No More Learning

Marinus, as a man of a noble character and an orator xxviii. 46. )
(L. S. )
of great popularity in his time. Suidas mentions
LACI'NIUS (Aanſvios). 1. An Italian hero
Beveral works of his, but all are lost, and scarcely and fabulous robber, by whom Heracles, on his
a single trace of them has come down to us. Their expedition in Italy, is said to have been robbed of
titles are: 1, Περί κώλου, και κόμματος, και περι- some of the oxen of Geryones, and who was killed
odov. (Comp. Schol. ad Hermog. in the Rhet. by the hero in consequence. After the place of the
Graec. vol. iii. pp. 719, 721, vol. vii. p. 930. ) 2. murder was purified, Heracles built a temple to
Alanéters, or Disputations. 3. 'Iotopía of kata Hera (Juno), surnamed Lacinia. (Diod. iv. 24 ;
Kopvoûtov: whether this was an historical or a Serv. ad Aen. iii. 552. )
rhetorical work is uncertain, no historian of the 2. A son of Cyrene and king among the Brut-


## p. 701 (#717) ############################################

LACRATES.
701
LACTANTIUS.
tians, by whom, according to some, the temple of LA CRITUS (nákpitos), a sophist, a native of
Juno Lacinia was built. (Serv. l. c. ) (L. S. ) Phaselis, known to us chiefly from the speech of
LA'CIUS (nários), an Attic hero, to whom a Demosthenes against him. A man named Androcles
sanctuary was erected on the sacred road from had lent a sum of money to Artemo, the brother of
Athens to Eleusis, and from whom the demus of Lacritus. The latter, on the death of his brother,
Lacia or Laciadae derived its name. (Paus. i. 37. refused to refund the money, though he had become
$ 1. )
(L. S. ) security for his brother, and was his heir. Hence
LACO (Adrwv), son of Aeimnestus, proxenus of the suit instituted aguinst him by Androcles, for
the Spartans at Plataea, was chosen with Asty- whom Demosthenes composed the speech in ques-
machus, son of A sopolaus, to address the Lacedae- tion. Lacritus was a pupil of Isocrates, of which
monians in behalf of the Plataean people, when the he seems to have been rather vain. (Dem. in Lacr.
town capitulated, in the fourth year of the Pelopon. p. 928. ) Photius (Cod. 260, p. 407, a. ed.
nesian war, B. C. 427. In their mouths is placed Bek. ) speaks of him likewise as the author of
the pathetic speech given in Thucydides. (Thuc. some Athenian laws. (Plut. Dec. Orat. p. 837,
iii. 52. )
(A. H. C. ] b. )
(C. P. M. ]
LAĆO, a native of Anagnia, the ancient capital LACTA'NTIUS. Notwithstanding the high
of the Hernicans, mentioned by Cicero as one of reputation enjoyed by this father, no sure record
Antony's boon-companions -- poculorum princeps has been preserved by which we can deterinine
in the revelries at Varro's country-house, B. C. 44. either his exact name, or the place of his nativity,
(Philipp. ii. 41, ad Att. xvi. 11. ) (W. B. D. ) or the date of his birth. In modern works we find
LACO, CORNEʻLIUS, originally a praetor's him usually denominated Lucius Coelius Firmianus
counsel (Heinecc. Antiq. Rom. iv. 6, § 9), was Lactantius ; but the two former appellations, in the
promoted by Galba, A. n. 70, to the posts of court- second of which Caecilius is often substituted for
chamberlain and praetorian prefect. Of the three Coelius, are both omitted by Hieronymus, and also
favourites of Galba, who from their influence with in many MSS. , while the two latter are frequently
him were called his pedagogues (Suet. Galb. 14 ; presented in an inverted order ; moreover, we have
Dion Cass. lxiv. 2), Laco was the most slow:hful and no means of deciding whether Firmianus is a family
not the least arrogant. In the disputes concerning or a local designation ; and some critics, absurdly
the appointment of a colleague and successor to Galba, enough perhaps, have imagined that Lactantius is
Laco opposed the nomination of Otho, and moved, a mere epithet, indicating the milk-like softness
it is said, by his intimacy with Rubellius Plautus, and sweetness which characterise the style of this
supported that of Piso. In the divisions of Galba's author. Since he is spoken of as having been far
court and favourites Laco seems to have taken part advanced in life about A. D. 315, he must have
with Icelus. (ICELUS. ) Galba wished to send been boru not later than the middle of the third
Laco to appease the discontent of the legions under century, probably in Italy, possibly at Firmium,
Vitellius in Germany ; but he refused to go, and on the Adriatic, and certainly studied in Africa,
was thought to have contributed to his patron's where he became the pupil of Arnobius, who
destruction by concealing from him the murmurs of taught rhetoric at Sicca. His fame, which sur-
the soldiery, and by advising him, when the prae- passed even that of his master, became so widely
torians had declared for Ocho, to present himself extended, that about A. D. 301 he was invited by
to the mutineers. On Otho's accession Laco was Diocletian to settle at Nicomedeia, and there to
ordered for deportation ; but the centurion who practise his art. The teacher of Latin eloquence,
guarded him had secret orders to put him to death however, found so little encouragement in a city
on the way. Laco, however, according to Plutarch whose population was chiefly Greek, that he was
(Galb. 13), perished at the same time with Galba. reduced to extreme indigence ; and, without at-
(Tac. Hist. i. 6, 13, 14, 19, 26, 33, 46 ; Suet. tempting to turn his talents to account as a public
Galb. 14; Plut. Gulb. 13, 26, 29. ) [W. B. D. ] pleader, abandoned his profession altogether, de-
LACO, GRAECI'NUS, was commander of the voting himself entirely to literary composition.
night-watch (praefectus vigilum) in the 18th year There can be little doubt that at this period he
of the reign of Tiberius, A. D. 31. When the em- became a Christian ; and his change of religion
peror had commissioned Sertorius Macro to arrest may in no small degree have proved the cause of
Sejanus, Laco was stationed with his band of vigiles his poverty ; for we can scarcely suppose that he
around the temple of Apollo, in which the senate would have been left without support by the em-
was held. At a preconcerted signal, after Tiberius' peror, had he not in some way forfeited the pa-
letter (Juv. Sat. x. 71) had been read, Laco en tronage of the court. We know nothing farther
tered with his guards and took Sejanus into cus. of his career until we find him sumnioned to
tody. For this service, which from the power of Gaul, about A. D. 312–318, when now an old
the criminal required both secrecy and boldness, man, to superintend the education of Crispus, son
Laco was rewarded with a large pecuniary donation of Constantine, and it is believed that he died at
and with the quaestorian ornaments. (Dion Cass. Treves some ten or twelve years afterwards (4. D.
Ivüi. 9, 10, 12. )
(W. B. D. ] 325—330).
LA CRATES (Aarpárns). 1. A general sent Among the writings of Lactantius we must
out by the Thebans, at the head of 1000 heavy- assign the first place to I. Divinarum Institutionum
armed troops, to assist Artaxerxes Ochus in his in- Libri VII. , a sort of introduction to Christianity,
vasion of Egypt, B. C. 350. He commanded that intended to supersede the less perfect treatises of
division of the royal forces sent against Pelusium. Minucius Felix, Tertullian, and Cyprian. It is
(Diod. xvi. 44, 49).
partly polemical, since it contains a direct attack
2. A Pythagorean, a native of Metapontum, upon the pagan system ; partly apologetic, since it
mentioned by lamblichus (Vit
. Pyth. c. 36). Another undertakes to defend the new faith from the mis-
reading of the name is Lacritus.
[C. P. M. ] representations of its adversaries ; partly didactic,
LA CRATES, artist. (PYRRHUS. )
since it presents an exposition of the bauty, ha


## p. 702 (#718) ############################################

702
LACTANTIUS.
LACTANTIUS.
:
liness, and wisdom of pure religion ; thus seeking and was published at Paris in 1712 by C. M. Pfaff,
to recommend the principles of the true belief to chancellor of the university of Tübingen. It may
the favour of the philosophers and educated men of be observed, that Walchius and others have doubted
the age, to whom chiefly the work is addressed. whether the Epitome really proceeded from the pen
The period at which this manual was composed is of Lactantius, but we can scarcely prefer their
involved in considerable doubt. There is on the conjectures to the positive testimony of Jerome.
one hand a direct allusion (v. 17. $ 5) to a per- III. De Ira Dei, addressed to an unknown
secution still raging (Spectatue sunt enim spectantur. Donatus, is a controversial tract, directed chiefly
que adhuc per orbem poenae cultorum Dei, &c. ), against the Epicureans, who maintained that the
which seems to point to the horrors under Diocle- deeds of men could produce no emotions either of
tian ; while on the other hand Constantine is ad- anger or of pleasure in the Deity; a position which
dressed by name as emperor, at the beginning of Lactantius declares to be subversive of all true
the first, second, fourth, and fifth books. These religion, since it at once destroys the doctrine of
clauses, it is true, are omitted altogether in several rewards and punishments.
MSS. , and hence have by some editors been re- IV. De Opificio Dei s. De Formatione Hominis,
jected as spurious ; while others avoid the difficulty addressed to a certain Demetrianus.
;
The first
by supposing that the task, commenced in Bithy- part of this book, to which there seems to be a
nia, was completed in Gaul, after a lapse of twenty reference in the Institutions (ii. 10. $ 15), belongs
years ; or by adopting the plausible conjecture of to natural theology, being an argument in favour of
Baluze, that copies passed into circulation at Ni-| the wisdom and beneficence of God, deduced from
comedeia, from which one family of MSS. was the wonderful contrivances and adaptations of
derived, and that a second edition was published means to ends discernible in the structure of the
at a later epoch under happier auspices. Each of human frame; the second part is devoted to spe-
the seven books into which the Institutions are culations concerning the nature of the soul.
divided bears a separate title, whether proceeding V. De Mortibus Persecutorum. See CAECILIUS.
from the author or from a transcriber it is impos- VI. Hieronymus speaks of Lactantius as a poet,
sible to say, and constitutes as it were a separate and several pieces still extant have been ascribed
essay. In the first, De Falsa Religione, the ruling to him, but erroneously. These are, l. De Phoe-
providence and unity of God are asserted, the un- nice, in elegiacs, containing a collection of all the
reasonableness of a plurality of deities is demon- most remarkable tales and legends regarding the
strated, and the absurdity of the popular creed is far-famed Arabian bird. It is probably a com-
illustrated by an examination of the history and pilation comparatively modern. For full inform-
legends of the ancient mythology. In the second, ation with regard to its history see Wernsdorff,
De Origine Erroris, the same subject is pursued, Poetae Lat. Minores, vol. iii. p. 283. 2. Symposium,
with reference particularly to the folly of paying an assemblage of one hundred riddles. This is
reverence to idols, and then the steps are traced by noticed in the article FIRMIANUS. 3. De Pascha
which men gradually
wandered away from the plain ad Felicem Episcopum, in elegiacs, is generally be-
and simple truth. The third, De falsa Sapientia, lieved to have been composed by Venantius Ho-
exposes the empty pretences of so-called phi- norianus Clementianus Fortunatus, who flourished
losophy, which is pronounced to be an arrogant in the middle of the sixth century. 4. De Passione
but weak imposture, a mass of flimsy speculations Domini, in hexameters, one of the most admired
upon physics, morals, and theology, at once unsub- productions of the Christian muse, not unworthy
stantial and contradictory. The fourth, De vera of Lactantius, but bearing in its language the im-
Sapientia et Religione, points out that pure religion press of a much later age. It will be found in the
is the only source whence pure wisdom can flow, Poetarum Veterum Eccles. Op. Christiana, edited
and then proceeds to prove that Christianity is the by G. Fabricius, Bas. fol. 1564, and in the Biblia
religion required, by entering into an inquiry with theca Patrum Max. , Lugdun. 1677, vol ii. p. 671.
regard to the nature and history of the Messiah. VII. Lactantius, according to Hieronymus, was
The fifth, De Justitia, is occupied with a dis- the author of a Symposium, of a piece called Gram-
quisition upon righteousness, which, having been maticus, of an itinerary in hexameters, 'OSOITTOPIKÓV
banished from earth by the invasion of the heathen de Africa usque Nicomediam, of two books, Ad
gods, was brought back by Christ; and concludes Asclepiadem, who had himself addressed to Lac-
with a vehement denunciation of the injustice and tantius a work De Providentia summi Dei (Instit.
impiety of those who persecuted the followers of vii. 4), of four books of epistles Ad Probum, two
the Saviour. The sixth, De Vero Cultu, treats of Ad Severum, and two Ad Demetrianum, all of
the manner in which homage ought to be rendered which are now lost. It appears from his own
to the one true God. The seventh, De Vita Beata, words (Instit. vii. 1, sub fin. ), that he had formed
embraces a great variety of discussions ; among the design of drawing up a work against the Jews,
others, an investigation of the chief good, the im- but we cannot tell whether he ever accomplished
mortality of the soul, the duration of the world, his purpose.
the second coming of Christ, the general resurrec- The style of Lactantius, formed upon the model
tion, future rewards and punishments.
of the great orator of Rome, has gained for him
II. An Epitome of the Institutions, dedicated to the appellation of the Christian Cicero, and not
Pentadius, is appended to the larger work and is undeservedly. No reasonable critic, indeed, would
attributed to Lactantius by Hieronymus, who de- now assert, with Picus of Mirandula, that the
scribes it as being even in his time axépalos; and imitator has not only equalled but even surpassed
in fact, in all the earlier editions this abridgement the beauties of his original. But it is impossible
begins at the sixteenth chapter of the fifth book of not to be charmed with the purity of diction, the
the original. But in the eighteenth century the easy grace, the calm dignity, and the sonorous flow
work was discovered nearly entire in a very an- of his periods, when compared with the harsh
cient MS. deposited in the royal library at Turin, / phraseology and barbarous extravagance of his


## p. 703 (#719) ############################################

LACUMACES.
703
LADOGENES.
:
African contemporaries, or the stiff affectation, | attacked by Masinissa on his march, and narrowly
vulgar finery, and empty pomposity, of the Graeco-escaped falling into his hands. He, however, ob-
Italian rhetoricians. He was unquestionably also tained from Syphax a large auxiliary force, with
a man of extensive erudition ; and much curious which he joined his guardian Mezetulus, but their
and valuable information concering ancient super combined armies were defeated by Masinissa, and
stition and ancient philosophy may be gathered they themselves fled to Syphax for refuge. From
from his pages, in which are preserved many quo- thence they were induced by the conqueror to
tations from lost works of interest and importance. return, and Lacumaccs was receired at the court
His merits as a theologian are more questionable. of Masinissa with the honours due to his royal
It is almost certain that he became a convert late birth. (Liv. xxix. 29, 30. ) (E. H. B. )
in life: he probably did not receive instruction LACY'DES (Macúdns). 1. A native of Cyrene,
from a judicious teacher, nor fully comprehend all the son of Alexander. In his youth he was poor,
that he had learned. His expressions relative to but remarkable for his industry, as well as for his
the nature of Christ, his view of the redemption, affable and engaging manners. He removed to
his picture of the day of judgment, his predictions Athens, and attached himself to the New Aca-
concerning the millennium, the unsuspecting con. demy, according to a silly story quoted by Eusebius
fidence with which he quotes such authorities as (Praep. Erang. xiv. 7) from Numenius, because
the Sibylline oracles and Hermes Trismegistus, the the facility with which his servants robbed him
line of argument adopted in the De Ira Dei, his without being detected, convinced him that no re-
remarks on the immortality of the soul and on early liance could be placed on the evidence of the senses.
death, may be given as a few examples out of many He was a disciple of Arcesilaus, and succeeded
which might be adduced of erroneous doctrines, of him as president of the school, over which he pre-
rash and unwarrantable conclusions, of unsound sided for 26 years. The place where his instructions
criticism, of reasoning rhetorical but not logical, of were delivered was a garden, named the Aakúdelov,
superficial investigation, and false induction. The provided for the purpose by his friend Attalus
charge of a leaning towards Manicheism and Anti- Philometor king of Pergamus. This alteration in
Trinitarian opinions seems altogether unfounded. the locality of the school seems at least to bave
The Editio Princeps of Lactantius is one of the contributed to the rise of the name of the New
earliest specimens of the typographical art in ex. Academy. Before his death Lacydes resigned his
istence, having been printed at the monastery of place to Telecles and Evander of Phocis, a thing
Subiaco in 1465 by Sweynbeym and Pannartz ; a which no philosopher had ever done before him.
second and a third impression by the same printers He died in B. c. 211, according to Diogenes Laertius
appeared at Rome in 1468 and 1470, the last (iv. $ 60 ; comp. Aelian, V. H. ü. 41 , Athen. x.
under the editorial inspection of Andrew, bishop of p. 438. a. ), from the effects of excessive drinking.
Aleria. The great popularity of this author, and According to Eusebius (Praep. Eo. xiv. 7), he was
the multitude of MSS. dispersed over Europe, gave so frugal, in other respects at least, that he was
rise to a multitude of editions, of which the most styled å oikovouukós. "In his philosophical tenets
notable are that of Gallaeus, Lug. Bat. 1660, he followed Arcesilaus closely. Cicero (Acad. ii. 6),
forming one of the series of Variorum Classics, in speaking of the latter, says: “cujus primo non
8vo. ; that of C. Cellarius, Lips. 8vo. 1698 ; that admodum probata ratio, quanquam floruit quum
of Walchius, Lips. 8vo. 1715; that of Heumann, acumine ingenii tum admirabili quodam lepore
Gotting. 8vo. 1736 ; that of Bünemann, Lips. 8vo. dicendi proxime a Lacyde solo retenta est. ” Suidas
1739; and that of Le Brun and Lenglet du | (s. v. Tak. ) mentions writings of his under the
Fresnoy, Paris, 2 vols. 4to. 1748.
general name of φιλόσοφα οι περί φύσεως. (Diog.
(Hieronym. de Viris IU. 79, 80 ; Chronic. Euseb. Laert. iv. 59–61. )
ad ann. cccxviii. , Comment, in Eccles. c. 10, Com- 2. A peripatetic philosopher, mentioned by
ment. in Ephes. C. 4, Ad Paulin. Epist. ; Lactant. Aelian (Hist. An. vii. 41), and Pliny (H. N. x. 22).
Divin. Instit. i. l. § 8, v. 2. § 2, iii. 13. $ 12; Nothing is recorded of him but that he bad a pet
Schröckh, Kirchengescht. vol. v. p. 232 ; Schöne- goose which never left him either by day or by
mann, Bibliotheca Putrum Lat. vol. i. & 2; Bähr, night.
(C. P. M. ]
Gesch. der Römisch. Litterut. Suppl. Band. 1° Ab- LADAMAS, artist. [Moschion. ]
theil. & 9, 2e Abtheil. § 38—46. ) [W. R. ] LADAS (náðas). 1. A celebrated runner, a
LACTANS, LACTURNUS, and LACTUR- native of Laconia. He gained the victory at
CIA, Roman divinities, who were believed to pro- Olympia in the baixos, and expired soon after.
tect the young fruits of the field. (Serv. ad Aen. There was a monument to his memory on the
i. 315; August. De Civ. Dei, iv. 3. ) Some believe banks of the Eurotas. In Arcadia, on one of
that Lactans and Lacturcia are mere surnames the roads leading to Orchomenus, was a stadium,
of Ops, and that Lacturnus is a surname of Sa- called the stadium of Ladas, where he used to
turnus.