated Goethe's Faust) in 1883, and wrote
(Sketches of Eminent Statesmen and Writers)
(1880).
Hazard, Samuel. An American writer of
travels; born in Pennsylvania, 1834 ; died 1876.
He was an officer in the United States army.
He wrote : "Cuba with Pen and Pencil (1870);
(Santo Domingo Past and Present) (1873).
Hazeltine, Mayo Williamson. An Ameri-
can journalist; born at Belfast, Me. , 1841.
Originally a lawyer, he is now the well-known
literary editor of the New York Sun. He has
published : (The American Woman in Europe);
( British and American Education'; 'Chats
about Books); etc.
Hazlitt, William. An English critic and
prose-writer; born in Maidstone, Kent, April
10, 1778; died at London, Sept. 18, 1830. He
was at first a painter. His characteristic work
is interesting but bizarre, like himself. (Char.
acters of Shakespeare's Plays); Lectures on
English Poets); “The Spirit of the Age); and
other collected volumes of his essays, are still
widely read. *
Hazlitt, William Carew. An English com-
piler and author, son of William ; born Aug.
22, 1834. He was a lawyer, but did not follow
his profession, and has either written or edited
a large body of literature on archæological and
popular subjects. He is the author of "The
History of the Venetian Republic) (4 vols. ,
1860), and is the editor of the works of Henry
Constable, Richard Lovelace, Robert Herrick,
William Hazlitt, Charles Lamb, and others;
(Old English Jest-Books) (1864); (Remains of
the Early Popular Poetry of England' (1864-66);
(Bibliographical Collections and Notes) (1876-
82).
Head, Barclay Vincent. An English numis-
matist; born at Ipswich, England, in 1844. He
entered the British Museum in 1864, became
Assistant Keeper of the Coin Department in
1871, and Keeper in 1893. He has made a
special study of ancient Greek coinage, and
was the first to methodize the science of Greek
numismatics by introducing a chronological
system of classification. His works include:
(History of the Coinage of Syracuse) (1874);
(Guide to the Principal Gold and Silver Coins
of the Ancients) (1881), both crowned by the
French Institute; (Historia Numorum' (1887),
a complete illustrated historical manual of the
whole science of Greek numismatics.
Headley, Joel Tyler. An American prose-
writer; born in Walton, N. Y. , Dec. 30, 1813;
died 1897. Graduating from Union College in
1846, he became assistant editor of the New
York Tribune. His writings had great cur-
rency in their day, and include: Napoleon
and his Marshals) (1846); (Washington and
## p.
256 (#272) ############################################
256
HEADLEY - HEDGE
his Generals) (1847); (Grant and Sherman,
their Campaigns and Generals) (1865); and
( The Great Rebellion (1864).
Headley, Phineas Camp. An American
Congregational divine and miscellaneous writer,
cousin of Joel T. ; born at Walton, N. Y. , June
24, 1819. He has written : (Women of the Bi-
ble) (1850); Lives) of Josephine (1850), Kos-
suth (1852), Lafayette (1855), Mary Queen of
Scots (1856), etc. ; a series of Heroes of the
Rebellion) (Grant, Ericsson, Farragut, Sherman,
etc. : 1864-65); (Court and Camp of David)
(1868); etc.
Hearn, Lafcadio (hérn). An American jour-
nalist and miscellaneous writer; born of an
English father and a Greek mother, at Santa
Maura, Ionian Islands, June 27, 1850. He was
educated in England and France, and has since
resided in this country and in Japan. He has
written : (Some Chinese Ghosts) (1887), six
stories exquisitely told; (Two Years in the
French West Indies) (1890); (Youma) (1890),
the story of a West-Indian slave; (Glimpses
of Unfamiliar Japan,' and several other books
on Japan, including (Kokovo; Hints and Ech-
oes of Japanese Inner Life); (Gleanings in
Buddha Fields) (1897); etc. *
Heath, Francis George. An English bota-
nist; born at Totnes, Devonshire, Jan. 15, 1843.
He is a surveyor in the customs department,
and has supported movements for the extension
of open spaces, chiefly in and around London.
His works on agricultural subjects include:
(The Romance of Peasant Life) (1872); “The
English Peasantry) (1874); (The Fern World)
(1877); (Sylvan Spring) (1880); My Garden
Wild) (1881).
Heaton, John Henniker. An English jour-
nalist and publicist; born at Rochester, May
18, 1848. At the age of sixteen he emigrated
to Australia, became connected with the press,
and was prominent in all public and philan-
thropic works in the Australasian colonies.
As M. P. for Canterbury, England, he intro-
duced a proposal for a universal international
penny postage system. His chief works are:
(The Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men
of the Time,' a standard work of reference on
Australia ; (The Manners, Customs, Traditions,
and Annihilation of the Aborigines of Aus-
tralia'; A Short Account of a Canonization at
Rome. )
Hebbel, Friedrich (heb'bel). A German
dramatist of the first rank; born in Wessel-
buren, Holstein, March 18, 1813; died at Vi-
enna, Dec. 13, 1863. A poor but precocious
peasant lad, his youthful poems brought him
patrons, and education in philosophy and his-
tory at Heidelberg. In 1839 appeared his first
tragedy, Judith, and his recognition was in-
stantaneous; a volume of short poems in 1842
widened his reputation; an allowance from the
Duke of Holstein enabled him to travel. In
1844 the tragedy Mary Magdalen' appeared at
Paris. He married a celebrated actress, set-
tled in Vienna, and produced (Herod and Mari-
amne); Julia'; and other plays. These display
great versatility and exhaustless fertility, but
are too terrific to be pleasing. Recognizing this
himself, he essayed a gentler mood in Mi-
chael Angelo, Agnes Bernauer,' and others.
In the Nibelungen trilogy and in Demetrius)
he has produced what many consider his mas-
terpieces.
Hebel, Johann Peter (hā'bel). A German
dialect poet; born in Basle, Switzerland, May
11, 1760; died at Schwetzingen, Sept. 22, 1826.
Educated for the ministry, he held various
pastorates and rectorships; and devoted his
leisure to poetry, his subjects drawn from the
dialect and folk-lore of his parishioners. His
(Alemannische Gedichte, «for friends of rural
life and manners,” published in 1803, has at-
tained wide celebrity. This and other poetry
owed its vogue to exquisite appreciation of
nature, pleasing revelations of rustic simplicity,
and vivid realism.
Heber, Reginald. A British hymn-writer
and clergyman; born in Cheshire, April 21,
1783; died at Trichinopoly, India, April 2, 1826.
Graduating at Oxford with honors, he became
prominent as prebendary of St. Asaph, 1812;
preacher of Lincoln's Inn, 1822; and Bishop of
Calcutta, 1822. The most popular of his hymns,
(From Greenland's Icy Mountains,' appeared
in 1819; and his sermon on (The Personality
and Office of the Christian Comforter) also
brought him fame. He wrote (A Journey
through India from Calcutta to Bombay! *
Hecker, Isaac Thomas. A distinguished
American Roman Catholic clergyman; born in
New York, Dec. 18, 1819; died there, Dec. 22,
1888. In early life he was a member of the
Brook Farm community. He founded the order
of the Paulists (1858), becoming their superior;
and established the Catholic World (1865),
editing it till he died. He wrote Questions
of the Soul) (1855); “The Church and the Age'
(1888); etc.
Hector, Annie. See Alexander, Mrs.
Hedberg, Frans Theodor (hed'berg). A
Swedish dramatic poet; born in Stockholm,
March 2, 1828. He began life in a store, then
turned to wig-making, and at last drifted to
the stage. (The Wedding at Ulfasa, published
in 1865, a historical piece; and "When You
Have No Money,' a comedy brought out in
1854 and afterwards rewritten, are typical of
his talent. He has produced many plays, be-
sides writing a history of the Swedish stage.
Hédelin, François. See Aubignac.
Hedenstierna, Karl Joseph Alfred (hed'-en-
sher-nä). A Swedish humorist and prose-writer;
born in Wedåsa, March 12, 1852. He writes
sketches of native peasant life and humorous
skits. (All Kinds of People) is his most popular
work.
Hedge, Frederick Henry. A distinguished
American scholar and Unitarian divine; born
## p. 257 (#273) ############################################
HEEMSKERK - HEIGEL
257
at Cambridge, Mass. , Dec. 12, 1805; died there,
Aug. 21, 1890. He edited the Christian Ex-
aminer (1857-60), and was professor of German
at Harvard University (1872-81). Deeply read
in philosophy, ecclesiastical history, and Ger-
man literature, he was a finished writer and a
polished orator. Among his writings are :
Reason in Religion (1865); (The Primeval
World of Hebrew Tradition) (1870); Martin
Luther and Other Essays) (1888); etc. His
Prose Writers of Germany) (1848) is a stand-
ard work. He translated and wrote numer-
ous hymns for the Unitarian Church, and in-
troduced German scholarship and literature into
this country.
Heemskerk, Johann van (hēmz'kerk). A
Dutch poet and jurist; born 1597 ; died at The
Hague, Feb. 27, 1656. He studied law at Ley.
den and Paris, under his kinsman Grotius.
He held important government posts in Hol-
land for years. His ( Batavian Arcadia) (1637)
is his principal poetical work, but his love
poems and elegies are much admired. His
works on jurisprudence are valuable but super-
seded.
Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig (hā'ren).
A German historian of eminence; born near
Bremen, Oct. 25, 1760; died in Göttingen,
March 6, 1842. His fame rests upon Views on
the Politics, Commerce, and Mercantile Condi-
tions of the Ancient World) (4th ed. 1824-26),
a work characteristic of his method, style, and
province as a historian. Scarcely less note-
worthy is History of the Study of Classical
Literature since the Revival of Learning) (new
ed. 1822); (History of the States [Staat) of
Antiquity) (5th ed. 1828); (History of the Eu-
ropean State-System (5th ed. 1839). His (His-
torical Works) (1821-26) comprise 15 volumes.
Hefner-Alteneck, Jacob Heinrich von (hef'.
ner-äl'tė-nek). A German writer on art; born
at Aschaffenburg, May 20, 1811. He went
through a complete course of artistic educa-
tion, and then devoted his attention to the
history of art, particularly of the Middle Ages.
In 1868 he became Conservator-General of the
artistic monuments of Bavaria, and director of
the Bavarian National Museum. His numer-
ous works include : (Costumes of the Christian
Middle Ages) (1840-54); “Works of Art and
Furniture of the Middle Ages and Renais-
sance) (1848-55); Iron Work of the Middle
Ages and Renaissance) (1861-86); (Costumes,
Works of Art, and Furniture) (1879-90).
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (hā'gel).
An eminent German philosopher; born at Stutt-
gart, Aug. 27, 1770; died at Berlin, Nov. 14, 1831.
Among his writings are: (On the Difference
between the Fichtean and Schellingian Sys-
tems) (1801); (The Orbits of the Planets)
(1801); Phenomenology of the Human Mind)
(1807), the first part of his "System of Science);
(Science of Logic) (3 vols. , 1812-16); (Ency.
pædia of the Philosophical Sciences) (1817);
« Principles of the Philosophy of Law, or the
Law of Nature and Political Science) (1821).
His Complete Works) appeared in 18 vol-
umes, 1832-42. *
Hegner, Ulrich (heg'ner). A Swiss story-
writer and humorist; born in Winterthur, Feb.
7, 1759; died there, Jan. 3, 1840. His reputation
was made by (The Whey Cure) (Die Molken.
kur) and (Susan's Nuptials. (Sally's Revolution
Days) is an effective picture of conditions in
Switzerland at the end of the last century.
Helberg, Hermann (hi'berg). A German
novelist; born in Schleswig, Nov. 17, 1840.
He retired in 1870 from the publishing busi-
ness left him by his father, to devote himself
to letters and journalism. His numerous stories,
novels, and essays have been widely read, par-
ticularly (Talks with the Duchess of Seeland. ?
Other successful books include: (Shoulder to
Shoulder); (Blind Love); and (The Golden
Serpent, ingenious and powerful novels.
Heiberg, Johann Ludvig. An eminent Dan-
ish poet and critic, son of Peter Andreas; born
in Copenhagen, Dec. 14, 1791; died at Bon-
derup, in the island of Seeland, Aug. 25, 1860.
His first literary training was received from his
father, whose widow became Baroness Gyllem-
bourg-Ehrensvärd. His early attempts in liter-
ature were as an exponent of the philosophical
system of Hegel. He then turned to play.
writing : (King Solomon and the Hatter) and
(April Fools) were extremely successful, the
latter being still popular with Danish audiences.
He is known as a sound critic and a graceful
essayist. “He was long the undisputed law-
giver of the Danish Parnassus. "
Heiberg, Peter Andreas. A Danish dra-
matic poet, satirist, and political writer; born
in Vordingborg, Nov. 16, 1758 ; died at Paris
April 30, 1841. His early political writings re-
sulted in his banishment. He went to Paris
and entered the service of Talleyrand, and ob-
tained lucrative posts under the first French
empire. His comedies, especially (Hecking-
born, have been much admired, and success.
fully produced on the English, French, Dan-
ish, and German stage. He had a rare genius
for social satire. His Life of a Dollar Bill
is a prose fancy.
Heidenstam, Werner von (hi'den-stäm). A
Swedish poet and novelist; born at Olshammer,
July 6, 1859. He is the originator of the move-
ment in Sweden against extreme realism. He
has made Oriental themes his specialty. His
novel (Endymion, published in 1889, is very
popular. Pilgrimages, a collection of poems
appearing in 1888, established his international
reputation.
Heigel, Karl von (hi'gel). A German poet;
born in Munich, March 25, 1835. His father's
influence as an official of the Hoftheater intro-
duced him to dramatic authorship. He at-
tracted the attention of King Ludwig II. of
Bavaria, for whom he wrote numerous plays,
and by whom he was decorated. He has writ-
ten, besides the plays, several volumes of verse.
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HEIJE - HELMERS
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His dramas include (Marfa,' which has been
widely staged. His best-known poems are
(Walpurg,' a Bavarian legend, and his lyrics,
which are technically perfect. The Way to
Heaven,' 'The Theatrical Devil,' and (The
King's Secret,' are among his successful works
of fiction.
Heije, Jan Pieter (hi'ę). A Dutch poet and
critic; born in Amsterdam, March 1, 1809;
died there, Feb. 24, 1876. He was a prominent
physician in Amsterdam when, with a friend,
he founded in 1834 The Muses, as a national
organ of the arts. He composed songs and
rectified scores; his (Songs of Childhood and
(Book of Songs for the People) being two
among many works that largely influenced
popular melody. His poetry is strongly na-
tional. His prose, comprising essays and criti-
cisms, is terse and vigorous.
Heimburg, Wilhelmine (him'börg), pseudo-
nym of Bertha Behrens. A German story-
writer; born at Thale, Sept. 7, 1850. Her prin-
cipal works are: From the Life of my Old
Friend? (1879); "Lumpenmüller's Lisbeth
(1879); "The Wendhusen Cloister) (1880);
Her Only Brother) (2d ed. 1883); (Crises of
the Heart) (1888); Under the Linden? (1888),
short stories; Forest Flowers) (5th ed. 1891),
a collection of short stories; (An Insignificant
Woman' (1891); Miss Useless' (1893).
Heine, Heinrich (hi'nė). A German poet
of the first rank; born at Düsseldorf, Dec. 13,
1799; died at Paris, Feb. 17, 1856. His chief
works are: a volume of Poems) (1822); two
tragedies, (Almansor) and (Radcliff) (1823);
(Pictures of Travel (vols. I and 2, 1826-27;
to which were added two volumes more, 1830-
31); "Book of Songs) (1827); History of Re-
cent Polite Literature in Germany) (2 vols. ,
1833); (The Salon (4 vols. , 1835-40); (The
Romantic School' (1836); (Shakespeare's Maids
and Matrons) (1839); New Poems) (1844);
(Germany: A Winter's Tale) (1844); (The
Romancers) (1851); Doctor Faust! 11851);
Miscellaneous Writings' (3 vols. , 1854). (“Com-
plete Works, 22 vols. , 1861-66. ) *
Heinrich Julius (hin'rich), Duke of Bruns-
wick. A German dramatist and jurist; born
Oct. 15, 1564; died at Prague, July 20, 1613.
Contests with the city of Brunswick resulted in
his repairing to the imperial court at Prague,
where he officiated for a time in the royal privy
council. His dramas, mostly written under the
pseudonym "Hibaldeha,” are palpably inspired
by foreign models, English and Italian mainly.
The tragedy of? The Adulteress) is reminiscent
of Shakespeare; his comedy (The Nobleman)
suggested Bürger's "Emperor and Abbot. )
(Vincentius Ladislaus) is the counterpart of an
older Italian play and of Plautus's (Miles Glori-
osus. )
Heinrich von Veldecke (hin'riċh fon vel'.
de-ké). A German poet of the twelfth century.
He celebrated in verse the jousts and tourna-
ments of his day. His love songs are among
the most exquisite that have survived from that
period. His epic of (Eneit) is a classic. It is
not modeled after Virgil's Æneid, but after
the Roman d'Enéas,' attributed to Benoit
de St.
