No More Learning

THE Revue Historique for this month Swedish author and dramatist, August
Pinero, a craftsman of long experience in contains a well-deserved tribute to Prof. Strindberg, is at present lying seriously ill
the drama, dealt faithfully with Browning Gabriel Monod, the admirable French in Stockholm.
as a Dramatist. ' The poet's failure was
historian, who died on April 10th. The
both technical and psychological. He founder of the Revue and its busy editor Bishop of Truro, who died on Saturday
DR. CHARLES WILLIAM STUBBS, the
suffered from inability to make his story for a long term of years, he was a dis- night last in his sixty-seventh year, was
clear to his audience, also from a “ser- tinguished teacher and writer of history. a Auent and
pentine discursiveness. "
agreeable writer. His
Jules Michelet: Études sur sa Vie et numerous books and sermons on questions
In The Novel in “The Ring and the ses Euvres' attests one great enthusiasm of democracy and labour are regarded as
Book " " Mr. Henry James had a subject of his career, but he was too scientific the best expositions of Christian Social-
which suited his fine powers of analysis, in his methods to follow any one master. ism. An accomplished writer of verse,
and gave a remarkable appreciation of Director at the École des Hautes-Études he devoted his Hulsean Lectures in 1904–5
Browning's unique treatment of the theme
from 1868 to 1905, he won the respect to 'The Christ of English Poetry. His
an unprecedented scale. We look
and affection of his pupils as much by his Cambridge and its Story' is a capable
forward to reading in a worthy form his sincerity and goodness as by his learning. monograph, and his Handbook to Ely
subtle and delicately worded address.
MESSRS. MACMILLAN & Co. will publish years, deserved its success.
Cathedral,' where he was Dean for several
At the Victoria and Albert Museum a
small collection of original manuscripts shortly a monograph, by Col. J. Shake-
FROM California, by private cable,
and early editions of Browning is on show, spear, of interest to students of anthro-
comes news of the death of Mr. Robert
occupying two cases in Room 108. The pology, entitled The Lushei Clans. ' Cameron Rogers, the writer of many
exhibits are part of the Forster Bequest. The work forms one of a series, of which excellent verses, and of one very popular
a volume on The Kacháris,' by the piece The Rosary'-made everywhere
and testify to Browning's regard for his
& "
'
“ early Understander. ” With the books Rev. Sidney Endle, and another
The Nāga Tribes of Manipur,' by T. c. Nevin. A keen sportsman, he loved the
are exhibited a portrait of Browning by
on familiar by the setting of Ethelbert
Legros, and some photographs, including Hodson, have already appeared. Col. region round about Santa Barbara, where
,
,
Shakespear has avoided enunciating any also he had ties as the proprietor of a
another fine portrait by Mrs. Cameron.
theories or making deductions, con-
EXETER COLLEGE, OXFORD, has ap- sidering it wiser to limit himself to as traveller, and had troops of friends in
;
but he was
pointed Mr. A. M. Hocart, late Open accurate a description as possible of the England, to hear now with grief that
, in the
Scholar,
to a Senior Studentship, tenable people, their habits, customs, and beliefs. England, to hear now with grief that, in the
for two years, in order that he may
under-
prime of life, he has died after undergoing
take anthropological research in Fiji and The same publishers have nearly a particularly severe operation.
the neighbouring region. Mr. Hocart has ready Principles and Methods of Muni-
CAPT. LIONEL JAMES TROTTER, who
already taken part in fieldwork with Dr. cipal Trading,' by Mr. Douglas Knoop: died on Sunday last in his eighty-fifth
Rivers in the Solomon Islands, and has He has attempted to study municipal year, served from 1847
to 1862 in India,
since resided in Fiji, where he has acquired trading at work, and devoted consider and turned his experiences to account in
a knowledge of the native dialect.
able space to an examination of the several biographies of Indian soldiers and
At a meeting of the Committee on
policies and methods commonly adopted statesmen. His Life of John Nicholson
Monday last, Principal H. B. Workman, by local authorities in their trading under-is,
perhaps, his best-known book, but not
was unanimously elected a member of the takings. He has further considered the equal to his biographies of Warren
Committee of the London Library.
various reasons which appear to have led Hastings, Dalhousie, and Lord Auckland,
The London County Council's work of and given a good deal of attention to edition in 1899. He was for some years
to a development of municipal trading, His History of India' reached a third
indicating houses in London which have the financial aspects of the problem.
a contributor to our columns. , . '.
6
on
6
6
a frequent
>


## p. 537 (#407) ############################################

No. 4411, May 11, 1912
THE ATHENÆUM
537
order," "
as
66
9
an
It
separate propositions (something like
10,000) cannot fail to strike the reader. NOTICES OF NEW BOOKS.
Paradoxical as it may seem, the greater
SCIENCE
(Notice in these columns does not preclude longer
the number of propositions the better, roviow. )
provided that none of them can be shown
to be superfluous; and here the onus
Armstrong (John), THE MOTOR, an Interest-
ing Practical Work of Original Informa-
Principia Mathematica. By_Alfred North cerned with the analysis of certain con-
probandi is on the critic. We are con-
tion and Reference for Owners and
Whitehead and Bertrand Russell. Vols. cepts such as “ number,"
Makers of Motor-Cars, 10/6 net.
mag-
Stanley Paul
I. and II. (Cambridge University Press. ) nitude," and so on, and every step which Mr. Armstrong has written a most inter-
A FRENCH lady, shown a phonetic resolves them into complexes of really esting book on motors. He has avoided
transcript of a familiar passage in her simpler concepts is a scientific gain. technical terms, so that the layman can
native tongue, looked at it with bewilder Practically the whole of this work is follow his reasoning and explanations. The
ment, and then timidly guessed that it based upon the chain—“if a, then 6," book deals with construction, showing how
might be Breton or possibly
Welsh. Even if b, then c;" and so on, with the fewest the earlier models. Mr. Armstrong seems to
a trained mathematician, for a similar and most fundamental a's. Intuition, have
had intimate experience in motor
reason, might be equally puzzled by the of all things, is to be distrusted ; most manufacture since the beginning of the
two and two is four
people take
present work. The fact is that new
industry, and his views on the modern
notions require for their expression new
one of the most certain and obvious of developments of the petrol electric car and
two has two arith-alcohol fuel will repay perusal.
notations, in some form or other; and truths, whereas
modern research, in dealing with the metical meanings, and“ four” is a complex Bryce (Alexander), THE LAWS OF LIFE AND
concept derived from
two
elements of mathematics, has invented a
and
many HEALTH.
Melrose
new calculus, which may prove as lasting
other matters.
This
Another illustration is afforded by which will be of great service to the
is
excellent little book
as that of Leibnitz or Newton. At any
rate, the facts which it embodies are of the the authors' attitude towards what is public as well as to the medical man.
highest importance, and some of them, known as the Zermelo axiom. One form
is very well up to date, and is clearly ex-
at least, every scientific thinker ought to of this is “ If we have a class of classes, pressed. Prof. Karl Pearson's views on
appreciate. For two hundred years or so
then a class can be formed by taking one heredity are not so generally accepted by
the medical profession as Dr. Bryce imagines.
mathematicians dealt with a vague in member from each of them. ” This seems
finity and an equally vague zero; they obvious enough ; but consider, for in- In fact, it is doubtful how far our judgment
are now acquainted with just two pre- stance, the class of colours and the class should be influenced by the mathematical
.
cisely defined infinite cardinal numbers, of sounds : can we derive from them a
and are eagerly searching to see if they class of one colour and one sound ? Duchêne (Capt. ), THE MECHANICS OF THE
AEROPLANE : A STUDY OF THE PRIN-
can find any more. Corresponding to the In order to do so, there must be a common
CIPLES OF FLIGHT, translated from the
first of these, they have an unlimited property of a colour and a sound which
French by John H. Ledeboer and T. O'B.
set of ordinal numbers, the simplest of will serve as a class-property uniting them.
Hubbard, 7/6 net.
Longmans
which is typified by the natural scale As it happens, physics supplies the possi-
This book gained the Monthyon prize
1, 2, 3, &c. , ad infinitum ; the second has bility of such a relation sound and of the Academy of Sciences in 1911.
all sorts of apparently paradoxical qualities, colour are both associated with frequencies view of the intricacies of the subject, the
being the number of points on the contour of vibration, and any one-one relation author deserves commendation for pre-
of any circle, and also the number of between frequencies will give us a relation senting his arguments in a simple and
points within that contour, and so on.
between a colour and a sound. But do readily comprehensible manner.
In fact, the first chapters of a sort of any two classes supply a correlation of this lators have done their work well, and the
volume contains numerous explanatory dia-
transcendental arithmetic have been sort? And if they do not, how can we
written.
deduce a selected class, such as the grams and a mathematical appendix.
Zermelo axiom requires ? Our authors Edridge-Green (F. W. ), DICHROMATISCHES.
Besides this, one effect of Cantor's refrain from giving an opinion upon this SEHEN.
Bonn, Hager
great discoveries has been to concentrate
very troublesome question. Metaphysic-
attention upon the logical foundations of ally, either all things are one, or any set forth in German the results of Dr.
In this highly interesting monograph are:
ordinary arithmetic (and, indeed, of two things must be in some sort of relation Edridge-Green's work on colour-blindness,
mathematics in general). It has been (e. g. difference); the question seems to be and, in particular, on dichromatic vision,
realized that the study of numbers properly whether every relation can be made a i. e. , the ability
to see no more than two
follows that of aggregates, or classes, and class-property.
colours besides white. These have already
this brings us to the borderland of logic.
been contributed to different societies in
Admirable as the notation is in many England, and embodied in the author's
Reversing the order, Messrs. White-
ways, it is a pity that it hides so much book on
head and Russell begin with a treatise from the ordinary reader. Perhaps this Perception. In his opinion dichromatic vision
'Colour-Blindness and Colour-
on formal logic; thence they proceed to is inevitable, but it would be a great thing is essentially a reversion to an earlier stage
the calculus of classes and relations ; to have the gist of these recent discoveries of phylogenetic development, in which two
to cardinal arithmetic ;
arithmetic;
and then 'to series, the put into words, even at the cost of diffuse-colours only were perceived-these, he is.
sections on which conclude their second effect upon science and philosophy would dichromatic persons differ, among them-
ness and condensed analysis, because the convinced, are red and violet. He shows
by many tabulated examples how widely
volume. The main results they reach are
the definitions of arithmetical addition, instance, the authors' Introduction points of colour, in perception of light and shade,
undoubtedly be felt in many ways. For selves in power to distinguish between tones
multiplication, and raising to powers in a out clearly a source of many fallacies, and as to the extent of the monochromatic
way which does not assume that the the attempt to define a thing in terms of trait in the spectrum.
numbers concerned are finite; the defini-
tion of the simplest transfinite cardinal | the proper use of the principles of induc-
itself—and the whole work is a lesson on
Geological Survey of India, Memoirs, Vol.
as the class of those classes which can be tion and deduction. Finally, it empha-
XXXVI. Part III. , 2/8
arranged as progressions (or, in other sizes the duty of every scientific writer,
Calcutta, Geological Survey of India
words, the class of countable aggregates); whatever his subject? that of clearly Ziwet (Alexander) and Field (Peter), INTRO-
and the deduction of the properties of this explaining, so far as that is possible,
DUCTION TO ANALYTICAL MECHANICS,
transfinite number.
7/ net.
Macmillan
what are his undefinable terms.
Technical criticism would be out of certain sense these are the data of every entirely theoretical for any but the advanced
A thorough work, although, perhaps, too
place here, and we shall content ourselves scientific theory, and the fewer they are, students of English schools. Friction, for
with a few more general remarks. In the more complete the theory may be example, receives the comparatively soanty
the first place, the enormous number of said to be.
treatment of four pages.
The trans-
In a


## p. 538 (#408) ############################################

538
No. 4411, May 11, 1912
THE ATHENÆUM
DOMUS
SOCIETIES.
The General Secretary placed before the origin of that theocratic system, on what influence
meeting a summary of bis recent investigation of over human nature it rested for its power, what
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES. —May 2. -Dr. C. H. the Linnean Herbarium. He stated that a full was the character of the social system and eco-
Read, President, in the chair. -Prof. Haverfield, catalogue of its contents had long been desired, nomic relations between the god and his tenantry
V. -P. , read his Annual Report on the last year's but difficulties have stood in the way of a complete which it established, we desired to know, and
work at Corbridge. After giving a short retro- catalogue. The present list was on a modest were gradually learning. Except beside the
spect of the results obtained in the past five years, scale, and only aimed at indicating which of the Ægean coast, where the great sanctuaries were
the striking masonry and buildings, the lion and Linnean types are represented in the Herbarium affected by a veneer of Hellenic manners, there
other remarkable sculptures, the pottery, coins, verified by himself, and these will be shown in the is no case where we could point to the exact site
&c. , and after pointing out that the site differed list by special type. This will probably obviate of any of the greatest sanctuaries, except at
entirely from any other in the North of England, muchº correspondence, and many useless refer- Antioch, the Phrygian city towards Pisidia,
he described the principal results gained in 1911 : ences in search of species not contained in the where (as described in The Athenæum of Aug. 12,
(1) the inferior houses, yards, furnaces, &c. , Herbarium. It is hoped that the Index may 1911) the hieron of Mên Askaënos was discovered
which filled the western part of Corstopitum, and be printed by the autumn of the present year. It recently. As Strabo says, it lies apòs 'Avrloxéra,
the objects of interest found among them—a was found in the course of investigation that Sir towards or over against Antioch, on a mountain
curious
carved slab of probably funeral character, J. E. Smith had transferred no fewer than 110 peak. The appearance of the site was described :
the tombstone of the Palmyrene soldier Barates species to genera other than those assigned to them the great altar, the temenos, the dedicatory in-
(already known from South Shields), and the by Linné; these have now been restored to their scriptions, the sacred spring,'the theatre (? ), and
large board of 159 gold coins ; (2) the further original position. Three signs which had been the church built out of the stones of the altar and
examination of the so-called " forum," probably a puzzle to botanists since the days of the younger of the temenos wall. The difficulty of the ques-
a storehouse, but never completed; and (3) the Linné have been interpreted ; and another dis- tions connected with the nature of the god Mên
collection of inscriptions and sculptures, mostly covery shows that Linné had catalogued his plants
was described, and the possibility of his being a
destroyed by fire or weather, which were found as late as 1767, making three enumerations. Still foreign deity intruded into a native Anatolian
in the ballast of the latest stratum of the main another interesting find was that the insects and religion was indicated : the two forms in which
road through Corstopitum. In conclusion, he shells were marked off in copies of the tenth edi- he is represented, a standing figure (especially at
directed attention to some points connected with tion of the ‘Systema,' 1759, and the twelfth Antioch) and a horseman, point to two totally
the gold board, and also to the large ingot of iron edition, 1767. A short series of slides in illustra- different conceptions.
found in 1909, and recently studied afresh by tion closed the exhibition.
On these and many other questions it is to be
Sir Hugh Bell and Mr. J. E. Stead. This ingot
hoped that the excavations to be undertaken this
had been built up of small iron blooms, smelted
summer may throw some light. The amount of
separately and welded one on to another. Ap-
parently the process had not been completed
soil to be removed is in parts very slight, in other
SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCHÆOLOGY. —May 8.
when the ingot was abandoned, and the purpose
--Mr. W. H. Rylands, V. -P. , in the chair. —Mr: places considerable. Only where there is a
sufficient depth of soil can discoveries be looked
of the iron mass is by no means clear.
F. Legge read a paper on The Lion-Headed God
for.
Mr. W. A. Littledale exhibited impressions of
of the Mithraic Mysteries,' in which he described
The lecturer discussed the meaning and ety-
the hitherto unrecorded seal of the Priory of Mithras as the God of the Celestial Light, en-
Ellerton-on-Swale in the North Riding of York- throned above the firmament, and the Demiurge mology of the word Askaënos, and drew attention
to the words δάος and τεκμoρεύω, used in the
shire. The seal is circular, with a representation and fashioner of all terrestrial things. He
inscriptions of the associations connected with
of the Agnus Dei and the inscription s. COM'UNE showed that in the Mithræa the statue of a
the shrine of the god ; TEK MOPEÚw was
a verb
D'ELLERTON.
It is of approximately monstrous figure, having the body of a man,
thirteenth-century date.
with four wings, the head of a lion, and the feet coined from the Homeric rékuwp, and daos was
Mr. H. Clifford Smith exhibited a fine cupboard of a reptile, and a serpent coiled round the body also an Homeric word.
of late fifteenth-century date. It is of English and legs, was kept in a closed niche or recess, The lecture concluded with a sketch of the
work, and was recently procured from a farm.
and exhibited on occasions through a kind of final struggle between the allied paganism and
house in Shropshire for the Victoria and Albert peephole. This figure M. Cumont, the great Imperial power on the one hand, and the Christians
Museum.
authority, on Mithraism, has declared to be on the other, which resulted in the destruction of
Zervan akerene, or Boundless Time, whom he the pagan sanctuary. In this connexion Sir
LINNEAN. —May 2. -Dr. D. H. Scott, President,
makes to be the supreme god of the system and William Ramsay pointed out the significance of
in the chair. -The first paper was by Miss T. L.
the father of both Ormuzd and Ahriman. Mr. the word πρωτανάκλιτος, the title of the official
Prankerd, “On the Structure of the Palæozoic Legge dissented from this view, and gave reasons who presided over the ceremonial feasts of the
Seed Lagenostoma ovoides, Will. The author for believing the lion-headed statue to be the Tekmoreian Associations, and the possible light
explained the paper in detail, under the heads of representation of Ahriman, the God of Darkness thrown by the word dimu[pos on the nature of
the Integument, Vascular System, Nucellus,
and Ignorance, but the ruler of this world. Mr. these feasts [έτεκμόρευσαν σ]είτω διπύρω επί. . . . . . ]
Pollen, Prothallus, and Invading Fungus, showing L. W. King and the Chairman also spoke.
A discussion followed, in which Prof. Percy
a series of lantern-slides in exemplification. The
Gardner, Sir Henry Howorth, Mrs. Esdaile,
President, Prof. F. W. Oliver, and Dr. Marie
and Dr. Farnell took part.
Stopes contributed remarks on the subject of the
memoir.
SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS. —May 6. - Mr. Wm.
The second paper, by Dr. Karel Domin, com-
Yorath Lewis read a paper on Intermittency
municated and read by Dr. Otto Stapf, was
its Effect in limiting Electric Traction for City and NT FARADAY. -April 23. —Sir Robert Hadfield in
entitled ' Additions to the Flora of Western and
Suburban Passenger Transport. ' Progress in the chair. —The meeting was devoted to a general
North-Western Australia. ' The account
transit so far has been wrongly directed in the discussion “The Magnetic Properties of
drawn up from undescribed material in the
endeavour to solve the city and suburban pas. | Alloys. ' Geheimrat Dr. E. Gumlich (Berlin)
Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,
senger transport problem. The character of the read a paper on 'The Magnetic Properties of Iron-
consisting chiefly of collections by Dr. E. Clement
traffic is that of a continuous stream of varying Carbon and Iron-Silicon Alloys. ' Prof. E.
and Capt. A. A. Dorrien-Smith.
Besides many
volume ; yet all attempts to meet its requirements Wedekind (Strasburg) read a paper on Relations
new varieties, the author characterizes fourteen
have been made on the distinctly intermittent between the Magnetism and the Stoichiometrical
Dr. J. G.
new plants, one being Casuarina Dorrieni, eight plan of operation. These limitations due to Constitution of Chemical Compounds. "
grasses, three being species of Panicum, and hve
** intermittency demand heavy and bulky Gray and Dr. A. D. Ross (Glasgow) presented
other Monocotyledons. Dr. Rendle and 'Dr. Stapf trains, with correspondingly long stations and a paper on the Magnetic Properties of a Variety
commented on certain points of the paper.
spacious tunnels. The permanent way has to be of Special Steels at Low Temperatures,' read by
The next paper was by Mr. G. H. Wailes, and heavily constructed with duplicate feeder rails, Dr. Ross. Dr. Ross also read a paper
was entitled Freshwater Rhizopoda from the
the tracks being further complicated by elaborate the Magnetic Properties and Microstructure of
States of New York, New Jersey, and Georgia, signalling apparatus. The trains require costly the Heusler Alloys. A paper by Dr. 8. Hilpert
with a Supplementary Account of some Species labour for their operation, and consume much (Berlin) and Dr. E. Colver-Glauert (Sheffield)
from the Seychelles. ' It stated that little atten-
energy, of which about half is wasted at the
on 'The Magnetic Properties of Nickel and Man-
tion had been paid to this group in the United
brake blocks, resulting in high maintenance ganese Steels with Reference to their Metallo-
States since the appearance of Leidy's work in
charges. A greater amount of rolling-stock graphical Composition' was read by Dr. Colver-
1879. The gatherings forming the basis of the
than would suffice at higher speeds has to be Glauert. Dr. S. Hilpert and Dr. T. Dieckmann
present paper were collected in the autumn of provided, requiring spacious car sheds and yards. sent a paper entitled The Magnetic
Properties
1911. ; the Rhizopod fauna is summed up as being Extensive lighting, ventilating, and other ap- of the Compounds of Manganese with Phos.
rich in species and individuals, about 80 per cent paratus is required, entailing further heavy energy phorus, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth. ' This
being similar to those found in Europe. The consumption. The equipment comprises a very was also communicated by Dr. Colver-Glauert.
remainder of the paper was devoted to a syste complicated fourfold power plant in several Dr. E. Take (Marburg) and Dr. F. Heusler
matic account of the species found, including three
distinct classes, one being mounted on and (Dillenburg) presented a paper on "The Heusler
new species of Nebela, one of Euglypha, and many
hauled by the trains. The cost of the subway Alloys, as did Prof. A. A. Knowlton and Dr.
varieties.
train system is about 600,000l. per mile, and the 0. c. Clifford (Utah). Prof. Pierre Weiss (Zurich)
Mr. Wilfred Mark Webb exhibited several operating cost, including fixed charges, works out also sent a paper entitled 'The Magnetic Properties
specimes of the extremely rare British wood-
at between 0'18 and 0-2d. per seat mile. Con- of the Iron-Nickel, Iron-Cobalt, and Nickel-Cobalt
louse, Lygidium hypnorum, and explained the sequently, even at prevailing high fare rates of Alloys. "
circumstances in which he obtained these
0'6d. per passenger mile, the receipts do not
specimens from Great Warley, Essex. The Rev.
balance the costs, and further developments are
T. R. R. Stebbing adverted to his first finding the
held up in all directions.
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK.
species in Britain, and the relations experienced
Society of Arts, 8. - Heavy Oil Enginee,' Lecture III, Capt.
with the then leading authorities on the group ;
H. R, Bankey. (Howard Lectures. )
Prof. Dendy also joined in the discussion.
HELLENIC. -May 7. -Prof. Sir W. M. Ramsay
Burveyors' Institution, 8. - Discussion on 'Some Principles in
the Valuation of land and Buildings. "
The Rev. R. Ashington Bullen had sent a box read a paper on The Shrine of the God Mên TUES. Horticultural, 3. – Gardening and Drought,' Prof. I. B.
containing cochineal insects for exhibition ; he Askaënos at Pisidian Antioch. ' He said that the
expressed a fear that they would be dead before most interesting feature of primitive Asia Minor
Royal Institution. 3. -The study of Genetics,' Lecture I. ,
they could be shown, which was the case. The was the influence of the great religious sanctu-
Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, 4. 30. -Annual
General Secretary referred to the unfortunate aries, at which the priest represented the god, Colonial Institute, 8. 80. - 'Settlernent by "Whites" of Tropical
experience of Carl von Linné, who had laboured wearing his dress, sometimes bearing his name,
$0 hard to procure living insects; when at last always exercising his power as lord and guide of
on
was
· On
5
Mox.
.
Balfour.
Prof. W. Bateson.
Meeting.
-
WED. Polk-lore. 8. - "Cotswold Folk-lore, Miss J. B. Partridge.
they reached Upsala, they were cleaned off by a dependent population which was bound to Microscopical, 8. - British Enchytrælde IV. The Genus
the gardener, without the Professor's knowledge, the soil, not by law, but by custom, and which
Society of Arts, 9. -The Manufacture of Nitrate from the
and to his deep chagrin.
was in a sense enslaved to the god. What was the : Atmosphere,' Mr. E. K. Scott.
Australia,' Mr. J. M. Creed
Geological, 8.
Henlea,' Rov. H. Friend.


## p. 539 (#409) ############################################

No. 4411, May 11, 1912
539
THE ATHENÆUM
was
an
on
Tucrs. Royal Institution, 3. - 'Ice Formation in Canada : I. The
Physical aspect, Prof.