Zumwalt, Rosemary Levy
1972 "On the Lips of Little Girls: A Collection and Analysis of Little Girls' Oral
Tradition.
1972 "On the Lips of Little Girls: A Collection and Analysis of Little Girls' Oral
Tradition.
Childens - Folklore
org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd-3.
0
? ? 1992 Small Worlds: Children and Adolescents in America, 1850-1950. Lawrence:
University Press of Kansas.
What Are We Doing To Our Children? Locked Up, Locked Out
1973 A film by CBS News. Color, 16 mm, thirty minutes.
Wheelock, A. K.
1984 "Games in Dutch Art: Innocent Pleasures or Moral Exemplars. " Paper pre-
sented at conference on the Forms of Play in the Early Modern Period, Uni-
versity of Maryland.
White, William Allen
1946 The Autobiography of William Allen White. New York: Macmillan.
Whitt, J. Kenneth, and Norman M. Prentice
1977 "Cognitive Processes in the Development of Children's Enjoyment and Com-
prehension of Joking Riddles. " Developmental Psychology 3:129-36.
Whitten, Norman E. , Jr. , and John F. Szwed
1982 Afro-American Anthropology: Contemporary Perspectives. New York: Free
Press.
Whyte, William Foote
1955 Street Corner Society. 2d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Whyte, William H.
1980 The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces. Washington, D. C. : Conservation
Foundation.
Widdowson, John D. A.
1971 "The Bogeyman: Some Preliminary Observations on Frightening Figures. "
Folklore 82:99-115.
1972 "Figures Used for Threatening Children, 1: A Newfoundland Example. "
Lore and Language 7:20-24.
1977 If You Don't Be Good: Verbal Social Control in Newfoundland. Social and
Economic Studies, no. 21. Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memo-
rial University of Newfoundland.
Wigginton, Eliot
1974 "A Reply to 'The Lesson of Foxfire. '" North Carolina Folklore Journal
22:35-41.
1980 Foxfire 6. Garden City, N. Y. : Doubleday. [Predominantly toys and games
from Georgia, as collected and written up by high-school students. Many de-
tailed drawings and photographs. ]
Wilder, Laura Ingalls
1932 Little House in the Big Woods. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.
1935 Little House on the Prairie. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.
1961 Little Town on the Prairie. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.
Wilkinson, Paul F. (ed. )
1980 Innovation in Play Environments. New York: St. Martin's.
Willard, Nancy
1976 Simple Pictures Are Best. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Williams, Melvin D.
1981 On the Street Where I Lived. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Williams, Raymond
1979 Politics and Letters. London: Verso.
Williams, William Carlos
1951 The Autobiography of William Carlos Williams. New York: New Direc-
tions.
1967 "Children's Games": Pictures from Brueghel and Other Poems. New York:
New Directions.
Williamson, Billie
1975 "Fun and Games of Mountain Children. " Kentucky Folklore Record 21 43-
55. [Good collection, but no analysis. ]
368 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CHILDREN'S FOLKLORE
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-24 15:04 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/usu. 39060010034923 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd-3. 0
? ? Willis, Paul
1977 Learning to Labour. London: Gower.
Wilson, A.
1980 "The Infancy of the History of Childhood: An Appraisal of Philippe Aries. "
History and Theory 19:132-53.
Wimbush, Erica, and Margaret Talbot (eds. )
1988 Relative Freedoms: Women and Leisure. Philadelphia: Open University
Press.
Winslow, David J.
1966a "An Introduction to Oral Tradition Among Children. " Keystone Folklore
Quarterly 11:43-58.
1966b "The Collecting of Children's Lore. " Keystone Folklore Quarterly 11:88-98.
1966c "An Annotated Collection of Children's Lore. " Keystone Folklore Quar-
terly 11:151-202. [The three articles above are collectively subtitled "Oral
Tradition Among Children in Central New York State" and provide an excel-
lent introduction to the subject. ]
1969 "Children's Derogatory Epithets. " Journal of American Folklore 82:255-
63.
Wintemberg, W. J. , and Katherine H. Wintemberg
1918 "Folklore from Grey County, Ontario. " Journal of American Folklore
31:121-22.
Withers, Carl A.
1946 Counting Out. New York: Oxford.
*1947a "Current Events in New York City Children's Folklore. " New York Folk-
lore Quarterly 3:212-22. [Very nice demonstration of the currency of children's
lore. ]
1947b Ready or Not, Here I Come. New York: Grosset and Dunlap.
1948 A Rocket in My Pocket: The Rhymes and Chants of Young Americans. New
York: Holt.
1963 Introduction to Games and Songs of American Children by W. W. Newell.
Reprint. New York: Dover.
1965 I Saw a Rocket Walk A Mile: Nonsense Tales, Chants, and Songs from Many
Lands. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
1974 A Treasury of Games, Riddles, Mystery Stunts, Tricks, Tongue Twisters,
Rhymes, Chants, Singing. New York: Grosset and Dunlap.
Withers, Carl, and Sula Benet
1954 The American Riddle Book. New York: Abelard-Schuman.
Wojtowicz, Carol
1975 "Play in Philadelphia. " Pennsylvania Folklife 24:17-23.
Wolfenstein, Martha
1951 "A Phase in the Development of Children's Sense of Humor. " Psychoana-
lytic Study of the Child 6:336-50.
1953 "Children's Understanding of Jokes. " Psychoanalytic Study of the Child
9:162-73.
* 1954 Children's Humor: A Psychological Analysis. Reprint. Bloomington: Indi-
ana University Press, 1978. [Classic analysis of how American children reveal
their anxieties through their jokes and riddles. ]
1955 "Jack and the Beanstalk: An American Version. " In Childhood in Contem-
porary Cultures, edited by M. Mead and M. Wolfenstein, 243-45. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Worth, Sol, and John Adair
1972 Through Navajo Eyes: An Exploration in Film Communication and An-
thropology. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Wuellner, Lance H.
1979 "Forty Guidelines for Playground Design. " Journal of Leisure Research
369
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? ? 11:4-14.
Yates, Norris
1951 "Children's Folk Plays in Western Oregon. " Western Folklore 10:55-62.
Yawkey, T. D. , and A. D. Pellegrini
1984 Child's Play: Developmental and Applied. Hillsdale, N. J. : Lawrence Erlbaum.
Yoffie, Leah R.
1947 "Three Generations of Children's Singing Games in St. Louis. " Journal of
American Folklore 60:1-51. [Interesting survey touching on three periods
(1895-1900, 1914, and 1944). Seventy-one items, with presence in each pe-
riod noted. ]
Yohe, Charles
1950 "Observations on an Adolescent Folkway. " Psychoanalytic Review 37:79-
81.
Young, Katherine
1993 Bodylore. Publication of the American Folklore Society. Nashville: Univer-
sity of Tennessee Press.
Young, Monique
1981 "Drinking Games: A Survey. " M. A. thesis, University of California, Berke-
ley.
Yukic, Thomas S.
1975 "Niagara River Playground: The Allen Avenue Gang, 1925-1946. " New
York Folklore 1:211-28.
Zerner, Charles J.
1977 "The Street Hearth of Play. " Landscape 22:19-30.
Zeitlin, Steven J. , Amy J. Kotkin, and Holly Cutting Baker
1982 A Celebration of American Family Folklore. New York: Pantheon Books.
Zigler, Edward, Jacob Levine, and Laurence Gould
1966 "Cognitive Processes in the Development of Children's Appreciation of
Humor. " Child Development 37:507-18.
Zipes, Jack
1979 Breaking the Magic Spell: Radical Theories of Folk and Fairy Tales. Aus-
tin: University of Texas Press.
1983 Fairy Tales and the Art of Subversion: The Classical Genre for Children and
the Process of Civilization. New York: Wildman. London: Heinemann.
Zumwalt, Rosemary Levy
1972 "On the Lips of Little Girls: A Collection and Analysis of Little Girls' Oral
Tradition. " Senior thesis in anthropology, University of California at Santa
Cruz.
*1976 "Plain and Fancy: A Content Analysis of Children's Jokes Dealing With
Adult Sexuality. " Western Folklore 35:258-67. [A brief article that almost
immediately became a classic. ]
370 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CHILDREN S FOLKLORE
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? ? INDEX
Abrahams, R. D. 16, 174, 226
activation 62
active and passive bearers 50, 57
Addams, J. 241, 248
adolescent, adolescence 206, 215, 216, 289
adult authority 237
adventure playgrounds 245, 249
aesthetics 62
African American children 85, 86, 90
Ainsworth, C. H. 217
alliance: in narrative analysis 196
ambiguity 216
American children's folklore 16. See also
children's folklore
American Children's Folklore 151
American Non-Singing Games 15
Ames, L. B. 196
analytic approach 261
annual party 281
anthropology 64
antithesis 22, 302, 304, 305
applied folklore 290
appropriation 302
April Fool's Day 216-17, 219
Armstrong, R. 267
art: children's 265
artifacts: of play 254, 256
assemblies 283
Association for the Study of Play, The
(TASP) 16, 68, 318
attribution: and data 124
authenticity 307, 308
autograph rhyme 158
"The Babysitter" 208, 209
Bachelard, G. 229
Bakhtin, M. 303
"bald on record" 222, 223
ball games 148, 153
"barring-out" 236
basic rules 98
Bateson, G. 67, 70, 77, 109, 275
Bauman, R. 51, 298
Beasley, R. R. 247
Bennett, J. 248
Bergen, F. 247
Bergmann, T. 285
Beresin, A. Richman 63, 69-71, 72, 237
Bettelheim, B. 199
Big Mac 82, 83, 85
bildgdtor (picture riddles) 180
binary character 274
Birdwhistell, R. 85
Blacking, J. 164
"Bloody Fingers" 203, 205
boarding schools 273, 281, 283, 285, 286
Bolton, H. 60, 150
Botvin, G. 196
"The Boyfriend's Death" 209
boys: play of 11, 111, 196, 206, 208, 220,
221, 227, 228, 232, 237, 242, 266,
270, 272
Brant, S. 256
Breslerman, M. 207
Brewster, P. 15
Bronner, S. J. 16, 151, 278
Brown, P. 222, 223
Brunvand, J. 258,275
Burch, W. R. 279
? ? Burke, K. 173
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? ? camp stories 208
catch questions, routines 16, 149
Caughey, J. 149
cautionary tales 278
Cavollo, D. 240
cerebral child 28, 29, 167
chants 83, 152
childhood 4, 6, 16, 255, 296, 297, 298, 307
childhood underground 195
childlore 27, 271
children's folklore: defined 3, 6, 11, 13, 14,
16, 19, 26, 27, 39, 70, 91, 231
248, 294, 298, 307
Children's Games in the Street and
Playground 14
Children's Humor 30, 224
Children's Playground Movement 238,
239, 240
children's riddling 141, 166, 167
Children's Singing Games 12
children's stories 195
Children Tell Stories 195
clandestine folklore 302
clapping games 148, 153, 295
classification: of objects 269
classification: in riddles 176, 177
Cohen, D. S. 280, 287
collecting: children's folklore 121, 122,
193, 194
collecting: from adults 123
collectors: children as 137, 138
commercial culture 263, 264
community leisure 243
communication: in play 110, 141, 144,
190, 277
comparative method 261
competence: in riddling 161, 165, 185,
189, 190
competition 108, 112, 113, 114
complexity: of children's folklore 24, 44
composition 57
computer story 202
confidentiality: in fieldwork 125
conflict: in children's narrative 197
conservatism and creativity 41, 42, 43
contest 64
contestation 302
context 9, 44, 45, 51, 89, 108, 113, 257,
271, 289
contexts of justification 103
control group 136
cooperation 108
"Coping with the Here and Now" 259
"Coping with the Unknown" 259
counting-out: rhymes 16, 152
Crandall, R. 238, 239
creativity: and children 45
crime(s) of writing 295
Cropsey (legend) variants 207
Csikszentmihalyi, M. 262, 269, 288
Culin, S. 257, 258
Cullman, E. 256
cultural approach 261
cultural evolutionary theory 14, 15, 16,
29, 45
cultural performances 275, 279, 281
cultural productions 274
culture: children's 295
"at the border" 275, 283
? ? folk and popular 88
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? ? enculturational dimensions 58
equipment: play 241, 242, 244
Erickson, E. 77, 245
escape: in narrative 196
ethics: issues 133
ethics: in research 121-139
ethnicity 306
ethnography: video 75-91
ethnography of speaking 141, 166
ethnographic observation and studies
133, 301
European-American girls 90
Evans, D. 164
evasive answer 305
experiment: as methodology 135, 136, 137
expressive culture 273
fabrications 214, 216, 282
face-threatening acts (FTA) 222
face-to-face interaction 108
Fagan, R. 67
failure 302, 304
fairy tale 199
fakelore 208
family 226
fancy 6, 7
fantasy 195, 196
fatal initiation 206
faulty memory 56
feminization of schools 236
fieldwork 16, 63, 77, 78, 89, 31, 288
fight, fighting 134, 232
film: ethnographic 77
Fine, G. A. 63, 72, 73
Finnegan, R. 57
fire play 279
Fischer, M. M. J. 306
folk arts 264
folk costume 280
folk culture 252, 255, 263, 269, 270, 274,
286, 289
folk group 8, 9, 253, 286
folk objects 269
folk play 264
folk speech 276, 277, 283
folklore: as process 3
Folklore of American Children 16
folktale retelling 200
folktales: and children 199, 201, 210
forest play 279
Formanek-Brunell, M. 255
formulaic narration 200
Foucault, M. 5
foursquare 93-119
frame: play 101, 108, 109, 111, 276
framing (s) 101, 108, 109-12
friend: adult as 128, 129, 131, 134
Freud, S. 30
funny-scary story 202, 204, 205, 210
galumphing 143
gambling 64
game, games 11, 12, 13, 22, 27, 43, 44, 64,
66, 67, 70-72, 75-77, 78, 81, 86,
88, 93, 101, 108, 142, 147, 150,
152, 153, 228, 237, 243, 244, 246,
247, 257, 279, 294, 300, 301
game rule, rules 93, 94, 99, 105, 108
Games and Songs of American Children
12,43
Games of New Zealand Children 15
? ? gaming 71, 72, 94, 97, 101-07
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? ? "Happy Birthday" 147
Haring, L. 207
Hart, R. 230, 231
Haut, J. H. 197
Hawes, B. L. 278, 287
Hayward, D. 247
hazing 284
hearth of play 234
hedging 305
hidden transcripts 302
high power: it role 156
Hilger, Sister I. M. 259
historical approach 256
history of childhood 19
History of Children's Play, A 296
hockey players 97
home play 227
honorary kid: adult researcher as 130
"The Hook" 210
hospitals 285
Howard, D. 14, 15, 151, 227
Howell, R. W. 221
Hughes, L. 63, 66, 67, 69, 72, 111, 119,
237, 300
Huizinga, J. 64-67
humor: children's 32, 156, 158, 190, 223
ideal: vs. real 39-41, 45
identity 217, 262, 265, 280
imagination 6
imitative objects 267, 268
immigrants 240
improvisation 57
incompetence 302
induced natural context 124
indirection 305
informants 129
informed consent 127, 133, 135, 137
institutional ceremonies 276, 281, 282
institutional theatricals 281, 282
interactional functions 161
interpretive social science: approach 275,
281, 286
interview(s) 78, 123, 127, 136, 137, 246
intraconversational narratives 197
invention of tradition 84
inventive objects 267, 268
invitations: riddle act 191
it: as role 136, 147, 152, 300
"It Floats" 202, 203
Jacobson, R. 142
Johnson, M. W. 243
Johnson, T. 32
joke(s) 30, 31, 32, 237, 304
journalism projects: 138
jump-rope 75-91, 147, 149, 153
Keesing, R. 302
Kellogg, R. 265
Kelman, H. 137
Kendon, A. 77, 84, 85
key informant 131, 133
kinesics 85
Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, B. 16, 141, 142
Klintberg, Bengt af 180
Knapp, M. and H. 16, 41, 43, 126, 147,
179, 183, 248, 259, 260
knock-knock routine: 161
Krell, R. 209, 278
Krohn, K. 49, 50, 57
La Llorona 278, 289
? ? Lambert, R. 276
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? ? McDowell, J. 27, 29, 33, 141, 166-69,
171, 186
McMahon, F. 143, 302
Mead, M. 77
meals 283
mean folklore 307
meaning: in folklore 266, 267, 275
Mechling, J. 225, 295
Meckley, A. 22
media narraform 201
memorization 57
Mero, E. 241
meta-communication 109
metaphoric comparison 174
methodology 63, 76, 77, 121, 123, 127,
135, 138
methods 63, 72
microethnographers 77
Millham, S. 276
misbehavior 90
mock ordeal 282, 284
mockery 301
Mother Goose 146
Muller, Max 56
motif 51
motive(s) 98, 103, 106-09, 111
museums: for children's artifacts 250
mutation 50, 51, 56, 61
Myerhoff, B. G. 284
narrational analysis 176
narrative(s): children's 144, 145, 194, 195,
197, 198, 278
narrative analysis 196
narrative structure 201
narrative styles 192
negotiation 33
Neumann, H. 123
New Zealand 14
Newell, W. W. 11, 12, 21, 43, 44, 144, 271
Newell's paradox 271
Nicholson, E. W. B. 13
nicknames 277
Nielsen, E. K. 221
nonsense 190
nonverbal communication 85
normative social science 278, 286
obligations: in play 113
obscene lore: collecting of 124, 138
observer: researcher as 128-30, 134
observation methodologies 127, 137
off-the-record: play 222
oicotypification 50, 51
on-the-record-play 222
One Potato, Two Potato 16
open house 282
open-ended interviews 127
Opie, I. and P. 13, 14, 27, 53, 56, 59,
149, 247, 293-95
oral tradition 202
organization of everyday talk 166
Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes 14
parody 55, 146, 147, 156-59, 304
participant-observation 128
participant-observer 131
Pearson, K. 26
performance 39, 51, 57, 264, 271,
274, 300
performance persona 187
performance studies 301
? ? performance theory 21
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? ? pranks 144, 213, 214, 215, 218, 219, 237,
278, 279
preadolescents: and legends 205
preadolescents: and researcher 129
prejudice 155
Prelinger, E. 195, 196
Prescott, S. 288
prestige: among child storytellers 259
process: and objects 267
Propp, V. 300
proto-dramas 282
psychoanalytic approach 30-32, 199
psychological analysis 32
psychology 67, 135
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. 26
Radner, J. 302, 305
Rainwater, C. 239
"Ralph and Rudy" 208
real rules 98
recreation 243
recreation facility 239
Redl, F. 279
reminiscences: adults, of childhood 122, 123
rescue: in narrative 196
respondents 139
residential institutions 273, 274
resistance 8
reversal: of everyday norms 216, 217, 222
rhetorics: of children's folklore 7
of optimal experience 7
of play 6
of power 7
of progress 6
of psychology 7
rhyme 148, 149, 152, 153, 155, 159, 160
commercial 83
of judgment 154
of prejudice 156, 307
of physical abuse 154
rhythm 148
riddle 33, 149, 161, 175, 304
act 167, 169, 172
act organization 168
catch 184
contest 164
gestural 178, 182
joking 31, 180, 182
non-verbal 178
parodic 182, 183, 190
proposition 170, 173, 175
strategies 190
session 165
true 180, 190, 191
verbal 173
visual descriptive 178-80, 182
riddle interaction 188
riddling 143, 161, 162
ritual 89, 149, 232, 236, 237, 276,
277, 303
forbidden 279
of incorporation 283
of separation 283, 284
Roberts, R. 287
Rochberg-Halton, Eugene 262, 269
Rocket in My Pocket, A. 150
Roemer, D. 306
role: of riddler 170, 171
roles: of adult researcher 128
roles: gender 266
? ? Rothenberg, M. R. 247
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? ? Spariosu, M. 64
special occasions 216
speech act theory 52
speech play 141, 296
Spencer, H. 24, 25
sponsor: role of key informant 132
Stewart, S. 295
Stoeltje, B. 306
Stone, K. E 199
story, stories 194, 197, 198
storytellers 195
storytelling 193, 197, 209
storytelling skills: in children 201
strategies: in play acts 173, 223
strategy of causation: riddles 177
street: play 225, 233, 234
structural analysis 196
structural approach 33
structuralism 301
structure of meaning 123
style: in play 110, 111
subculture 20, 143, 144, 287, 301
subversion 206
subversive folklore 226, 305
success 101
Sullivan, C. W. III 307
summer camp 279, 280-81, 282-83, 284
Sunday services and Sunday amusements
282
supernatural narratives: children's 204
superorganic 49, 50, 61
survey/questionnaires 126, 127, 136
supervisor: adult 128, 135
survival: in folklore 3, 28
Sutton-Smith, B. 14, 15, 16, 43, 136, 137,
196, 197, 264, 276, 279, 296, 302
Sydow, C. W.
? ? 1992 Small Worlds: Children and Adolescents in America, 1850-1950. Lawrence:
University Press of Kansas.
What Are We Doing To Our Children? Locked Up, Locked Out
1973 A film by CBS News. Color, 16 mm, thirty minutes.
Wheelock, A. K.
1984 "Games in Dutch Art: Innocent Pleasures or Moral Exemplars. " Paper pre-
sented at conference on the Forms of Play in the Early Modern Period, Uni-
versity of Maryland.
White, William Allen
1946 The Autobiography of William Allen White. New York: Macmillan.
Whitt, J. Kenneth, and Norman M. Prentice
1977 "Cognitive Processes in the Development of Children's Enjoyment and Com-
prehension of Joking Riddles. " Developmental Psychology 3:129-36.
Whitten, Norman E. , Jr. , and John F. Szwed
1982 Afro-American Anthropology: Contemporary Perspectives. New York: Free
Press.
Whyte, William Foote
1955 Street Corner Society. 2d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Whyte, William H.
1980 The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces. Washington, D. C. : Conservation
Foundation.
Widdowson, John D. A.
1971 "The Bogeyman: Some Preliminary Observations on Frightening Figures. "
Folklore 82:99-115.
1972 "Figures Used for Threatening Children, 1: A Newfoundland Example. "
Lore and Language 7:20-24.
1977 If You Don't Be Good: Verbal Social Control in Newfoundland. Social and
Economic Studies, no. 21. Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memo-
rial University of Newfoundland.
Wigginton, Eliot
1974 "A Reply to 'The Lesson of Foxfire. '" North Carolina Folklore Journal
22:35-41.
1980 Foxfire 6. Garden City, N. Y. : Doubleday. [Predominantly toys and games
from Georgia, as collected and written up by high-school students. Many de-
tailed drawings and photographs. ]
Wilder, Laura Ingalls
1932 Little House in the Big Woods. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.
1935 Little House on the Prairie. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.
1961 Little Town on the Prairie. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.
Wilkinson, Paul F. (ed. )
1980 Innovation in Play Environments. New York: St. Martin's.
Willard, Nancy
1976 Simple Pictures Are Best. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Williams, Melvin D.
1981 On the Street Where I Lived. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Williams, Raymond
1979 Politics and Letters. London: Verso.
Williams, William Carlos
1951 The Autobiography of William Carlos Williams. New York: New Direc-
tions.
1967 "Children's Games": Pictures from Brueghel and Other Poems. New York:
New Directions.
Williamson, Billie
1975 "Fun and Games of Mountain Children. " Kentucky Folklore Record 21 43-
55. [Good collection, but no analysis. ]
368 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CHILDREN'S FOLKLORE
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-24 15:04 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/usu. 39060010034923 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd-3. 0
? ? Willis, Paul
1977 Learning to Labour. London: Gower.
Wilson, A.
1980 "The Infancy of the History of Childhood: An Appraisal of Philippe Aries. "
History and Theory 19:132-53.
Wimbush, Erica, and Margaret Talbot (eds. )
1988 Relative Freedoms: Women and Leisure. Philadelphia: Open University
Press.
Winslow, David J.
1966a "An Introduction to Oral Tradition Among Children. " Keystone Folklore
Quarterly 11:43-58.
1966b "The Collecting of Children's Lore. " Keystone Folklore Quarterly 11:88-98.
1966c "An Annotated Collection of Children's Lore. " Keystone Folklore Quar-
terly 11:151-202. [The three articles above are collectively subtitled "Oral
Tradition Among Children in Central New York State" and provide an excel-
lent introduction to the subject. ]
1969 "Children's Derogatory Epithets. " Journal of American Folklore 82:255-
63.
Wintemberg, W. J. , and Katherine H. Wintemberg
1918 "Folklore from Grey County, Ontario. " Journal of American Folklore
31:121-22.
Withers, Carl A.
1946 Counting Out. New York: Oxford.
*1947a "Current Events in New York City Children's Folklore. " New York Folk-
lore Quarterly 3:212-22. [Very nice demonstration of the currency of children's
lore. ]
1947b Ready or Not, Here I Come. New York: Grosset and Dunlap.
1948 A Rocket in My Pocket: The Rhymes and Chants of Young Americans. New
York: Holt.
1963 Introduction to Games and Songs of American Children by W. W. Newell.
Reprint. New York: Dover.
1965 I Saw a Rocket Walk A Mile: Nonsense Tales, Chants, and Songs from Many
Lands. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
1974 A Treasury of Games, Riddles, Mystery Stunts, Tricks, Tongue Twisters,
Rhymes, Chants, Singing. New York: Grosset and Dunlap.
Withers, Carl, and Sula Benet
1954 The American Riddle Book. New York: Abelard-Schuman.
Wojtowicz, Carol
1975 "Play in Philadelphia. " Pennsylvania Folklife 24:17-23.
Wolfenstein, Martha
1951 "A Phase in the Development of Children's Sense of Humor. " Psychoana-
lytic Study of the Child 6:336-50.
1953 "Children's Understanding of Jokes. " Psychoanalytic Study of the Child
9:162-73.
* 1954 Children's Humor: A Psychological Analysis. Reprint. Bloomington: Indi-
ana University Press, 1978. [Classic analysis of how American children reveal
their anxieties through their jokes and riddles. ]
1955 "Jack and the Beanstalk: An American Version. " In Childhood in Contem-
porary Cultures, edited by M. Mead and M. Wolfenstein, 243-45. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Worth, Sol, and John Adair
1972 Through Navajo Eyes: An Exploration in Film Communication and An-
thropology. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Wuellner, Lance H.
1979 "Forty Guidelines for Playground Design. " Journal of Leisure Research
369
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? ? 11:4-14.
Yates, Norris
1951 "Children's Folk Plays in Western Oregon. " Western Folklore 10:55-62.
Yawkey, T. D. , and A. D. Pellegrini
1984 Child's Play: Developmental and Applied. Hillsdale, N. J. : Lawrence Erlbaum.
Yoffie, Leah R.
1947 "Three Generations of Children's Singing Games in St. Louis. " Journal of
American Folklore 60:1-51. [Interesting survey touching on three periods
(1895-1900, 1914, and 1944). Seventy-one items, with presence in each pe-
riod noted. ]
Yohe, Charles
1950 "Observations on an Adolescent Folkway. " Psychoanalytic Review 37:79-
81.
Young, Katherine
1993 Bodylore. Publication of the American Folklore Society. Nashville: Univer-
sity of Tennessee Press.
Young, Monique
1981 "Drinking Games: A Survey. " M. A. thesis, University of California, Berke-
ley.
Yukic, Thomas S.
1975 "Niagara River Playground: The Allen Avenue Gang, 1925-1946. " New
York Folklore 1:211-28.
Zerner, Charles J.
1977 "The Street Hearth of Play. " Landscape 22:19-30.
Zeitlin, Steven J. , Amy J. Kotkin, and Holly Cutting Baker
1982 A Celebration of American Family Folklore. New York: Pantheon Books.
Zigler, Edward, Jacob Levine, and Laurence Gould
1966 "Cognitive Processes in the Development of Children's Appreciation of
Humor. " Child Development 37:507-18.
Zipes, Jack
1979 Breaking the Magic Spell: Radical Theories of Folk and Fairy Tales. Aus-
tin: University of Texas Press.
1983 Fairy Tales and the Art of Subversion: The Classical Genre for Children and
the Process of Civilization. New York: Wildman. London: Heinemann.
Zumwalt, Rosemary Levy
1972 "On the Lips of Little Girls: A Collection and Analysis of Little Girls' Oral
Tradition. " Senior thesis in anthropology, University of California at Santa
Cruz.
*1976 "Plain and Fancy: A Content Analysis of Children's Jokes Dealing With
Adult Sexuality. " Western Folklore 35:258-67. [A brief article that almost
immediately became a classic. ]
370 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CHILDREN S FOLKLORE
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? ? INDEX
Abrahams, R. D. 16, 174, 226
activation 62
active and passive bearers 50, 57
Addams, J. 241, 248
adolescent, adolescence 206, 215, 216, 289
adult authority 237
adventure playgrounds 245, 249
aesthetics 62
African American children 85, 86, 90
Ainsworth, C. H. 217
alliance: in narrative analysis 196
ambiguity 216
American children's folklore 16. See also
children's folklore
American Children's Folklore 151
American Non-Singing Games 15
Ames, L. B. 196
analytic approach 261
annual party 281
anthropology 64
antithesis 22, 302, 304, 305
applied folklore 290
appropriation 302
April Fool's Day 216-17, 219
Armstrong, R. 267
art: children's 265
artifacts: of play 254, 256
assemblies 283
Association for the Study of Play, The
(TASP) 16, 68, 318
attribution: and data 124
authenticity 307, 308
autograph rhyme 158
"The Babysitter" 208, 209
Bachelard, G. 229
Bakhtin, M. 303
"bald on record" 222, 223
ball games 148, 153
"barring-out" 236
basic rules 98
Bateson, G. 67, 70, 77, 109, 275
Bauman, R. 51, 298
Beasley, R. R. 247
Bennett, J. 248
Bergen, F. 247
Bergmann, T. 285
Beresin, A. Richman 63, 69-71, 72, 237
Bettelheim, B. 199
Big Mac 82, 83, 85
bildgdtor (picture riddles) 180
binary character 274
Birdwhistell, R. 85
Blacking, J. 164
"Bloody Fingers" 203, 205
boarding schools 273, 281, 283, 285, 286
Bolton, H. 60, 150
Botvin, G. 196
"The Boyfriend's Death" 209
boys: play of 11, 111, 196, 206, 208, 220,
221, 227, 228, 232, 237, 242, 266,
270, 272
Brant, S. 256
Breslerman, M. 207
Brewster, P. 15
Bronner, S. J. 16, 151, 278
Brown, P. 222, 223
Brunvand, J. 258,275
Burch, W. R. 279
? ? Burke, K. 173
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? ? camp stories 208
catch questions, routines 16, 149
Caughey, J. 149
cautionary tales 278
Cavollo, D. 240
cerebral child 28, 29, 167
chants 83, 152
childhood 4, 6, 16, 255, 296, 297, 298, 307
childhood underground 195
childlore 27, 271
children's folklore: defined 3, 6, 11, 13, 14,
16, 19, 26, 27, 39, 70, 91, 231
248, 294, 298, 307
Children's Games in the Street and
Playground 14
Children's Humor 30, 224
Children's Playground Movement 238,
239, 240
children's riddling 141, 166, 167
Children's Singing Games 12
children's stories 195
Children Tell Stories 195
clandestine folklore 302
clapping games 148, 153, 295
classification: of objects 269
classification: in riddles 176, 177
Cohen, D. S. 280, 287
collecting: children's folklore 121, 122,
193, 194
collecting: from adults 123
collectors: children as 137, 138
commercial culture 263, 264
community leisure 243
communication: in play 110, 141, 144,
190, 277
comparative method 261
competence: in riddling 161, 165, 185,
189, 190
competition 108, 112, 113, 114
complexity: of children's folklore 24, 44
composition 57
computer story 202
confidentiality: in fieldwork 125
conflict: in children's narrative 197
conservatism and creativity 41, 42, 43
contest 64
contestation 302
context 9, 44, 45, 51, 89, 108, 113, 257,
271, 289
contexts of justification 103
control group 136
cooperation 108
"Coping with the Here and Now" 259
"Coping with the Unknown" 259
counting-out: rhymes 16, 152
Crandall, R. 238, 239
creativity: and children 45
crime(s) of writing 295
Cropsey (legend) variants 207
Csikszentmihalyi, M. 262, 269, 288
Culin, S. 257, 258
Cullman, E. 256
cultural approach 261
cultural evolutionary theory 14, 15, 16,
29, 45
cultural performances 275, 279, 281
cultural productions 274
culture: children's 295
"at the border" 275, 283
? ? folk and popular 88
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? ? enculturational dimensions 58
equipment: play 241, 242, 244
Erickson, E. 77, 245
escape: in narrative 196
ethics: issues 133
ethics: in research 121-139
ethnicity 306
ethnography: video 75-91
ethnography of speaking 141, 166
ethnographic observation and studies
133, 301
European-American girls 90
Evans, D. 164
evasive answer 305
experiment: as methodology 135, 136, 137
expressive culture 273
fabrications 214, 216, 282
face-threatening acts (FTA) 222
face-to-face interaction 108
Fagan, R. 67
failure 302, 304
fairy tale 199
fakelore 208
family 226
fancy 6, 7
fantasy 195, 196
fatal initiation 206
faulty memory 56
feminization of schools 236
fieldwork 16, 63, 77, 78, 89, 31, 288
fight, fighting 134, 232
film: ethnographic 77
Fine, G. A. 63, 72, 73
Finnegan, R. 57
fire play 279
Fischer, M. M. J. 306
folk arts 264
folk costume 280
folk culture 252, 255, 263, 269, 270, 274,
286, 289
folk group 8, 9, 253, 286
folk objects 269
folk play 264
folk speech 276, 277, 283
folklore: as process 3
Folklore of American Children 16
folktale retelling 200
folktales: and children 199, 201, 210
forest play 279
Formanek-Brunell, M. 255
formulaic narration 200
Foucault, M. 5
foursquare 93-119
frame: play 101, 108, 109, 111, 276
framing (s) 101, 108, 109-12
friend: adult as 128, 129, 131, 134
Freud, S. 30
funny-scary story 202, 204, 205, 210
galumphing 143
gambling 64
game, games 11, 12, 13, 22, 27, 43, 44, 64,
66, 67, 70-72, 75-77, 78, 81, 86,
88, 93, 101, 108, 142, 147, 150,
152, 153, 228, 237, 243, 244, 246,
247, 257, 279, 294, 300, 301
game rule, rules 93, 94, 99, 105, 108
Games and Songs of American Children
12,43
Games of New Zealand Children 15
? ? gaming 71, 72, 94, 97, 101-07
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? ? "Happy Birthday" 147
Haring, L. 207
Hart, R. 230, 231
Haut, J. H. 197
Hawes, B. L. 278, 287
Hayward, D. 247
hazing 284
hearth of play 234
hedging 305
hidden transcripts 302
high power: it role 156
Hilger, Sister I. M. 259
historical approach 256
history of childhood 19
History of Children's Play, A 296
hockey players 97
home play 227
honorary kid: adult researcher as 130
"The Hook" 210
hospitals 285
Howard, D. 14, 15, 151, 227
Howell, R. W. 221
Hughes, L. 63, 66, 67, 69, 72, 111, 119,
237, 300
Huizinga, J. 64-67
humor: children's 32, 156, 158, 190, 223
ideal: vs. real 39-41, 45
identity 217, 262, 265, 280
imagination 6
imitative objects 267, 268
immigrants 240
improvisation 57
incompetence 302
induced natural context 124
indirection 305
informants 129
informed consent 127, 133, 135, 137
institutional ceremonies 276, 281, 282
institutional theatricals 281, 282
interactional functions 161
interpretive social science: approach 275,
281, 286
interview(s) 78, 123, 127, 136, 137, 246
intraconversational narratives 197
invention of tradition 84
inventive objects 267, 268
invitations: riddle act 191
it: as role 136, 147, 152, 300
"It Floats" 202, 203
Jacobson, R. 142
Johnson, M. W. 243
Johnson, T. 32
joke(s) 30, 31, 32, 237, 304
journalism projects: 138
jump-rope 75-91, 147, 149, 153
Keesing, R. 302
Kellogg, R. 265
Kelman, H. 137
Kendon, A. 77, 84, 85
key informant 131, 133
kinesics 85
Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, B. 16, 141, 142
Klintberg, Bengt af 180
Knapp, M. and H. 16, 41, 43, 126, 147,
179, 183, 248, 259, 260
knock-knock routine: 161
Krell, R. 209, 278
Krohn, K. 49, 50, 57
La Llorona 278, 289
? ? Lambert, R. 276
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? ? McDowell, J. 27, 29, 33, 141, 166-69,
171, 186
McMahon, F. 143, 302
Mead, M. 77
meals 283
mean folklore 307
meaning: in folklore 266, 267, 275
Mechling, J. 225, 295
Meckley, A. 22
media narraform 201
memorization 57
Mero, E. 241
meta-communication 109
metaphoric comparison 174
methodology 63, 76, 77, 121, 123, 127,
135, 138
methods 63, 72
microethnographers 77
Millham, S. 276
misbehavior 90
mock ordeal 282, 284
mockery 301
Mother Goose 146
Muller, Max 56
motif 51
motive(s) 98, 103, 106-09, 111
museums: for children's artifacts 250
mutation 50, 51, 56, 61
Myerhoff, B. G. 284
narrational analysis 176
narrative(s): children's 144, 145, 194, 195,
197, 198, 278
narrative analysis 196
narrative structure 201
narrative styles 192
negotiation 33
Neumann, H. 123
New Zealand 14
Newell, W. W. 11, 12, 21, 43, 44, 144, 271
Newell's paradox 271
Nicholson, E. W. B. 13
nicknames 277
Nielsen, E. K. 221
nonsense 190
nonverbal communication 85
normative social science 278, 286
obligations: in play 113
obscene lore: collecting of 124, 138
observer: researcher as 128-30, 134
observation methodologies 127, 137
off-the-record: play 222
oicotypification 50, 51
on-the-record-play 222
One Potato, Two Potato 16
open house 282
open-ended interviews 127
Opie, I. and P. 13, 14, 27, 53, 56, 59,
149, 247, 293-95
oral tradition 202
organization of everyday talk 166
Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes 14
parody 55, 146, 147, 156-59, 304
participant-observation 128
participant-observer 131
Pearson, K. 26
performance 39, 51, 57, 264, 271,
274, 300
performance persona 187
performance studies 301
? ? performance theory 21
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? ? pranks 144, 213, 214, 215, 218, 219, 237,
278, 279
preadolescents: and legends 205
preadolescents: and researcher 129
prejudice 155
Prelinger, E. 195, 196
Prescott, S. 288
prestige: among child storytellers 259
process: and objects 267
Propp, V. 300
proto-dramas 282
psychoanalytic approach 30-32, 199
psychological analysis 32
psychology 67, 135
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. 26
Radner, J. 302, 305
Rainwater, C. 239
"Ralph and Rudy" 208
real rules 98
recreation 243
recreation facility 239
Redl, F. 279
reminiscences: adults, of childhood 122, 123
rescue: in narrative 196
respondents 139
residential institutions 273, 274
resistance 8
reversal: of everyday norms 216, 217, 222
rhetorics: of children's folklore 7
of optimal experience 7
of play 6
of power 7
of progress 6
of psychology 7
rhyme 148, 149, 152, 153, 155, 159, 160
commercial 83
of judgment 154
of prejudice 156, 307
of physical abuse 154
rhythm 148
riddle 33, 149, 161, 175, 304
act 167, 169, 172
act organization 168
catch 184
contest 164
gestural 178, 182
joking 31, 180, 182
non-verbal 178
parodic 182, 183, 190
proposition 170, 173, 175
strategies 190
session 165
true 180, 190, 191
verbal 173
visual descriptive 178-80, 182
riddle interaction 188
riddling 143, 161, 162
ritual 89, 149, 232, 236, 237, 276,
277, 303
forbidden 279
of incorporation 283
of separation 283, 284
Roberts, R. 287
Rochberg-Halton, Eugene 262, 269
Rocket in My Pocket, A. 150
Roemer, D. 306
role: of riddler 170, 171
roles: of adult researcher 128
roles: gender 266
? ? Rothenberg, M. R. 247
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? ? Spariosu, M. 64
special occasions 216
speech act theory 52
speech play 141, 296
Spencer, H. 24, 25
sponsor: role of key informant 132
Stewart, S. 295
Stoeltje, B. 306
Stone, K. E 199
story, stories 194, 197, 198
storytellers 195
storytelling 193, 197, 209
storytelling skills: in children 201
strategies: in play acts 173, 223
strategy of causation: riddles 177
street: play 225, 233, 234
structural analysis 196
structural approach 33
structuralism 301
structure of meaning 123
style: in play 110, 111
subculture 20, 143, 144, 287, 301
subversion 206
subversive folklore 226, 305
success 101
Sullivan, C. W. III 307
summer camp 279, 280-81, 282-83, 284
Sunday services and Sunday amusements
282
supernatural narratives: children's 204
superorganic 49, 50, 61
survey/questionnaires 126, 127, 136
supervisor: adult 128, 135
survival: in folklore 3, 28
Sutton-Smith, B. 14, 15, 16, 43, 136, 137,
196, 197, 264, 276, 279, 296, 302
Sydow, C. W.
