No More Learning

2. The third foot must consist of a trisyllabic word or
'word-group'[20]: save that occasionally the second and third feet
together may be formed of a quadrisyllabic (or pentasyllabic) word with
secondary accent.

3. The first and second, and again the fourth and fifth, feet may be
either disyllabic or trisyllabic: but (_a_) two trisyllables may not
follow one another in the first two feet, and (_b_) if the fifth foot
(usually trisyllabic) is a disyllable the fourth must be trisyllabic.

The normal type is

─́─ ── │ ─́─ ── │ ─́─ ── ── ││ ─́─ ──    │ ─́─ ── ──
                         ││ ─́─ ── ──

A common variation in the first two feet is either
─́─ ── ── │ ─́─ ──, or ─́─ ── │ ─́─ ── ──. A somewhat rare variation
in the last two is ─́─ ── ── │ ─́─ ──. In the first foot ─́─ sometimes
replaces ─́─ ── (or ─́─ ── ──), no doubt owing to the greater stress
at the opening of the verse.

Some exceptions (or apparent exceptions) to these rules will no doubt be
found. But the rules cover most of the extant examples of saturnian
verse: and it must be remembered that the text of our fragments is often
not at all certain. The system outlined has, however, the merit--which
it shares with Lindsay--that it dispenses with most of the alterations
of the text in which other systems involve us.


THE HYMN OF THE ARVAL BROTHERHOOD.

I have given the text of this celebrated piece according to what may be
called the Vulgate; and in the sub-title, in the Glossary and in my
Introduction p. 1 I have followed the ordinary interpretation. I may
perhaps be allowed here to suggest a different view of the poem.

It begins with an appeal to the Lares. These are apparently the Lares
Consitivi, gods of sowing. Then comes an appeal to Marmar, then to Mars.
Then the Semones are invoked, who, like the Lares, are gods of sowing.
There follows a final appeal to Marmar.

It is pretty clear that the Mars, Marmar, or Marmor, invoked in such
iteration is not the war-god, but Mars in his more ancient character of
a god of agriculture. But if this be so, what are we to make of lines
7-9,

satur fu, fere Mars: limen sali: sta berber,

'Be thou glutted, fierce Mars, leap the threshold, stay thy
scourge',--or, as Buecheler takes it, 'stand, wild god'? This sort of
language is appropriate enough to Mars as god of war, but utterly
inappropriate to the farmer's god[21].

Now it so happens that for

satur fu, fere Mars: limen sali, sta berber

the monumental stone to which we owe this inscription offers at one
point

satur fu, fere Mars limen saii sia berber.

Now, when we remember the Lares Consitivi and the Semones, does it not
look very much as though _satur_ stood for _sator_, as though _fere_
were a blunder for _sere_, as though _saii_ were the vocative of Saius,
'sower' (cf. Seia a goddess of sowing, and Greek σάω σήθω), as though
_sia_ were the imperative of the verb _sio_ (moisten)[22], and as
though, finally, _berber_ were to be connected with the Greek βόρβορυς
and meant 'loam'? (I would give much the same sense, 'fat soil' to
_limen_: (from the root _lib-_: cf. Gk. λείβω λειμών). )

We get, then,

sator fu: sere Mars limen Saii, sia berber,

'Be thou the sower: sower Mars, sow the soil, moisten the loam'. And
this suggests what _ought_ to be the meaning of _enos iuuate_. _enos_
_ought_ to mean _harvests_, or at any rate something in that kind. And
why should it not? Hesychius knew a word ἔνος which he glosses by
ἐνιαυτός, ἐπέτειος καρπός. See Suidas _s. v. _ and Herwerden _Lexicon
Suppletorium_.

The Hymn is a hymn for Seedtime. We know, however, that the festival at
which it was sung fell in the month of May. The explanation of this has
been hinted at by Henzen. [23] Henzen points out that the Arval Brothers
entered on their duties at the Saturnalia, and that their worship is
probably connected in its origin with Saturn, the god of sowing. (See
Varro _L. L. _ 5, 57, and _apud_ Aug. _C. D. _ 7. 13 p. 290, 28, Festus
_s. v. _ Saturnus. ) We must suppose, therefore, that at some date when the
meaning of its words had been already lost this hymn was transferred
from a seedtime festival to a harvest festival.




GLOSSARY OF OLD LATIN

1.

_i. _

cante: _cante_ (sometimes said to be an Athematic imper.
2 pers. plur. ).

_ii. _

quome: _cum_.
Leucesie: (_Lucerie_? ) a title of Jupiter as god of lightning.
tet: _te_.
tremonti: _tremunt_.
quor: _cur_.
Curis: 'god of spear-men' (? ): Etruscan _curis_, a spear:
(cf. _Iunonis Curitis_).
decstumum: _dextimum_, 'on the right' (the suffix _-imus_ is not
strictly a superlative suffix, but denotes position: cf. _summus_
(_sup-mus_), _finitimus_, _citimus_).

_iii. _

ulod: _illo_ (? ) (_ollod_) (cf. Umbrian _ulu_).
oriese: _oriere_: future for imperative as in 2 _aduocapit_.
isse: _ipse_ (_ipese_): the form _isse_ is merely
the vulgar spelling of a later period.
ueuet: _uiuit_.
po melios: _optimus_ (? ) ('_po_ pro _potissimum_ positum est in
Saliari carmine', _Festus_).
eu: _heu_ (admirantis).
recum: _regum_ (as _uirco_ for _uirgo_ in the _Duenos Inscription_:
and so always in early Latin until 312 B. C. ).


2.

enos: _nos_ (? ) cf. ἐμέ, ἐμοί.
Lases: _Lares_.
lue rue: _luem et ruinam_.
Marmar: _Mars_.
sins: _sinas_ (? ).
sers: _siueris_ (? ).
pleoris: _pluris_ (cf. πλε(ί)ων = πλεονς = pleios = pleor).
fu: _esto_ (_fufere_ = _esto_, others: as though _fufuere_).
sta berber, 'stay thy scourge' (? ): sta = ἵστα; berber: _uerbera_.
Others interpret, 'stand, fierce one' (berber = _barbare_).
semunis: _semones_, 'gods of the sown fields'.
aduocapit: _aduocabitis_.


5.

_i. _

Gnaiuod: _Gnaeo_: the old abl. in -d: cf. _meretod_ in _ii_.
parisuma: superlative of _par_.
Taurasia Cisauna Samnio: _Taurasiam Cisaunam (in) Samnio_
(or _Samnium_). The dropping of _-m_ (cf. _oino_, _aede_ in _ii_) is,
however, not in any way a peculiarity of early Latin.
subigit: _subegit_.
abdoucsit: _abduxit_.

_ii. _

oino: _unum_.
ploirime: _plurimi_.
duonoro . . uiro: _bonorum . . uirum_.
Scipione: _Scipionem_.
Corsica Aleriaque urbe: _Corsicam Aleriamque urbem_.
aide: _aedem_.
meretod: _merito_.

_iii. _

apice insigne: _apicem insignem_.
recipit: _recepit_ (as _subigit_ in _i_).

_iv. _

quei minus: _cur minus_.
mactus: 'blessed', 'honoured', 'endowed'.


6.

_i. _

insece: _inseque_, imperat. from _inquam_ (_in(s)quam_): ἔννεπε.

_iv. _

dacrimas: _lacrimas_.
noegeo: 'noegeum amiculi genus', _Festus_: φᾶρος.

_v. _

hemōnem: _hominem_ (cf. _ne-hemo_ = _nemo_) 'son of earth'
(_humus_: cf. Oscan _humuns_ = _homines_).
quamde: _quam_.
topper: _celeriter_: _(is)tod_ + _per_: the old explanation,
_toto opere_, is false.

_vi. _

inserinuntur: _inseruntur_. So in the active we find the 3 pl. pres.
in _-nunt_: _danunt_ (_dant_) _prodinunt_ (_prodeunt_) _nequinunt_
(_nequeunt_). But the forms are unexplained anomalies.

_vii. _

deuenies: _deueniens_ (? ).
ommentans: _ob-manens_ (_manto_ freq. of _maneo_).


7.

_ii. _

ipsus: _ipse_: so _ollus_ and _olle_ for _ille_.

_iii. _

procat: _poscit_.

_v. _

confluges: 'loca in quae diversi rivi confluunt', _Nonius_.

_vi. _

anculabant: _hauriebant_ (cf. Gk. ἀντλεῖν).

_vii. _

struices: 'struices antiqui dicebant exstructiones omnium rerum',
_Festus_.

_viii. _

nefrendem: _sine dentibus_ (_ne_ + _frendo_).


8.

_ii. _

Anchisa: _Anchises_ (_-as_): as _Aenea_ in _iv_, and in later
Latin _Atrida_ &c.

_iii. _

Troiad: _Troia_ (abl. ).

_iv. _

Aenea: _Aeneas_: so _Anchisa_ in _ii_.

_vi. _

concinnat: 'concinnare est apte componere', _Festus_.

_viii. _

mavolunt: _malunt_ (_mage-uolunt_).


9.

_iii. _

cedo: _dic, da_ (the demonstrative particle _-ce_ + old imperative
of _dare_).

_v. _

promicando: 'promicare est extendere et longe iacere', _Nonius_.


12.

nouentium: *nuentium (_annuentium_): cf. the spelling _souo_ = _suo_
in 44. So regularly in the oldest Latin. _ou_ for _u_.
duonum: _donum_ (cf. Umbrian _dunu_, Oscan _dunum_: old Latin
_duo_ = _do_).
negumate: _negate_ (_nec autumate_).


13.

endostaurata facito: _fac ut instaurentur_.


15.

quam mox: 'quam mox significat quam cito', _Festus_.


17.

indu: Greek ἔνδον; as 21.
_viii_, and 32 (_endo_): later
the word became confused with, and then entirely supplanted by, _in_.
uolup, 'pleasantly': neut. of an extinct _volupis_,
used adverbially: cf. _facul_, _difficul_.
suaset: (i. e. _suasset_), _suasisset_.
uerbum paucum: _uerborum paucorum_.


21.

_viii. _

imbricitor: _qui imbres ciet_.


23.

euitari: _uita priuari_.


24.

melior mulierum: like _melios recum_ in 1. _iii_.


25.

postilla: _postea_.


29.

accedisset: _accidisset_.


34.

faxit: _fecerit_.


41.

perproquinquam: _perpropinquam_ (cf. πέντε (πέμπε) = quinque,
ἵππος = _equus_, _Pontius_ = _Quintius_).
uerruncent: _uertant_.


42.

dum . . dum: τότε μὲν . . τότε δέ: cf. the use of _dum_ in
_primumdum_, _agedum_, _adesdum_.


44.

souo: _suo_.


45.

clueor: _uocor_ (cf. κλυτός).


51.

_iii. _

cresti: _(de)creuisti_.


54.

fuat: _sit_.
fatust: _fatus est_.




INDEX OF AUTHORS AND PASSAGES


ABBREVIATIONS

_T. R. _ = Ribbeck, _Tragicorum Romanorum Fragmenta_

_C. R. _ = Ribbeck, _Comicorum Romanorum Fragmenta_

_P. L. M. _ = Baehrens, _Poetae Latini Minores_

_F. P. R. _ = Baehrens, _Fragmenta Poetarum Romanorum_

_A. L. _ = Riese, _Anthologia Latina, Ed. ii_

_C. E. _ = Buecheler, _Carmina Epigraphica_

The numerals in large type indicate the number of the _piece_ (not the
_page_, save where _p_. is prefixed).

(In the early fragments the numerals indicate the number of the _line_
as given in the principal editions. )

Accius, L. , 41-43 (_T. R. _ 17, 391; 156, 234, 314, 621, 651, 203)

Albinovanus: _see_ Pedo

Alcimius, 322-324 (_A. L. _ 740, 713, 715, 714)

Anonymous, 105 (_A. L. _ 414),
" , 189 (Tibullus 3, 20)
" , 191 (_C. E. _ 960)
" , 193 (_Copa_),
" , 194 (_P. L. M. _ i, p. 119)
" , 222 (_A. L. _ 720)
" , 228 (_Aetna_ 9-93)
" , 229 (_A. L. _ 5)
" , 230 (_C. E. _ 960)
" , 231 (_P. L. M. _ i, p. 78)
" , 246 (_A. L. _ 726)
" , 249 (_P. L. M. _ i, p. 234)
" , 286, _i_ (_C. E. _ 1109)
" , 286, _ii_ (_C. E. _ 1111)
" , 288 (_C. E. _ 97)
" , 289 (_C. E. _ 213)
" , 290 (_C. E. _ 29)
" , 301 (_C. E. _ 245)
" , 305 (_C. E. _ 106)
" , 306 (_A. L. _ 718)
" , 307 (_A. L. _ 388 _a_)
" , 308 (_C. E. _ 1175)
" , 315 (_A. L. _ 487 _a_)
" , 321 (_C. E. _ 1279)
" , 353 (_C. E. _ 111)
" , 359 (_A. L. _ 719)
" , 360 (_A. L. _ 22)
" , 361 (_A. L. _ 722)
" , 362 (_A. L. _ 866)

Arval Brotherhood, 2 (_C. E. _ 1)

Asclepiadius, 355, 358 _a_ (_A. L. _ 629, 563)

Asmenius, 354 (_A. L. _ 635)

Avianus, 371-372 (_Fab. _ 5, 15)

Avienus, 352 (_Aratea_ 1-76)

Ausonius, D. Magnus, 325-346 (Schenkl, _Op. _ 23;
_Epist. _ 15, 21;
_Epigr. _ 18, 20, 82, 23, 2, 35, 56, 10, 81, 99, 53;
_Par. _ 11, 24, 29;
_Epiced. in Patr. Prof. _ 16;
_Epitaph. _ 3, 14, 30;
_De Herediolo_;
_Ecl. Lib. _ 2;
_Epist. _ 7)

(pseudo-) Ausonius, 348-351 (_A. L. _ 646;
Schenkl, _Auson. _ p. 252; _A. L. _ 263;
Schenkl, _Auson_. p. 261. )


Caesar, C. Iulius, 63 (_F. P. R. _ p. 326)

Calpurnius (T. Calpurnius Siculus), 247 (Ecl. iv)

Cato, 311 (_P. L. M. _ iii, p. 216 sqq. )

Calvus (C. Licinius Calvus Macer), 64-65 (_F. P. R. _ p. 320)

Catullus, C. Valerius, 74-104 (34, 62, 63, 61, 1, 9, 35, 46, 31, 45,
51, 2 and 3, 5 and 7, 109 and 87, 70, 73, 82, 72 and 75, 8, 85, 60,
11, 30, 76, 68_b_, 101, 96, 51_b_, 38, 14_b_)

Catulus, Q. Latatius, 47-48 (_F. P. R. _ p. 275)

Cicero, M. Tullius, 55-59 (_F. P. R. _ 3, 19, 29, 33, 41)

Cicero, Q. Tullius, 62 (_F. P. R. _ p. 315)

Cinna, C. Helvius, 60 (_F. P. R. _ p. 323)

Claudia, Epitaph of, 44 (_C. E. _ 52)

Claudian (Claudius Claudianus), 365-370 (Koch 6, 20, 10;
_Carm. Min. _ 20, 31, 15)

Claudius, 309 (_A. L. _ 723)

Columella, L. Iunius Moderatus, 245 (x. 255-310)

Cornelius Severus, 192 (_F. P. R.