93) extends through the carried him northwards to the Tuus, * probably
reigns of the nine emperors from Caligula to Domi- the Solway Frith; and the fourth (A.
reigns of the nine emperors from Caligula to Domi- the Solway Frith; and the fourth (A.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
14.
& 2;
apparently in the sense of helpers in struggles and Paus. i. 2. & 5. )
contests. (Comp. Eustath. ad Il. p. 1335. ) But 2. A daughter of Cecrops and Agraulos, and
Agonius is more especially used as a surname of mother of Alcippe by Ares. This Agraulos is
Hermes, who presides over all kinds of solemn an important personage in the stories of Attica,
contests. ('Aywves, Paus v. 14. § 7; Pind. Olymp. and there were three different legends about her.
vi. 133, with the Schol. ).
(L. S. ) 1. According to Pausanias (i. 18. & 2) and Hyginus
AGORA CRITUS ('Ayopárpitos), a famous (Fab. 166), Athena gave to her and her sisters
statuary and sculptor, born in the island of Paros, Erichthonius in a chest, with the express command
who flourished from about Ol. 85 to Ol. 88. (Plin. not to open it. But Agraulos and Herse could
H. N. xxxvi. 5. 6. 4. ). He was the favourite not control their curiosity, and opened it; where-
pupil of Phidias (Paus. ix. 34. & 1), who is even upon they were seized with madness at the sight
said by Pliny to have inscribed some of his of Erichthonius, and threw themselves from the
own works with the name of his disciple. Only steep rock of the Acropolis, or according to Hyginus
four of his productions are mentioned, viz. a statue into the sea 2. According to Ovid (Met. ü. 710,
of Zeus and one of the Itonian Athene in the &c. ), Agraulos and her sister survived their open-
temple of that goddess at Athens (Paus. l. c. ); a ing the chest, and the former, who had instigated
statue, probably of Cybele, in the temple of the her sister to open it, was punished in this manner.
Great Goddess at Athens (Plin. l. c. ); and the Hermes came to Athens during the celebration of
Rhamnusian Nemesis. Respecting this last work the Panathenaea, and fell in love with Herse.
there has been a great deal of discussion. The Athena made Agraulos so jealous of her sister, that
account which Pliny gives of it is, that Agoracritus she even attempted to prevent the god entering
contended with Alcamenes (another distinguished the house of Herse. But, indignant at such pre-
disciple of Phidias) in making a statue of Venus ; sumption, he changed Agraulos into a stone.
and that the Athenians, through an undue par- 3. The third legend represents Agraulos in a
tiality towards their countryman, awarded the totally different light. Athens was at one time
victory to Alcamenes. Agoracritus, indignant at involved in a long-protracted war, and an oracle
his defeat, made some slight alterations so as to declared that it would cease, if some one would
change his Venus into a Nemesis, and sold it to sacrifice himself for the good of his country.
the people of Rhamnus, on condition that it should Agraulos came forward and threw herself down
not be set up in Athens. Pausanias (i. 33. § 2), the Acropolis. The Athenians, in gratitude for
without saying a word about Agoracritus, says this, built her a temple on the Acropolis, in which
that the Rhamnusian Nenesis was the work of it subsequently became customary for the young
Phidias, and was made out of the block of Parian Athenians, on receiving their first suit of armour,
marble which the Persians under Datis and to take an oath that they would always defend
Artaphemes brought with them for the purpose of their country to the last. (Suid. and Hesych. s. o.
setting up a trophy. (See Theætetus and Parme 'Aypavlos ; Ulpian, aul Demosth. de fals. leg. ; He-
nio, Anthol. Gr. Planud. iv. 12, 221, 222. ) This rod. viii. 53; Plut. Alcib. 15; Philochorus, Fragm.
account however has been rejected as involving p. 18, ed. Siebelis. ) One of the Attic δημοι
a confusion of the ideas connected by the Greeks (Agraule) derived its name from this heroine, and
with the goddess Nemesis. The statue moreover a festival and mysteries were celebrated at Athens
was not of Parian, but of Pentelic marble. (Un in honour of her. (Steph. Byz. s. o. 'Aypavas;
edited Antiquities of Attica, p. 43. ) Strabo (ix. Lobeck, Aglaoph. p. 89; Dict. of Ant. p. 30, a)
p. 396), Tzetzes (Chiliad. vii
. 154), Suidas and According to Porphyry (De Abstin. ab animal. i. 2),
Photius give other variations in speaking of this she was also worshipped in Cyprus, where human
statue. It seems generally agreed that Pliny's sacrifices were offered to her down to a very late
account of the matter is right in the main ; and time.
;
(L. S. ]
there have been various dissertations on the way AGRESPHON ('Aypéopwv), a Greek gram-
in which a statue of Venus could have been marian mentioned by Suidas. (s. v. 'ATOlarios. )
changed into one of Nemesis. (Winckelmann, He wrote a work ſlepi 'Ouwvýuar (concerning per-
Sämmtliche Werke von J. Eiselein, vol. v. p. 364 ; sons of the same name). He cannot have lived
Zoëga, Abhandlungen, pp. 56–62; K. O. Müller, earlier than the reign of Hadrian, as in his work
Arch. d. Kunst, p. 102. )
[C. P. M. ) he spoke of an Apollonius who lived in the time of
AGORAEA and AGORAEUS ('Ayopala and that emperor.
(C. P. M. ]
Ayopaſos), are epithets given to several divinities AGREUS ('Aypeós), a hunter, occurs as a sur-
who were considered as the protectors of the as- name of Pan and Aristaeus. (Pind. Pyth, ix. 115;
Bemblies of the people in the dropé, such as Zeus Apollon. Rhod. iii. 507; Diod. iv. 81; Hesych. s. 0. ;
(Paus. ij. li. Š 8, v. 15. § 3), Athena (iii. 11. Salmas. ad Solin. p. 81. )
[L. S. )
§ 8), Artemis (v. 15. § 3), and Hermes. (i. 15. AGRI'COLA, GNAEUS JULIUS, is one of
§ 1, ii. 9. & 7, ix. 17. & 1. ) As Hermes was the the most remarkable men whom we meet with in
god of commerce, this surname seems to have re- the times of the first twelve emperors of Rome, for
ference to the dyopá as the market-place. (L. S. ] his extraordinary ability as a general, his great
AGRAEUS ('Aypaios), the hunter, a surname powers, shewn in his government of Britain,
of Apollo. After he had killed the lion of Cithae- and borne witness to by the deep and universal
ron, a temple was erected to him by Alcathous at feeling excited in Rome by his death (Tac. Agric.
Megara under the name of Apollo Agraeus. (Paus. 43), his singular integrity, and the esteem and
i. 41. & 4 ; Eustath. ad I. p. 361. ) (L. S. ) love which he commanded in all the private rela-
AGŘAULOS or AGRAULE ("Aypavaos' or tions of life.
'Appavan). 1. A daughter of Actaeus, the first His life of 55 years (from June 13th, A. N. 37,
## p. 76 (#96) ##############################################
76
AGRICOLA.
AGRIPPA.
1
1
1
1
1
to the 23rd August, A. D.
93) extends through the carried him northwards to the Tuus, * probably
reigns of the nine emperors from Caligula to Domi- the Solway Frith; and the fourth (A. D. 81) was
tian. He was bom at the Roman colony of Forum taken up in fortifying and taking possession of
Julii, the modern Fréjus in Provence. His father this tract, and advancing as far north as the Friths
was Julius Graecinus of senatorian rank ; his mo- of Clyde and Forth. In the fifth campaign (A. D.
ther Julia Procilla, who throughout his education 82), he was engaged in subduing the tribes on
Beems to have watched with great care and to the promontory opposite Ireland. In the sixth
have exerted great influence over him. He studied (A. D. 83), he explored with his feet and land
philosophy (the usual education of a Roman of forces the coast of Fife and Forfar, coming now
higher rank) from his earliest youth at Marseilles. for the first time into contact with the true Caledo-
His first military service was under Suetonius nians. They made a night attack on his camp
Paulinus in Britain (a. D. 60), in the relation of (believed to be at Loch Ore, where ditches and
Contubernalis. (See Dict. of Ant. p. 284, a. ) Hence other traces of a Roman camp are still to be seen).
he returned to Rome, was married to Domitia and succeeded in nearly destroying the ninth legion;
Decidiana, and went the round of the magistracies; but in the general battle, which followed, they
the quaestorship in Asia (A. D. 63), under the pro- were repulsed. The seventh and last campaign (A. D.
consul Salvius Titianus, where his integrity was 84) gave Agricola complete and entire possession
shewn by his refusal to join the proconsul in the of the country, up to the northemmost point
ordinary system of extortion in the Roman pro- which he had reached, by a most decided victory
vinces ; the tribunate and the praetorship,- in over the assembled Caledonians under their general
Nero's time mere nominal offices, filled with dan-Galgacus (as it is believed, from the Roman and
ger to the man who held them, in which a prudent British remains found there, and from the two
inactivity was the only safe course. By Galba tumuli or sepulchral caims) on the moor of Murdoch
(A. D. 69) he was appointed to examine the sacred at the foot of the Grampian hills. In this campaign
property of the temples, that Nero's system of his fleet sailed northwards from the coast of Fife
robbery (Sueton. Ner. 32) might be stopped. In round Britain to the Trutulensian harbour (sup
the same year he lost his mother; it was in re posed to be Sandwich), thus for the first time dis-
turning from her funeral in Liguria, that he heard covering Britain to be an island. He withdrew
of Vespasian's accession, and immediately joined his army into winter quarters, and soon after (A. D.
his party. Under Vespasian his first service was 84) was recalled by the jealous Domitian.
the command of the 20th legion in Britain. (A. D. On his return to Rome, he lived in retirement,
70. ) On his return, he was raised by the emperor and when the government either of Asia or Africa
to the rank of patrician, and set over the province would bare fallen to him, he considered it more
of Aquitania, which be held for three years. (A. D. prudent to decline the honour. He died A. D. 93;
74-76. ) He was recalled to Rome to be elected his death was, as his biographer plainly hints,
consul (A. D. 77), and Britain, the great scene of either immediately caused or certainly hastened
his power, was given to him, by general consent, by the emissaries of the emperor, who could not
as his province.
bear the presence of a man pointed out by univer-
In this year he betrothed his daughter to the sal feeling as alone_fit to meet the exigency of
historian Tacitus; in the following he gave her to times in which the Roman arms had suffered re-
him in marriage, and was made governor of Britain, peated reverses in Germany and the countries
and one of the college of pontiffs.
north of the Danube. Dion Cassius (lxvi. 20) says
Agricola was the twelfth Roman general who expressly, that he was killed by Domitian.
had been in Britain ; he was the only one who In this account we can do no more than refer to
completely effected the work of subjugation to the the beautiful and interesting description given by
Romans, not more by his consummate military Tacitus (Agric. 39—46) of his life during his re-
skill, than by his masterly policy in reconciling the tirement from office, his death, his person, and his
Britons to that yoke which hitherto they had so character, which though it had no field of action at
ill borne. He taught them the arts and luxuries of home in that dreary time, she wed itself during the
civilised life, to settle in towns, to build comfort- seven years in which it was unfettered in Britain,
able dwelling-houses and temples. He established as great and wise and good. (Tacitus, Agricola. )
a system of education for the sons of the British There is an epigram of Antiphilus in the Greek
chiefs, amongst whom at last the Roman language Anthology (Anth. Brunck. ii. 180) upon an Agri-
was spoken, and the Roman toga worn as a cola, which is commonly supposed to refer to the
fashionable dress.
celebrated one of this name. (C. T. A. ]
He was full seven years in Britain, from the AGRIO'NIUS ("Aypiavios), a surname of
year A. D. 78 to A. D. 84. The last conquest of his Dionysus, under which he was worshipped at
predecessor Julius Frontinus had been that of the Orchomenus in Boeotia, and from which his festi-
Silures (South Wales); and the last action of val Agrionia in that place derived its name. (Dict.
Agricola’s command was the action at the foot of of Ant. p. 30; Müller, Orchom. p. 166, &c. ) [L. S. ]
the Grampian bills, which put him in possession of AGRI'OPAS, a writer spoken of by Pliny. (H.
the whole Britain as far north as the northern N. viii. 22, where some of the MSS. have Acopas
boundary of Perth and Argyle. His first campaign or Copas. ) He was the author of an account of the
(A. D. 78) was occupied in the reconquest of Mona Olympic victors.
(C. P. M. ]
(Anglesea), and the Ordovices (North Wales), the AGRIPPA, an ancient name among the Ro
strongholds of the Druids; and the remainder of mans, was first used as a praenomen, and after-
this year, with the next, was given to making the wards as a cognomen. It frequently occurs as a
before-mentioned arrangements for the security of
the Roman dominion in the already conquered * As to whether the Taus was the Solway Frith
parts of Britain. The third campaign (A. D. 80) or the Frith of Tay, see Chalmers' Caledonia.
1
1
1
>
1
## p. 77 (#97) ##############################################
AGRIPPA.
77
AGRIPPA.
'cognomen in the early times of the empire, but not AGRIPPA, HERO'DES I. ('Hpácns 'Aypirmas),
under the republic. One of the mythical kings of called by Josephus (Ant. Jud. xvii
. 2. § 2),
Alba is called by this name. (Liv. i. 3. ) Ac- “ Agrippa the Great," was the son of Aristobulus
cording to Aulus Gellius (xvi. 16), Pliny (H. N. and Berenice, and grandson of Herod the Great.
vii. 6. s. 8), and Solinus (1), the word signifies a Shortly before the death of his grandfather, he
birth, at which the child is presented with its feet came to Roine, where he was educnted with the
foremost ; but their derivation of it from aegre par future emperor Claudius, and Drusus the son of
tus or pes is absurd enough. (Comp. Sen. Oed. 813. ) Tiberius. He squandered his property in giving
AGRIPPA ('Ayplanas), a sceptical philosopher, sumptuous entertainments to gratify his princely
only known to have lived later than Aenesidemus, friends, and in bestowing largesses on the freed-
the conteni porary of Cicero, from whom he is said men of the emperor, and became so deeply involved
to have been the fifth in descent. He is quoted in debt, that he was compelled to fly from Rome,
by Diogenes Laertius, who probably wrote about and betook himself to a fortress at Malatha in
the time of M. Antoninus. The "five grounds of Idumaea. Through the mediation of his wife
doubt” (or névte TPÓTO), which are given by Cypros, with his sister Herodias, the wife of He-
Sextus Empiricus as a summary of the later scepti- rodes Antipas, he was allowed to take up his
cism, are ascribed by Diogenes Laertius (ix. 88) to abode at Tiberias, and received the rank of aedile
Agrippa.
in that city, with a small yearly income. But hav-
1. The first of these argues from the uncertainty ing quarrelled with his brother-in-law, he fled to
of the rules of common life, and of the opinions of Flaccus, the proconsul of Syria. Soon afterwards
philosophers. II. The second from the “ rejectio he was convicted, through the information of his
ad infinitum :" all proof requires some further brother Aristobulus, of having received a bribe
proof, and so on to infinity. III. All things are from the Damascenes, who wished to purchase his
changed as their relations become changed, or, as influence with the proconsul, and was again com-
we look upon them in different points of view. pelled to fly. He was arrested as he was about to
IV. The truth asserted is merely an hypothesis or, sail for Italy, for a sum of money which he owed
V. involves a vicious circle. (Sextus Empiricus, to the treasury of Caesar, but made his escape, and
Pyrrhon. Hypot. i. 15. )
reached Alexandria, where his wife succeeded in
With reference to these Tévte Tpbrol it need procuring a supply of money from Alexander the
only be remarked, that the first and third are a Alabarch. He then set sail, and landed at Puteoli.
short summary of the ten original grounds of doubt He was favourably received by Tiberius, who en-
which were the basis of the earlier scepticism. trusted him with the education of his grandson
(PYRRHON. ] The three additional ones shew a Tiberius. He also formed an intimacy with Cajus
progress in the sceptical system, and a transition Caligula. Having one day incautiously expressed
from the common objections derived from the falli- a wish that the latter might soon succeed to the
bility of sense and opinion, to more abstract and throne, his words were reported by his freedman
metaphysical grounds of doubt. They seem to Eutychus to Tiberius, who forth with threw him
mark a new attempt to systematize the sceptical into prison. Caligula, on his accession (A. D. 37),
philosophy and adapt it to the spirit of a later age. set him at liberty, and gave him the tetrarchies of
(Ritter, Geschichte der Philosophie, xii. 4. ) [B. J. ) Lysanias (Abilene) and Philippus (Batanaen,
AGRIPPA, M. ASI'NIUS, consul A. D. 25, Trachonitis, and Auranitis). He also presented
died a. D. 26, was descended from a family more him with a golden chain of equal weight with the
illustrious than ancient, and did not disgrace it by iron one which he had worn in prison. In the
his mode of life. (Tac. Ann. iv. 34, 61. ) following year Agrippa took possession of his king-
AGRIPPA CASTOR ('Ayplinas Kdotwp), dom, and after the banishment of Herodes Antipas,
about A. D. 135, praised as a historian by Euse- the tetrarchy of the latter was added to his domi-
bius, and for his learning by St Jerome (de Viris nione
Ilustr. c. 21), lived in the reign of Hadrian. He On the death of Caligula, Agrippa, who was at
wrote against the twenty-four books of the Alex- the time in Rome, materially assisted Claudius in
andrian Gnostic Basilides, on the Gospel. Quota gaining possession of the empire. As a reward for
tions are made from his work by Eusebius. (Hist. his services, Judaea and Samaria were annexed to
Eccles. iv. 7 ; see Gallandi's Bibliotheca Patrum, his dominions, which were now even more exten-
vol. i. p. 330. )
(A. J. C. ] sive than those of Herod the Great. He was also
AGRIPPA, FONTEIUS. 1. One of the ac- invested with the consular dignity, and a leagne
cusers of Libo, A. D. 16, is again mentioned in was publicly made with him by Claudius in the
A. D.
apparently in the sense of helpers in struggles and Paus. i. 2. & 5. )
contests. (Comp. Eustath. ad Il. p. 1335. ) But 2. A daughter of Cecrops and Agraulos, and
Agonius is more especially used as a surname of mother of Alcippe by Ares. This Agraulos is
Hermes, who presides over all kinds of solemn an important personage in the stories of Attica,
contests. ('Aywves, Paus v. 14. § 7; Pind. Olymp. and there were three different legends about her.
vi. 133, with the Schol. ).
(L. S. ) 1. According to Pausanias (i. 18. & 2) and Hyginus
AGORA CRITUS ('Ayopárpitos), a famous (Fab. 166), Athena gave to her and her sisters
statuary and sculptor, born in the island of Paros, Erichthonius in a chest, with the express command
who flourished from about Ol. 85 to Ol. 88. (Plin. not to open it. But Agraulos and Herse could
H. N. xxxvi. 5. 6. 4. ). He was the favourite not control their curiosity, and opened it; where-
pupil of Phidias (Paus. ix. 34. & 1), who is even upon they were seized with madness at the sight
said by Pliny to have inscribed some of his of Erichthonius, and threw themselves from the
own works with the name of his disciple. Only steep rock of the Acropolis, or according to Hyginus
four of his productions are mentioned, viz. a statue into the sea 2. According to Ovid (Met. ü. 710,
of Zeus and one of the Itonian Athene in the &c. ), Agraulos and her sister survived their open-
temple of that goddess at Athens (Paus. l. c. ); a ing the chest, and the former, who had instigated
statue, probably of Cybele, in the temple of the her sister to open it, was punished in this manner.
Great Goddess at Athens (Plin. l. c. ); and the Hermes came to Athens during the celebration of
Rhamnusian Nemesis. Respecting this last work the Panathenaea, and fell in love with Herse.
there has been a great deal of discussion. The Athena made Agraulos so jealous of her sister, that
account which Pliny gives of it is, that Agoracritus she even attempted to prevent the god entering
contended with Alcamenes (another distinguished the house of Herse. But, indignant at such pre-
disciple of Phidias) in making a statue of Venus ; sumption, he changed Agraulos into a stone.
and that the Athenians, through an undue par- 3. The third legend represents Agraulos in a
tiality towards their countryman, awarded the totally different light. Athens was at one time
victory to Alcamenes. Agoracritus, indignant at involved in a long-protracted war, and an oracle
his defeat, made some slight alterations so as to declared that it would cease, if some one would
change his Venus into a Nemesis, and sold it to sacrifice himself for the good of his country.
the people of Rhamnus, on condition that it should Agraulos came forward and threw herself down
not be set up in Athens. Pausanias (i. 33. § 2), the Acropolis. The Athenians, in gratitude for
without saying a word about Agoracritus, says this, built her a temple on the Acropolis, in which
that the Rhamnusian Nenesis was the work of it subsequently became customary for the young
Phidias, and was made out of the block of Parian Athenians, on receiving their first suit of armour,
marble which the Persians under Datis and to take an oath that they would always defend
Artaphemes brought with them for the purpose of their country to the last. (Suid. and Hesych. s. o.
setting up a trophy. (See Theætetus and Parme 'Aypavlos ; Ulpian, aul Demosth. de fals. leg. ; He-
nio, Anthol. Gr. Planud. iv. 12, 221, 222. ) This rod. viii. 53; Plut. Alcib. 15; Philochorus, Fragm.
account however has been rejected as involving p. 18, ed. Siebelis. ) One of the Attic δημοι
a confusion of the ideas connected by the Greeks (Agraule) derived its name from this heroine, and
with the goddess Nemesis. The statue moreover a festival and mysteries were celebrated at Athens
was not of Parian, but of Pentelic marble. (Un in honour of her. (Steph. Byz. s. o. 'Aypavas;
edited Antiquities of Attica, p. 43. ) Strabo (ix. Lobeck, Aglaoph. p. 89; Dict. of Ant. p. 30, a)
p. 396), Tzetzes (Chiliad. vii
. 154), Suidas and According to Porphyry (De Abstin. ab animal. i. 2),
Photius give other variations in speaking of this she was also worshipped in Cyprus, where human
statue. It seems generally agreed that Pliny's sacrifices were offered to her down to a very late
account of the matter is right in the main ; and time.
;
(L. S. ]
there have been various dissertations on the way AGRESPHON ('Aypéopwv), a Greek gram-
in which a statue of Venus could have been marian mentioned by Suidas. (s. v. 'ATOlarios. )
changed into one of Nemesis. (Winckelmann, He wrote a work ſlepi 'Ouwvýuar (concerning per-
Sämmtliche Werke von J. Eiselein, vol. v. p. 364 ; sons of the same name). He cannot have lived
Zoëga, Abhandlungen, pp. 56–62; K. O. Müller, earlier than the reign of Hadrian, as in his work
Arch. d. Kunst, p. 102. )
[C. P. M. ) he spoke of an Apollonius who lived in the time of
AGORAEA and AGORAEUS ('Ayopala and that emperor.
(C. P. M. ]
Ayopaſos), are epithets given to several divinities AGREUS ('Aypeós), a hunter, occurs as a sur-
who were considered as the protectors of the as- name of Pan and Aristaeus. (Pind. Pyth, ix. 115;
Bemblies of the people in the dropé, such as Zeus Apollon. Rhod. iii. 507; Diod. iv. 81; Hesych. s. 0. ;
(Paus. ij. li. Š 8, v. 15. § 3), Athena (iii. 11. Salmas. ad Solin. p. 81. )
[L. S. )
§ 8), Artemis (v. 15. § 3), and Hermes. (i. 15. AGRI'COLA, GNAEUS JULIUS, is one of
§ 1, ii. 9. & 7, ix. 17. & 1. ) As Hermes was the the most remarkable men whom we meet with in
god of commerce, this surname seems to have re- the times of the first twelve emperors of Rome, for
ference to the dyopá as the market-place. (L. S. ] his extraordinary ability as a general, his great
AGRAEUS ('Aypaios), the hunter, a surname powers, shewn in his government of Britain,
of Apollo. After he had killed the lion of Cithae- and borne witness to by the deep and universal
ron, a temple was erected to him by Alcathous at feeling excited in Rome by his death (Tac. Agric.
Megara under the name of Apollo Agraeus. (Paus. 43), his singular integrity, and the esteem and
i. 41. & 4 ; Eustath. ad I. p. 361. ) (L. S. ) love which he commanded in all the private rela-
AGŘAULOS or AGRAULE ("Aypavaos' or tions of life.
'Appavan). 1. A daughter of Actaeus, the first His life of 55 years (from June 13th, A. N. 37,
## p. 76 (#96) ##############################################
76
AGRICOLA.
AGRIPPA.
1
1
1
1
1
to the 23rd August, A. D.
93) extends through the carried him northwards to the Tuus, * probably
reigns of the nine emperors from Caligula to Domi- the Solway Frith; and the fourth (A. D. 81) was
tian. He was bom at the Roman colony of Forum taken up in fortifying and taking possession of
Julii, the modern Fréjus in Provence. His father this tract, and advancing as far north as the Friths
was Julius Graecinus of senatorian rank ; his mo- of Clyde and Forth. In the fifth campaign (A. D.
ther Julia Procilla, who throughout his education 82), he was engaged in subduing the tribes on
Beems to have watched with great care and to the promontory opposite Ireland. In the sixth
have exerted great influence over him. He studied (A. D. 83), he explored with his feet and land
philosophy (the usual education of a Roman of forces the coast of Fife and Forfar, coming now
higher rank) from his earliest youth at Marseilles. for the first time into contact with the true Caledo-
His first military service was under Suetonius nians. They made a night attack on his camp
Paulinus in Britain (a. D. 60), in the relation of (believed to be at Loch Ore, where ditches and
Contubernalis. (See Dict. of Ant. p. 284, a. ) Hence other traces of a Roman camp are still to be seen).
he returned to Rome, was married to Domitia and succeeded in nearly destroying the ninth legion;
Decidiana, and went the round of the magistracies; but in the general battle, which followed, they
the quaestorship in Asia (A. D. 63), under the pro- were repulsed. The seventh and last campaign (A. D.
consul Salvius Titianus, where his integrity was 84) gave Agricola complete and entire possession
shewn by his refusal to join the proconsul in the of the country, up to the northemmost point
ordinary system of extortion in the Roman pro- which he had reached, by a most decided victory
vinces ; the tribunate and the praetorship,- in over the assembled Caledonians under their general
Nero's time mere nominal offices, filled with dan-Galgacus (as it is believed, from the Roman and
ger to the man who held them, in which a prudent British remains found there, and from the two
inactivity was the only safe course. By Galba tumuli or sepulchral caims) on the moor of Murdoch
(A. D. 69) he was appointed to examine the sacred at the foot of the Grampian hills. In this campaign
property of the temples, that Nero's system of his fleet sailed northwards from the coast of Fife
robbery (Sueton. Ner. 32) might be stopped. In round Britain to the Trutulensian harbour (sup
the same year he lost his mother; it was in re posed to be Sandwich), thus for the first time dis-
turning from her funeral in Liguria, that he heard covering Britain to be an island. He withdrew
of Vespasian's accession, and immediately joined his army into winter quarters, and soon after (A. D.
his party. Under Vespasian his first service was 84) was recalled by the jealous Domitian.
the command of the 20th legion in Britain. (A. D. On his return to Rome, he lived in retirement,
70. ) On his return, he was raised by the emperor and when the government either of Asia or Africa
to the rank of patrician, and set over the province would bare fallen to him, he considered it more
of Aquitania, which be held for three years. (A. D. prudent to decline the honour. He died A. D. 93;
74-76. ) He was recalled to Rome to be elected his death was, as his biographer plainly hints,
consul (A. D. 77), and Britain, the great scene of either immediately caused or certainly hastened
his power, was given to him, by general consent, by the emissaries of the emperor, who could not
as his province.
bear the presence of a man pointed out by univer-
In this year he betrothed his daughter to the sal feeling as alone_fit to meet the exigency of
historian Tacitus; in the following he gave her to times in which the Roman arms had suffered re-
him in marriage, and was made governor of Britain, peated reverses in Germany and the countries
and one of the college of pontiffs.
north of the Danube. Dion Cassius (lxvi. 20) says
Agricola was the twelfth Roman general who expressly, that he was killed by Domitian.
had been in Britain ; he was the only one who In this account we can do no more than refer to
completely effected the work of subjugation to the the beautiful and interesting description given by
Romans, not more by his consummate military Tacitus (Agric. 39—46) of his life during his re-
skill, than by his masterly policy in reconciling the tirement from office, his death, his person, and his
Britons to that yoke which hitherto they had so character, which though it had no field of action at
ill borne. He taught them the arts and luxuries of home in that dreary time, she wed itself during the
civilised life, to settle in towns, to build comfort- seven years in which it was unfettered in Britain,
able dwelling-houses and temples. He established as great and wise and good. (Tacitus, Agricola. )
a system of education for the sons of the British There is an epigram of Antiphilus in the Greek
chiefs, amongst whom at last the Roman language Anthology (Anth. Brunck. ii. 180) upon an Agri-
was spoken, and the Roman toga worn as a cola, which is commonly supposed to refer to the
fashionable dress.
celebrated one of this name. (C. T. A. ]
He was full seven years in Britain, from the AGRIO'NIUS ("Aypiavios), a surname of
year A. D. 78 to A. D. 84. The last conquest of his Dionysus, under which he was worshipped at
predecessor Julius Frontinus had been that of the Orchomenus in Boeotia, and from which his festi-
Silures (South Wales); and the last action of val Agrionia in that place derived its name. (Dict.
Agricola’s command was the action at the foot of of Ant. p. 30; Müller, Orchom. p. 166, &c. ) [L. S. ]
the Grampian bills, which put him in possession of AGRI'OPAS, a writer spoken of by Pliny. (H.
the whole Britain as far north as the northern N. viii. 22, where some of the MSS. have Acopas
boundary of Perth and Argyle. His first campaign or Copas. ) He was the author of an account of the
(A. D. 78) was occupied in the reconquest of Mona Olympic victors.
(C. P. M. ]
(Anglesea), and the Ordovices (North Wales), the AGRIPPA, an ancient name among the Ro
strongholds of the Druids; and the remainder of mans, was first used as a praenomen, and after-
this year, with the next, was given to making the wards as a cognomen. It frequently occurs as a
before-mentioned arrangements for the security of
the Roman dominion in the already conquered * As to whether the Taus was the Solway Frith
parts of Britain. The third campaign (A. D. 80) or the Frith of Tay, see Chalmers' Caledonia.
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AGRIPPA.
77
AGRIPPA.
'cognomen in the early times of the empire, but not AGRIPPA, HERO'DES I. ('Hpácns 'Aypirmas),
under the republic. One of the mythical kings of called by Josephus (Ant. Jud. xvii
. 2. § 2),
Alba is called by this name. (Liv. i. 3. ) Ac- “ Agrippa the Great," was the son of Aristobulus
cording to Aulus Gellius (xvi. 16), Pliny (H. N. and Berenice, and grandson of Herod the Great.
vii. 6. s. 8), and Solinus (1), the word signifies a Shortly before the death of his grandfather, he
birth, at which the child is presented with its feet came to Roine, where he was educnted with the
foremost ; but their derivation of it from aegre par future emperor Claudius, and Drusus the son of
tus or pes is absurd enough. (Comp. Sen. Oed. 813. ) Tiberius. He squandered his property in giving
AGRIPPA ('Ayplanas), a sceptical philosopher, sumptuous entertainments to gratify his princely
only known to have lived later than Aenesidemus, friends, and in bestowing largesses on the freed-
the conteni porary of Cicero, from whom he is said men of the emperor, and became so deeply involved
to have been the fifth in descent. He is quoted in debt, that he was compelled to fly from Rome,
by Diogenes Laertius, who probably wrote about and betook himself to a fortress at Malatha in
the time of M. Antoninus. The "five grounds of Idumaea. Through the mediation of his wife
doubt” (or névte TPÓTO), which are given by Cypros, with his sister Herodias, the wife of He-
Sextus Empiricus as a summary of the later scepti- rodes Antipas, he was allowed to take up his
cism, are ascribed by Diogenes Laertius (ix. 88) to abode at Tiberias, and received the rank of aedile
Agrippa.
in that city, with a small yearly income. But hav-
1. The first of these argues from the uncertainty ing quarrelled with his brother-in-law, he fled to
of the rules of common life, and of the opinions of Flaccus, the proconsul of Syria. Soon afterwards
philosophers. II. The second from the “ rejectio he was convicted, through the information of his
ad infinitum :" all proof requires some further brother Aristobulus, of having received a bribe
proof, and so on to infinity. III. All things are from the Damascenes, who wished to purchase his
changed as their relations become changed, or, as influence with the proconsul, and was again com-
we look upon them in different points of view. pelled to fly. He was arrested as he was about to
IV. The truth asserted is merely an hypothesis or, sail for Italy, for a sum of money which he owed
V. involves a vicious circle. (Sextus Empiricus, to the treasury of Caesar, but made his escape, and
Pyrrhon. Hypot. i. 15. )
reached Alexandria, where his wife succeeded in
With reference to these Tévte Tpbrol it need procuring a supply of money from Alexander the
only be remarked, that the first and third are a Alabarch. He then set sail, and landed at Puteoli.
short summary of the ten original grounds of doubt He was favourably received by Tiberius, who en-
which were the basis of the earlier scepticism. trusted him with the education of his grandson
(PYRRHON. ] The three additional ones shew a Tiberius. He also formed an intimacy with Cajus
progress in the sceptical system, and a transition Caligula. Having one day incautiously expressed
from the common objections derived from the falli- a wish that the latter might soon succeed to the
bility of sense and opinion, to more abstract and throne, his words were reported by his freedman
metaphysical grounds of doubt. They seem to Eutychus to Tiberius, who forth with threw him
mark a new attempt to systematize the sceptical into prison. Caligula, on his accession (A. D. 37),
philosophy and adapt it to the spirit of a later age. set him at liberty, and gave him the tetrarchies of
(Ritter, Geschichte der Philosophie, xii. 4. ) [B. J. ) Lysanias (Abilene) and Philippus (Batanaen,
AGRIPPA, M. ASI'NIUS, consul A. D. 25, Trachonitis, and Auranitis). He also presented
died a. D. 26, was descended from a family more him with a golden chain of equal weight with the
illustrious than ancient, and did not disgrace it by iron one which he had worn in prison. In the
his mode of life. (Tac. Ann. iv. 34, 61. ) following year Agrippa took possession of his king-
AGRIPPA CASTOR ('Ayplinas Kdotwp), dom, and after the banishment of Herodes Antipas,
about A. D. 135, praised as a historian by Euse- the tetrarchy of the latter was added to his domi-
bius, and for his learning by St Jerome (de Viris nione
Ilustr. c. 21), lived in the reign of Hadrian. He On the death of Caligula, Agrippa, who was at
wrote against the twenty-four books of the Alex- the time in Rome, materially assisted Claudius in
andrian Gnostic Basilides, on the Gospel. Quota gaining possession of the empire. As a reward for
tions are made from his work by Eusebius. (Hist. his services, Judaea and Samaria were annexed to
Eccles. iv. 7 ; see Gallandi's Bibliotheca Patrum, his dominions, which were now even more exten-
vol. i. p. 330. )
(A. J. C. ] sive than those of Herod the Great. He was also
AGRIPPA, FONTEIUS. 1. One of the ac- invested with the consular dignity, and a leagne
cusers of Libo, A. D. 16, is again mentioned in was publicly made with him by Claudius in the
A. D.
