No More Learning

Left to the care of
extravagant mother by the early death of
his father, he was obliged to abandon his


## p. 326 (#342) ############################################

326
LANGFORD-LANZI
course of education, and support himself as a
designer in a damask factory. His comedies,
which are the redeeming features of a barren
period of Dutch literature, include: Don
Quixote) (1711); (The Braggart); (The Mutual
Marriage Deception”; “Xantippe); Papirius);
(A Mirror of Our Merchants, the last three
being comedies of manners.
Langford, John Alfred. An English mis-
cellaneous writer; born in Birmingham, Sept.
12, 1823. He is a prominent educator and pub-
licist in his native city. Among his works are :
(Religious Skepticism and Infidelity) (1850);
(English Democracy) (1855); (Poems of the
Fields and Town' (1859); and Heroes and
Martyrs, and Other Poems) (1890).
Langland, William. An English poet; born
in Shropshire (? ), about 1332; died about 1400.
His “Vision of Piers Plowman' (1362 ? ) is the
poem by which he is known.
Lanier, sidney. An American poet; born
at Macon, Ga. , Feb. 3, 1842; died at Lynn,
N. C. , Sept. 7, 1881. He served in the Con-
federate Army as a private soldier; after the
war studied law, and for a while practiced it
at Macon; but abandoned that profession and
devoted himself to music and poetry. From
1879 till his death he was lecturer on English
literature in Johns Hopkins University. The
poem (Corn, one of his earliest pieces (1874),
and "Clover, (The Bee, (The Dove,' etc. ,
show insight into nature. His poetic works
were collected and published (1884) after his
death. He wrote also several works in prose,
mostly pertaining to literary criticism and to
medieval history: among the former are (The
Science of English Verse) (1880); (The Eng.
lísh Novel and the Principles of its Develop-
ment) (1883). He edited or compiled (The
Boy's Froissart) (1878); (The Boy's King Ar-
thur) (1880); (The Boy's Percy) (1882). *
Lanigan, George Thomas. An American
journalist and poet; born in Canada, Dec. 10,
1845; died in Philadelphia, Feb. 5, 1886. In
Montreal, with Robert Graham, he founded
the Free Lance, a journal of satire and humor;
now published under the name Evening Star.
In the United States he was connected with
various journals. His writings include: "Cana-
dian Ballads) (1864); (Fables Out of the World)
(1878), by “George Washington Æsop. ” (The
Amateur Orlando) and (A Threnody) (for the
Ahkoond of Swat) are among his most success-
ful humorous poems.
Lankester, Edwin Ray. An English sci-
entist; born in London, May 15, 1847. A grad-
uate of Christ Church, Oxford, he is Linacre
professor of human and comparative anatomy
at that university, and curator of the museum;
and is among the first of living authorities in
biology and physiology. He has been active
and effective in his field of science since 1865;
was made professor of zoology in London
University in 1874; he is LL. D. and F. R. S. ;
and has published over a hundred scientific
memoirs. He has served as secretary of the
British Association, and president of its biologi-
cal section; was founder and president of the
Marine Biological University at Plymouth. He
is editor of the Quarterly Journal of Micro-
scopical Science, and a frequent contributor
to Nature and other periodicals. Among his
books are : (On Fossil Fishes of the Red Sand-
stone of Great Britain (1870); (Comparative
Longevity) (1871); "On Earth-Worms); De-
generation, a Chapter in Darwinism (1880);
(The Advancement of Science) (1890); (20ö.
logical Papers,' a collection of his articles in the
(Encyclopædia Britannica) (1891).
Lanman, Charles. ' An American prose-
writer and journalist; born in Monroe, Mich. ,
June 14, 1819; died in Washington, D. C. ,
March 4, 1895. In 1847 he was connected with
the New York Express; in 1850 was private
secretary of Daniel Webster; and 1871-82 sec-
retary to the Japanese legation. He has writ-
ten for English and American journals; for
his description of scenery of the Saguenay, and
the mountains of North Carolina, he was called
by Washington Irving the picturesque ex-
plorer of the United States. Among his nu-
merous publications are: (A Tour to the River
Saguenay) (1848); Private Life of Daniel Web-
ster' (1852); “The Japanese in America) (New
York and London : 1872); Curious Characters
and Pleasant Places) (Edinburgh : 1881); ‘Hap-
hazard Personalities) (Boston : 1886).
Lanman, Charles Rockwell. An eminent
American Sanskrit scholar; born at Norwich,
Conn. , July 8, 1850. He studied Sanskrit under
Prof. Whitney at Yale College, afterwards con-
tinuing his work at Berlin, Tübingen, and
Leipsic. Upon his return to the United States
he was appointed to an instructorship at Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, and in 1880
became professor of Sanskrit at Harvard Uni-
versity, a post which he still retains. An au-
thority on Oriental languages and literature,
he has published: A Sanskrit Reader) (1884),
the chief text-book on the subject; and is the
projector of the Harvard Oriental Series.
La Noue, François de, called Bras de Fer.
See Noue.
Lansdell, Henry. An English clergyman,
traveler, and author; born at Tenterden, Kent,
in 1841. As secretary to the Irish Church Mis.
sion, he has been prominent in philanthropic
movements, traveling extensively about the
world. In Siberia he investigated the prisons,
publishing the results of his observations in
( Through Siberia) (1882); (Russian Central
Asia) (1885). (Chinese Central Asia' ap.
peared in 1893.
Lanza, Marchioness Clara (Hammond).
An American novelist; born in Kansas in 1858.
She is a resident of New York city. Among
her works are : (Tit for Tat) (1880); (Mr. Per-
kins's Daughter) (1881); (A Righteous Apos.
tate) (1883); A Modern Marriage. !
Lanzi, Luigi (länts'ē). An Italian antiqua-
rian; born at Monte dell'Ormo, 1732; died at
((


## p. 327 (#343) ############################################

LAO-TSZE - LARRAZABAL
327
Florence, March 31, 1810. Chief among his
works are an (Essay on the Etruscan Language)
(3 vols. , 1789) and (Pictorial History of Italy)
(1789). He wrote also Notices on the Sculp-
ture of the Ancients' (1789)
Lao-tsze (lä’o-tsā'). A Chinese philosopher
of the sixth century B. C. His (Taoteh-King,'
or (Doctrine of Reason and Virtue, has been
translated into English, French, and German.
He rates as being high above our obligations
to country, society, and family those which are
founded in our common humanity; and teaches
that we ought to repay injuries with benefits. *
See (Literature of China. )
Laplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis de (lä-pläs').
A renowned French mathematician and physi-
cal astronomer; born at Beaumont-en-Auge,
March 28, 1749; died at Paris, March 5, 1827.
In his great work (Mechanism of the Heavens)
(5 vols. , 1799-1825), he attacks nearly every
problem arising out of the movements of the
heavenly bodies, and in great part offers the
solution. His Exposition of the System of the
Universe) (2 vols. , 1796), may be regarded as a
less abstruse presentation of the arguments ad-
vanced in the Mechanism); in the former he
hits on the same hypothesis to account for the
origin of the planets which had been a little
before offered Kant. His famous researches
into the laws of probability are summed up in
the two works, (Analytic Theory of Probabili.
ties) (1812), and Philosophical Essay on Prob-
abilities) (1814).
Lappenberg, Johann Martin (läp'en-berg).
A German historical writer; born at Hamburg,
July 30, 1794; died Nov. 28, 1865. His task was
research into the sources of history rather than
historical narrative; as material for the authentic
writing of sundry phases of German history
his works are of very great and permanent
value. Among them are: Rise of the Civic
Constitution of Hamburg (1828); “Early Ham-
burg Archives) (1842); Documentary History
of the Hanse Steelyard in London (1851);
(Hamburg Chronicles) (1852-61).
Laprade, Victor de (lä-prad'). A French
poet; born at Montbrison, Jan. 13, 1812; died
at Lyons, Dec. 13, 1883. His earliest poems, as
(Magdalen's Precious Ointment (1839), Jesus's
Wrath) (1840), showed very plainly the influ-
ence of Lamartine; and to the end Lamartine
was his model. Besides several volumes of lyric
poems,-(Psyche) (1841); (Odes and Poems)
(1844); Evangelic Poems) (1852); (Heroic
Idylls) (1858),- he wrote the tragedy (Harmo-
dius) (1870), and several works in prose; e. g. ,
"Questions of Art and Morals) (1861); "Liberal
Education (1873); Essays in Idealist Criti-
cism' (1882).
La Ramée, Louise de. See Ouida.
Larcom, Lucy. An American poet; born in
Beverly, Mass. , 1826; died in Boston, 1893.
Through her early contributions to the Lowell
Offering, she attracted the attention of Whit-
tier, who assisted her in literary work, and
was a faithful friend to the close of his life.
She edited Our Young Folks, 'a Boston maga-
zine, from 1866 to its absorption by St. Nicholas
in 1874. Her published works include: (Poems)
(1868); (An Idyl of Work, a Story in Verse)
(1875); “As It Is in Heaven' (1891); and (The
Unseen Friend' (1892).
Lardner, Dionysius. An Irish physicist;
born in Dublin, April 3, 1793; died at Naples,
April 29, 1859. He wrote several notable
mathematical treatises; and edited, himself be.
ing one of the chief contributors, an "Encyclo-
pedia) (132 vols. , 1829-46). Among his other
writings are: Manual of Electricity,' etc. (2
vols. , 1841); (Treatise on Heat) (1844); (The
Steam Engine! (1852); Natural Philosophy
and Astronomy) (3 vols. , 1851-52)
Larivey, Pierre (lä-rē-vā'). A French dram-
atist (1540-1611). His prose comedies, founded
on Italian originals, are full of life and spirit,
and had an influence on Molière. Larivey's
best comedy, Les Esprits,' is an adaptation of
Lorenzo de' Medici's (Aridosio.
La Roche, Maria Sophie (lä-rosh'). A Ger.
man story-teller; born at Kaufbeuren, Dec. 6,
1731 ; died at Offenbach, Feb. 18, 1807. Her
stories show intimate knowledge of the human
heart. She was a correspondent of Wieland
and of Goethe. She wrote: (The History of
Fräulein von Sternheim) (1771); (Moral Tales)
(1782); (History of Miss Long) (1789); (Me-
lusine's Summer Evenings) (1806).
La Rochefoucauld, François, Duc de. See
Rochefoucauld.
Larousse, Pierre (lä-rös'). A French lex-
icographer; born at Toucy, Oct. 23, 1817; died
Jan. 3, 1875. For several years he compiled
valuable educational text-books.
In 1864 ap-
peared the first volume of his Great Universal
Dictionary of the Nineteenth Century) (com-
pleted 1876, 15 vols. , with supplementary volumes
1878 and 1887). He also published two smaller
works of the same class, the New Illustrated
Dictionary, and (Complete Illustrated Dic-
tionary.
Larra, Mariano José de (lär'ä). A Spanish
playwright and journalist; born at Madrid, 1809,
committed suicide Feb. 13, 1837. He adapted
to the Spanish stage several French comedies,
and wrote a tragedy, (Macias) (1834), on the
tragic ending of a famous Galician troubadour.
Five volumes of his contributions to the Re-
vista Española were published in 1837; his prin-
cipal work is (From 1830 to 1835, or Spain
from Fernando VII. to Mendizabal(1836).
Larrazabal, Felipe (lär-rä-thä'bäl). A Ven.
ezuelan biographer and historian; born about
1822; drowned 1873. He wrote a valuable (Life
of the Liberator Simon Bolivar) (2 vols. , 1863),
collected a large amount of manuscript ma-
terial on the history of America, and was on
his way to Europe to arrange for the publica-
tion of several of his works when he was
drowned in the wreck of the steamship City
of Havre.
>
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## p. 328 (#344) ############################################

328
LA SALLE-LATHROP
com-
La Salle, Antoine de (lä-sal'). A French
mediæval romancer (1398–1470). Among his
works may be mentioned the (Chronicle of
Little John of Saintré,' a historical romance ex-
emplifying the ideal knightly education of the
time. His Fifteen Joys of Wedlock) is a witty
satire on marriage. He wrote also A Hun-
dred New Novels, stories purporting to be re-
counted by personages attached to the court
of his patron, Philip the Good, of Flanders.
Las Casas. See Casas.
Las Cases, Emmanuel Augustin Dieudonné,
Marquis de (läs-käz). A French writer ; born
near Revel, 1766; died May 15, 1842. He was
one of the emigrant nobles of 1791, but re-
turned to France in 1799, and set up in Paris
as a bookseller. Under the pseudonym Le
Sage he compiled an Atlas, Historical, Geo-
graphical, Chronological, and Genealogical)
(1803-4) which gained him high office from
Napoleon. He accompanied the latter to St.
Helena, and began to take down his (Memoirs)
from dictation; but before they were
pleted, Las Cases's secret correspondence with
Napoleon's friends outside was discovered, and
he had to quit his master's service. The re-
mainder of the "Memoirs) is contained in
O'Meara's Napoleon in Exile. After Napo-
leon's death, Las Cases published (Memorial
of St. Helena) (8 vols. , 1821-23).
Laskaratos, Andreas (läs-kär'ä-tõs). A
modern Greek poet; born in Kephalenia, May
I, 1811.
His most notable work is the satire
(The Mysteries of Cephalonia) (1856), which
gave great offense to the clergy, and provoked a
long and bitter controversy. In defense the poet
wrote a (Reply to the Decision of the Clergy
of Cephalonia) (1867), and (Behold the Man)
(1886). He wrote in Italian an account of his
sufferings in prison, My Sufferings.
Lasker, Eduard (läs ker). A German polit-
ical leader; born at Jarotschin in Posen, Oct.
14, 1829; died at New York, Jan. 5, 1884. His
principal works are: Constitutional History
of Prussia) (1874); (Future of the German Em-
pire) (1877), Ways and Means of Cultural
Development) (1881).
Lassalle, Ferdinand (lä-säl'). A German
agitator, founder of the German Social Democ-
racy; born of Jewish parents named Lassal,
at Breslau, April 11, 1825; died Aug. 31, 1864.
Before entering politics he had earned high dis-
tinction in philosophical thought, which had
brought him to the notice of Humboldt, Böckh,
and others. Among his writings of this period
are (Franz von Sickingen, a historical drama
(1859); (The Philosophy of Heraclitus the
Obscure) (2 vols. , 1858); (The System of Ac-
quired Rights) (2 vols. , 1860); (Fichte's Phi-
losophy and the Popular Mind of Germany)
(1862). He first came into the political arena
as the spokesman of the German workingman
in 1862, when he published the Workingmen's
Programme. For this he was arrested and im-
prisoned.
Other pamphlets followed : (Science
and the Workingmen' (1863); (The Criminal
Trial of Lassalle) (1863); Indirect Taxation
and the Condition of the Laboring Classes)
(1863). He further developed the Socialist pro-
gramme in an (Open Reply to the Central
Committee (1863). His last work was a spir.
ited attack on one of the foremost opponents
of the Social Democracy, Herr Bastiat-Schulze
von Delitzsch, the Julian of Economics; or Cap-
ital and Labor) (1864). His talents won him
the admiration even of his enemies.
Lassen, Christian (läs'sen). An eminent
German Orientalist; born at Bergen, Norway,
Oct. 22, 1800; died at Bonn, May 8, 1876. He
has been since 1827 first tutor and then pro-
fessor of ancient Indian languages and litera-
ture at the University of Bonn, where he learned
Sanskrit and Arabic; he spent three years in
Paris and London. His editions of ancient
texts in the languages of India, with transla-
tions and commentaries, give ample proof of
his accurate and comprehensive scholarship.
His greatest work is “The Science of Indian
Antiquity) (4 vols. , 1844-61; 2d ed. enlarged.
1867 and 1874); in this he co-ordinates the total
results of antiquarian research in India.
Lasson, Adolf (läs-son). A German writer
on philosophy; born at Altstrelitz, March 12,
1832. He is author of 'J. H. Fichte in his
Relation to Church and State) (1863); (Civil-
ization and War) (1868); (Master Eckhart the
Mystic) (1878); Philosophy of Law) (1881).
Latham, Robert Gordon. A distinguished
English ethnologist and philologist; born at
Billingborough, 1812 ; died at Putney, March 9,
1888. He is author of numerous works on the
English tongue, among them a “Treatise on
the English Language) (1841; frequently re-
published); (History and Etymology of the
English Language) (1849); (Handbook of the
English Language) (1851); Elements of Com-
parative Philology) (1862). His principal works
on ethnology are: Natural History of the
Varieties of Man (1850); Man and his Mi-
grations) (1851); Ethnology of the British
Islands) (1852); (Ethnology of Europe) (1852);
(Descriptive Ethnology' (2 vols. , 1859); “Rus-
sian and Turk) (1878).
Lathrop, George Parsons. An American
poet and miscellaneous writer; born in the Ha-
waiian Islands, Aug. 25, 1851. He was for some
years employed editorially on the Atlantic
Monthly and the Boston Courier. He wrote:
(Rose and Roof-Tree, verses (1875); (A Study
of Hawthorne) (1876); (Afterglow' (1876); (An
Echo of Passion) (1882); (Spanish Vistas)
(1883); "Gettysburg, a Battle Ode) (1888);
(Would You Kill Him ? ) (1889); Dreams and
Days,' verses (1892); “Gold of Pleasure) (1892),
a novel; “Story of Courage, with Rose Haw-
thorne.
Lathrop, Mrs. Rose (Hawthorne). An
American poet, daughter of Nathaniel Haw-
thorne; born in Lenox, Mass. , May 20, 1851.
She passed her childhood in Europe. In 1871
>


## p. 329 (#345) ############################################

LATIMER-LAVATER
329
she married George Parsons Lathrop. She has
been prominent in literary circles, has written
for the periodicals, and has published (Along
the Shore) (1888) and (Some Memories of
Hawthorne.
Latimer, Hugh. An English bishop and
sermonist; born at Thurcaston, Leicestershire,
1491 (? ); died at the stake, Oct. 16, 1555. His
(Sermons) are famous.
Latour, Antoine Tenant de (lä-tör'). A
French writer; born at St. Yrieix, 1808; died
at Sceaux, Aug. 27, 1881. He wrote an Essay
on the Study of French History in the Nine-
teenth Century) (1835); a noteworthy study of
Luther (1835); an Account of a Voyage to
the East) (1847); and a series of studies of
Spain, the land and the people: the series com-
prises ten volumes, devoted to separate towns
and provinces, as, (Seville and Andalusia);
(Toledo and the Banks of the Tagus'; or to
general views, as (Spain, Religious and Liter-
ary); 'Spain: Traditions, Manners, and Liter-
ature.
Latreille, Pierre André (lä-trā'ē). A French
zoologist; born at Brives, Nov. 29, 1762; died
at Paris, Feb. 6, 1833. He has contributed ma-
terially to the classification of the animal king-
dom, as in a (History of the Salamanders)
(1800); Natural History of Reptilia) (4 vols. ,
1802); “Genera of Crustacea and Insecta);
(Course in Entomology) (2 vols. , 1831-33).
Laube, Heinrich (loub'é). A German dram-
atist and novelist; born at Sprottau, Sept. 18,
1806; died at Vienna, Aug. I, 1884. He was
director of theatres in several cities of Ger-
many and Austria between 1849 and 1880.
Among his dramatic works are: (Gustavus
Adolphus) (1829); (Zaganini, a farce (1829);
the tragedy (Monaldeschi? (1839); “The Amber
Witch) (1842); (Struensee, a tragedy (1847);
(The Schoolboys) (1847), a very clever drama-
tization of an incident in the life of Schiller;
(Lord Essex) (1856), his finest tragedy. Among
his stories and works of fiction are: Young
Europe) (1833); 'Love Letters); (The Actress)
(1836); (The Pretender) (1842); (Countess Cha-
teaubriand) (1843); ( The Belgian Count) (1845);
« The German War) (9 vols. , 1865); Life His-
tory of Franz Grillparzer) (1884).
Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury.
An English theologian ; born at Reading, Oct.
7, 1573; died at London, Jan. 10, 1645. He was
an uncompromising upholder of High-Church
principles, and exerted all the powers of his
high office for the repression of Puritanism.
He was brought to trial in the House of Lords
on the charge of high treason, Nov. 13, 1643,
and was beheaded Jan. 10 following. His writ.
ings are but few; his (Diary) (1695), and
his letters, are of value for the history of his
time.
Laughlin, James Lawrence. An eminent
American political economist ; born in Deer-
field, O. , April 2, 1850. In 1892 he became a
professor in Chicago University. His chief
works are : (The Study of Political Economy)
(1885); (The History of Bimetallism in the
United States) (1885); (The Elements of Polit-
ical Economy) (1887).
Lauremberg, Johann Wilhelm (lou'rem-
berg). A Low-German satirist; born at Ros-
tock, Feb. 26, 1590; died at Lorö, Feb. 28, 1658.
In (Four Famous Old Comic Poems) (1652),
written in the Low-German dialect, he ridicules
the fashion of the time in costume, manners,
speech, etc. He wrote also some Latin poems;
and a few dramatic pieces of little value in
High-German, with interludes in Low-German.
Laurent, François (lõ-ron'). A Belgian jurist
and historical writer; born at Luxemburg, July
8, 1810; died at Ghent, Feb. 11, 1887. His works
on law, municipal and international, are writ-
ten with great breadth of view. He wrote
several works in defense of Liberal principles
against the Clericals, among them one "On the
Passion of Catholics for Liberty) (1850); and
(Letters on the Jesuits) (1865).
Laurentie, Pierre Sébastien (lo-ron-te'). A
French journalist and historian; born at Houga,
Gers, Jan. 21, 1793; died at Paris, Feb. 9, 1876.
An ardent advocate of the royalist cause, he
held several important offices until the revo-
lution of 1830, after which he joined the Legiti-
mist journal La Quotidienne, with which he
had previously been connected. His extreme
royalist sentiments detract from the value of
most of his works, among which are: (History
of the Dukes of Orléans) (4 vols. , 1832-34);
(History of France) (8 vols. , 1841-43); Rome
and the Pope) (1860); "History of the Roman
Empire) (4 vols. , 1861–62); (The Pope and
the Czar) (1862); and numerous brochures, etc.
Lauser, Wilhelm (lou'ser). A German pub-
licist; born at Stuttgart, June 15, 1836. He spent
several years in France and Spain, and in for-
eign travel, and wrote: "Contemporary Spain)
(1872); History of Spain from the Fall of Isa-
bella to the Accession of Alfonso XII. (1877);
(In all Directions: Stories of my Travels' (1889);
(The First Picaresque Romance: Lazarillo of
Tormes) (1889).
Lavater, Johann Kaspar (läv'ä-ter). A Swiss
physiognomist and theological writer; born at
Zürich, Nov. 15, 1741 ; died there, Jan, 2, 1801.
He was pastor of a church in his native town,
and his semi-mystical religious writings won
him great fame throughout Germany. In his
(Christian Songs) (first 100, 1776; second 100,
1780), he seeks to counteract the principles of
Illuminism and Rationalism; and he has the
same aim in the drama (Abraham and Isaac)
(1776), in the epics (Jesus the Messiah, or the
Coming of the Lord' (1780), (Joseph of Ari-
mathea) (1794), etc. His views of the inner
life of the soul find expression in his 'Private
Diary of a Self-Observer) (1772–73). But his
most celebrated work is (Physiognomic Frag.
ments) (1775–78), which was received with ex-
traordinary favor by the leading minds of Ger-
many, among them Goethe, Stolberg, Jakobi.


## p. 330 (#346) ############################################

330
LAVEDAN-LAZARUS
Lavedan, Henri (läv-don'). A French jour-
nalist, critic, novelist, and playwright; born at
Orléans, in 1860. He contributed under the
pseudonym of “Manchecourt” a series of brill-
iant articles to Vie Parisienne, Gil Blas, etc. ,
and in the department of fiction has produced :
(Mam'zelle Virtue) (1885); (Queen Janvier)
(1886); (Lydie) (1887); Inconsolable) (1888);
(High Life) (1891); A New Game) (1892).
Of his plays the most notable are: A Family,
a comedy produced at the Comédie Française
(1890), and awarded a prize of 4,000 francs by
the French Academy; and Prince d'Aurec)
(acted in 1892).
Laveleye, Émile de (läv-lā'). A Belgian
economist; born at Bruges, April 5, 1822; died
at Doyon, near Liège, Jan. 3, 1892. Among his
numerous writings are: (History of the Pro-
vençal Language and Literature) (1846); (The
Question of Gold' (1860); Property and its
Principal Forms) (1874); Contemporary So-
cialism) (1881); Elements of Political Econ-
omy) (1882); (Money and International Bimet-
allism' (1891); (Government in Democracies)
(1891).
La Vigne, Andrieu de (lä-vēn'). A French
poet (1457-1527). He accompanied Charles
VIII. to Naples, and told the story of the
march in verse. He also wrote a Mystery-
Play of Saint Martin,' and several minor po-
ems; among them a sonnet in the Lombard
dialect, the first sonnet written by a French-
(
man.
Lawless, Emily, Hon. An Irish novelist,
daughter of the third Baron Cloncurry; bom
in 1845. She is the author of several popular
romances of Irish life, full of pathos and pict-
ures
eness, among which may be noticed :
A Millionaire's Cousin' (1885); Hurrish
(1886), a study; (Grania! ( 1892 ), her most
powerful work; (Maelcho) (1894), a story of
the rebellion of Sir James Fitzmaurice in the
16th century. She is also author of (Ireland
(1887) in the Story of the Nations) series.
Lawton, William Cranston. An American
classical teacher and writer; born at New Bed-
ford, Mass. , May 22, 1853. He graduated at
Harvard in 1873; studied in Europe from 1880
to 1883; was a classical teacher in New Bed-
ford and Boston for several years; was pro-
fessor at Bryn Mawr; and is now in Adelphi
College, Brooklyn. Besides contributions to the
periodicals, he has published: (Three Dramas
of Euripides) (1889); Folia Dispersa, a vol-
ume of verse; Art and Humanity in Homer. '
Layamon or Lawemon. The name of the
author of a chronicle of Britain. This chron-
icle is described as a poetical semi-Saxon
paraphrase, and it is entitled Brut. Laya-
mon seems to have modeled his work upon
the Roman de Brut' of Wace, for there are
marked resemblances and not many differences
between the two. Nothing is known of the
personal history of Layamon, but his (Brut)
is supposed to have been completed about the
beginning of the thirteenth century. See the
volume (Noted Books) in the Library. ?
Layard, Sir Austen Henry. An English
traveler; born at Paris, March 5, 1817; died
July 5, 1894. He first became interested in
archæological research in 1840, while traveling
in Asiatic Turkey, on discovering at Nimrud,
a village near the junction of the Tigris with
the Zab, the ruins of an ancient city: this
was the site of Nineveh. He made excavations
on the site, and soon uncovered remains of
several palatial edifices. The results of his ex-
plorations he published in Nineveh and its
Remains) (2 vols. , 1848), and Nineveh and
Babylon) (1853). He wrote also Early Ad-
ventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia)
(2 vols. , 1887).
Lazarus, Emma (laz'a-rus ). A Hebrew
American poet; born in New York city, July
22, 1849; died there, Nov. 19, 1887. She la-
bored diligently in behalf of her race and de-
voted her pen largely to Hebrew subjects,
publishing a much-discussed article in the
Century on (Russian Christianity versus Mod-
ern Judaism. Her first volume was composed
of Poems and Translations) (1866), written
between the ages of fourteen and seventeen.
This was followed by (Admetus) (1871); (Alide:
an Episode of Goethe's Life) (1874); (Songs
of a Semite ) (1882), all of which are marked
by naturalness of sentiment, vivid effect, and
artistic reserve of expression.
Lazarus, Moritz (lät'sä-rös). A German
philosophical writer; born at Filehne (Posen),
La Villemarqué, Théodore Hersart, Vi-
comte de. See Villemarqué.
Lavisse, Ernest (lä-vēs'). A French his-
torian; born at Nouvion-en-Thiérache, Dec. 17,
1842. His historical researches have chiefly to
do with Prussia and the German Empire, as
in (The Mark of Brandenburg under the As-
canian Dynasty) (1875); (Studies of the His-
tory of Prussia) (1879); (Frederick the Great
before his Accession (1893); (Three Emperors
of Germany: William I. , Frederick III. , Will-
iam II. (1888).
Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent (lä-vwä-zyā').
A celebrated French chemist, one of the found-
ers of modern chemistry ; born at Paris, Aug.
16, 1743; died there, May 8, 1794. Starting from
the discoveries which the phlogistonists had
added to the work of the much-libeled alche-
mists, he demonstrated experimentally the acid-
ifying action of (dephlogisticated air, or as
he renamed it, "oxygen gas. ” He was the first
to analyze water, and to obtain by synthesis
« fixed air,) or as he called it, (carbonic acid. )
He first gave system to chemistry; and not
least of his services to science was his part in
devising — with Guyton de Morveau — a con-
sistent scheme of chemical nomenclature. Be-
sides papers contributed to the proceedings
of learned societies, he wrote an Element-
ary Treatise on Chemistry) (1789). He was a
farmer-general of taxes, and was guillotined
for it in the Terror.


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331
Sept. 15, 1824. Among his writings are : (The
Soul's Life in Monographs) (1856); (Origin of
Customs); Ideal Questions) (1878); (The
Allurements of Gaming) (1883); (The Prophet
Jeremiah) (1894). With Steinthal he founded
(1859) the Journal of Ethnopsychology and
Philology, since 1890 known as the Journal of
the Ethnological Society.
Lea, Henry Charles. An American pub-
lisher and historian; born in Philadelphia,
Sept. 19, 1825. He entered his father's pub-
lishing house in 1843; became the principal in
1865; and retired from business in 1880. Be-
tween 1840 and 1860 he wrote many papers on
chemistry and conchology. Since 1857 he has
devoted his attention to European mediæval
history, his chief works being: (Superstition
and Force) (1866); (An Historical Sketch of
Sacerdotal Celibacy) (1867); History of the
Inquisition of the Middle Ages) (1888); "For-
mulary of the Papal Penitentiary) (1893).
Leaf, Walter. An English banker, scholar,
and translator; born in 1852. After a brilliant
career at Cambridge University, where he was
Senior Classic, Chancellor's Medalist, and Fel-
low of Trinity, he entered mercantile life in
1877, retiring in 1892. In addition to his duties
as vice-president of the Chamber of Commerce
and director of charitable and educational or-
ganizations, he is editor of the Journal of Hel-
lenic Studies, and has published : (The Story
of Achilles) (1880), with J. H. Pratt; (The
Iliad of Homer Translated into English Prose)
(1882), with A. Lang and E. Myers; (The
Iliad' (1886-88); (Companion to the Iliad)
(1892); (A Modern Priestess of Isis) (1894),
from the Russian.
Leake, William Martin. An English anti-
quarian and classical topographer; born at
London, Jan. 14, 1777; died at Brighton, Jan. 6,
1860. An officer in the West Indian service
(1794-98), and artillery instructor at Constanti-
nople in early life, he later traveled in the East,
and was engaged in surveys and diplomatic
business for the British government in Greece
(1805-9). Among his publications are: (Re-
searches in Greece) (1814); (Topography of
Athens) (1821: 2d ed. 1841), a learned and still
valuable work; Historical Outline of the Greek
Revolution (1826); (Travels in Northern
Greece) (4 vols.