No More Learning

vol. i. pp. 29—35, vol. ii. pp. 9–11; works (vol. xiii. pp. 296, 829).
Fabric. Bill. Graec. vol. ii. p. 453 ; Bode, Gesch. d. 4. A native of Tarsus in Cilicia, who must
llellen. Dichtk. vol. iii. Pt. 2, p. 31. ) [P. S. ) have lived in or before the beginning of the second
MAGNUS, a Roman consular, accused of having century after Christ, as one of his medical formulae
organized an extensive plot against Maximinus I. , is quoted by Asclepiades Pharmacion. (Galen,
in which, according to Herodian, he was supported De Compos. Medicum. sec. Locos, ix. 7, vol. xiii.
by a great number of centurions, and the whole p. 313. )
body of the senate. The emperor, soon after his MAGNUs Κλινικός, and MAGNUs o Περιοδευ-
accession (A. D. 235), was about to commence a tús, whose prescriptions are mentioned by Galen
campaign against the Germans; and having thrown (De Compos. Medicam. sec. Locos, v. 3, vol. xii. pp.
a bridge over the Rhine, for the purpose of trans- 829, 84+), are perhaps the same person ; perhaps
porting his troops, it was proposed by the con- also they are the same as either No. 3, or No. 4.
spirators to break down the structure as soon as Magnus “ Sophista," whose medical formulae are
the prince should have passed, and thus leave him quoted by Nicolaus Myrepsus (De Compos. Medi-
on the further bank, with a handful of men, at the cam. i. 30. 5, ii. 5, xxxiv. 17), may also be the
mercy of the barbarians. The truth or falsehood same person.
a
3 m 3


## p. 902 (#918) ############################################

902
MAGO.
MAGO.
5. The Magnus who wrote on Antidotes, and return of Himilco to Africa, Mago appears to have
attained the dignity of Archiater, must be a diffe- been invested with the chief command in Sicily,
rent person from any of the preceding, as he was where he endeavoured by measures of lenity and
a contemporary of Galen, about the middle of the conciliation towards the Greek cities, and by con-
second century after Christ. (Galen, De Ther. ad cluding alliances with the Sicilian tribes, to re-
Pis. cc. 12, 13, vol. xiv. pp. 261, 262. ) He is establish the Carthaginian power in the island.
quoted also by Serapion (Pract. vii. 8), who calls In 393 he advanced against Messana, but was
him “ Rex Medicorum in tempore Galieni. " attacked and defeated by Dionysius near Aba-
6. The Magnus who lived after Themison, caenum, which compelled him to remain quiet for
about the same time as Archigenes, or a little a time. The next year, however, having received
earlier, and who belonged to the medical sect of the powerful reinforcements from Sardinia and Africa,
Pneumatici (Galen, De Differ. Puls. iii. 2, vol. he assembled an army of 80,000 men, with which
viii. p. 646), was also probably a different person he advanced through the heart of Sicily as far as
from any of the preceding, and lived in the latter the river Chrysas, but was there met by Dionysius,
half of the second century after Christ. He wrote who having secured the alliance of Agyris, tyrant of
a work, Περί των 'Εφευρημένων μετά τους Θεμί- | Agyrium, succeeded in cutting off the supplies of the
owvus Xpóvous, De Inventis post Tlumisonis Tem- enemy, and by this means reduced them to such dis-
pora, consisting of at least three books (Gal. ibid. tress, that Mago was compelled to conclude a treaty of
p. 641), from which several passages are quoted by peace, by which he abandoned his allies the Sicilians
Galen relating to the pulse jibid. pp. 640, 641,756). to the power of Dionysius. (Id. xiv. 90, 95, 96. )
On this subject Magnus differed in several points After this Mago returned to Carthage, where he
from Archigenes, by whom some of his opinions was not long after raised to the office of king or
were controverted. (Gal. De Caus. Puls. i. 4, vol. suffete, a dignity which he held in B. C. 383, when
ix. pp. 8, 18, 21, Id. De Differ. Puls. vol. viii. pp. the ambition and intrigues of Dionysius led to the
638, 640, &c)
renewal of hostilities between Carthage and Syra-
7. Abu-l-Faraj mentions a physician of this cuse. Mago landed in Sicily with a large army,
name, who lived in the seventh century after and after numerous petty combats, a pitched battle
Christ ; but the Arabic writers are so incorrect in at length took place, in which, after a severe con-
Greek history and Chronology, that it is not at all test, the Carthaginians were defeated, and Mago
unlikely that he is speaking of one of the persons himself slain. (Diod. xv. 15. )
already named. (Hist
. Dynast. p. 115. )
p.
3. Commander of the Carthaginian fleet and
There is extant in the Greek Anthology an army in Sicily in B. C. 344. When Timoleon had
epigram of a physician of this name, Els trin made himself master of the citadel of Syracuse,
Eikóva ratnvoû (Anthol. Planud. § 270); and after the departure of Dionysius, Hicetas, finding
also one by Palladas, Eis Máyvov 'latpoooplotńV himself unable to cope single-handed with this new
(xi. 281, ed. Tauchn).
(W. A. G. ] and formidable rival, called in the assistance of
MAGNUS ARBO'RIUS. [ARBORIUS. ] Mago, who appeared before Syracuse with a fleet
MAGNUS AUSO'NIUS. (A USONIUS. ) of 150 triremes, and an army of 50,000 men. He
MAGNUS FELIX. [Felix, p. 144, a. ] did not, however, accomplish anything worthy of
MAGNUS, FONTEIUS. [FONTEIUS, p. so great a force ; not only were both he and Hicetas
180, b. ]
unable to make any impression on the island
MAGO (Máywv), a name of common occurrence citadel, but while they were engaged in an ex-
at Carthage. Hence the same difficulty is found pedition against Catana, Neon, the Corinthian
as with most other Carthaginian names in dis- governor of Syracuse, took advantage of their
criminating or identifying the different persons in absence to make himself master of Achradina.
cidentally mentioned who bear this name. Jealousies likewise arose between the Carthaginians
1. A Carthaginian who, according to Justin, was and their Syracusan allies, and at length Mago,
the founder of the military power of that city, being becoming apprehensive of treachery, suddenly re-
the first to introduce a regular discipline and or- linquished the enterprise, and on the approach of
ganisation into her armies. He is said to have Timoleon at the head of a very inferior force, sailed
himself obtained by this means great successes ; away with his whole fleet, and withdrew to Car-
and still farther advantages were reaped by his two thage. Here his cowardly conduct excited such
sons Hasdrubal and Hamilcar, who followed in indignation, that he put an end to his own life, to
their father's footsteps. (Justin, xviii. 7, xix. 1. ) avoid a worse fate at the hands of his exasperated
If the second of his two sons be correctly identified countrymen, who, nevertheless, proceeded to crucify
with the Hamilcar that was killed at Himera his lifeless body. (Plut. Timol. 17–22; the same
[HAMILCAR, No. 1], we may conclude that Mago events are more briefly related by Diodorus, xvi.
himself must have flourished from 550 to 500 | 69, but without any mention of the name of
years before Christ. (See Heeren, Ideen, vol. iv. Mago. )
4. Commander of a Carthaginian fleet, which,
2. Commander of the Carthaginian fleet under according to Justin, was despatched to the assist-
Himilco in the war against Dionysius, B. C. 396. ance of the Romans during the war with Pyrrhus,
He is particularly mentioned as holding that post apparently soon after the battle of Asculum (B. C.
in the great sea-fight off Catana, when he totally 279). The Roman senate having declined the
defeated the fleet of the Syracusans under Lep- proffered aid, Mago sailed away to the south of
tines, the brother of Dionysius, sinking or destroy- Italy, where he had an interview with Pyrrhus
ing above 100 of their ships, besides capturing himself, in which he endeavoured to sound that
many others. (Diod. xiv. 59, 60. ) We have no monarch in regard to his views on Sicily. (Justin,
information as to the part he bore in the subsequent xviii. 2. ) It was probably part of the same fleet
operations against Syracuse itself; but after the which we find mentioned as besieging Rhegium
disastrous termination of the expedition, and the and guarding the straits of Messana, to prevent
p. 537. )


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MAGO.
903
MAGO.
the passage of "Pyrrhus. (Diod. Exc. Hoeschel | another that led to the dissensions and jealousies
xxii. 9, p. 496. )
among the three generals, of which we hear as one
5. Son of Hamilcar Barca, and brother of the of the chief causes that led to the disasters of the
famous Har. nibal. He was the youngest of the Carthaginian arms. (Polyb. x. 6. ) At length, in
three brothers, and must have been quite a youth 209, it was determined at a council of the three
when he accompanied Hannibal into Italy, B. C. generals, held shortly after the battle of Baecula,
218.
But his whole life had been spent in camps, that while Hasdrubal, the son of Barca, set out on
under the eye of his father or brother, and young his adventurous march into Italy, Mago and the
as he was, he had already given proofs not only of other Hasdrubal should carry on the war in Spain;
personal courage, but of skill and judgment in war, the former repairing in the first instance w the
sufficient to justify Hannibal in entrusting him Balearic islands, in order to raise fresh levies for
with services of the most important character. The the approaching campaign. (Liv. xxvii. 20. ) The
first occasion on which he is mentioned is the whole of the following year is a blank, Bo far as
passage of the Po, which he effected successfully the Spanish war is concerned ; but in 207 we had
at the head of the cavalry: according to Caelius Mago in Celtiberia at the head of an army com-
Antipater, he and his horsemen crossed the river posed mainly of troops levied in that country, but
by swinuning. (Liv. xxi. 47. ). At the battle of to which Hanno, who had just arrived in Spain,
the Trebia shortly afterwards, he was selected by had lately joined his new army of Carthaginian
his brother to command the body of chosen troops and African troops. Their combined forces were,
placed in ambuscade among the thickets of the bed however, attacked by M. Silanus, one of the lieli-
of the river, and by his well-timed attack on the tenants of Scipio, and totally defeated ; Hanno
rear of the Roman army contributed mainly to the himself was taken prisoner, while Mago, with a
success of the day. (Polyb. iii. 71, 74 ; Liv, xxi. few thousand men, effected his escape, and joined
54, 55; Frontin. Strateg. ii. 5. 23. ) We next Hasdrubal, the son of Gisco, in the south of Spain.
find him commanding the rear-guard during the Here they once more succeeded in assembling a
attempt to cross the Apennines, and in the dan- numerous army, but the next year (B. C. 206) their
gerous and toilsome march through the marshes decisive defeat by Scipio at Silpia (HASDRUBAL,
of Etruria. At Cannae he was associated with his p. 358] crushed for ever all hope of re-establishing
brother in the command of the rain body of the the Carthaginian power in Spain. (Liv. xxviii. 1,
Carthaginian army: such at least is the statement 2, 12-16; Polyb. xi. 20—24 ; Appian, Hisp.
of Polybius and Livy: Appian, on the contrary, 25—27; Zonar. ix. 8. ) After this battle Mago
assigns bim that of the right wing: in either case, retired to Gades, where he shut himself up with
it is clear that he held no unimportant post on that the troops under his command ; and here he re-
great occasion. (Polyb. iii. 79, 114; Liv. xxii. 2, mained long after Hasdrubal had departed to
46 ; Appian. Annib. 20. ) After the battle he was Africa, still keeping his eye upon the proceedings
detached by Hannibal with a considerable force, to of the Romans, and not without hope of recovering
complete the subjugation of Samnium: as soon as his footing on the main land ; for which purpose he
he had effected this he marched southwards into was continually intriguing with the Spanish chiefs,
Bruttium, and after receiving the submission of and even it is said fomenting the spirit of discon-
many cities in that part of Italy, crossed over in tent among the Roman troops themselves. The
person to Carthage, where he was the first to an- formidable insurrection of Indibilis and Mandonius,
nounce the progress and victories of his brother. and the mutiny of a part of the Roman army, for
The tidings naturally produced a great effect, and, a time gave him hopes of once more restoring the
notwithstanding the opposition of Hanno, the Car- Carthaginian power in that country ; but all these
thaginian senate came to the resolution of sending attempts proved abortive. His lieutenant Hanno
powerful reinforcements to Hannibal in Italy. A was defeated by L. Marcius, and Mago, who had
force of 12,000 foot and 1500 horse, with twenty himself repaired to his assistance with a fleet of
elephants and sixty ships, was accordingly assem- sixty ships, was compelled to return to Gades
bled, and placed under the command of Mago, but without effecting anything. At length, therefore,
just as he was about to sail intelligence arrived of he began to despair of restoring the fortunes of
the alarming state of the Carthaginian affairs in Carthage in Spain, and was preparing to return to
Spain, which induced the government to alter Africa, when he received orders from the Car-
their plan of operations, and Mago, with the forces thaginian senate to repair with such a fleet and
under his command, was despatched to the support army as he could still muster to Liguria, and thus
of his brother Hasdrubal in that country, B C. 215. transfer the seat of war once more into Italy. The
(Liv. xxiii. 1, 11, 13, 32; Appian, Hisp. 16 ; command was well suited to the enterprising cha-
Žonar. ix. 2, 3. )
racter of Mago; but before he finally quitted Spain
It is hardly necessary to point out in detail the he was tempted by intelligence of the defenceless
part borne by Mago in the subsequent operations state of New Carthage to make an attempt on that
in Spain, a sketch of which is given under Has city, in which however he was repulsed with con-
DRUBAL, No. 6. We find him mentioned, as cosiderable loss. Foiled in this quarter, he returned
operating in the siege of Illiturgi (B. C. 215), in the to Gades, but the gates of that city were now shut
defeat of the two Scipios (B. C. 212), and on several against him, an insult he is said to have avenged
other occasions. (Liv. xxiii. 49, xxiv. 41, 42, xxv. by putting to death their chief magistrates, whom
32, 39, xxvi. 20; Appian, Hisp. 24. ) His position he had decoyed into his power, under pretence of
during these campaigns is not quite clear, but it a conference ; after this he repaired to the Balearic
would seem that though frequently acting indepen- islands, in the lesser of which he took up his
dently, he was still in some degree subject to the quarters for the winter. (Liv. xxviii. 23, 30,
superior authority of his brother, as well as of Has 31, 36, 37; Appian, Hisp. 31, 32, 34, 37 ;
drubal, the son of Gisco: perhaps it was the some- Zonar. ix. 10. ) The memory of his sojourn
what ambiguous character of their relations to one there is still preserved, in the name of the
3 N4


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904
MAGO.
MAGO.
celebrated harbour called Portus Magonis, or Port | held for a considerable time the chief command in
Mahon.
Bruttium. Here he is mentioned in B c. 212 as
Early in the ensuing summer Mago landed in co-operating with Hanno, the son of Bomilcar, in
Liguria, where he surprised the town of Genoa. the siege and capture of Thurii ; and not long after
His name quickly gathered around him many of he was enabled by the treachery of the Lucanian
the Ligurian and Gaulish tribes, among others the Flavius to lead the Roman general Tib. Gracchus
Ingaunes, and the spirit of disaffection spread even into an ambuscade in which he lost his life. [FLA-
to the Etruscans, so that the Romans were obliged vive, No. 2. ) Mago immediately sent his lifeless
to maintain an army in Etruria, as well as one in body, together with the insignia of his rank, to
Cisalpine Gaul, in order to hold him in check. Hannibal. (Liv. xxv. 15, 16 ; Diod. Exc. Vales.
Whether these forces proved sufficient effectually xxvi. p. 569 ; Val. Max. i 6. 8. ) In 208 we
to impede his operations, or that he wasted his find him defending the city of Locri against the
time in hostilities against the mountain tribes, in Roman general L. Cincius, who pressed the siege
which at one time we find him engaged, our im- with so much vigour both by land and sea, that
perfect accounts of his proceedings will not enable Mago could with difficulty hold out, when the op-
us to decide. It is certain that, though repeatedly portune arrival of Hannibal himself compelled the
urged by messages from Carthage to prosecute the Romans to raise the siege with precipitation.
war with vigour, and more than once strengthened (Liv. xxvii. 26, 28 ; comp. Frontin. Strateg. iv. 7.
with considerable reinforcements, he did not effect § 29. ) According to Polybius (ix. 25), this Mago
anything of importance, and the alarm at first had been the companion and friend of Hannibal
excited at Rome by his arrival in Liguria gradually from his earliest youth : he was involved by the
died away. Meanwhile, the successes of Scipio in Carthaginians themselves in the same general
Africa compelled the Carthaginians to concentrate charge of avarice with his great commander.
all their forces for the defence of their capital, and 8. A Carthaginian of noble birth, and a near
they at length sent messengers to recal Mago as relation of annibal, taken prisoner in Sardinia
well as his brother Hannibal from Italy B. C. 203. B. C. 215. (Liv. xxiii. 41. )
Just before these orders arrived Mago had at length 9. An officer who commanded a body of Car-
encountered in Cisalpine Gaul the combined forces thaginian cavalry at Capua in B. c. 212, and by a
of the praetor Quinctilius Varus and the proconsul sudden sally threw the Roman army under the two
M. Cornelius. The battle, which was fought in consuls App. Claudius and Fulvius into confusion,
the territory of the Insubrians, was fiercely con- and occasioned them heavy loss. (Liv. xxv. 18. )
tested, but terminated in the complete defeat of the It is probably the same whom we find shortly
Carthaginians, of whom 5000 were slain. Mago afterwards commanding a body of horse under
himself was severely wounded, but effected his Hannibal himself, and taking a prominent part in
retreat to the seacoast among the Ingaunes, where the defeat of the praetor Cn. Fulvius at Herdonea.
he received the pressing summons of the senate to (Id. 21. )
Carthage. He immediately embarked his troops, 10. Commander of the garrison of New Carthage
and set sail with them in person, but died of his when that city was attacked by P. Scipio in B. C.
wound before they landed in Africa. (Liv. xxviii. 209. So little had the Carthaginian generals
46, xxix. 4, 5, 13, 36, xxx. 18, 19; Polyb. Frag. thought it necessary to provide for the defence of
Hist. 31 ; Appian, Ilisp. 37, Annib. 54, Pun. 9, this important post, that Mago had only 1000
31, 32 ; Zonar. ix. 11, 13. ) Such is the statement regular troops under his orders when the enemy
of Livy and all our other authorities ; but Cornelius appeared before the walls. He, however, armed
Nepos, on the contrary, represents him as not only about 2000 more as best he could, and seems to
surviving the battle of Zama, but as remaining at have displayed all the qualities of an able and
Carthage after the banishment of Hannibal, and energetic officer ; making a vigorous sally in the
bubsequently co-operating with his brother at the first instance, and repulsing the troops of Scipio in
commencement of the war with Antiochus (B. C. their first assault. But all his efforts were in-
193) in endeavouring to induce the Carthaginians effectual: the Romans scaled the walls where they
to join in hostilities against Rome. According to had been supposed to be guarded by a lagoon, and
the same author, he was banished from Carthage made themselves masters of the town ; and Mago,
on this account, and died soon after, being either who had at first retired into the citadel, with the
shipwrecked or assassinated by his slaves. (Corn. intention of holding out there, at length saw that
Nep. Hann. 7, 8. ) It seems probable that the all further resistance was hopeless, and surrendered
circumstances here related refer in fact to some to Scipio. He himself, with the other more eminent
other person of the name of Mago, whom Nepos of the Carthaginian captives, was sent a prisoner
bas confounded with the brother of Hannibal. of war to Rome. (Polyb. x. 8, 12–15, 18, 19;
6. One of the chief officers of Hannibal in Italy, Liv. xxvi. 44–46, 51; Appian, Hisp. 19–22. )
whose name is appended to the treaty concluded Eutropius (iii. 15) and Orosius (iv. 18) have con-
by that general with Philip V. , king of Macedonia. founded this Mago with the brother of Hannibal.
(Polyb. vii. 9. ) It would seem probable that he is 11. An officer of cavalry under Hasdrubal, son
the same who was sent immediately afterwards of Gisco, in the war against Scipio and Masinissa
with Bostar and Gisco to accompany the Macedonian in Africa, B. C. 204. (Appian, Pun. 15. )
ambassadors back to the court of Philip, and obtain 12. One of the Carthaginian ambassadors sent
the ratification of the treaty by that monarch, but to Rome just before the breaking out of the third
who unfortunately fell into the hands of the Punic war (B. C. 149), to avert the impending hos-
Romans, and were carried prisoners to Rome.