No More Learning

namely, Malachy, son of Hugh, son of Bryan, and
Teige, son of Bryan, son of Awlave Maguire, Donogh, the son of Breasal O'Kelly.
who was first a parson of Botha (Bohoe in Fer Hugh, son of Donogh O’Kelly, was killed by managh), and vicar of Cillaisre (parish of Killesher, Malachy, the son of William O’Kelly.
county of Fermanagh), died. Conor, son of Teige Caoch O’Kelly, was trea
Bryan O'Corcran, vicar of Cleenish, and Dennis cherously taken prisoner by Teige, the son of Mac Gillcoisgly, erenach and vicar of Derrybrusk Malachy O'Kelly.
(both in Fermanagh), died. Cathal Duv, the son of Donal, son of Owen
O’Melaghlin, i. e. Laigneach, the son of Curc, O'Conor, was killed by the Costelloes, he having
lord of Clan Colman (in Westmeath) was killed gone to plunder them; and his other brother,
by Con, son of Art, son of Con, son of Cormac Calvach Caoch, triumphantly carried off the prey. Ballach O’Melaghlin. Donal O’Conor went on a hostile incursion into
O’Reilly, i. e. Torlogh, son of John, son of Leitir Mac Philip Mayo), but party his Owen, died of a sudden fit, in his own castle at people were defeated, and two sons Donal, son
O'Maolfalaidh (O’Mulally), the most eminent build the castle.
man for wisdom in Hy Maine, died. Maolroona, the son Teige Mac Dermott, was
The earl of Desmond (James Fitzgerald), was treacherously taken prisoner the island the
treacherouslykilled by his own people at Rath Gaola
(Rathkeale, county of Limerick), at the instigation
of his brother John ; but John and all the murder
ers were expelled by Maurice, the son of the earl. William, son of Hugh, son of Bryan O’Kelly,
lord of Hy Maine, was treacherously taken prison er by his own kinsmen, and died in his chains:
A. D. 1487
1. The shot of a ball. This appears to have beena shot by fire
arms,and is the first time they are mentioned in these Annals. According to the Annals of Dublin, in Pettigrew and Oulton's Directory, compiled from the most accurate authorities, the first
Trinity (at Boyle) Tomaltach, the son Rode
O’Rourke, Donogh, Hugh Roe, having, consequence his death, marched into
with the cast dart the son namely, Owen, the son Felim, son son Tiernan Oge. O’Donnell,
Brefney, encamped before the town O’Rourke,
i. e. the castle Cairthe (castle Glencar), which
took, and slew three O'Rourke's people; and Bryan, the son Cathal, son Tiarnan O’Rourke,
was also killed by Geoffrey, the son Hugh Gallda O’Donnell, the shot ball. " O’Don
nell then demolished the castle, and expelled O'Rourke, i. e. Felim, out his territory into Fer managh; O’Donnell afterwardspermitted O’Rourke
return his estate, restored peace among the men Brefney, and compelled the country re
rick Mac Dermott, and Dermott was slain there.
the son Bryan Mac
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310 ANNALS OF THE FOUR MASTERS, A. D. 1487.
John, son of the erenach, chief of his own
tribe, a man who kept a house of general hos pitality; and the erenach ofSt. Patrick, at Elphin, died.
Hugh, son of Philip Roe Mac Namara, (of Clare), a brave and warlike man, died.
John Duv Mac Costello, lord of Slieve Lugha (in Mayo), died, and two lords were nominated to succeed him, namely, William, son of Edmond of the Plain, his own brother, and Jordan, the son of Philip Mac Costello.
John, son of Conor Mac Egan, chief professor of Clanrickard, and Hugh, son of Bryan, son of Fergal Roe O'Higgin, died.
son of Hugh MacDermott, who was with O’Don nell's forces on that expedition, violated the church of Ceallbhraighe Uallaighe (probably Kilbrine, in
Roscommon), and carried away much valuable
Cahir Mac Coghlan was treacherously killed by the son Felim Fionn (O'Conor), was killed by his brother’s son, Fingin Roe. some his forces with the cast dart; the Edmond, son of Rickard Burke, was treache sons Felim Fionn (O'Conor), namely, Hugh,
rously taken prisoner by the Barretts, but was for tunately rescued by his own kinsmem.
O’Donnell marched with a force into Brefney O’Rourke, and the motive of his marching thither was, that O’Rourke, namely, Felim, the son of Donogh, son of Tiarnan, and his town, were
treacherously taken by his own kinsmen. O’Don
nell, on entering Brefney, encamped before the horses from them; and was the invitation town, i. e. the castle of Cairthe (Glencar, in Lei O'Conor Don, Hugh, the son Hugh, son trim), which he ultimately took, after besieging it Torlogh Dun, that force was collected. Peace for a considerable time; and Tiarnan Duv, son of was concluded the people Siol Murray (Ros Donogh, son of Tiarnan Oge, was slain by O’Don common), themselves, after having refused the nell on that occasion; and he kept O’Rourke, intercession of their friends.
namely, Felim, in possession of the castle of Glen Roderick O’Conor committed treacherous de car, and established peace among the men of Bref predations Felim Fionn O'Conor; and Felim ney; and O’Rourke instituted a defensive tribute Fionn, retaliation, committed awful depreda
for O’Donnell, and his successors in Brefney. Tiarnan Oge O'Rourke, tanist of Brefney, was
slain by the sons of Maolroona Mac Rannall, and
tions the tribe Teige Oge.
The peace Siol Murray was again confirmed,
and the lordship the tribe Cormac, son
the sons of Roderick Mac Dermott, at Ucht-na O’Beirne, the half the town Clar, and the
Nengadh. Hugh Roe O'Donnell marched with five townlands Kincora, the portion Tor
his forces into Moylurg, where he destroyed corn, logh Oge, were restored his tribe by Felim
and burned many castle towns; he burned and O'Conor; and small portion Clan Cahil Mac
demolished the castle of the sons of Roderick Mac Murray, which had been the possession Clan
Dermott, i. e. Bally-na-Huamha (in Roscommon). Maolruain for considerable time, was given up O’Donnell himself, with a chosen party of his men, to Felim Fionn O'Conor.
proceeded from his camp privately on that night, Tiarnan Carrach, the son Tiarnan, son and committed great depredations at Doire Chua. Teige, son Tiarnan O’Rourke; Feradhach, son Felim Fionn O'Conor, i. e. the son of Teige, son John, son Torlogh Maguire; and Donal, son of Torlogh Roe, joined O’Donnell on that occasion, Dun, son Donal, son Art Maguire, were and concluded a lasting peace with him. Rode slain Muintir Eoluis (in Leitrim), the sons rick of the Doire (Oak Wood), the son of Maurice, Roderick Mac Dermott, and the son Mac
property out of
ample restitution for its violation.
Mac William
but O’Donnell afterwards made the priests that church
Clanrickard, Ulick, the
son Ulick the Wine, marched with force
into Hy Maine, where demolished the Badhbh
dhun (Bawn, Fortress), Athliag Maoma
gain (Athleague, Roscommon, the river
Suck), and spoiled much corn and towns Hy Maine, and the plain Connaught; Rossa,
Torlogh, and Con, passed by them the town
Tobar Brighde (Ballintobber St. Bridget), which they plundered and burned; Dermod, son Donal, son Torlogh Dall O'Conor, who was
pursuit their forces, was slain them Roscommon, from which place they still pursued
the party into Clan Conway, where they took some
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O’Donnell; and when O’Donnell did not overtake
Fergal Carrach, to be revenged of him for that mis
deed, the grandson of Tiarnan delivered the booty
he had gained to the clergy of the church, as a com pensation for that burning.
A. D. 1488. The abbot of Trim died.
A great plague raged in Machaire Chonacht (the plain of Connaught), of which the following died: Cathal Mac Eidigein, vicar of Templepatrick, and
Mac Rannall his place.
O'Neill, Con, the son Henry, and Ma
guire, namely, John, son Philip, son Thomas,
went O’Donnell’s house, and O’Neill and
O’Donnell made friendly and amicable peace with each other.
O'Neill and the sons John Buighe O’Neill imade peace, after they were released from their imprisonment.
Donal, son Niall O’Neill, was killed Fionn Tamhnach (Fintona, Tyrone), by Roderick,
the son Art, and the sons Niall, the son of Art O’Neill.
REIGN OF HENRY WII. 3. 11
- *:*
a canon of the chapter of Elphin; Aongus O'Reach
tadhain, the coarb of St. Finen, at Cluain Creamha
(Clooncraff, Roscommon); Dermod Concagaidh, Cormac, the son John, the son Donal, was
tribe Malachy, died; and Malachy, the son
-
Dermod, son John Lurg, the son Tor logh the Wine O’Donnell, died.
Bryan, son Hugh Buighe, the son Bryan Ballach O’Neill, died the Galar Breac(smallpox). Teige, son Malachy,son Tiarnan O’Rourke,
and Mac Rannall, i. e. the son Murrogh, the
same time by Fergal Carrach, the son of Donal,
son of Teige O’Rourke, without the permission of William, the same tribe, was appointed the
Dermott Roe ; and Donal Bearmach Mac Gauran was killed on the same occasion.
O’Donnell, i. e. Hugh, marched into Moylurg
(barony of Boyle, county of Roscommon), in the
harvest, and burned many houses and much corn; and the church of Drum Conaille was burned at the
a worthy priest, and the deaf vicar O’Colla. Ca thal Roe, the son of Roderick, son of Bryan Bal lach O’Connor, died of the same plague. Donal, son of Bryan O’Beirne; Dermod, son of Donal, son of Bryan; Donal, son of Fergal, and Cormac, son of Donal Cananach O’Beirne, also died of
Donal, son Donal, son NiallGarv O’Donnell, was taken prisoner by the sons Hugh Gallda, the son Niall Garv, and was executed on the
following day, his evil deeds deserved. O’Kelly, i. e. Malachy, the son Hugh, son
nominated the O'Ferrall, opposition Rode rick, the son Cathal O'Ferrall.
Malachy, the son Mac Clancy (chief Dar try, Leitrim), was killed by the sons Teige,
son Cathal, son Tiarnan Oge O’Rourke. Owen, the son Mac Rannall, was killed by
his own brother William, aided by his son, and Manus, the son Ir.
Torlogh, son Teige Mac Mahon (of Clare),
man full prosperity, and endowed with great wisdom from the Holy Spirit, donor precious
Bryan, died six weeks’ time after assuming the gifts and property, died, after having gained the
lordship, and was succeeded Conor, his kinsman. Magennis, i. e. Bryan, the son Art, died, and
his brother Hugh was appointed his successor. Edmond, son Thomas Maguire, who had been
victory over the world and the devil. -
Roderick, the son Cu-uladh, son
killed Art, son
O'Neill, was slain by the sons Tor Henry, son Owen O'Neill,
Owen, son O’Rourke,
O'Toole, Edmond, was treacherously slain nogh, son Tiarnan Oge, son Tiarnan More,
was killed during truce another Owen, the son O’Rourke, the son Tiarman, son
Teige, son Tiarnan More.
Owen, son Maolmora O’Reilly, lord Mul
lach Laoighill (parish Mullagh, county Cavan), died.
lord Fermanagh, died.
Henry, son Art, son Niall Carrach, son
Don, son
Donal Ballach Maguire, died. Tura Fermanagh),
O'Flanagan logh, the son
Gillaisa, died.
nightly attack. Felim, son Do
the sons Teige O'Byrne. The son O'Murphy, lord
Hy Felimidh Teige, was treacherously killed Donogh, the son the lord Hy Kinsellagh, namely, the son Art,
Wexford), i. e. Mahon, the son son Donogh (Mac Murrogh).
O'Conor Don, died
John Buighe O’Neill, was
Owen. Murtogh Oge
Henry, son
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312 ANNALS OF THE FOUR MASTERS, A. D. 1488.
Donogh Duvshuileach (the Dark-Eyed), O’Co nor, i. e. O'Conor Roe, died at an advanced age, after a well spent life; and Felim Fionn O'Conor was inaugurated his successor by O’Donnell, Mac William, and Mac Dermott, i. e. Conor, as firmly as any lord who had been appointed for a long time before, and his shoe (of inauguration) was put on him by Mac Dermott.
John Oge O'Hara and his son were treache rously killed the sons O’Hara, namely,
Roderick and Hugh, the sons his own bro ther, Sunday, the monastery Banada (in Sligo).
Donogh Mac Mahon, lord Corcabaiscin (in Clare), died; and two Mac Mahons were nomi nated his successors, namely, Bryan, his own son, and Teige Roe, the son Torlogh Mac
O'Donnell made peace with Mac William Burke,
and O'Conor and Mac Dermott became the gua Mahon.
rantees and securities between them. Fergal Mac-an-Ruagaire (the son the Hun
O’Donnell and Mac Dermott, namely, Conor, ter), died; and this Fergal consumed his food like
made an attack on the Rock of Lough Kea, (at Boyle, in Roscommon), which was in the posses
other persons for twenty years, but did not
strip off his clothes during that time.
Roderick O'Conor, the son Felim, man who,
was expected many, would become the suc cessor his father, died Ballintobber
sion of the sons of Roderick Mac Dermott, and
they spoiled and consumed the corn of the coun
try; O'Donnell departed after failing to get to the
Rock, and his own galloglasses took possession of St. Bridget, the month August.
Mac Dermott's fortress, which he had left under their protection, and they brought the boats the lake the rock.
William, the son Hugh Mac Branan, chief Corcachlan (in Roscommon), died about the be
The earl Kildare marched with predatory force into Kinel Fiacha Mac Neill (in Westmeath), where he demolished the castle of Bile Ratha on the sons Murtogh Mac Geoghegan, after having
conveyed some ordnance (cannon) thither.
ginning February, after the victory
ance, and was buried Elphin. John Mantach, the principal agent
the earl Desmond, was put death
rice, the son the earl, and Maurice, the son the earl, was nominated earl.
wonderful child was born his teeth his birth, and
enormous size that large child was not heard of since the time of the heroes.
blast wind passed through
persons working turf Tuaim
number Mo, which
killed one them, and the faces the rest became
swelled; there were four others killed the same
of
Maolconry, the son Torna O'Maolconry, died short sickness at Cluain-na-Hoidche.
wind Machaire Chonacht. "
Edmond, son
thy young man died.
Mulmurry, the son Teige Oge O'Higgin, Connaught, chief poet Ireland, and Mac Ward Oriel,
died.
the barony Boyle, county Roscommon. The remarkable circumstance mentioned the text five persons having been killed, and several others dangerously affected blast wind, appears have been something similar the effects produced by
repent
Dublin, who had
grew such
Malachy, son Maurice, son Teige, son
his tribe, man whose hand more his ene mies fell than by any other person Ireland
his time, died the Galar Fuail (gravel urinary disease), after long suffering.
Conor, son Duvthach O’Duigenan,was drown
Lough Bradan, - Muintir Eoluis (in Lei trim).
Rickard Burke, the most wor the English
A. D. 1488.
the death Mau
Hugh, son the most worthy young man
Machaire Chonacht,
called Magh Aoi, comprised the greater part the baronies
Roscommon and Ballintobber, with part the barony Boyle,
the county Roscommon. This ancient territory extended be the wind called the Sirocco Italy, and other southern countries tween the towns Roscommon and Elphin, and the parish Europe, the pestilential blasts called the Simoom, which Killuken, eastward Strokestown, and westward Castlerea; often prove fatal numbers persons travelling over the sandy
the Plain
Connaught, anciently
this tract country still called the natives the Magharee. deserts Egypt and Arabia. Tuam Mo, above-mentioned, now Tumna Toemonia, parish
Roderick Mac Dermott, and Hugh Mac Dermott, died.
Torlogh O'Conor,
the tribe Bryan Easter night.
Luighneach, died exactly
Dermod, son Teige O'Conor, the tanist lord
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Ancient Inhabitants. —The first inhabitants
now forming the counties Dublin and Kildare,
writer into Dublana Eblana.
Dubh-Linn signifies the black
have originated from the black
near which the city was founded; and was also called Baile Ath-Cliath, signifying the town the ford hurdles, from
passage being formed over the river hurdles very remote ages, according the Book Dinseanchus; and the place was frequently mentioned simply Ath-Cliath, which St. Adamnan
the seventh century translates into Latin Vadum Cliad, and Life St. Kevin Glendalough, which considered have
REIGN OF HENRY VII. 313
A. D. 1489.
great plague raged this year, which great
numbers died, and was virulent that many persons were left unburied throughout Ireland.
Redmond, son Anthony, son Fergal, son Thomas, son Mahon, son Gillaisa Roe O’Reilly, (of Cavan), died this plague, and also
ICHOLAS O'Casey
vicar of Devinish, on
Lough Erne; Teige
O’Maithgen, one of the following persons, namely, Felim Oge, the son
Felim, son Fergal, son Thomas, son Mahon, son Gillaisa Roe O'Reilly; Donal, the
Torna O'Maolconry, the intended chief Siol Murray; Donal Cananach, the Teige O’Beirne; Cormac O’Conalladh, chief the galloglasses the rere-guard O’Co
nor’s forces; the Dark-haired daughter O'Conor, i. e. Donogh the Dark-Eyes; Hugh Buighe, and Donal Caoch, the sons O’Hanley; Rode
rick Glas, the son Roderick Mac Hugh; Mac Donogh Riavach, i. e. Hugh; and Fionnguala, the daughter MacDermott Roe, died the plague.
Malachy, son Murtogh, son Owen O’Neill,
Leinster, upon strait the sea; called the Irish language, Dubh-linn, which signifies the Black Pool, and this city power ful and warlike, always inhabited by men most brave battles and expert fleets. ” By the Britons Welsh Dublin was called Dinas Dulinn, signifying the fortress city Dublin;
the Danes was named Duffin, Duflin, and Duflinar, may seen the coins the Danish kings Dublin, and the
Saga the Icelandic historians, Johnstone's Celto-Scandina vian Antiquities; by the English the city was named Divelin,
Duvelin, and lastly Dublin, all which names were derived from the Irish Dubhlinn, and Latinised Dublinium, and some times Dublinia and Eblana.
The river Liffey, according the Book Ballymote, derived its name from the circumstance battle having been fought near the Milesians against the Tuath De Danans and Fomo rians; and the horse the Milesian monarch Heremon, which was named Gabhar Liffe, signifying the steed Liffe, having been killed there, the river was called Liffe Liffey. Irish was called Amhain Liffe, signifying the river Liffey, which was anglicised Avon Liffey, and changed modern times Anna Liffey.
chief city the Eblanians called by Ptolemy Eblana, name
probably derived from the Irish word Dubh-Linn, the ancient
name Dublin, which might have been changed by the Greek second century; and said someantiquaries have derived
name from Riogh-ban, signifying the habitation fortress the kings. Limni Lamni, now the island Lambay, off the coast Dublin, also placed Ptolemy's Map and Tacitus,
his Life Agricola, the first century, states that the ports
Ireland were better known commerce than those Britain, and from these ancient authorities appears that the harbours and cities Ireland were well known traders and mariners two thousand years ago.
The Danes and Norwegians, already stated the preceding part thesenotes, having settled Dublin and the adjoining parts from the ninth the twelfth century, many the inhabi
the monks of Boyle; O'Neill, i. e. Henry,
the son of Owen, son of Niall Oge; Mac Gillpatrick, i. e. Geof frey, lord of Ossory; O'Carroll, i. e. John, lord of Ely, King's county and Tippera ry); O'Boyle,
Torlogh (of Donegal); Manus, son Hugh Roe,
son Roderick Mac Mahon, (of Monaghan); and Conor, son Glaisne O’Reilly, (of Cavan), died.
III. Moy-Liffey and Bregia. this article continued, from page 299, the history and topography the ancient territories now forming the counties Dublin and Kildare, with their chiefs and clans; and also some the chiefs Meath,
whom full account has not been given the note Meath, compiledfrom the various works enumerated previous annotations.
son professor
As already explained, the word dark pool, and considered
boggy marshes the Liffey,
beenwritten the eighth century, and which the translator
these Annals has made copy from ancient MS. , Dublin
mentioned follows Latin translation the work “Civitas intermarriages with the old natives the Milesian race. The
aquilonari Lageniensium plaga, super fretum Scotice dicitur Dubh-Linn, quod sonat Latine
Fingallians, people inhabiting the territory called Fingall,
along the coast between Dublin and Drogheda, are considered chiefly Danish and Norwegian origin, and many families
note Ireland are mentioned O’Brien's Dictionary and other works Danish descent, the Plunketts, Belaghs, Cruises,
Ath-Cliath est
maris posita,
Nigra Therma,
semperhabitant viri asperrimi preliis, “The city Ath-Cliath situated
belligera est, qua
peritissimi classibus. ” the northern region
ipsa civitas potens
son
the territories other parts Ireland, were the Fir Bolg Belgians, the Tuath De Danan,
and the Milesians, whom accounts have been already given various notes; and account,9f the Belgians, Brigantes, and Caucians, who possessed great part ancient Leinster, has beengiven the notes Hy Kinsellagh and Cualan.
The Cauci Caucians, considered Belgian German tribe, are placed Ware and others Wicklow and Kildare; and the Map Ancient Ireland, the Greek geographer Ptolemy,
the secondcentury, given Ware and others, the Eblanoi
Eblani are placed the territory which now forms the great plains Dublin, and part Meath ancient Bregia, and the
Raiba, now Rheban, near Athy, Kildare, mentioned
Ptolemy's Map
one the celebrated cities Ireland the
tants Dublin and Meath are Danish descent, but mixed
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314 ANNALS OF THE FOUR MASTERS, A. D. 1489.
Roderick, son David O'Moore, tanist Leix (in the Queen's county), died.
the princes and chiefs Meath, from which the following pas in Dublin, Meath, and Louth; and the Goulds, Coppingers, Skid sages are literally translated from the Irish:
was slain by the sons of Bryan of the Wood, the son of Owen O’Neill.
Dowdalls, Dromgooles, Sweetmans or Swedemans, and Palmers
dys, Terrys, and Trants, in Cork. Many of the Danish settlers are considered to have taken Irish surnames, and prefixed Mac to their names, as did many of the Anglo-Norman and English
families in early times; but it does not appear that any of those settlers adopted the prefix 0, as that was confined chiefly to the Milesian families of the highest rank.
The following Anglo-Nor man or English families adopted Irish surnames:—the de Burgos or Burkes of Connaught, took the name of Mac William, and some of them that of Mac Philip ; the de Angulos or Nangles of Meath and Mayo, changed the name to Mac Costello; the de Exeters of Mayo, to Mac Jordan; the Barretts of Mayo, to Mac Wattin; the Stauntons of Mayo, to Mac Aveeley, in Irish
Mac-an-Mhilidh, signifying the son of the Knight; the de Berming hams of Connaught and other places, to Mac Feorais or Peorais,
signifying the son of Pierce, from one of their chiefs; the Fitz simons of the King's county, to Mac Ruddery, signifying the son of the Knight, from Ridire, a knight; the Poers of Kilkenny and Waterford, to Mac Shere; the Butlers, to Mac Pierce; the Fitz geralds, to Mac Thomas and Mac Maurice; the de Courcys of Cork, to Mac Patrick; the Barrys of Cork, to Mac Adam; and many others in like manner. Many of the Milesian Irish, on the other hand, anglicised their names, of which numerous instances have been given in the course of these topographical notes, and many of them have so translated and twisted their surnames, that it is extremely difficult to determine whether those families are of Irish or English extraction, hence several of them of Irish origin are considered to be of English descent. In the reigns of the
Henrys and Edwards many penal acts of parliament were passed, compelling the ancient Irish to adopt English surnames, and the English language, dress, manners, and customs, and no doubt many of the Milesian Irish took English surnames in those times, to protect their lives and properties, as otherwise they forfeited their goods and were liable to be punished as Irish enemies. In modern times, many of the old Irish families omit the O and Mac in their surnames, an absurd practice, as such names lose much of their euphonious sound by the omission, and such names are neither English nor Irish; and it may be observed that none of the Scotch Macs omit that national designation, or metamorphose their names as the Irish have done. Without O and Mac, the Irish have no namesaccording to the old verse.
“Let travel around Fodhla (Ireland),
Let men proceed proclaim these tidings; From the lands where we now are,
The five provinces we shall investigate.
“Let first advance Tara,
To the plain the well-formed fortress;
This timely invitation let no man neglect, Let all come forward meet us there.
“Let all the chiefs of the men of Erin come To Tara the heroes mighty deeds,
No journey shall farther extend,
No man shall be without his estate.
“There the free-born host shall say,
Proclaim our nobles all sides,
Of the prosperous hosts each existing tribe Let the chief each territory recorded.
“We give the pre-eminence Tara, Before all the melodious, mirthful Gael; To all its chieftains and its tribes,
And just and rightful laws.
not unjust mention O'Melaghlin
More than over Meath alone; warlike race, rewarding the clans,
The noble Ardrigh (high king) Erin. ”
O'Maoilseachlain, O'Maoileachlain, O'Melaghlin. The
O'Melaghlins were the head family the southern Hy Niall race, called Clan Colman, and, already stated the note Bregia,
0, atque Mac,
His duobus demptis, nullus Hibernus adest. ”
“By Mac and O, you'll always know True Irishmen, they say ;
But if they lack both O and Mac, No Irishmen are they. ”
Irish Chiefs and Clans. —The following accounts of the ancient chiefs of the territories now forming the counties of Dublin and Kildare, together with some of the princes and chiefs of Meath, of whom a full account has not beengiven in the noteon Meath, have been collected from the topographies of O’Dugan, O'Heerin, the Annals of the Four Masters, O'Brien, O'Halloran, Mac Geoghegan, Ware, O'Flaherty, Charles O'Conor, Seward, and various other sources. In the notes on Cualan, Leix, and Offaley, accounts have been given of various chiefs who possessed parts of the present counties of Kildare and Dublin, as the O'Conors, princes of Offaley, the O'Moores, princes of Leix, the O'Dempseys, lords of Clan Ma liere, whom possessed parts Kildare. The O’Tooles, princes Imaile, Wicklow, also possessedsome the southern parts Kildare; and the O'Tooles, together with the O'Byrnes,
extended their power over the southern parts Dublin, compris ing the districts the Dublin mountains.
Dugan's Topography, which account has beengiven the introduction these Annals, and which describes the territo ries possessed the Irish chiefs, the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, commenceswith description the territories possessed
“Per
veros
cognoscis
Hibernos
292, took their name from Maoilseachlain, Malachy king Meath, and monarch Ireland the ninth century; and they were for many centuries kings Meath, and several them monarchs Ireland, supreme sovereigns. Many
also styled kings Tara, princes Bregia, and lords
man; the territory called Clan Colman was situated
Teffia, and comprised the middle and southern parts the present county Westmeath, and was afterwards possessed the Anglo Norman families the Lacys, lords Meath the Petits, who became barons Mullingar the Tuites, barons Moyashell; the D'Altons, lords Rathconrath; the Dillons, barons Kilkenny West, and others. The O’Melaghlins, kings Meath, had their chief residence Dun-na-Sciath, the Fortress the Shields, situated the banks Lough Ainnin, now Lough En nell, near Mullingar, and Murtogh O'Melaghlin was king Meath
reign Elizabeth lins are mentioned
the sixteenth century. Some chiefs them are also mentioned during the Cromwellian and Williamite wars, but after those periods
all their estates were confiscated, and modern times scarcely any the O'Melaghlins are found, and said that the name has been changed Mac Loghlin. remarkable, that the five royal Milesian families, all whom were eligible the monarchy, none have become utterly decayed the O'Melagh lins, for the others, namely, the O'Neills, kings Ulster; the O'Conors, kings Connaught, and the O'Briens, kings Munster, many high families still exist, and the Mac Murroghs, kings Leinster, are represented the O'Cavenaghs Carlow.
the time the Anglo-Norman invasion; his kingdom was transferred Hugh Lacy grant from Henry II. hereaf ter explained, and was the last independentking Meath; but the O'Melaghlins, for many centuriesafterwards, amidst incessant and fierce contests with the English settlers, maintained their posi tion and considerable possessions Westmeath, with their titles kings and princes
Meath and lords Clan Colman, down the and many distinguished chiefs the O'Melagh the course of these Annals from the tenth to
them were Clan Col ancient
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IX. O’Ceallaidh, or O'Kelly, chief of Tuath Leighe, is thus men tioned by O'Heerin:
-
sey.
II. Mac Eochagain, or Mac Geoghegan, chief of Cenel Fiachaidh, is thus mentioned by O’Dugan:
given
The noble tribe of Mac Geoghegan;
The host of the delightful verdant lands, They rule over the warlike Kinel Fiacha. ”
The Mac Geoghegans took their name from Eochagan, one of their ancient chiefs, and were a branch of the southern Hy Niall, or Clan Colman, and held the territory of Kinel Fiacha, which was so called from being possessed by the descendants of Fiachaidh, one of the sons of Niall of the Hostages, monarch of Ireland in the fifth century. The territory of Kinel Fiacha comprised, according to Mac Geoghegan in his History of Ireland, the barony of Moy cashel, with parts of Moyashel, Rathcomrath, and Fertullagh, and the districts about Mullingar, in Westmeath. The Mac Geoghe ganswere styled princes of Kinel Fiacha, and lords of Moycashel, and many celebrated and valiant chiefs of them, who defeated the English forces in several battles, have been already mentioned in these Annals, and Richard Mac Geoghegan, a distinguished com manderin the war against Elizabeth, was particularly celebrated for his defence of the castle of Dunboy, in the county of Cork. The Mac Geoghegans held their rank, and considerable possessions, in Westmeath, down to the Cromwellian wars and revolution, after which their estates were confiscated.
III. O'Hairt or O'Hart, O'Riagain or O'Regan, O'Ceallaigh or O'Kelly, and O'Conghalaigh, or O'Connolly, are mentioned by O'Dugan as princes of Tara, and thus designated:
“The princes of Tara I here record,
The royal O'Hart, and likewise O'Regan,
The host who purchased the harbours Were the O'Kellys and O'Connollys. ”
Theseprinces of Tara were also styled princes of Bregia, and appear
to have possessedthe territories aboutTara in Meath, and also parts of the present county of Dublin. The O’Kellys, princes of Bregia, possesseda large territory, comprising a part of Fingall, and were a branch of the southern Hy Niall, and therefore of a different race from the O'Kellys, princes of Hy Maine, in Galway. The O'Regans, princes of Bregia, are mentioned by the annalists in the 10th and 11th centuries, during the wars with the Danes; and according to Ware, and the Annals of Ulster, in the year 1029, Mahon O'Regan prince of Bregia, defeated and took prisoner Aulaf, son of Sitric, king of the Danes of Dublin, and compelled him to redeem himself by a ransom of three ounces of gold, together with the celebrated sword of Carolus, two hundred cows, and eighty British steeds.
IV. O'Flanagan, Mac Flanagan, or the son of Flanagan, prince of Bregia, and Mac Fogarty, or the son of Fogarty, prince of South Bregia, are mentioned in the Annals of the Four Masters, in the tenth century, in some battles with the Danes, but it is difficult to say whether these names were then established as surnames.
W. O'Ruaidhri, or O'Rory, a name anglicised to Rogers, is men tioned by O’Dugan as prince of Fionnfochla, and thus designated:
“Of the men of Bregia an experienced chief Is O’Rory, prince of Fionnfochla. ”
WI. O’Ciardha, O'Carey, or O'Keary, chief of Cairbre O'Ciardha, is thus mentioned by O’Dugan and O'Heerin:
“O'Carey rules over Carberry of bards,
He is of the tribe of Niall of the Nine Hostages. There arenonebut themselvesthere,
Of the clans of Niall over Leinster.
“Over Carberry of Leinster of the sloping grounds Rules O'Carey of the red-handled swords;
The hero of Allen, whose aid is indispensable,
By whom battalions were marshalled about Croghan. ”
predations, and took with him their hostages.
These O'Careys were chiefs of note, often mentioned in the course of the Annals, and possessed the territory which now forms the barony of Carberry, in the county of Kildare, and there are still
many families of the name in the counties of Meath, Westmeath, and Kildare.
VII. O’Murcain, chief of Fidhgaibhle, is thus mentioned by O'Heerin:
“Over Liffey's plain of the fertile slopes,
O'Murcain is chief of the district of green Fidhgabhla. ”
“Precedence be
to the heroic
clan,
REIGN OF HENRY VII. 315
Ross, the son of Anthony O'Moore, was killed by O'Neill, i. e. Con, the son of Henry, entered Cahir, the son of Laiseach, son of Cahir O’Demp O’Kane's country, where he committed great de
VIII. O’Bracain, or Brackens, are mentioned by O'Brien as chiefs of Moy Liffey. The O'Murcains and O'Brackens appear to have possessedthe districts along the Liffey, near Dublin.
“Delightful is the district, its fame has spread, Tuath Leghe of the shining slopes;
O'Kelly of Leighe, from the eastern strand,
Is chief of the pleasant country of yews. ”
of the baronies of West Narragh and Kilkea, in the county of Kil dare; and they were sometimes called Mac Kellys, and, according to Rawson, in his Survey of Kildare, they had their chief residence and castle at Rathascul, or the Moat of Ascul, near Athy, and they also had the district about Naas.
X. O'Gealbhroin, chief of Clar Life, is thus mentioned by O'Heerin:
“The plain of Liffey of the Black Ships,
A verdant country of the finest produce, Westward of Tara of the house of Conn, O'Gealbroin is the stately chief of the fair lands. ”
From the description of this territory of Clar Liffey, or the Plain of the Liffey, westward of Tara, it appears to have been situated on the plains of the Liffey, on the borders of Dublin and Kildare.
XI. O'Fiachra or O'Fiachry, chief of Hy Ineachruis at Almhuin; and O’Haodha, O'Hugh, or O'Hea, chief of Hy Deadhaidh, are mentioned as follows by O'Heerin:
“Over the entire of Hy Ineachruis Ruled O'Fiachry, chief of Allen;
O'Hugh over Hy Deadhaidh of learned men, To whom tribes bow in submission. ”
These territories were situated in Kildare, Allen being mentioned as
the residence of one of those chiefs, and they probably comprised
parts of the baronies of Connell and Clane, or perhaps parts of Oughteranny and Ikeath.
XII. O’Muirthe, or O'Muiridhe, probably O'Murry, chief of Ci nel Flaitheamhuin, and O’Fintighearn, chief of Hy Mealla, are thus designated by O'Heerin:
“O'Murry of great eloquence
Is chief of fair Kinel Flahavan;
Over Hy Mealla of the fast-sailing ships, Firmly settled is the chief O'Fintierney.
These O'Kellys possesseda territory near the river Barrow, parts
The territories of those chiefs were situated in Kildare, and the pa rish of Dunmurry, in the barony of East Ophaley, was probably part of O'Murry’s possessions. O'Fintierney's district appears to have adjoined and was probably West Ophaley, near the Barrow, from the mention made ships the poem.
XIII. The O’Cullens are mentioned
account the chiefs Leinster,
called Coille Culluin, the Woods
Kildare and Wicklow, which now forms the barony Kilcullen,
Kildare, and there are still respectable families that name there, and other parts the county.
Mac Geoghegan, his have possessed territory Cullen, the borders
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316 ANNALS OF THE FOUR MASTERS, A. D. 1489.
O’Donnell, i. e. Hugh Roe, the son of Niall Garv, immense plunder, the Routes Antrim), marched with a force into Trian Congail,in harvest, Mac Quillan, without sustaining any injury, except and committed great depredations, and took that, his son Con received wound; he, after that,
XIV. The O'Colgans were ancient chiefs in Kildare, and there are still many respectable families of the name in that county. The Mac Donnells were also numerous and respectable in Kildare.
he O'Dempseys and O'Dunns, of whom accounts have been given in the notes on Offaley and Leix, were chiefs of note in the King's and Queen's counties, and also in Kildare, where there are still many respectable families of those names.
XV. O'Dubhthaigh or O'Duffy. —The O’Duffy's were one of the Leinster clans of the Cahirian race, and of the same descent as the Mac Murroghs, kings of Leinster, and the O'Tooles and O'Byrnes,
chiefs of Wicklow. They were originally located in Leinster, in the counties of Kildare and Carlow, and afterwards in Dublin and Meath; and in modern times are chiefly found in Louth, Monaghan, and Cavan, and they also appear to have been of considerable note in former times in Connaught, in the counties of Galway and Ros common, and many of them were eminent ecclesiastics, of whom accounts are given in the Four Masters, Ware's Bishops, and other works, from which the following notices have been collected. Donal O'Duffy, archbishop of Connaught, that Tuam, and also bishop Elphin and Clonmacnois, died Clonfert,
1136, and was buried there St. Patrick's day. Muiredach
this article, the O'Connollys are mentionedby O’Dugan one the princes Tara.
XVIII. The O'Murphys, chiefs Wexford, whom account
has beengiven the note Hy Kinsellagh, were, former times, and are also the present day numerous the counties Dub lin and Meath, and there are many respectable families the naine.
XIX. The O'Mullens are one the Leinster clans, and were numerous Meath, Dublin, and Kildare.
XX Mac Giollamocholmog and O'Dunchadha O'Donoghoe,
and Mac Fazans, are considered according others they were
some Irish origin, but English descent, and the name
and this my charter confirmed unto Hugh Lacy, conside ration his services, the land Meath, with the appurtenances,
have and hold me and my heirs, him and his heirs, by the service fifty knights full and ample manner Mur chard Hu Melaghlin held any other person beforehim after him; and addition give him all fees, which owes shall owe me about Duvelin (Dublin), while he my bailiff, meservice my city Duvelin. Wherefore will and strictly command, that the said Hugh and his heirs, shall en
Meath, West neath, and Dublin. Feltrim, near Dublin, and other parts that county, were highly respectable,and held extensive
still numerous the counties former times the Fagans
possessions,and account many them the thirteenth, four teenth, and fifteenth centuries, who were high-sheriffs Meath and Dublin, and held other important offices, given D'Alton's History the county Dublin; and modern times many them were distinguished inilitary commanders the British and French service.
XVII. The O'Connollys were former times numerous and respectable the counties Meath, Dublin, and Kildare. The Right Hon. William Connolly, about century ago, held the ex tensive estates Rathfarnham, and other adjoining districts the county Dublin; and the Right Hon. Thomas Connolly, the
joy the said land, and shall hold all the liberties and free customs which have may have therein, the aforesaid service, from me and my heirs, well and peaceably, freely, quietly, and honour ably,
celebrated speaker the Irish most magnificent mansions These Conollys were probably
Commons, had one the near Leixlip, Kildare.
descent, though stated
this my charter Witness, earl Richard Gilbert; William Brosa, and many others, Weisford. ” King John confirmed this grant Walter Lacy, lord Meath, the son Hugh, the ninth year his reign, by
the services before-mentioned, and gave him besides his fees
House Ireland,
Irish
confirm him (Strongbow), son
have been English sir Jonah Barrington his Rise and Fall the Irish Nation; and may observed, that, above shown
are mentioned O'Dugan lords Fingall near Dublin; and may anoth, Mac Giollamocholmog, lord
princes Fine Gall, that observed, that there was
territory the borders Cualan.
Wicklow, and mentioned the note
XXI. O’Muircheartaigh O'Murtogh, chief the tribe ter
ritory O'Maine; and O'Modarn, chief Kinel Eochain, are mentioned O'Dugan chiefs over the Britons Welsh, and
- XXII. Mac Muireagain, prince East Liffey, mentioned the Annals some battles with the Danes the tenth century.
O'Duffy, archbishop Tuam, died
his age, and was buried the abbey
the annalists the most eminent prelate
for wisdom and hospitality; Annals Inisfallen, convened
five hundred priests, consider
rick, son Torlogh O'Conor, king
taken prisoner Tiarnan O'Rourke, prince Brefney, and kept
confinement his father Torlogh. Cadhla Catholicus O’Duffy, prelate eminent for learning and wisdom, was arch bishop Tuam for period forty years, the latter end the twelfth century, and died 1201, very advanced age, the abbey Cong; was one the ambassadorswho,
1175, concluded treaty peace Oxford, betweenking Henry II. and king Roderick O'Conor; and 1179 was one the
Irish prelates who attended the council Lateran. Flanachan O'Duffy, bishop Elphin, died 168; and William O’Duffy, Franciscan friar, bishop Clonmacnois, died 1297. Seve
ral abbots the name are mentioned the annalists; amongst others, Flanachan O’Duffy, abbot Roscommon, and prelector Tuam, who died 1097. Muiredhach O’Duffy established the abbey Boyle Roscommon, 1161, and another Muir edhach O'Duffy, abbot Roscommon, died 1174, ad vanced age.
XVI. The Fagans, some whom have been called O'Fagans
The O’Melaghlins, kings Meath and princes Bregia, and the other princes Bregia mentioned the preceding part this
1150, the 75th year Cong; praised
article, ruled over all those parts the present county north the river Liffey and the Danish kings Dublin
Dublin,
Ireland his time, the year 1143, according the synod twelve bishops and the means ransoming Rode
the already
Connaught, who had been
Meath Hugh Lacy. —In Anglo-Norman nobleman,descended Lincoln, England, and whom an
appear
have been located near Dublin.
ninth, tenth, eleventh, and part explained, ruled over that part Fingall.
Grant the Kingdom 172, Hugh Lacy,
from the Lacys, earls
account has been given
grant from king Henry II. , for the service fifty knights, the ancient kingdom Meath, which comprised, already stated, the present counties Meath and Westmeath, part Longford, with the greater part the county Dublin, and parts Kil dare and King's county; Lacy was inade Lord Palatine Meath, having all the power and privileges independent prince, hold that great territory with all the authority which
had been held Murtogh O'Melaghlin, then king Meath, according the following document conferring the grant, dated Wexford, 172,and thus given Ware, translated from
the twelfth century,
the county Dublin called
note page these Annals, got
Eng the all his all his dominions, greeting know that have given and granted,
the original Latin. —“Henry, the grace God, king land, duke Normandy and Acquitain, and earl Anjou, archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, justices, and ministers, and faithful subjects, French, English, and Irish,
wood and plain, meadows and pastures, waters and warrens and ponds, fishings and huntings, ways and
mills,
paths,
the said land, with all liberties which have therein, can grant
sea-ports and all other places and things appertaining
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baronsof Moyashell in Westmeath; the Nangles, baronsof Navan; the Husseys, barons of Galtrim in Meath; the Phepoes and Mar wards, barons of Skreen in Meath, and of Santry in Dublin, &c. Almost the whole of Ireland was in like manner granted by Henry II. , and other kings of England, to various great Anglo-Norman families, of whom full accounts have been given in the course of these topographical annotations, as, for instance, various counties of Leinster, to the descendants of Strongbow, and to the Marshalls, earls of Pembroke; Kildare, to the de Veseys and Fitzgeralds, earls of Kildare; Cork and Kerry to the Fitzgeralds, earls of Desmond, and the Fitzmaurices, earls of Kerry, the de Co gans, Carews, Barrys, Roches, and others; Kilkenny and Tip perary to the Butlers, earls of Ormond, and others; Waterford to the le Poers; Clare and Limerick to the de Clares, &c. ; Con naught to the de Burgos or Burkes, lords of Connaught, and earls of Ulster, the de Berminghams, barons of Athenry, and many others; and Ulster to John de Courcy and his followers; but as stated in the historical relations of sir John Davies, none of the Irish lords got a grant of his country for the space of three hun dred years after the arrival of the English in Ireland, except O'Brien, king of Thomond, who got a grant of part of his own country, but only during the minority of king Henry III. , and Roderick O'Conor, king of Connaught, to whom king Henry II. granted the privilege of holding in subjection to him his kingdom of Connaught.
The Counties of Dublin and Kildare. —Parts of the territories of Moy Liffey and Bregia, with a portion of Cualan, were formed into the county of Dublin, A. D. 1210, in the reign or king John, and according to D'Alton's History of Dublin, page 39, the county of Dublin, in the sixteenth century, extended from Balrothery to Arklow, thus comprising a great part of the present county of Wicklow.
monarchs, about nine centuries before the Christian era, according our old annalists, gold mine was discovered near the river
REIGN OF HENRY VII. 317
proceeded to Belfast, where he took and demolish O’Reilly, John, the son Torlogh, son
ed the castle, and returned home safe, with im John, and O'Ferrall, Cormac, the son John,
mense booty.
Fingall, in the vale of Dublin, by the services of seven knights, to
hold to him and his heirs for ever. De Lacy reserved to himself
a great part of this extensive territory, and had his chief residence
at Trim, where he erected a large and strong castle, of which some
magnificent ruins still remain ; he also built many other castles in
Meath and Westineath, but was killed A. D. 1186, as recorded in
these Annals, by an Irish galloglass, with the blow of a battle-axe,
which cut off his head, at Durrow, in the King's county, where he
was superintending the erection of a castle. The de Lacy's, his
descendants, were for a long time very powerful as lords of Meath,
and earls of Ulster, in which titles they were succeeded by the
great families of the de Genevilles, lords of Meath ; and the Mor
timers, lords of Meath, and earls of Ulster, and earls of March, in
England. Hugh de Lacy conferred extensive grants in various
parts of the kingdom of Meath, on several Anglo-Norman chiefs
who were styled de Lacy's barons, and of whom an account has
been given in the note on Meath; amongst others the de Nogents
or Nugents, who becamebarons of Delvin, and earls of Westmeath;
the Flemings, barons of Slane; the Tyrrells, barons of Castle Gold Mines. —In the reign Tigearnmas, one the Milesian knock, near Dublin; the Petits, barons of Mullingar; the Tuites,
his Hibernia Anglicana, John, duke Bedford, regent France, and brother king Henry V. , obtained, the reign Henry VI. A. D. 1426, patent for all the mines gold and silver England and Ireland, ren dering the church tenth part, the king the fifteenth part, sey, and rich and cultivated plains present vast number and twentieth part the owner the soil; from this might
may signify either the Wood Oaks,
the Church
atoes.
The county Dublin abounds scenery great magnificence
and beauty along mountains, sea-coast, and the vale the Lif
fine demesnesand splendid seats the nobility and gentry. The inferred that there were mines gold and silver Ireland territory ancient Bregia, comprising great part the present that time. From the vast quantities massiveornaments very
son
Donal, plundered the plain Brawney, (in
counties
Meath and Dublin, and containing about half million the finest lands Ireland, presents vast plains un
acres bounded fertility.
The Curragh Kildare, celebrated race-course, extensive tract about six miles length, and two breadth, con taining about five thousand acres; level gently undula ting plain surpassing beauty, covered with the most exquisite verdure, and forms more delightful lawn than the hand art has ever made.
The Bog of Allen chiefly situated Kildare, but also ex tends into the King's and Queen's counties, and partly into West
meath, and acres;
estimated contain about three hundred thousand like the other bogs Ireland, composed chiefly the ancient forests oak, pine, yew, hazel, birch, alder,
remains
mountain-ash, and poplar, and the vast quantity bogs Ireland
shews the great extent the forests former times, and hence
one the ancient names Ireland was Flodh-Inis, signifying the Woody-Island.
Liffey, and the gold was worked named Uachadan, the men Cualan, explained, comprised the county
artificer skilled metals, territory which, already Wicklow, with some the
southern part Dublin; this Uachadan supposed have been one the Tuath De Danan, who were famous for their skill the arts, and after they had beenconquered the Milesians, continued
the chief artificers the kingdom, workers metals, builders, mechanics, &c. ancient Irish poem the Tuath De Danan, the celebrated Flann, abbot Monaster Boyce Louth, the eleventh century, contained the Book Bally mote, account given the gold mine discovered near the
In the reign of king John, parts of the territories of Moy Liffey, Offaley, Leix, and Cualan, were formed into the county of Kildare, but it was only a liberty dependant on the jurisdiction of the sheriffs of Dublin until A. D. 1296, in the reign of Edward w*hen Kildare was constituted distinct county. was called
“It was Tigearnmas first established Ireland
The art dyeing cloth purple and other colours, And the ornamenting drinking cups, and goblets, And breast pins, for mantles, gold and silver.
“And by his directions Uachadan Cualan Was the first man his tribe, record, Who ingeniously introduced the operation Of refining gold this kingdom Erin. ”
modern times Wicklow has become celebrated for its gold mines, discovered the mountain Croghan Kinshella, near Ark low, the year 1796, by one the country people, who found small piece pure gold rivulet running from the mountain,
and the fame this having soon spread, vast numbers the pea santry assembled make further searches,and collected few months this alluvial gold washed down the mountain streams, about three thousand ounces, which sold for about ten thousand pounds sterling; some the pieces found were very large, and one solid lump nearly pure gold weighed twenty-three ounces, another eighteen, others ten and seven ounces, and
pieces one ounce, half ounce, quarter ounce, &c. This na tive gold was beautiful rich yellow, and very fine, being only alloyed with minute portions silver, copper, iron. The government took the mines into their possession, and worked them for about two years, but then abandoned them, not suffi ciently productive. According Cox,
Coill-Lara, signifying the Wood Oaks, oak forests abounded there ancient times, or, according others, Cill-Dara, which meant the Church the Oaks, said the first church founded the now town Kildare was built amidst oaks, hence
Liffey, which thus from the poem:—
mentioned the following passage translated
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3. 18 ANNALS OF THE FOUR MASTERS, A. D. 1489.
Westmeath), and Donogh, son of Bryan Caoch,
son of Donal Buighe O'Ferrall, was slain on that expedition.
remote antiquity, made of pure gold, as torques, or golden collars, bracelets, gorgets, large rings, crescents, balls, &c. , found buried in bogs and in the earth in various parts of Ireland, it is considered that there were gold mines extensively worked in ancient times, of which there are now no records to be found; and it is difficult to account for the origin of so much gold, unless it might have been brought to Ireland by traders from Spain, or other countries with which the Irish had intercourse in those early ages. The Danes are said to have worked gold and silver mines in different parts of Ireland, and they established mints in Dublin and other places, and many of the silver coins of Sitrick, and other Danish kings of Dublin, still remain in museums in Ireland, of which accounts may be found in Simon's work on Irish coins; and in Fraser's Survey of Wexford it is stated, that in the tenth century the Danes worked silver mines at Clonmines, near Wexford, and had a mint, and coined money in that city. In Wicklow are extensive copper and lead mines, and in various parts of Dublin are lead mines, many of which contain silver, as mentioned in Archer's and Dutton's Surveys of Dublin. A full account of various valuable mines, in different counties, will be found in that admirable work, Kane's
Industrial Resources of Ireland. Numerous remains of cromleacs, sepulchral mounds, raths, round towers, and other antiquities, as mentioned in the preceding parts of the notes on Moy Liffey, toge ther with ruins of castles, abbeys, churches, &c. , exist in various parts of Dublin and Kildare, of which accounts may be found in the Antiquities of Ware and Grose, in the Topographies of Seward and Lewis, and Rawson's Survey of Kildare; on the county of Dublin, D'Alton's valuable history will afford ample information.
The English Pale. —The term Pale, signifying a fence or inclo sure, was applied to those English settlements in Ireland within which their laws and authority prevailed, and the designation Pale appears to have been first applied to the English territory
about the beginning of the fourteenth century. Spenser in his View of Ireland, written in the reign of Elizabeth, speaking of the
Tomaltach, son of Bryan Mac Donogh, was killed by Hugh, the son of Donal Cam Mac Do nogh, and his sons.
no felony to kill a mere Irishman in time of peace; and it appears that if an Englishman killed one of the mere Irish, he was only fined a mark.