No More Learning

; insunt Plauti Fragmenta ab
are the Codex vetus and decurtatus, which must, Ang. Muio nuper reperlu, Berlin, 1816; Gep-
in connection with the Palimpsest manuscript of pert, Veber den Codex Ambrosianus, und seinen Ein-
Milan, form the basis with any future editor for a fluss auf die Plautinische K'rilik, Leipzig, 1847; and
restoration of the genuine text. (See Ritschl, Ueber above all Ritschl, Pareryon Pluutinurum Teren-
dic Kritik des Pluutus, in the Ricinisches Museum, rianorumque, Leipzig, 1845, containing the follow-
vol. iv. p. 153, &c. ) It nppears that the comedies ing valuable dissertations in relation to Plautus :
of Plautus were, at an early time, divided into two 1. De Plauti Poctae Nominibus; 2. De Aetate
parts, the first containing eight plays (Amphitruo Plauti ; 3. Die Fabulae Varronianae des Plautus ;
- Epidicus), the second the remaining twelve 4. Die Plautinischen Didaskalien ; 5. De Actae
(Bacchides — Truculentus. ) The last twelve plays Trinummi Tempore ; 6. De Veteribus Plauti Inter-
were at first unknown in Italy at the revival of pretibus ; 7. De Plauti Bacchidibus ; 8. De tur.
learning: they were discovered in Germany about bato Scenarum Ordine Mostelariae Plautinae ; 9.
1430, and from thence conveyed to Italy. It may De Interpolatione Trinummi Plautinae.
be mentioned in passing, that this division of the PLAUTUS, C. RUBELLIUS, was the son of
plays into two parts accounts for the loss of the Rubellius Blandus (BLANDUS) and of Julia, the
beginning of the Bacchides, which was the first daughter of Drusus, the son of the emperor Tibe-
play of the volume, and the commencement of rius. Plautus was thus the great-grandson of
which might therefore have been easily torn away. Tiberius, and the great-great-grandson of Augustus,
The editio princeps of the complete works of | in consequence of Tiberius having been adopted by
Plautus was published at Venice, by Georgius Me- Augustus. Descended thus from the founder of the
rula, in 1472. There was a still earlier edition of Roman empire, Plautus incurred the jealousy of
the first eight plays of Plautus (Amphitruo-Epi- Nero. He was involved in the accusatione which
dicus), printed ai Venice, without date, of which Junia Silana brought against Agrippina in A. D.
probably only one copy is now in existence, pre- 55, whom she accused of a design of marrying
serred in the public library at Venice. Niebuhr Plautus, and raising him to the imperial throne.
called attention to this edition (Kleine Schriften, Five years afterwards, A. D. 60, a comet appeared,
vol. i. p. 176, &c. ), but it had been previously which, according to the popular opinion, was
noticed by Harles (Supplem. ad Brev. Notit. Lit. thought to forebode a change in the empire. The
Rom. part ii. p. 483). Of the other earlier editions people thereupon were set thinking who would be
the best are those by Camerarius, Basel, 1558 ; Nero's successor ; and no one appeared to them
by Lambinus, Paris, 1576 ; by Taubmann, Wit- so fit as Rubellius Plautus. Although the latter
tenberg, 1605 ; by Pareus, Frankfort, 1610 ; by lived in the most quiet manner, avoiding the
Gruter, with Taubmann's commentary, Wittenberg, popular notice, and harbouring no traitorous de-
1621 ; by J. Fr. Gronovius, Leyden, 1664, re- signs, Nero wrote to him, recommending him to
printed at the same place in 1669, at Amsterdam withdraw from the city to his estates in Asia.
in 1684, and again at Leipzig, under the care of Such advice was, of course, equivalent to a com-
J. A. Ernesti, in 1760. The best modern editions mand ; Plautus accordingly retired to Asia with
of the complete works of Plautus are by Bothe, his wife Antistia, the daughter of L. Antistius
Berlin, 1809 – 1811, 4 vols. 8vo. , again at Stutt- Vetus, and employed himself in his exile in the
gardt, 1829, 4 yols. 8vo. , and lastly at Leipzig, study of the Stoic philosophy. But even in this
1834, 2 vols. 8vo. ; and by Weise, Quedlinburg, retreat he was not safe ; for Tigellinus having
1837—1838, 2 vols. 8vo. There are some editions again excited the fears of Nero in A. D. 62 against
of the separate plays of Plautus which deserve parti- Plautus, he was murdered in Asia by comirand of
cular recommendation. These are the Captivi, Miles, the emperor. Many of his friends advised him to
and Trinumnus, by Lindemann, Leipzig, 1814, take up arms to resist his executioners, and his
2d edition ; the Bacchides, by Ritschl, Halle, 1835; father-in-law Antistius Vetus wrote to him to the
and the Trinummus by Hermann, Leipzig, 1800. same effect ; but Plautus preferred death to an
Plautus has been translated into almost all the uncertain struggle for the empire. (Tac. Ann.
European languages. In English some of the plays xiii. 19, xiv. 22, 57, 59; Dion Cass. lxii. 14;
were translated by Echard in 1716, by Cooke in Juv. viii. 39. )
1754, and by Cotter in 1827 ; and there is a PLEIADES (Πλειάδες Or Πελειάδες), the
translation in English of all the works of Plautus Pleiads, are called daughters of Atlas by Pleione
by Thornton and Warner, 1767--1774, 5 rols. | (or by the Oceanid Aethra, Eustath. ad Hom.
8vo. In French we have the translations of the p. 1155), of Erechtheus (Serv. ad Aen. i. 741),
Amphitruo, Epidicus, and Rudens, by Madame of Cadmus (Theon, ad Arat. p. 22), or of the
Dacier, 1683, and of the complete works by Li- queen of the Amazons. (Schol. ad Theocrit. xiii.
miers, Amsterdam, 1719, 10 vols. 8vo, and by 25. ) They were the sisters of the Hyades, and
Guendeville, Leyden, 1719, 10 vols. 8vo. In seven in number, six of whom are described as
German there are several translations of single visible, and the seventh as invisible. Some call
T


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412
PLEISTARCHUS.
PLEISTOANAX.
1
1
1
I
I
a
the seventh Sterope, and relate that she became the general coalition was formed against Antiga
invisible from shame, because she alone among her nus, Pleistarchus was sent forward by his brother,
sisters had had intercourse with a mortal man; with an army of 12,000 foot and 500 horse, to
others call her Electra, and make her disappear join Lysimachus in Asia. As the Hellespont and
from the choir of her sisters on account of her entrance of the Euxine was occupied by Deme
grief at the destruction of the house of Dardanus trius, he endeavoured to transport his troops from
(lygin. Fab. 192, Poet. Astr. ii. 21). The Odessus direct to Heracleia, but lost by far the
Pleiades are said to have made away with them- greater part on the passage, some having been cap
Belves from grief at the death of their sisters, the tured by the enemy's ships, while others perished
Hyades, or at the fate of their father, Atlas, and in a storm, in which Pleistarchus himself narrowly
were afterwards placed as stars at the back of escaped shipwreck. (ld. xx. 112. ) Notwith-
Taurus, where they form a cluster resembling a standing this misfortune, he seems to have ren-
bunch of grapes, whience they were sometimes called dered efficient service to the confederates, for which
BbTpus (Eustath. al llom. p. 1155). According he was rewarded after the battle of Ipsus (B. C.
to another story, the Pleindes were virgin com- 301) by obtaining the province of Cilicia, as an
panions of Artemis, and, together with their mother independent government. This, however, he did
Pleione, were pursued by the hunter Orion in not long retain, being expelled from it in the fol-
Boeotia ; their prayer to be rescued from him was lowing year, by Demetrius, almost without oppo
heard by the gods, and they were metamorphosed sition. (Plut. Demetr. 31. ) Hereupon he returned
into doves (nedevades), and placed among the stars to his brother Cassander, and from this time we
(Hygin. Poet. Astr. ii. 21; Schol. ud Apollon. hear no more of him. Pausanias mentions him
Rhod. iii. 226; Pind. Nem. ii. 17). The rising as having been defeated by the Athenians in an
of the Pleiades in Italy was about the beginning of action in which he commanded the cavalry and
May, and their setting about the beginning of No- auxiliaries of Cassander ; but the period at which
vember. Their names are Electra, Maia, Taygete, this event took place is uncertain. (Paus. i. 15.
Alcyone, Celaeno, Sterope, and Merope (Tzetz. ad $ 1. ) It is perhaps to him that the medical
Lyc: 219, comp. 149 ; Apollod. iii. 10. $ 1). The writer, Diocles of Carystus, addressed his work,
scholiast of Theocritus (xiii. 25) gives the follow- which is cited more than once by Athenaeus, as
ing different set of names: Coccymo, Plaucia, Protis, id tpos II Aelotapxov 'Tyreivá. (Athen. vii. p. 320,
Parthemia, Maia, Stonychia, Lampatho. (Comp. d, 324, f. )
[E. H. B. ]
Hom. I. xviii. 486, Od. v. 272 ; Ov. Fust. iv. 169, PLEI'STHENES (FIXelodévns), a son of Atreus,
&c. ; Hyades ; and Ideler, Untersuch, über die and husband of Aerope or Eriphyle, the daughter
Sternennamen, p. 144. )
(L. S. ] of Catreus, by whom he became the father of Aga-
PLEI'ONE (II^nióvn), a daughter of Oceanus, memnon, Menelaus, and Anaxibia (Apollod. ii. 2.
and mother of the Pleiades by Atlas. (Apollod. iii. $ 2 ; Schol. ad Eurip. Or. 5 ; Aeschyl. Agam.
10. § 1; Pind. Fragm. 53 ; comp. Atlas ; PLEI 1569 ; comp. AGAMEMNON ; ATREUS). A son
ADES. )
(L. S. ] of Thyestes, who was killed by Atreus, was like
PLEISTAE'NETUS (NIAelotalvetos), an wise called Pleisthenes. (Hygin. Fab. 88. ) (L. S. )
Athenian painter, the brother of Pheidias, is men- PLEISTO'ΑΝΑΧ (πλειστοάναξ, Πλειστώ
tioned by Plutarch (De Glor. Athen. ii. p.
346) vaß), the nineteenth king of Sparta in the line of
among the most celebrated painters, such as Apol- the Agidae, was the eldest son of the Pausanias
lodorus, Euphranor, Nicias, and Asclepiodorus, who who conquered at Plataea in B. c. 479. On the
painted victories, battles, and heroes ; but there is death of Pleistarchus, in B. C. 458, without issue,
no other mention of him.
[P. S. ] Pleistoanax succeeded to the throne, being yet a
PLEISTARCHUS (Ilelotapxos). ]. King minor, so that in the expedition of the Lacedae
of Sparta, of the line of the Agids, was the son and monians in behalf of the Dorians against Phocis,
successor of the heroic Leonidas, who was killed in B. C. 457, his uncle Nicomedes, son of Cleom-
at Thermopylae, B. C. 489. He was a mere child brotus, commanded for him. (Thuc. i. 107; Diod.
at the time of his father's death, on which account xi. 79; Paus. i. 13, iii. 5. ) In B. C. 445 he led
the regency was assumed by his cousin Pausanias, in person an invasion into Attica, being however,
who commanded the Greeks at Plataea. (Herod. in consequence of his youth, accompanied by Cle-
ix. 10; Paus. iii. 4. $ 9. ) It appears that the andridas as a counsellor. The premature with-
latter continued to administer affairs in the name drawal of his army from the enemy's territory
of the young king till his own death, about B. c. exposed both Cleandridas and himself to the sus-
467 (Thuc. i. 132). Whether Pleistarchus was picion of having been bribed by Pericles, and,
then of age to take the reins of government into according to Plutarch, while Cleandridas fled from
his own hands we know not, but Pausanias tells Sparta and was condemned to death in his ab-
is that he died shortly after assuming the sove- sence, the young king was punished by a heavy fine,
reignty, while it appears, from the date assigned which he was unable to pay, and was therefore
by Diodorus to the reign of his successor Pleisto- obliged to leave his country. Pleistoanax remained
anax, that his death could not have taken place nineteen years in exile, taking up his abode near
till the year B. C. 458. (Paus. iii. 5. § 1; Diod. the temple of Zeus on Mount Lycaeus in Arcadia,
xiii. 75 ; Clinton, F. H. vol. ii. p. 210. ) No par- and having half his house within the sacred pre-
ticulars of his reign are recorded to us.
cincts that he might enjoy the benefit of the
2. Son of Antipater and brother of Cassander, sanctuary. During this period his son Pausanias,
king of Macedonia. He is first mentioned in the a minor, reigned in his stead. The Spartans at
year B. c. 313, when he was left by his brother in length recalled him in B. c. 426, in obedience to
the command of Chalcis, to make head against the repeated injunctions of the Delphic oracle, -
Ptolemy, the general of Antigonus, when Cas- " to bring back the seed of the demi-god, the son
sander himself was recalled to the defence of Mace- of Zeus ; else they should plough with a silver
donia. (Diod. xix. 77. ) Again, in B. c. 302, when plough ;” — and his restoration was accompanied
1
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## p. 413 (#429) ############################################

PLETHO.
413
PLEXIPPUS.
with solemn dances and sacrifices, such as those PLEURATUS (Πλεύρατος). 1. Father of
with which the first kings of his race had been Agron, king of Illyria (Polyb. ii
. 2), ns well as in
inaugurated. But he was accused of having all probability of Scerdilaïdas also, though this is
tampered with the Pythian priestess to induce no where distinctly stated. (See Schweighäuser,
her to interpose for him, and his alleged impiety ad Polyb. ii. 5. & 6. )
in this matter was continually assigned by his 2. King of Illyria, son of Scerdilaïdas, and there.
enemies as the cause of all Sparta's misfortunes in fore probably a grandson of the preceding. He
the war; and therefore it was that he used all his appears to have been associated with his father in
influence to bring about peace with Athens in the sovereignty for some years before the death of
B. C. 421. (Thuc. i. 114, ii. 21, ïïi. 26, v. 16, 19, the latter, whether as joint ruler, or as holding the
24 ; Arist. Nub. 849 ; Ephor. ap. Schol. ad loc. ; separate command of some of the Illyrian tribes, is
Plut. Per. 22, Nic. 28 ; Diod. xiii. 106. ) (CLE- uncertain, but the last supposition seems the most
ANDRIDAS ; PERICLES. ] In the last-mentioned probable. Livy, in one passage (xxvi. 24), calls
year he marched with an army into Arcadin, him a Thracian prince, but this seems to be cer-
where he released the Parthasians from their winly a mistake. His name was included, together
dependence on Mantinein, and destroyed the with that of Scerdiluïdas in the treaty of alliance
fortress which the Mantineans had built, to com- concluded by M. Valerius Laevinus with the
mand Laconia, at a place called Cypsela on the Aetolians, B. C. 211, and the two were associated
borders. (Thuc. v. 33) In B. C. 418 he set forth together on several occasions during the war with
At the head of the old men and boys to the Philip, as well as in the peace concluded by P.
assistance of his colleague, Agis II. ; but, on his Sempronius with that monarch in B. C. 204. (Liv.
arrival at Tegea, he heard of the victory which xxvi. 24, xxvii. 30, xxviii. 5, xxix. 12 ; Polyb
Agis had just won at Mantineia, and, finding that x. 41. ) But after this period that of Pleuratus
his presence was not required, he returned to appears alone, and he seems to have become sole
Sparia. (Thuc. v. 75. ) He died in B. c. 408, ruler. On the renewal of the war with Macedonia
after a reign of 50 years, and was succeeded by by the Romans (B. C. 201) he hastened to offer his
his son Pausanias. (Diod. xiii. 75; Wess, ad loc. ; assistance to the consul Sulpicius, but his services
comp. Clint. F. H. vol. ii. App. iii. ) One saying were declined for the moment, and were not sub-
of Pleistoanax is found in Plutarch's collection sequently called for. But though he rendered no
(Apoph. Lac. ), but it is hardly brilliant enough to active assistance, his fidelity to the Roman cause
deserve being recorded.
[E. E. ) was rewarded by Flamininus at the peace of 196,
Q. PLEMI'NIUS, propraetor and legatus of by the addition to his territories of Lychnidus and
Scipio Africanus, was sent in B. C. 205 against the Parthini, which had been previously subject to
the town of Locri, in southern Italy, which still Macedonia. (Liv. xxxi. 28, xxxiii. 34 ; Polyb.
continued to be in the possession of the Cartha- xviii. 30, xxi. 9, xxii. 4. ) During the war of M.
ginians. He succeeded in taking the town, of Fulvius in Aetolia, B. C. 189, he again came to the
which he was left governor by Scipio ; but he assistance of the Romans with a fleet of 60 ships,
treated the inhabitants with the greatest cruelty, with which he laid waste the coasts of Aetolia,
and not contented with robbing them of their bui did not effect any thing of moment. (Liv.
private property, plundered even the temple of xxxviii. 7. ). The date of his death is unknown,
Proserpine. The Locrians accordingly sent an but it must have occurred previous to B. c. 180, at
embassy to Rome to complain of his conduct; and which time we find his son Gentius already on the
the senate, upon hearing their complaints, com- throue. (Id. xl. 42. )
manded Pleminius to be hrought back to Rome, 3. A brother of Gentius, and son of the pre-
where he was thrown into prison, B. C. 204, but ceding, who is called PLATOR by Livy, but Pleu-
died before his trial came on. According to ratus by Polybius. He was put to death by Gen-
another account preserved by Clodius Licinius, tius, in order that the king might himself marry a
Pleminius endeavoured to set the city on fire, but daughter of Monunius who had been betrothed to
being detected was put to death in prison by his brother. (Polyb. xxix. 5 ; Liv. xliv. 30. )
command of the senate. (Liv. xxix, 6–9, 16- 4. A son of Gentius, king of Illyria, who was
22, xxxiv. 44 ; Val. Max.