Servian order of voting
restored
by Sulla, iii.
The history of Rome; tr. with the sanction of the ... v.5. Mommsen, Theodor, 1817-1903
Pillaged by the pirates, iv.
308.
Qientship, meaning of the word, i. 109. A state of protected freedom, i. 78 f. Earliest position in the community, i. 79. A curse rests on its violation, i. 226. Based on assignation of land by protector to protected, i. 245^ Referred originally to the clan, not to the indi vidual patron, i. 246. Growth and sig nificance of, iii. 38 f. Not applied officially to relations of state law, ii. 47 n. Of towns, originating out of hon orary citizenship, i. 88 ; iii. 33
Clitarchus, ii. 2 «. , 112
Clitomachus, philosopher, iv. 192
Cloaca maxima, i. 141 ; ii. 119
Cloacae, construction of, iii. 22
P. Clodius, iv. 345, 517 ; v. 111-116, 126,
144/
Clodius Glaber, general in the Gladiator
ial war, iv. 358
Goelii, from Alba, i. 128
Cloelius, iv. 79
Clondicus, Celtic leader, il. 505
A. Cluentius, v. 300
L. Cluentius, Sara1iite leader in Social
535
Colonies of C. Gracchus, iii. 346, 374. Proposal of the elder Drusus, iii. 364 Of the younger Drusus, iii. 485. Of Sulla, iii. 541 iv. 109, 265. Of the Servilian agrarian law, iv. 472,/C Com pare Capua
Coloniae civium Komanorum, 127 n. At first all on the sea-coast, 42, 48. Inland, iii. 26. All established in Italy after Aquileia, burgess-colonies, 52 n. The Transpadane towns designated as such, v. 131 J. Rise of municipal system, iv. 131-134
Coloniae Latinae, oldest, 135. Founded by Romano- Latin league, and received into as new independent members, 439. Colonists at first a mixture of Romans and Latins subsequent pre dominance of Romans, 440, 441. Compare Latin league
Colonies, non - Italian, projects of T. Gracchus, iii. 312. Of C Gracchus, iii. 346. Founding of Narbo, iii. 374, 419; iv. 191 v. 422. Proposals of Saturni- nus, iii. 468, 476. Of the younger Drusus, iii 485. Colonies of Caesar in Cisalpine Gaul, v. 131. In Transalpine Gaul, v. 98, 422. At various points, v. 423-425 m
Colophon, ii. 473 iii. 279 iv. 47. Pillaged by the pirates, iv. 308
Columns, building of, iii. 207
Comana, iv. 95, 332. High priest of, Iv.
438
Comedy, newer Attic, iii. 141-146 Comedy, Roman Hellenism and political
indifference, iii. 147-151. Dramatis persona* and situations, iii. 151 ,/C Composition of, iii. 153 f. Roman barbarism, iii. 154. Metres, iii. 155. Scenic arrangements, iii. 155
Comitia, non-freehold burgesses admitted generally by Appius Claudius, 396
In a more limited sense by Fabius RuU lianus, 396. Gradual extension of their functions, 397 First step to wards consulting them on administrative affairs, 397 /, Demagogic enlarge ment of their functions, iii. 57/. Vot ing districts disorganized, iii. 37, 38. Decreasing importance, 398 Nul lity of later comitia, iii. 59/. " Intro duction of voting by ballot, iii. 300, 316, 34a Better control aimed at by Marius, iii. 454. Condition in the time of the Gracchi, iii. 300 f. , 329-333. 'In the time of Sulla, iii. 541-545 iv. :<
In the time of Caesar, v. 338. Appoint
Clodius, v. z11.
v- 373
Collini, 68 n. , 69
Restricted by Caesar,
68.
Battle at the, iii. 68 n.
Colline Gate,
Collie, 68
Collis agonalis,
Colonnades occur, iii. 206
Colonies, Italian, their salutary effect on
the social state of Rome, 391. Be tween the Apennines and the Po, iii. 99,/ Stoppage of colonization in Italy since end of sixth century, iii. 312
INDEX
war, iii. 522
Cluilia fossa, i. 58
Clunia in Spain, iv. 297, 304
Clupea, i. 180, 182, 183, 184 ; iii. 252 Clupeus, 76 n.
Clu5ium = Camars,
224; iv. 167
Cnidus, iv. 47. Pillaged by the pirates,
iv. 308
Cnossus, iv. 353
Coelesyria, conflict between Syria and
Egypt about, ii. 515, 517 Coelius. See Caelius
Cohore amicorum, iii. 460 Cohorts. See Legion Coinage. See Money
Colchis, iv. 13, 20, 94, 414-416 Collatia, 125, 130
Collegia (clubs) in Rome, v. z11, 370. First forb1dden by decree of senate in 690, iv. 267 Allowed again by
143, 414, 428
»-
/.
89
; 1
i.
i.
i. i. /
i.
ii.
i. i.
f.
i. /.
;
;
i.
i.
i.
i. f.
;; /. ;
i.
-
f.
f. f. i. /,
i.
i. i.
;
it
ii.
536
directly to military commands, It. 389^
Their corruption, iii. 302 ; iv. 268 ; v. 385 Comitia ctnturiata, earliest, i. 120 f.
Commercial interests, their Influence on Roman politics, iii. 238, 274, 095, 415, 421 iv. 175, 176
HISTORY OF ROME
On the abolition of the monarchy, ob Commrrcium withdrawn from the Ita tain the right ofannually designating the lian communities, ii. 52. From the
Consuls, of judging in appeals, and mak
ing new laws in concert with presiding
magistrates, i. 327, 328. Priority in
voting of equestr1an centuries, i. 320.
Assembly of the centuries in the camp,
i. 328, Reform of: each of the five
classes has equal number of votes ; Compitum, dictator at, 44a m,
238
Complega, ii. 386
Compulteria, Ii. 305
Comum. ii. 228, 370; iii. 305, 425 v. 132 Concilium withdrawn from the Italian
legislative formal acts and decrees in Confiscations by Sulla, iv. 103X matters affecting the clans, i. 327 f. Confiscations by Caesar, v. 365 Plebeian curiate assembly, i. 328, 360. Congonnetiacus, iii. 418
equestrian priority of vote abolished, iii. 50-54. Order of voting fixed by lot by C. Gracchus, iii. 345.
Servian order of voting restored by Sulla, iii. 542, compact iv. 115. Position after the Sultan restoration, Iv. 114, 115
Comiiia curiata, summoned by the king
to do homage, and to sanction changes
In, or exceptions from, the existing
legal order, L 93-96. Ordinary, twice iii. 369
a year (March 24 and May 24), i. 93. Confarreatio, relation to the earliest con- Vote taken by heads, i. 360. After stitution of ten curies, 85 n. Sym admission of plebeians restricted to bolic act, 202
Conistorgis, town of the Celtic! , iii. 22o Consensual contracts, actionable, iii. 92 n, Conscntia, 466. Attitude in second
Punic war, 094. Stormed by the
gladiators, iv. 359
Consilium, 330
Consualia, 208
Consuls, meaning of name, 318 a.
Their earliest appellations, 318. Supreme administrators, judges, and generals, 318. Each of them pos sessing the whole regal power in case of collision, the imperia neutralize each other, 318 Authority dormant during a dictatorship, 325. Bound to resign office after the expiry of year, 319. No fixed day tor entering on their year of office, 319 n. Power similar to the royal, 317. /C But differ ing from by the introduction of responsibility consul impeachable after the expiry of his term for a crime per petrated while in office, 319 by the abolition of royal taskwork and client- ship, 319 f. ; by the legal establish ment of the right of the community to judge on appeal in capital sentences
Roman, penetrates to Northern by restrictions on right to delegate hit GanLv. 30 powers, 321, or to nominate bis sac-
Compore Burgess-body
Comitia triouta, originally assembly of
plebeian landholders, i. 360. Introduc tion of, i- 360. Patricio -plebeian, i. 368. Predominance in later times, iii. 52/! After Sulla's time, nominate new
senators, iv. 1 13. /C
fv. 113 Comitium, i. 140
Nominate
quaestors,
Commagene. See Ant1ochus and Ptole- maeus
Commerce, oldest Italian inland, its fairs, i. 250. Media of exchange : oxen and sheep, i, 251 ; and copper, i. 252, Subsequent development, -j%/,
Commerce, earliest Italian transmarine,
especially on the west coast import
chiefly of Greek and Oriental articles
of luxury, 252 - 255. Export or
Italian raw produce, 255. Etruscan,
Attic, and Latino -Sicilian, 257 f.
Subsequent development of transmarine
commerce, ii. 79. 81; iii. 84. Latin
commerce passive, Etruscan active,
•55. Roman wholesale, 261 iv.
173 /. African, centres at Utica, iii.
•60- Greek, at Argos and Delos, iii.
■74. Gallic and British, at Narbo, iii. other than those of martial law, 320;
421.
Sicilians, ii. a1o
Commius, king of the Atrebates, v. 85,
9a, 94
Commodatum, iii. 91
Common tillage by the clanships, 46,
communities, ii. 53
Concilium plebis, 360 Concolitanus, ii. 223, 226
Concord, temple of, in the Capitol,
382. New temple erected by L. Opimios,
i.
i. i. I. i. i. ii.
i. i.
L i.
;
i.
ii. i. ;
;
i.
i.
i.
i-
: it,
/,
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i. ;:
i.
a
i.
i.
i.
;
336-338.
INDEX
537
*i 1- 324 ; hy the loss of the nomina Corbio, about 370, a member of Latin tion of priests, and by the abol1tion of league, i. 448 «. , 450
the more striking insignia, i. 324. Corcyra, ii. 422, 425. Commercial con Their position in reference to senate, i. nections with Italy, i. 176. Occupied
Choose senators at pleasure, by Agathocles, Cleonymus, Demetrius, i. 331. Conduct quaestorial elections, and Pyrrhus, i. 483^, 491 ; 7. Ro
i. 368. Restricted by the intercessio
and jurisdiction of the tribunes, i. 350-
354. Their power weakened in conse
quence of the conflicts between the gents in Social war, iii. 504, 522. orders, i. 400. Limited to the main
land, ii. 209. Receive a quasi -dicta
torial power by decree of the senate,
iii. 56. The consul conducting a con
sular election might propose list of, and
reject, candidates, i. 324. One consul Mummius, iii. 27a Art - treasures must be a plebeian, i. 380. Re-elec carried off, iii. 270 Destruction of, tion restricted, ii. 402 ; iii. 14. Ex iii. 272-274 iv. 173, 175. Roman clusion of the poorer citizens, iii. 14.
Rigbt of proposal, but not of deposition,
vested in the commun1ty, i. 323. Re
election forbidden, iii. 299; iv. 7a n.
This repealed by Sulla, iv. 116. Con
sular spheres of duty regulated by C.
Gracchus, iii. 355, 405. By Sulla, iv.
121 f. Decline of consulate under
Caesar, rv. 453; v. 309, 343^ Consul
tufftctus in the earlier time, i. 319 n. ;
in Caesar's time, v. 344. Consuls in
Beneventum, ii. 51. Opposition-consuls A. Cornelius Cossus [consul, 326], of the Italians, iii. 505.
Census, i. 208
Cantw, l 93 ; iii. 331
Contracts under earliest law not action Cn. Cornelius Scipio Asina [consul, 494*,
Contrebia, iii. 226 ; iv. 293
Conubium between Romans and Latins,
Cilicia, 674], iii. 382 «.
Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus [consul,
i. 13a; ii. 52 n. , 210. Withdrawn from
the Italian communities, ii. 52, and Cn. (? ) Cornelius Scipio. See L. Cor from the Sicilian (7), ii. 210 nelius Scipio
Convent** civium Romanorum, iv. L. Cornelius Balbus malor, iv. 89
190
Cookery, art of, iii. 123
Co-optation. See Priestly Colleges
Copia. See Thurii
Copper, the second oldest medium of L. Cornelius Scipio [consul, 495] takes
exchange, r. 251 f. Copper money in
Rome, iv. 179
Coppersmiths, guild of, i. 249, 307
Cora, originally Latin, i. 445 «. In the
Ale1ia, ii. 177. Epitaph on, ii. 115 ». ,
177
L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus [consul,
man, under a praefect, ii. 218 n. , 403 Corduene, iv. 317, 341
Corfmium, headquarters of the insur
Siege and capture by Caesar, v. 209^ Corinth, it 396, 430, 431, 432, 434, 437, 438, 442; iii. 266 f. , 268. Its commer cial connections with Italy, 176.
Colonies from, 166. Occupied by
domain, iii. 271 n. ; iv. 157.
Qientship, meaning of the word, i. 109. A state of protected freedom, i. 78 f. Earliest position in the community, i. 79. A curse rests on its violation, i. 226. Based on assignation of land by protector to protected, i. 245^ Referred originally to the clan, not to the indi vidual patron, i. 246. Growth and sig nificance of, iii. 38 f. Not applied officially to relations of state law, ii. 47 n. Of towns, originating out of hon orary citizenship, i. 88 ; iii. 33
Clitarchus, ii. 2 «. , 112
Clitomachus, philosopher, iv. 192
Cloaca maxima, i. 141 ; ii. 119
Cloacae, construction of, iii. 22
P. Clodius, iv. 345, 517 ; v. 111-116, 126,
144/
Clodius Glaber, general in the Gladiator
ial war, iv. 358
Goelii, from Alba, i. 128
Cloelius, iv. 79
Clondicus, Celtic leader, il. 505
A. Cluentius, v. 300
L. Cluentius, Sara1iite leader in Social
535
Colonies of C. Gracchus, iii. 346, 374. Proposal of the elder Drusus, iii. 364 Of the younger Drusus, iii. 485. Of Sulla, iii. 541 iv. 109, 265. Of the Servilian agrarian law, iv. 472,/C Com pare Capua
Coloniae civium Komanorum, 127 n. At first all on the sea-coast, 42, 48. Inland, iii. 26. All established in Italy after Aquileia, burgess-colonies, 52 n. The Transpadane towns designated as such, v. 131 J. Rise of municipal system, iv. 131-134
Coloniae Latinae, oldest, 135. Founded by Romano- Latin league, and received into as new independent members, 439. Colonists at first a mixture of Romans and Latins subsequent pre dominance of Romans, 440, 441. Compare Latin league
Colonies, non - Italian, projects of T. Gracchus, iii. 312. Of C Gracchus, iii. 346. Founding of Narbo, iii. 374, 419; iv. 191 v. 422. Proposals of Saturni- nus, iii. 468, 476. Of the younger Drusus, iii 485. Colonies of Caesar in Cisalpine Gaul, v. 131. In Transalpine Gaul, v. 98, 422. At various points, v. 423-425 m
Colophon, ii. 473 iii. 279 iv. 47. Pillaged by the pirates, iv. 308
Columns, building of, iii. 207
Comana, iv. 95, 332. High priest of, Iv.
438
Comedy, newer Attic, iii. 141-146 Comedy, Roman Hellenism and political
indifference, iii. 147-151. Dramatis persona* and situations, iii. 151 ,/C Composition of, iii. 153 f. Roman barbarism, iii. 154. Metres, iii. 155. Scenic arrangements, iii. 155
Comitia, non-freehold burgesses admitted generally by Appius Claudius, 396
In a more limited sense by Fabius RuU lianus, 396. Gradual extension of their functions, 397 First step to wards consulting them on administrative affairs, 397 /, Demagogic enlarge ment of their functions, iii. 57/. Vot ing districts disorganized, iii. 37, 38. Decreasing importance, 398 Nul lity of later comitia, iii. 59/. " Intro duction of voting by ballot, iii. 300, 316, 34a Better control aimed at by Marius, iii. 454. Condition in the time of the Gracchi, iii. 300 f. , 329-333. 'In the time of Sulla, iii. 541-545 iv. :<
In the time of Caesar, v. 338. Appoint
Clodius, v. z11.
v- 373
Collini, 68 n. , 69
Restricted by Caesar,
68.
Battle at the, iii. 68 n.
Colline Gate,
Collie, 68
Collis agonalis,
Colonnades occur, iii. 206
Colonies, Italian, their salutary effect on
the social state of Rome, 391. Be tween the Apennines and the Po, iii. 99,/ Stoppage of colonization in Italy since end of sixth century, iii. 312
INDEX
war, iii. 522
Cluilia fossa, i. 58
Clunia in Spain, iv. 297, 304
Clupea, i. 180, 182, 183, 184 ; iii. 252 Clupeus, 76 n.
Clu5ium = Camars,
224; iv. 167
Cnidus, iv. 47. Pillaged by the pirates,
iv. 308
Cnossus, iv. 353
Coelesyria, conflict between Syria and
Egypt about, ii. 515, 517 Coelius. See Caelius
Cohore amicorum, iii. 460 Cohorts. See Legion Coinage. See Money
Colchis, iv. 13, 20, 94, 414-416 Collatia, 125, 130
Collegia (clubs) in Rome, v. z11, 370. First forb1dden by decree of senate in 690, iv. 267 Allowed again by
143, 414, 428
»-
/.
89
; 1
i.
i.
i. i. /
i.
ii.
i. i.
f.
i. /.
;
;
i.
i.
i.
i. f.
;; /. ;
i.
-
f.
f. f. i. /,
i.
i. i.
;
it
ii.
536
directly to military commands, It. 389^
Their corruption, iii. 302 ; iv. 268 ; v. 385 Comitia ctnturiata, earliest, i. 120 f.
Commercial interests, their Influence on Roman politics, iii. 238, 274, 095, 415, 421 iv. 175, 176
HISTORY OF ROME
On the abolition of the monarchy, ob Commrrcium withdrawn from the Ita tain the right ofannually designating the lian communities, ii. 52. From the
Consuls, of judging in appeals, and mak
ing new laws in concert with presiding
magistrates, i. 327, 328. Priority in
voting of equestr1an centuries, i. 320.
Assembly of the centuries in the camp,
i. 328, Reform of: each of the five
classes has equal number of votes ; Compitum, dictator at, 44a m,
238
Complega, ii. 386
Compulteria, Ii. 305
Comum. ii. 228, 370; iii. 305, 425 v. 132 Concilium withdrawn from the Italian
legislative formal acts and decrees in Confiscations by Sulla, iv. 103X matters affecting the clans, i. 327 f. Confiscations by Caesar, v. 365 Plebeian curiate assembly, i. 328, 360. Congonnetiacus, iii. 418
equestrian priority of vote abolished, iii. 50-54. Order of voting fixed by lot by C. Gracchus, iii. 345.
Servian order of voting restored by Sulla, iii. 542, compact iv. 115. Position after the Sultan restoration, Iv. 114, 115
Comiiia curiata, summoned by the king
to do homage, and to sanction changes
In, or exceptions from, the existing
legal order, L 93-96. Ordinary, twice iii. 369
a year (March 24 and May 24), i. 93. Confarreatio, relation to the earliest con- Vote taken by heads, i. 360. After stitution of ten curies, 85 n. Sym admission of plebeians restricted to bolic act, 202
Conistorgis, town of the Celtic! , iii. 22o Consensual contracts, actionable, iii. 92 n, Conscntia, 466. Attitude in second
Punic war, 094. Stormed by the
gladiators, iv. 359
Consilium, 330
Consualia, 208
Consuls, meaning of name, 318 a.
Their earliest appellations, 318. Supreme administrators, judges, and generals, 318. Each of them pos sessing the whole regal power in case of collision, the imperia neutralize each other, 318 Authority dormant during a dictatorship, 325. Bound to resign office after the expiry of year, 319. No fixed day tor entering on their year of office, 319 n. Power similar to the royal, 317. /C But differ ing from by the introduction of responsibility consul impeachable after the expiry of his term for a crime per petrated while in office, 319 by the abolition of royal taskwork and client- ship, 319 f. ; by the legal establish ment of the right of the community to judge on appeal in capital sentences
Roman, penetrates to Northern by restrictions on right to delegate hit GanLv. 30 powers, 321, or to nominate bis sac-
Compore Burgess-body
Comitia triouta, originally assembly of
plebeian landholders, i. 360. Introduc tion of, i- 360. Patricio -plebeian, i. 368. Predominance in later times, iii. 52/! After Sulla's time, nominate new
senators, iv. 1 13. /C
fv. 113 Comitium, i. 140
Nominate
quaestors,
Commagene. See Ant1ochus and Ptole- maeus
Commerce, oldest Italian inland, its fairs, i. 250. Media of exchange : oxen and sheep, i, 251 ; and copper, i. 252, Subsequent development, -j%/,
Commerce, earliest Italian transmarine,
especially on the west coast import
chiefly of Greek and Oriental articles
of luxury, 252 - 255. Export or
Italian raw produce, 255. Etruscan,
Attic, and Latino -Sicilian, 257 f.
Subsequent development of transmarine
commerce, ii. 79. 81; iii. 84. Latin
commerce passive, Etruscan active,
•55. Roman wholesale, 261 iv.
173 /. African, centres at Utica, iii.
•60- Greek, at Argos and Delos, iii.
■74. Gallic and British, at Narbo, iii. other than those of martial law, 320;
421.
Sicilians, ii. a1o
Commius, king of the Atrebates, v. 85,
9a, 94
Commodatum, iii. 91
Common tillage by the clanships, 46,
communities, ii. 53
Concilium plebis, 360 Concolitanus, ii. 223, 226
Concord, temple of, in the Capitol,
382. New temple erected by L. Opimios,
i.
i. i. I. i. i. ii.
i. i.
L i.
;
i.
ii. i. ;
;
i.
i.
i.
i-
: it,
/,
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i. ;:
i.
a
i.
i.
i.
;
336-338.
INDEX
537
*i 1- 324 ; hy the loss of the nomina Corbio, about 370, a member of Latin tion of priests, and by the abol1tion of league, i. 448 «. , 450
the more striking insignia, i. 324. Corcyra, ii. 422, 425. Commercial con Their position in reference to senate, i. nections with Italy, i. 176. Occupied
Choose senators at pleasure, by Agathocles, Cleonymus, Demetrius, i. 331. Conduct quaestorial elections, and Pyrrhus, i. 483^, 491 ; 7. Ro
i. 368. Restricted by the intercessio
and jurisdiction of the tribunes, i. 350-
354. Their power weakened in conse
quence of the conflicts between the gents in Social war, iii. 504, 522. orders, i. 400. Limited to the main
land, ii. 209. Receive a quasi -dicta
torial power by decree of the senate,
iii. 56. The consul conducting a con
sular election might propose list of, and
reject, candidates, i. 324. One consul Mummius, iii. 27a Art - treasures must be a plebeian, i. 380. Re-elec carried off, iii. 270 Destruction of, tion restricted, ii. 402 ; iii. 14. Ex iii. 272-274 iv. 173, 175. Roman clusion of the poorer citizens, iii. 14.
Rigbt of proposal, but not of deposition,
vested in the commun1ty, i. 323. Re
election forbidden, iii. 299; iv. 7a n.
This repealed by Sulla, iv. 116. Con
sular spheres of duty regulated by C.
Gracchus, iii. 355, 405. By Sulla, iv.
121 f. Decline of consulate under
Caesar, rv. 453; v. 309, 343^ Consul
tufftctus in the earlier time, i. 319 n. ;
in Caesar's time, v. 344. Consuls in
Beneventum, ii. 51. Opposition-consuls A. Cornelius Cossus [consul, 326], of the Italians, iii. 505.
Census, i. 208
Cantw, l 93 ; iii. 331
Contracts under earliest law not action Cn. Cornelius Scipio Asina [consul, 494*,
Contrebia, iii. 226 ; iv. 293
Conubium between Romans and Latins,
Cilicia, 674], iii. 382 «.
Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus [consul,
i. 13a; ii. 52 n. , 210. Withdrawn from
the Italian communities, ii. 52, and Cn. (? ) Cornelius Scipio. See L. Cor from the Sicilian (7), ii. 210 nelius Scipio
Convent** civium Romanorum, iv. L. Cornelius Balbus malor, iv. 89
190
Cookery, art of, iii. 123
Co-optation. See Priestly Colleges
Copia. See Thurii
Copper, the second oldest medium of L. Cornelius Scipio [consul, 495] takes
exchange, r. 251 f. Copper money in
Rome, iv. 179
Coppersmiths, guild of, i. 249, 307
Cora, originally Latin, i. 445 «. In the
Ale1ia, ii. 177. Epitaph on, ii. 115 ». ,
177
L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus [consul,
man, under a praefect, ii. 218 n. , 403 Corduene, iv. 317, 341
Corfmium, headquarters of the insur
Siege and capture by Caesar, v. 209^ Corinth, it 396, 430, 431, 432, 434, 437, 438, 442; iii. 266 f. , 268. Its commer cial connections with Italy, 176.
Colonies from, 166. Occupied by
domain, iii. 271 n. ; iv. 157.
