He appears to have been une-
qualled both in ingenuity and feeling, of which we
have some remarkable examples.
qualled both in ingenuity and feeling, of which we
have some remarkable examples.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
He wore his hair
long in the neck, contrary to the Roman usage; walk-
ed erect, with a stiff neck; seldom accosted any one;
and, when he spoke, used a wave of the hand as in
condescension. --The news of the tyrant's death was
received at Rome with popular cries of "Tiberius to
the Tiber! " His body was, however, borne to the
city by the soldiers, and burned with funeral rites. In
his will, Caius, and Tiberius the son of the younger
Drusus, were named as his heirs, with a reversion to
the surviver. (Sucton. . Vit. Tih--Tacit. , Ann. lib.
I, 2. 3, dec. --Ellon's Roman Emperors, p. 47, srqq. )
Tidiscus, now the Tcissc, a river of Dacia, called
also Pathyssus, falling into the Danube, and forming
? ? the western limit of Dacia. (Plin ,4, 12. --Ammian.
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? TIBULLUS.
bil nc part of the land of which Tibullus had bjen
leprived was restored to him, as we find not in his el-
egies a single expression of gratitude or compliment,
from which it might be conjectured that Augustus had
atoned to him for the wrongs of Octavius. It is evi-
dent, however, that he was nut reduced to extreme
want. It might even be inferred, from a distich in one
of his elegies (2, 4), that his chief paternal seat had
Wen preserved to him:
"Quinctiam sales jubcat si ventUre avitas
Jte sub tmperium, sub titulumquc, Lares. "
Horace, too, in a complimentary epistle (1,4), written
long after the partition of the lands, says that the gods
had bestowed on him wealth, and the art of enjoying
ii:
"Di Ubi divitias dcdeiuiU. artemquc fruendi. "
His own idea of the enjoyment of such wealth as he
possessed seems to have been (judging, at least, from
his poems) a rural life of tranquillity and repose, of
which the sole employment should consist in the
peaceful avocations of husbandry, and the leisure
hours should be devoted to the Muses or to pleasure.
His friendship, however, for Messala, and, perhaps,
some hope of improving his moderate and diminished
fortune, induced him to attend that celebrated com-
mander in various military expeditions. It would ap-
pear that he had accompanied him in not less than
three. But the precise periods at which they were
undertaken, and the order in which they succeeded
each other, are subjects involved in much uncertainty
and contradiction. The first was commenced in 719,
against the Sallassi, a fierce and warlike people, who
inhabited the Pennine or Graian Alps, and from their
fastnesses had long bid defiance to every effort made
by a regular army for their subjugation. --His next ex-
pedition with Messala was to Aquitanic Gaul. That
province having revolted in 724, Messala was intrust-
ed with the task of reducing it to obedience; and he
proceeded on this service immediately after the hattle
of Actium. Several sharp actions took place, in which
Tibullus signalized his courage; and the success of
this campaign, if we may believe himself, was in no
small degree attributable to his bravery and exertions.
In the following season, Messala, being intrusted by the
emperor with an extraordinary command in the East,
requested Tibullus to accompany him; and to this
proposal our poet, though, it would appear, with some
reluctance, at length consented. He had not, how-
ever, been long at sea, when his health suffered so
severely that he was obliged to be put on shore at an
island, which Tibullus names by its poetical appella-
tion of Phaeacia, but which was then commonly called
Corcyra, now Corfu. Ho soon recovered from this
dangerous sickness, and, as soon as he was able to
renew his voyage, he joined Mossala, and travelled
with him through Syria, Cilicia, and Egypt. Having
returned to Italy, he again retired to his farm at Pe-
dum, where, though he occasionally visited the capi-
tal, he chiefly resided for the remainder of his life. --
Tibullus was endued with elegant manners and a
handsome person, which involved him in many licen-
tious connexions. But, though devoted to pleasure,
he at the same time drew closer his connexion with
the most learned and polished of his countrymen, as
Valgius, Macer, and Horace. He continued, likewise,
an uninterrupted friendship with Messala, who was now
at the height of his reputation, his home being the re-
sort of the learned, and his patronage the surest pass-
? ? port to the gates of fame. Tibullus' enjoyment of this
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? TIC
TIG
Hence, though his fortune afterward improved, he
had acquired the habit ol viewing obejets as sur-
rounded with a continual gloom; nor does any other
poet so often introduce the dismal images of death.
Even to the most joyous thoughts of Tibullus, some
mournful or plaintive sentiment is generally united,
and his most gay and smiling figures wear chaplets of
cypress on their brows. --It has already been said, that
Tibullus was no imitator of the Greeks, and he is
certainly the most original of the Latin poets. His
elegies were the overflowings of his sorrows, his mis-
tress alone was the Muse that inspired him In the
few instances in which he has followed the Greeks, he
has imitated them with much good taste, and some-
limes even with improvements on the original. --The
elegies of Tibullus are divided into four books. --
These poems are commonly printed along with those
of Catullus and Propertius. Of the editions of Tibul-
lus separately, the best are, that of Brouckhusius,
Amstelod. , 1708, 4to; that of Vulpius, 1'ata. v. , 1749,
4to; that of Heyne, Lips. , 1755-77-98, 8vo; that of
Wunderlich, Lift. , 1817, 8vo; that of Lachmann,
Berol. , 1829,8vo; and that of Dissen, Gotting. , 1835,
2 vols. 8vo. (Dunlop's Roman Lit , vol. 3, p. 283,
seqq. )
Tibur, an ancient town of Latium, northeast of
Rome, on the banks of the Anio. According to Dio-
nysiusof Halicarnassus, it was originally a Uran of the
Siculi, the most ancient inhabitants of Latium: and,
as a proof of this fact, he mentions that the name of
SiceSion was still attached to a portion of the place.
{Dion. Hal. , 1, 16. ) Tibur, however, lays claim to a
more illustrious, though a later origin, having been
founded, according to some authors, by Catillus, an
officer of Evander, while others pretend that this Ca-
tillus was a son of Amphiaraus, who, with his two
brothers, migrated to Italy, and, having conquered the
Siculi, gave to one of their towns the name of Tibur,
from his brother Tiburtus. From this account of So-
I'. iius (c. 8), as well as that of Dionysius, we may col-
. ect "hat Catillus was one of the Pelasgic chiefs, who,
with the assistance of the Aborigines, formed settle-
ments in Italy. --Tibur is one of the places that ap-
pear most frequently to have afforded an asylum to
Unman fugitives. From what period it enjoyed the
rights of a Roman city is not precisely known, but it
was, in all probability, anterior to the civil wars of
Marius and Sylla. The latter, indeed, is said to have
deprived the Tiburtini of these privileges, but they
regained them upon his abdication, and they were
confirmed by the Emperor Claudius. Hercules was
the deity held in the greatest veneration at Tibur;
and his temple, on the foundations of which the pres-
ent cathedral is said to be built, was famous through-
out Italy. (Slrabo, 238. ) Hence the epithet of Her-
culean given by the poets to this city. The modern
name of Tibur is Tivoli. --As regards the Sibyl of Ti-
bur, vid. Albunea. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p.
50 )
Tigurtus, a brother of the founder of Tibur, which
is hence often called Ttburtia Mania. (Vid. Tibur )
He was one of the sons of Amphiaraus. (Vim. , Mn. ,
7, 670. ) V VS. .
Ticinom, a city of Cisalpine Gaul, situate on the
river Ticinus, near its junction with the Padus. It
was founded, according to Pliny (3, 17), by the L<<evi
? nd Marici, but, being placed on the left bank of the
? ? Ticinus, it would, of course, belong to the Insubres;
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? TIO
TIM
. nese conquests after ihe defeat of Mithradatei. Lu-
cullus, the Roman commander, invaded Armenia, and
defeated, near Tigranocerta, the mixed and numerous
army of Tigranes. (Vid. Lucullus ) The peace con-
? luded in the year 03 B. C. left him only Armenia.
,Vtd. Mithradates VII. )
Tioranockrta, the capital of Armenia, built by
Tigranes during the Mithradatic war. It was situate
to the cast of the Tigris, on the river Niccphorius,
and, according to Tacitus, stood on a hill nearly sur-
rounded by the latter river. It was a large, rich, and
powerful city. It was inhabited not only by Orientals,
but slso by many Grecian colonists, and likewise by
captives who had been carried off by Tigranes from
some of the Greek cities of Syria which had been
conquered by him from the Seleucids*. Lucullus,
during the Mithradatic war, took it with difficulty, and
found in it immense riches, and no less than 8,000
talents in ready money. The Roman commander sent
home the greater part of the foreign inhabitants, but
still the city remained, after this, no unimportant place.
The remains of Tigranocerta arc at Seredon the Bitlis-
Son. {Tac, Ann. , 12, 50. --Id. ibid. , 14, 24. --Ptin. ,
9, 9. )
Tigris, a large river of Asia, rising in the mount-
ains of Armenia Major, in the district ofSophene, and
falling into the Euphrates. A rising ground prevents
it from proceeding to the Euphrates in the early part
of its course. A deep ravine in the mountains above
Amiria, or Diarbektr, opens a passage for it, and it
takes its speedy course across a territory which is very
unequal, and has a powerful declivity. Its extreme
rapidity, the natural effect of local circumstances,
has procured for it the name of Tigr in the Median
language, Diglito with the Syrians, Ddkal or Didhi-
lat in Arabic, and Hiddekel in Hebrew; all which
terms denote the flight of an arrow. ( Wahl, Vorder
uid Mittel Asien, 1, p. 710. --Compare Rosenmuller,
x t Gen. , 2, 14. ) Besides this branch, which is best
known to the moderns, Pliny has described to us, in
detail, another, which issues from a chain of mount-
ains, now the mountains of Kurdistan, to the west of
the Arsissa Palus or Lake of Van. It passes by the
Lake Arethusa. Its course being checked by a part
of Mount Taurus, it falls into a subterranean cavern
called Zoroander, and appears again at the bottom of
tbe mountain. The identity of its waters is shown by
the reappearance of light bodies at its issue that havo
been thrown up into it above the place where it en-
*ers the mountains. It passes also by the Lake Thos
pitis, near Arzancne or Erzcn, buries itself again in
subterranean caverns, and reappears at the distance
of twenty-five miles below, near Nymphicum. This
branch joins the western Tigris. As the Tigris and
Euphrates approach, the intermediate land loses its
elevation, and is occupied by meadows and morasses.
Several artificial communications, perhaps two or three
of which are natural, form a prelude to the approach-
ing junction of the rivers, which finally takes place
near the modern Kama. The river formed by their
junction was called Pasitigris, now Shat-cl-Arab, or
the river of Arabia. It has three principal mouths,
besides a small outlet: these occupy a space of'thirty-
six miles. For farther particulars, vid. Euphrates.
The Tigris, though a far less noble si ream than the
Euphrates, is one of the most celebrated rivers in his-
tory, and many famous cities, at various periods, have
? ? decorated its banks: among these may be mentioned
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? T ! fc-
Humble employment, he set up as t. teacher of rheto-
ric, and met with brilliant success. His society was
much sought after on account of his agreeable manners
? nd intellectual qualities; but his passion for uttering
IHHIX mots ruined all his prospects. Augustus, it seeins,
nad appointed him his historiographer, and extended
his favour to him in a marked degree, until, offended
by a nitty speech of Timagenes, he forbade him his
presence. In the resentment of the moment, Timag-
enes burned the history which he had composed of the
leign of Augustus, and retired to Tusculum, where he
enjoyed the patronage and protection of Asinius Pol-
lio. In this retreat he wrote a History of Alexander
and his successors, entitled ncpl paoMuv (" Of
Kings"). This work formed one of the principal
sources whence Quiiitus Curtius drew the materials
of his historical romance. Timagenes, after this, fixed
his residence at the very extremity of the empire, in
Drapanum, a city of Osrhoene, where he ended his
days. It is on account of his residence in this part of
the East that some authors give him the epithet of
"the Syrian. " Besides his History of Alexander,
Timagenes also published a work on the Gauls, which
is cited by Ammianus Marcellinus and Plutarch.
(Bonamy, Recherckes sur I'kiatoricn Timagent. --
Mem. de I'Acad. dcs Inscr. , &c. , vol. 13, p. 35. )
Vossius distinguishes between Timagenes the Alexan-
dreen and f imageries the Syrian, but in this he is
wrong. (Sc/ioll, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 4, p. 75. )
TIMANTHES, I. a painter, said by Eustalhius (ml 11. ,
34,163) to have been a native of Sicyon, but by Quin-
tilian (2, 13). of Cylhnus. He was a contemporary
of Zeuxis and Parrhasius (Plin. , 35, 9, 36), and must,
consequently, have lived about Olymp 96. The most
important passage relating to him is in Pliny (35, 10,
36). --Timantlies has not been so much brought for-
ward in the annals of art as Zeuxis and Parrhasius;
but, as far as we have means given us of judging, he
was, at least, inferior to neither in genius. He seems
ID have thrown a large share of intellect and thought
'j;to his productions.
He appears to have been une-
qualled both in ingenuity and feeling, of which we
have some remarkable examples. One of these was
displayed in the picture on the noble subject of the
sacrifice of Iphigenia, in which he represented the
tender and beautiful virgin standing before the altar
awaiting her doom, and surrounded by her afflicted
relatives. All these last he depicted as moved by va-
rious degrees of sorrow, and grief seemed to have
reached its utmost expression in the face of Mcnelaus;
out that of Agamemnon was left; and the painter,
heightening the interest of the piece by a forbearance
of judgment, often erroneously regarded as a confess-
ion of the inadequacy of his art, covered the head of
the father with bis mantle, and left his agony to the
imagination of the spectators. --In Fuseli's Lecture on
Ancient Art, this painting of Timanthes is made the
subject of a full and very able criticism, in the course
of which he dissents expressly from the opinion of Sir
Joshua Reynolds, who agreed with M. Falconet in re-
garding the circumstance of the mantle-enveloped face
of Agamemnon as little better than a mere trick on
(he part of the artist. The remarks of Fuselt, in
? nswer to this and similar animadversions, are worthy
of being quoted: "Neither the French nor the Eng-
lish critic appears to me to have comprehended the
real motive of Timanthes; they ascribe to impotence
what was the forbearance of judgment. Timanthes
? ? felt like a father; he did not hide the face of Aga-
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? TIMOLEON
TIM
sy the aid of a mercenary force, made himself tyrant of
Corinth, Timoleon, after vain remonstrance, came to
him with a kinsman of his brother to the wife of Ti-
mophanes, ond a friend named Theopompus, and, cov-
ering his own face, stood by while the others slew him.
When the Syracusan ambassadors arrived to seek aid
from Corinth against their tyrants, the deed was recent,
and alt Corinth was in a ferment; some extolling Ti-
moleon as the most magnanimous of patriots, others
execrating him as a fratricide. The request of the
Syracusans offered to the Corinthians the means of
calming their dissensions by the removal of the ob-
noxious individual, and to Timoleon a held of honour-
ible action, in which he might escape from the misgiv-
ings of his own mind and the reproaches of his moth-
er, who never forgave him. Timoleon proceeded to
Sicily with a small band of mercenaries, principally
raised by his own credit. On arriving he received
considerable re-enforcements, and soon gained a foot-
ing in Syracuse. The greater part of the city had al-
ready been taken by Hicetes from Dionysius, and the
whole was divided between three parties, each hostile
to both the others. Timoleon was, in the end, success-
ful. Hicetes withdrew to Leontini, and Dionysius
surrendered, himself and his friends retiring to Cor-
inth; while two thousand mercenaries of the garrison
engaged in the service of Timoleon. This final ex-
pulsion of Dionysius took place fifty years after the rise
of his father, and four years after the landing of Ti-
moleon in Sicily (B. C. 343). Timoleon remained mas-
ter of a city, the largest of all in the Grecian settle-
ments; but almost a desert, through the multitudes
slain or driven into banishment in successive revolu-
tions. So great, it is said, was the desolation, that
the horses of the cavalry grazed in the market-place,
while the grooms slept at their ease on the luxuriant
herbage. The winter was passed in assigning desert-
ed lands and houses is a provision to the few remain-
ing Syracusans of the Corinthian party and to the mer-
cenaries instead of pay, which the general had not to
give. In winter, when Grecian warfare was slackened
or interrupted, the possession of good houses would
doubtless be gratifying; but to men unused to peace-
ful labour, lands without slaves and cattle were of lit-
tle worth; and it was necessary, in the spring, to find
them some profitable employment. Unable sufficient-
ly to supply the wants of his soldiers from any Gre-
cian enemy, Timoleon sent one thousand men into the
territory belonging to Carthage, and gathered thence
abundance of spoil. The measure may seem rash,
but he probably knew that an invasion was preparing,
and that quiescence would not avert the storm, while
? rich booty would make his soldiers meet it better.
The Carthaginians landed in Sicily. Their force is
stated at seventy thousand foot and ten thousand horse;
while Timoleon could only muster three thousand
Syracusans and nine thousand mercenaries. Never-
theless, he advanced to meet them in their own pos-
sessions ; and, by the union of admirable conduct with
singular good fortune, won a glorious victory, which
was soon followed by an honourable peace. Timoleon,
professing to be tho liberator of Sicily, next directed
his arms against the various chiefs or tyrants who held
dominion in the towns. In this he may probably have
teen actuated by a sincere hatred of such governments;
nut he frequently seems to have little consulted the
wishes of the people, whoso deliverer he declared him-
? ? self. Most of the smaller chiefs withdrew; the more
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? TIMON.
nl the public professors in the school of Pyrrho. The
fragmiinls of Timon were edited, in 1820, by \V6lke,
Varaav. , 8vo, and in 1821, by Paul, Berol. , 8vo. --II.
Surnamcd the ifinnthrope, was a native of the bor-
ough of Colyttus in Attica, and remarkable for the
whimsical severity of his temper, and his hatred of
mankind. Born some time before the commencement
of the Peloponnesian war, it is possible that the vices
and crimes of which he was an eyewitness during this
period of trouble may have contributed to the develop-
ment of that morose spirit which procured for him the
turname by which he is always known. It appears
from the ancient writers, and indireclly from the testi-
mony of Plato himself (Phadon, p. 67, ed. 1602), tint
this hatred towards his fellow-men was originally exci-
ted by the false and ungrateful conduct of others. He
lavished upon those around him a large fortune in
presents and in services of alt kinds, and, when his
wealth was all expended, he found that he hid lost not
only his property, but his friends. Misanthropy thru
tucceeded to unbounded liberality; and, stunning the
<<ociety of his fellow-men, and retiring to a small spot
of ground in the suburbs, he gave himself up to the
workings of an irritated and deeply disappointed spirit;
or, if ever he did mix on any occasion with the busy
world at Athens, it was only to applaud, with cruel
irony, the errors and follies of his fellow-citizens.
Cold and repulsive to all others, he appeared to take
a lively interest in the young Alcibiades; but it was
only because he saw in him the future author of evil
to his country. He even publicly declared the mo-
tives that prompted him to this singular attachment;
for, happening one day to meet Alcibiades returning
from the place of assembly, accompanied by a large
concourse, in place of turning away and avoiding him
as he avoided others, he came directly up, and, grasp-
ing his hand, exclaimed, '? Go on, my son; you do
well to augment your own power, for you are only
augmenting it to the lasting injury of these. " One
account says that Timon, having subsequently become
possessed of a new fortune, probably by agriculture,
changed to a complete miser, and shut himself up, to-
gether with hia riches, in a kind of tower, which was
called, for a long time afterward, the lower of Timon.
This tradition is not, it is true, very consistent with the
rank which Pliny ( 7,19) assigns him among the "<<uc-
tores maxima sapicntia," nor with the apophthegm
ascribed to him by Siobajus (Serm. , 7, p. 107), that
'? cupidity and avarice are the cause of all human ills;"
but. nothing ought to surprise us in so whimsical a
character; and besides, if in the folly of avarice we
<<ee nothing of the sage, we certainly see enough of
ihe misanthrope. The end of Timon was worthy of
his life. Having broken a limb by a fall, and having,
in his aversion fur his fellow-men, refused all assist-
ance, a gangrene set in and he died. But this was
not all. Nature herself seems to have seconded the
intentions of T. itnon, by separating him, even after
death, from the habitable world ; for his tomb having
teen erected near the seashore, the ground around it
was gradually covered by the water, and the spot thus
rt'tidrri'd inaccessible. The character of Timon is
made a frequent subject for epigrams in the Greek
Anthology, and many sayings of his are quoted by the
ancient writers. The <we tallowing are the best:
Timon, after having renounced the society of his fel-
low-men, still kept up a kind of intimacy with another
misanthrope named Apimantus. During a repast in
? ? which they were celebrating the second day of the
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? TI it
particularly in playing on the flute; and his perform-
ance is saiJ to have animated the monarch in so pow-
erful a degree, that he started up and seized his arms;
an incident which Dryden has so beautifully intro-
duced into English poetry. (Burette,Recherche; e\e.
-- Weiss, Biogr. Univ. , vol. 46, p. 93. )--III. An Athe-
nian commander, son of Conon, inherited the valour
and abilities of his father. In 375 B. C. he gained a
signal victory over the Lacedaemonian fleet off Cor-
cyra, and made himself master of this island. Then
Greeting his course towards Thrace, he took several
important cities in this quarter, and afterward deliv-
ered Cyzicus from the foe. He subsequently shared
the command of the fleet with Iphicrates. The latter,
having wished to attack the enemy during a violent
U-mpest, and not obtaining the consent of Timothcus
to so hazardous a step, caused him to be brought to
trial at Athens. Timothcus was condemned to pay
a fine of 100 talents; but, being unable to raise so
large a sum, he retired to Chalcis, where he ended his
Jays. His disinterestedness equalled his courage and
military talents. He never appropriated to himself
any portion of the booty taken from the foe. On one
occasion he paid into the public treasury 1200 talents.
There existed a very close intimacy between Timo-
thcus and Plato. (Corn. Nep. , in Vil. -- Mlian, V.
H. , 2, 10. --JEschin. , vol. 1, p. 247, ed. Reiskc. --Ck. ,
Off. , 1, 32. --Id. , de Oral. , 3,34. )
Tinois, the capital of Mauritania Tingitnna, on the
northwestern coast of Africa, and a short distance to
the east of the Ampelusian promontory. It was fa-
bled to have been built by the giant Antaeus. Serto-
rius took it; and as the tomb of the founder was near
the place, he caused it to be opened, and found in it a
skeleton sis cubits long. Some editions of Plutarch
read iffaovra (60) instead of If (6); the latter, how-
ever, is decidedly the true reading. Plutarch copies
here, according to Strabo, the fable of Gabinius re-
specting the stature of Antaeus. --The modern name
of the place is Tangier. (Mela, 1, 5. --Id. , 2, 6. --
Plat. , 5, 1. )
Tiphys, the pilot of the ship of the Argonauts, was
von of Hagnius, or, according to some, of Phorbas.
He died before the Argonauts reached Colchis, at the
court of Lycus, in tho Propontis, and Erginus was
chosen in his place. (Apollod. , 1, 9. --Hygin. , fab. ,
14, 18. )
Tiresias, a celebrated prophet of Thebes, son of
Encres and the nymph Chariclo, of the race of Udssus,
one of the Sparti. (Vid. Sparti. ) Various accounts
aro given as to the cause of his blindness: one as-
cribes it to his having seen Minerva bathing (Phere-
eyd. , ap. Apollod. , 3, 6, 7. -- Callim. , Lav. Pall. , 75,
seqq. ); another to his having divulged to mankind the
secrets of the gods. (ApoUod. , I. c) The Melam-
jiodia related that Tiresias, happening to see two ser-
pents together on Mount Cithaeron, killed the female,
and was suddenly changed into a woman. In this
state he continued for seven years; at the end of
which period, observing two serpents similarly cir-
cumstanced, he killed the male, and thus returned to
his pristine state. On some occasion, Jupiter and Ju-
no fell into a dispute as to which derived more pleas-
ure from the conjugal state, the male or female. Un-
able to settle it to their satisfaction, they agreed to
refer the matter to Tiresias, who had known both
states. His answer was, that of ten parts but one
falls to man. Juno, incensed at this, deprived the
? ? guiltless arbitrator of the power of vision. Jupiter
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? TIT
TIT
jives, probably about the same time with the city of
Mycotic. Strabo reports that, on abandoning their
homes, tho Tirynthians retired to the neighbouring
town of Epidaurus. (Slrai. , 373. ) But Pausanias
affirms that the greater part were removed to Argos.
The last-mentioned writer describes the remains of the
walls of Tiryns as exhibiting a specimen of remarkably
solid masonry. (Compare Dodwell, Tour, vol. 2, p.
iSO. --Gdl, Itin. of the Morea and Argolis. )---Sir W.
Gell (Itin. of Argolis, p. 169) corrects an error of
D'Anville with regard to this place. "A mistake,"
he observes, " occurs on the subject of Tiryns, and a
place named by him Vathia, but of which nothing can
be understood. It is possible that Vat hi, or the pro-
found valley, may be a name sometimes used for the
Valley of Barbilsa, and that the place named Claustra
by D'Anville may be the outlet uf that valley, called
Kleisour, which has a corresponding signification. "
Tirynthia, a name given to Alcmena, as being a
native of Tiryns. (Vid. Tiryna. )
Tisamenus, a son of Orestes and Hcrmione the
daughter of Menelaus, who succeeded on the throne of
Argos and Lacedesmon. The Heraclide entered his
kingdom in the third year of his reign, and he was
obliged to retire with his family into Achaia. He was
some lime after killed in a battle against the Ionians
near Helice. (Apollod. , 2, 7. --Pansan. , 3, 1. )
Tisiphone, one of the Furies. (Vid. Furise. )
Tissaphernes, a satrap of Persia, commander of
pert of the forces of Artaxerxes at the battle of Cu-
r. ana against Cyrus, and the one who first gave infor-
mation to Artaxerxes of the designs of his brother.
He afterward obtained a daughter of Artaxerxes in
marriage, and all the provinces over which Cyrus had
been governor. This was the same Tissaphernes who
seized Alcibiades, and sent him prisoner to Sardis, af-
ter the naval victory which the latter had gained over
the Lacedemonians. Tissaphernes was afterward de-
feated by Agesilaus, upon which the King of Persia
acnt Tithraustes, another satrap, against him, who cut
?
long in the neck, contrary to the Roman usage; walk-
ed erect, with a stiff neck; seldom accosted any one;
and, when he spoke, used a wave of the hand as in
condescension. --The news of the tyrant's death was
received at Rome with popular cries of "Tiberius to
the Tiber! " His body was, however, borne to the
city by the soldiers, and burned with funeral rites. In
his will, Caius, and Tiberius the son of the younger
Drusus, were named as his heirs, with a reversion to
the surviver. (Sucton. . Vit. Tih--Tacit. , Ann. lib.
I, 2. 3, dec. --Ellon's Roman Emperors, p. 47, srqq. )
Tidiscus, now the Tcissc, a river of Dacia, called
also Pathyssus, falling into the Danube, and forming
? ? the western limit of Dacia. (Plin ,4, 12. --Ammian.
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? TIBULLUS.
bil nc part of the land of which Tibullus had bjen
leprived was restored to him, as we find not in his el-
egies a single expression of gratitude or compliment,
from which it might be conjectured that Augustus had
atoned to him for the wrongs of Octavius. It is evi-
dent, however, that he was nut reduced to extreme
want. It might even be inferred, from a distich in one
of his elegies (2, 4), that his chief paternal seat had
Wen preserved to him:
"Quinctiam sales jubcat si ventUre avitas
Jte sub tmperium, sub titulumquc, Lares. "
Horace, too, in a complimentary epistle (1,4), written
long after the partition of the lands, says that the gods
had bestowed on him wealth, and the art of enjoying
ii:
"Di Ubi divitias dcdeiuiU. artemquc fruendi. "
His own idea of the enjoyment of such wealth as he
possessed seems to have been (judging, at least, from
his poems) a rural life of tranquillity and repose, of
which the sole employment should consist in the
peaceful avocations of husbandry, and the leisure
hours should be devoted to the Muses or to pleasure.
His friendship, however, for Messala, and, perhaps,
some hope of improving his moderate and diminished
fortune, induced him to attend that celebrated com-
mander in various military expeditions. It would ap-
pear that he had accompanied him in not less than
three. But the precise periods at which they were
undertaken, and the order in which they succeeded
each other, are subjects involved in much uncertainty
and contradiction. The first was commenced in 719,
against the Sallassi, a fierce and warlike people, who
inhabited the Pennine or Graian Alps, and from their
fastnesses had long bid defiance to every effort made
by a regular army for their subjugation. --His next ex-
pedition with Messala was to Aquitanic Gaul. That
province having revolted in 724, Messala was intrust-
ed with the task of reducing it to obedience; and he
proceeded on this service immediately after the hattle
of Actium. Several sharp actions took place, in which
Tibullus signalized his courage; and the success of
this campaign, if we may believe himself, was in no
small degree attributable to his bravery and exertions.
In the following season, Messala, being intrusted by the
emperor with an extraordinary command in the East,
requested Tibullus to accompany him; and to this
proposal our poet, though, it would appear, with some
reluctance, at length consented. He had not, how-
ever, been long at sea, when his health suffered so
severely that he was obliged to be put on shore at an
island, which Tibullus names by its poetical appella-
tion of Phaeacia, but which was then commonly called
Corcyra, now Corfu. Ho soon recovered from this
dangerous sickness, and, as soon as he was able to
renew his voyage, he joined Mossala, and travelled
with him through Syria, Cilicia, and Egypt. Having
returned to Italy, he again retired to his farm at Pe-
dum, where, though he occasionally visited the capi-
tal, he chiefly resided for the remainder of his life. --
Tibullus was endued with elegant manners and a
handsome person, which involved him in many licen-
tious connexions. But, though devoted to pleasure,
he at the same time drew closer his connexion with
the most learned and polished of his countrymen, as
Valgius, Macer, and Horace. He continued, likewise,
an uninterrupted friendship with Messala, who was now
at the height of his reputation, his home being the re-
sort of the learned, and his patronage the surest pass-
? ? port to the gates of fame. Tibullus' enjoyment of this
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? TIC
TIG
Hence, though his fortune afterward improved, he
had acquired the habit ol viewing obejets as sur-
rounded with a continual gloom; nor does any other
poet so often introduce the dismal images of death.
Even to the most joyous thoughts of Tibullus, some
mournful or plaintive sentiment is generally united,
and his most gay and smiling figures wear chaplets of
cypress on their brows. --It has already been said, that
Tibullus was no imitator of the Greeks, and he is
certainly the most original of the Latin poets. His
elegies were the overflowings of his sorrows, his mis-
tress alone was the Muse that inspired him In the
few instances in which he has followed the Greeks, he
has imitated them with much good taste, and some-
limes even with improvements on the original. --The
elegies of Tibullus are divided into four books. --
These poems are commonly printed along with those
of Catullus and Propertius. Of the editions of Tibul-
lus separately, the best are, that of Brouckhusius,
Amstelod. , 1708, 4to; that of Vulpius, 1'ata. v. , 1749,
4to; that of Heyne, Lips. , 1755-77-98, 8vo; that of
Wunderlich, Lift. , 1817, 8vo; that of Lachmann,
Berol. , 1829,8vo; and that of Dissen, Gotting. , 1835,
2 vols. 8vo. (Dunlop's Roman Lit , vol. 3, p. 283,
seqq. )
Tibur, an ancient town of Latium, northeast of
Rome, on the banks of the Anio. According to Dio-
nysiusof Halicarnassus, it was originally a Uran of the
Siculi, the most ancient inhabitants of Latium: and,
as a proof of this fact, he mentions that the name of
SiceSion was still attached to a portion of the place.
{Dion. Hal. , 1, 16. ) Tibur, however, lays claim to a
more illustrious, though a later origin, having been
founded, according to some authors, by Catillus, an
officer of Evander, while others pretend that this Ca-
tillus was a son of Amphiaraus, who, with his two
brothers, migrated to Italy, and, having conquered the
Siculi, gave to one of their towns the name of Tibur,
from his brother Tiburtus. From this account of So-
I'. iius (c. 8), as well as that of Dionysius, we may col-
. ect "hat Catillus was one of the Pelasgic chiefs, who,
with the assistance of the Aborigines, formed settle-
ments in Italy. --Tibur is one of the places that ap-
pear most frequently to have afforded an asylum to
Unman fugitives. From what period it enjoyed the
rights of a Roman city is not precisely known, but it
was, in all probability, anterior to the civil wars of
Marius and Sylla. The latter, indeed, is said to have
deprived the Tiburtini of these privileges, but they
regained them upon his abdication, and they were
confirmed by the Emperor Claudius. Hercules was
the deity held in the greatest veneration at Tibur;
and his temple, on the foundations of which the pres-
ent cathedral is said to be built, was famous through-
out Italy. (Slrabo, 238. ) Hence the epithet of Her-
culean given by the poets to this city. The modern
name of Tibur is Tivoli. --As regards the Sibyl of Ti-
bur, vid. Albunea. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p.
50 )
Tigurtus, a brother of the founder of Tibur, which
is hence often called Ttburtia Mania. (Vid. Tibur )
He was one of the sons of Amphiaraus. (Vim. , Mn. ,
7, 670. ) V VS. .
Ticinom, a city of Cisalpine Gaul, situate on the
river Ticinus, near its junction with the Padus. It
was founded, according to Pliny (3, 17), by the L<<evi
? nd Marici, but, being placed on the left bank of the
? ? Ticinus, it would, of course, belong to the Insubres;
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? TIO
TIM
. nese conquests after ihe defeat of Mithradatei. Lu-
cullus, the Roman commander, invaded Armenia, and
defeated, near Tigranocerta, the mixed and numerous
army of Tigranes. (Vid. Lucullus ) The peace con-
? luded in the year 03 B. C. left him only Armenia.
,Vtd. Mithradates VII. )
Tioranockrta, the capital of Armenia, built by
Tigranes during the Mithradatic war. It was situate
to the cast of the Tigris, on the river Niccphorius,
and, according to Tacitus, stood on a hill nearly sur-
rounded by the latter river. It was a large, rich, and
powerful city. It was inhabited not only by Orientals,
but slso by many Grecian colonists, and likewise by
captives who had been carried off by Tigranes from
some of the Greek cities of Syria which had been
conquered by him from the Seleucids*. Lucullus,
during the Mithradatic war, took it with difficulty, and
found in it immense riches, and no less than 8,000
talents in ready money. The Roman commander sent
home the greater part of the foreign inhabitants, but
still the city remained, after this, no unimportant place.
The remains of Tigranocerta arc at Seredon the Bitlis-
Son. {Tac, Ann. , 12, 50. --Id. ibid. , 14, 24. --Ptin. ,
9, 9. )
Tigris, a large river of Asia, rising in the mount-
ains of Armenia Major, in the district ofSophene, and
falling into the Euphrates. A rising ground prevents
it from proceeding to the Euphrates in the early part
of its course. A deep ravine in the mountains above
Amiria, or Diarbektr, opens a passage for it, and it
takes its speedy course across a territory which is very
unequal, and has a powerful declivity. Its extreme
rapidity, the natural effect of local circumstances,
has procured for it the name of Tigr in the Median
language, Diglito with the Syrians, Ddkal or Didhi-
lat in Arabic, and Hiddekel in Hebrew; all which
terms denote the flight of an arrow. ( Wahl, Vorder
uid Mittel Asien, 1, p. 710. --Compare Rosenmuller,
x t Gen. , 2, 14. ) Besides this branch, which is best
known to the moderns, Pliny has described to us, in
detail, another, which issues from a chain of mount-
ains, now the mountains of Kurdistan, to the west of
the Arsissa Palus or Lake of Van. It passes by the
Lake Arethusa. Its course being checked by a part
of Mount Taurus, it falls into a subterranean cavern
called Zoroander, and appears again at the bottom of
tbe mountain. The identity of its waters is shown by
the reappearance of light bodies at its issue that havo
been thrown up into it above the place where it en-
*ers the mountains. It passes also by the Lake Thos
pitis, near Arzancne or Erzcn, buries itself again in
subterranean caverns, and reappears at the distance
of twenty-five miles below, near Nymphicum. This
branch joins the western Tigris. As the Tigris and
Euphrates approach, the intermediate land loses its
elevation, and is occupied by meadows and morasses.
Several artificial communications, perhaps two or three
of which are natural, form a prelude to the approach-
ing junction of the rivers, which finally takes place
near the modern Kama. The river formed by their
junction was called Pasitigris, now Shat-cl-Arab, or
the river of Arabia. It has three principal mouths,
besides a small outlet: these occupy a space of'thirty-
six miles. For farther particulars, vid. Euphrates.
The Tigris, though a far less noble si ream than the
Euphrates, is one of the most celebrated rivers in his-
tory, and many famous cities, at various periods, have
? ? decorated its banks: among these may be mentioned
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? T ! fc-
Humble employment, he set up as t. teacher of rheto-
ric, and met with brilliant success. His society was
much sought after on account of his agreeable manners
? nd intellectual qualities; but his passion for uttering
IHHIX mots ruined all his prospects. Augustus, it seeins,
nad appointed him his historiographer, and extended
his favour to him in a marked degree, until, offended
by a nitty speech of Timagenes, he forbade him his
presence. In the resentment of the moment, Timag-
enes burned the history which he had composed of the
leign of Augustus, and retired to Tusculum, where he
enjoyed the patronage and protection of Asinius Pol-
lio. In this retreat he wrote a History of Alexander
and his successors, entitled ncpl paoMuv (" Of
Kings"). This work formed one of the principal
sources whence Quiiitus Curtius drew the materials
of his historical romance. Timagenes, after this, fixed
his residence at the very extremity of the empire, in
Drapanum, a city of Osrhoene, where he ended his
days. It is on account of his residence in this part of
the East that some authors give him the epithet of
"the Syrian. " Besides his History of Alexander,
Timagenes also published a work on the Gauls, which
is cited by Ammianus Marcellinus and Plutarch.
(Bonamy, Recherckes sur I'kiatoricn Timagent. --
Mem. de I'Acad. dcs Inscr. , &c. , vol. 13, p. 35. )
Vossius distinguishes between Timagenes the Alexan-
dreen and f imageries the Syrian, but in this he is
wrong. (Sc/ioll, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 4, p. 75. )
TIMANTHES, I. a painter, said by Eustalhius (ml 11. ,
34,163) to have been a native of Sicyon, but by Quin-
tilian (2, 13). of Cylhnus. He was a contemporary
of Zeuxis and Parrhasius (Plin. , 35, 9, 36), and must,
consequently, have lived about Olymp 96. The most
important passage relating to him is in Pliny (35, 10,
36). --Timantlies has not been so much brought for-
ward in the annals of art as Zeuxis and Parrhasius;
but, as far as we have means given us of judging, he
was, at least, inferior to neither in genius. He seems
ID have thrown a large share of intellect and thought
'j;to his productions.
He appears to have been une-
qualled both in ingenuity and feeling, of which we
have some remarkable examples. One of these was
displayed in the picture on the noble subject of the
sacrifice of Iphigenia, in which he represented the
tender and beautiful virgin standing before the altar
awaiting her doom, and surrounded by her afflicted
relatives. All these last he depicted as moved by va-
rious degrees of sorrow, and grief seemed to have
reached its utmost expression in the face of Mcnelaus;
out that of Agamemnon was left; and the painter,
heightening the interest of the piece by a forbearance
of judgment, often erroneously regarded as a confess-
ion of the inadequacy of his art, covered the head of
the father with bis mantle, and left his agony to the
imagination of the spectators. --In Fuseli's Lecture on
Ancient Art, this painting of Timanthes is made the
subject of a full and very able criticism, in the course
of which he dissents expressly from the opinion of Sir
Joshua Reynolds, who agreed with M. Falconet in re-
garding the circumstance of the mantle-enveloped face
of Agamemnon as little better than a mere trick on
(he part of the artist. The remarks of Fuselt, in
? nswer to this and similar animadversions, are worthy
of being quoted: "Neither the French nor the Eng-
lish critic appears to me to have comprehended the
real motive of Timanthes; they ascribe to impotence
what was the forbearance of judgment. Timanthes
? ? felt like a father; he did not hide the face of Aga-
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? TIMOLEON
TIM
sy the aid of a mercenary force, made himself tyrant of
Corinth, Timoleon, after vain remonstrance, came to
him with a kinsman of his brother to the wife of Ti-
mophanes, ond a friend named Theopompus, and, cov-
ering his own face, stood by while the others slew him.
When the Syracusan ambassadors arrived to seek aid
from Corinth against their tyrants, the deed was recent,
and alt Corinth was in a ferment; some extolling Ti-
moleon as the most magnanimous of patriots, others
execrating him as a fratricide. The request of the
Syracusans offered to the Corinthians the means of
calming their dissensions by the removal of the ob-
noxious individual, and to Timoleon a held of honour-
ible action, in which he might escape from the misgiv-
ings of his own mind and the reproaches of his moth-
er, who never forgave him. Timoleon proceeded to
Sicily with a small band of mercenaries, principally
raised by his own credit. On arriving he received
considerable re-enforcements, and soon gained a foot-
ing in Syracuse. The greater part of the city had al-
ready been taken by Hicetes from Dionysius, and the
whole was divided between three parties, each hostile
to both the others. Timoleon was, in the end, success-
ful. Hicetes withdrew to Leontini, and Dionysius
surrendered, himself and his friends retiring to Cor-
inth; while two thousand mercenaries of the garrison
engaged in the service of Timoleon. This final ex-
pulsion of Dionysius took place fifty years after the rise
of his father, and four years after the landing of Ti-
moleon in Sicily (B. C. 343). Timoleon remained mas-
ter of a city, the largest of all in the Grecian settle-
ments; but almost a desert, through the multitudes
slain or driven into banishment in successive revolu-
tions. So great, it is said, was the desolation, that
the horses of the cavalry grazed in the market-place,
while the grooms slept at their ease on the luxuriant
herbage. The winter was passed in assigning desert-
ed lands and houses is a provision to the few remain-
ing Syracusans of the Corinthian party and to the mer-
cenaries instead of pay, which the general had not to
give. In winter, when Grecian warfare was slackened
or interrupted, the possession of good houses would
doubtless be gratifying; but to men unused to peace-
ful labour, lands without slaves and cattle were of lit-
tle worth; and it was necessary, in the spring, to find
them some profitable employment. Unable sufficient-
ly to supply the wants of his soldiers from any Gre-
cian enemy, Timoleon sent one thousand men into the
territory belonging to Carthage, and gathered thence
abundance of spoil. The measure may seem rash,
but he probably knew that an invasion was preparing,
and that quiescence would not avert the storm, while
? rich booty would make his soldiers meet it better.
The Carthaginians landed in Sicily. Their force is
stated at seventy thousand foot and ten thousand horse;
while Timoleon could only muster three thousand
Syracusans and nine thousand mercenaries. Never-
theless, he advanced to meet them in their own pos-
sessions ; and, by the union of admirable conduct with
singular good fortune, won a glorious victory, which
was soon followed by an honourable peace. Timoleon,
professing to be tho liberator of Sicily, next directed
his arms against the various chiefs or tyrants who held
dominion in the towns. In this he may probably have
teen actuated by a sincere hatred of such governments;
nut he frequently seems to have little consulted the
wishes of the people, whoso deliverer he declared him-
? ? self. Most of the smaller chiefs withdrew; the more
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? TIMON.
nl the public professors in the school of Pyrrho. The
fragmiinls of Timon were edited, in 1820, by \V6lke,
Varaav. , 8vo, and in 1821, by Paul, Berol. , 8vo. --II.
Surnamcd the ifinnthrope, was a native of the bor-
ough of Colyttus in Attica, and remarkable for the
whimsical severity of his temper, and his hatred of
mankind. Born some time before the commencement
of the Peloponnesian war, it is possible that the vices
and crimes of which he was an eyewitness during this
period of trouble may have contributed to the develop-
ment of that morose spirit which procured for him the
turname by which he is always known. It appears
from the ancient writers, and indireclly from the testi-
mony of Plato himself (Phadon, p. 67, ed. 1602), tint
this hatred towards his fellow-men was originally exci-
ted by the false and ungrateful conduct of others. He
lavished upon those around him a large fortune in
presents and in services of alt kinds, and, when his
wealth was all expended, he found that he hid lost not
only his property, but his friends. Misanthropy thru
tucceeded to unbounded liberality; and, stunning the
<<ociety of his fellow-men, and retiring to a small spot
of ground in the suburbs, he gave himself up to the
workings of an irritated and deeply disappointed spirit;
or, if ever he did mix on any occasion with the busy
world at Athens, it was only to applaud, with cruel
irony, the errors and follies of his fellow-citizens.
Cold and repulsive to all others, he appeared to take
a lively interest in the young Alcibiades; but it was
only because he saw in him the future author of evil
to his country. He even publicly declared the mo-
tives that prompted him to this singular attachment;
for, happening one day to meet Alcibiades returning
from the place of assembly, accompanied by a large
concourse, in place of turning away and avoiding him
as he avoided others, he came directly up, and, grasp-
ing his hand, exclaimed, '? Go on, my son; you do
well to augment your own power, for you are only
augmenting it to the lasting injury of these. " One
account says that Timon, having subsequently become
possessed of a new fortune, probably by agriculture,
changed to a complete miser, and shut himself up, to-
gether with hia riches, in a kind of tower, which was
called, for a long time afterward, the lower of Timon.
This tradition is not, it is true, very consistent with the
rank which Pliny ( 7,19) assigns him among the "<<uc-
tores maxima sapicntia," nor with the apophthegm
ascribed to him by Siobajus (Serm. , 7, p. 107), that
'? cupidity and avarice are the cause of all human ills;"
but. nothing ought to surprise us in so whimsical a
character; and besides, if in the folly of avarice we
<<ee nothing of the sage, we certainly see enough of
ihe misanthrope. The end of Timon was worthy of
his life. Having broken a limb by a fall, and having,
in his aversion fur his fellow-men, refused all assist-
ance, a gangrene set in and he died. But this was
not all. Nature herself seems to have seconded the
intentions of T. itnon, by separating him, even after
death, from the habitable world ; for his tomb having
teen erected near the seashore, the ground around it
was gradually covered by the water, and the spot thus
rt'tidrri'd inaccessible. The character of Timon is
made a frequent subject for epigrams in the Greek
Anthology, and many sayings of his are quoted by the
ancient writers. The <we tallowing are the best:
Timon, after having renounced the society of his fel-
low-men, still kept up a kind of intimacy with another
misanthrope named Apimantus. During a repast in
? ? which they were celebrating the second day of the
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? TI it
particularly in playing on the flute; and his perform-
ance is saiJ to have animated the monarch in so pow-
erful a degree, that he started up and seized his arms;
an incident which Dryden has so beautifully intro-
duced into English poetry. (Burette,Recherche; e\e.
-- Weiss, Biogr. Univ. , vol. 46, p. 93. )--III. An Athe-
nian commander, son of Conon, inherited the valour
and abilities of his father. In 375 B. C. he gained a
signal victory over the Lacedaemonian fleet off Cor-
cyra, and made himself master of this island. Then
Greeting his course towards Thrace, he took several
important cities in this quarter, and afterward deliv-
ered Cyzicus from the foe. He subsequently shared
the command of the fleet with Iphicrates. The latter,
having wished to attack the enemy during a violent
U-mpest, and not obtaining the consent of Timothcus
to so hazardous a step, caused him to be brought to
trial at Athens. Timothcus was condemned to pay
a fine of 100 talents; but, being unable to raise so
large a sum, he retired to Chalcis, where he ended his
Jays. His disinterestedness equalled his courage and
military talents. He never appropriated to himself
any portion of the booty taken from the foe. On one
occasion he paid into the public treasury 1200 talents.
There existed a very close intimacy between Timo-
thcus and Plato. (Corn. Nep. , in Vil. -- Mlian, V.
H. , 2, 10. --JEschin. , vol. 1, p. 247, ed. Reiskc. --Ck. ,
Off. , 1, 32. --Id. , de Oral. , 3,34. )
Tinois, the capital of Mauritania Tingitnna, on the
northwestern coast of Africa, and a short distance to
the east of the Ampelusian promontory. It was fa-
bled to have been built by the giant Antaeus. Serto-
rius took it; and as the tomb of the founder was near
the place, he caused it to be opened, and found in it a
skeleton sis cubits long. Some editions of Plutarch
read iffaovra (60) instead of If (6); the latter, how-
ever, is decidedly the true reading. Plutarch copies
here, according to Strabo, the fable of Gabinius re-
specting the stature of Antaeus. --The modern name
of the place is Tangier. (Mela, 1, 5. --Id. , 2, 6. --
Plat. , 5, 1. )
Tiphys, the pilot of the ship of the Argonauts, was
von of Hagnius, or, according to some, of Phorbas.
He died before the Argonauts reached Colchis, at the
court of Lycus, in tho Propontis, and Erginus was
chosen in his place. (Apollod. , 1, 9. --Hygin. , fab. ,
14, 18. )
Tiresias, a celebrated prophet of Thebes, son of
Encres and the nymph Chariclo, of the race of Udssus,
one of the Sparti. (Vid. Sparti. ) Various accounts
aro given as to the cause of his blindness: one as-
cribes it to his having seen Minerva bathing (Phere-
eyd. , ap. Apollod. , 3, 6, 7. -- Callim. , Lav. Pall. , 75,
seqq. ); another to his having divulged to mankind the
secrets of the gods. (ApoUod. , I. c) The Melam-
jiodia related that Tiresias, happening to see two ser-
pents together on Mount Cithaeron, killed the female,
and was suddenly changed into a woman. In this
state he continued for seven years; at the end of
which period, observing two serpents similarly cir-
cumstanced, he killed the male, and thus returned to
his pristine state. On some occasion, Jupiter and Ju-
no fell into a dispute as to which derived more pleas-
ure from the conjugal state, the male or female. Un-
able to settle it to their satisfaction, they agreed to
refer the matter to Tiresias, who had known both
states. His answer was, that of ten parts but one
falls to man. Juno, incensed at this, deprived the
? ? guiltless arbitrator of the power of vision. Jupiter
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? TIT
TIT
jives, probably about the same time with the city of
Mycotic. Strabo reports that, on abandoning their
homes, tho Tirynthians retired to the neighbouring
town of Epidaurus. (Slrai. , 373. ) But Pausanias
affirms that the greater part were removed to Argos.
The last-mentioned writer describes the remains of the
walls of Tiryns as exhibiting a specimen of remarkably
solid masonry. (Compare Dodwell, Tour, vol. 2, p.
iSO. --Gdl, Itin. of the Morea and Argolis. )---Sir W.
Gell (Itin. of Argolis, p. 169) corrects an error of
D'Anville with regard to this place. "A mistake,"
he observes, " occurs on the subject of Tiryns, and a
place named by him Vathia, but of which nothing can
be understood. It is possible that Vat hi, or the pro-
found valley, may be a name sometimes used for the
Valley of Barbilsa, and that the place named Claustra
by D'Anville may be the outlet uf that valley, called
Kleisour, which has a corresponding signification. "
Tirynthia, a name given to Alcmena, as being a
native of Tiryns. (Vid. Tiryna. )
Tisamenus, a son of Orestes and Hcrmione the
daughter of Menelaus, who succeeded on the throne of
Argos and Lacedesmon. The Heraclide entered his
kingdom in the third year of his reign, and he was
obliged to retire with his family into Achaia. He was
some lime after killed in a battle against the Ionians
near Helice. (Apollod. , 2, 7. --Pansan. , 3, 1. )
Tisiphone, one of the Furies. (Vid. Furise. )
Tissaphernes, a satrap of Persia, commander of
pert of the forces of Artaxerxes at the battle of Cu-
r. ana against Cyrus, and the one who first gave infor-
mation to Artaxerxes of the designs of his brother.
He afterward obtained a daughter of Artaxerxes in
marriage, and all the provinces over which Cyrus had
been governor. This was the same Tissaphernes who
seized Alcibiades, and sent him prisoner to Sardis, af-
ter the naval victory which the latter had gained over
the Lacedemonians. Tissaphernes was afterward de-
feated by Agesilaus, upon which the King of Persia
acnt Tithraustes, another satrap, against him, who cut
?
