The Syndics of the University Press are
deeply indebted to Sir Dorabji Tata
for his generous contribution towards the
cost of the illustrations in this volume
S.
deeply indebted to Sir Dorabji Tata
for his generous contribution towards the
cost of the illustrations in this volume
S.
Cambridge History of India - v3 - Turks and Afghans
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## p. i (#5) ################################################
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA
IN SIX VOLUMES
VOLUME III
Turks and Afghans
## p. ii (#6) ###############################################
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA
SIX VOLUMES
Vol. 1
ANCIENT INDIA
Rs. 35. 00
Vol. II
In Preparation.
Vol. IV THE MUGHAL PERIOD
Rs. 35. 00
Vol. V
THE BRITISH INDIA
1497—1858
Rs. 30. 00
Vol. VI THE INDIAN EMPIRE
1858–1947
Rs. 30. 00
(Brought up-to-date by Dr. R. R. Sethi)
THE
CAMBRIDGE
SHORTER HISTORY OF INDIA
EDITED BY DODWELL
Part I ANCIENT INDIA
Rs. 4:50
Part II MUSLIM INDIA
Rs. 6. 00
Part III BRITISH INDIA
Rs. 8:00
(Brought up-to-date by Dr. R. R. Sethi)
COMPLETE
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## p. iii (#7) ##############################################
THE
CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF INDIA
VOLUME III
Turks and Afghans
EDITED BY
LT. -COLONEL SIR WOLSELEY HAIG
K. C. I. E. , C. S. I. , C. M. G. , C. B. E. , M. A.
LECTURER IN PERSIAN
IN THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF LONDON
1958
S. CHAND & CO.
DELHI
JULLUNDUR
LUCKNOW
## p. iv (#8) ###############################################
LOAN STACK
.
PUBLISHED IN İNdia bÝ S. CHAND & CO. , DELHÍ
BY ARRANGEMENT WITH THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, LONDON,
August 1958
adoll.
The Syndics of the University Press are
deeply indebted to Sir Dorabji Tata
for his generous contribution towards the
cost of the illustrations in this volume
S.
CHAND &
со,
Asaf Ali Road
New Delhi
Fountain
Delhi
lai Hiran Gate
Jullundur City
Lal Bagh
Lucknow
Price : Rs. 35. 00
4
1
i
1
PRINTED BY S. P. DBAWAN, AT THE CENTRAL ELECTRIC PRESS
80-1), KAMLA NAGAR, DELHI.
6
## p. v (#9) ################################################
DS436
C2
1. 3
PREFACE
This
This volume deals generally with the history of India under
Muhammadan rule from the time of the earliest invasions of
the Muslims to the overthrow of the Lodi dynasty on the field of
Panipat and the establishment of Bābur the Timūrid on the throne
of Delhi, and covers the period unfortunately described by that
usually careful scholar, the late Mr. Edward Thomas, as that of the
"Pathan Kings" of Delhi. Of the five dynasties which occupied the
throne of Delhi during this period, from about 1200 to 1526,
three were Turkish, or of Turkish descent; one claimed to be of Arab
blood, and one was Afghān, but probably not Pathān.
Mr. Thomas's misnomer, after clinging obstinately, for many
years, to this period of Indian history, has been generally discarded,
and the period is now known as that of the Sultanate, or Kingdom,
of Delhi, as distinguished from the Empire of the Tīmūrids founded
by Bābur. This distinction is not entirely accurate, or satisfactory,
for it suggests that the earlier Muslim rulers were content with a
comparatively small kingdom in the neigbourhood of their capital
whereas for nearly half a century they ruled virtually the whole
sub-continent of India, two at least of them being emperors of
India in a truer sense than any of the first four Timūrids, and the
ruin of their empire covered the greater part of India with a number
of independent Muslim states. Nevertheless the term will serve, for.
imperial rule was not characteristic of the sovereigns of Delhi during
the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. During the first
century of their rule they were consolidating and extending their
authority ; then followed half a century of empire, and then the
disintegration of that empire.
It is only in respect of Delhi, the historic capital of Muslim rule
in India, that it has been found possible to adhere to the year 1526
as the termination of an epoch of that rule. In the case of other
states, both Muslim and Hindu, it has been found necessary to
carry the local history on, either to the termination of the state's
independence or to a period at which it may conveniently be re-
linquished. The history of the Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagar, for
instance, is continued to 1565, the date of its overthrow by the
confederate Muslim Kingdoms of the Deccan ; that of the Muslim
Kingdoms of Mālwa, Gujarāt, Bengal, and Kashmir to the dates of
their annexation by Akbar, and that of the independent Kingdoms
235
## p. vi (#10) ##############################################
VI
PREFACE
of the Deccan to 1600, the date of the capture of Ahmadnagar by
Akbar's third son, Sultan Dāniyāl.
Chapter I of this volume is introductory, and treats of the con-
quest of Sind by the Arabs in the eighth century. The Arabs never
extended their authority or their influence beyond Sind and
Multān, and their rule in those countries was a mere episode in
the history of India. Chapter u treats of the Yamīni or Ghaznavid
dynasty. Mahmūd was a raider rather than a conqueror, but he
and his successors were Indian rulers by virtue of their annexation
and occupation of the Punjāb, the last of their great possessions
which remained to them. Chapter III treats of the first actual
Muslim conquerors of Northern India, Muʻziz-ud-din Muhammad
b. Sām of Ghūr, his lieutenants, and his successors, the earlier
Slave Kings of Delhi ; and Chapter iv of the rule of Ghiyās-ud-din
Balban and his worthless son. Chapter v treats of the Khalji
dynasty and the first Muslim conquest of the Deccan ; Chapter vi
of the first two Sultāns of the Tughluq dynasty, and the second
conquest and revolt of the Deccan ; Chapter VII of the later
Sultāns of the Tughluq dynasty and invasion of India by
Tīmūr ; Chapter viri of the Sayyids; and Chapter IX of the Lodi
dynasty. Then follows a series of chapters dealing with independent
Muslim Kingdoms, all of which, with the exception of Kashmir and
Khandesh, rose on the ruins of the great empire of Muhammad
b. Tughluq; Chapter x with Jaunpur ; Chapter xi with Bengal;
Chapter XII with Kashmir ; Chapter XIII, which has been written
by Professor Sir E. Denison Ross, with Gujarat and Khāndesh ;
Chapter XIV with Mālwa ; Chapters xv and xvi with the Bahmani
Kingdom of the Deccan ; and Chapter XVII with the five inde-
pendent Muslim Kingdoms of the Deccan. Chapter XVIII treats
of Hindu states in Southern India, and Chapter xx with those in
Northern India ; and Chapter xix treats of the states of Sind and
Multān during their independent existence. Chapter xxi, which
has been written by Mr G. E. Harvey of the Indian Civil Service,
deals with the history of Burma between the years 1287 and 1531 ;
and Chapter XXII, by Don Martino de Zilva Wickremasinghe, with
the history of Ceylon from 1215 to 1527. Chapter XXIII, written by
Sir John Marshall, C. I. E. , Director General of Archaeology in India,
who has also supplied the illustrations to this volume, deals with
the monuments of Muhammadan rule in India between the years
1200 and 1526.
A few explanations remain to be offered. The system of trans-
literation adopted is that used by the Governm nt of India in their
## p. vii (#11) #############################################
PREFACE
VII
official publications. Except in the chapter on Ceylon diacritical
marks, with the necessary exception of the macron, have beex
avoided. The hamza is represented, when necessary, by’, the letter
E by,' and the letter ö by qi
It has not been considered necessary
to distinguish between the letters - and @ and and a by under-
lining the combinations kh and gh, and, in order to preserve the
correct pronunciation of names and titles in which the Arabic
article occurs, such forms as 'Alā-ud-din and Badi -uz-Zamān have
been preferred, partly for typographical and partly for other reasons,
to the more scholarly and correct 'Alā-al-din and Badi-al-zamān,
or 'Alā'u'-d-din and Babītu-'z-zamān.
In place-names the spelling of the Imperial Gazetteer of India
has, with few exceptions, been followed, but the adoption of q as
the equivalent of necessitates the substitution of Qandahār for
the better-known Kandahār, and e, representing no Arabic or
Persian letter, has been omitted from such names as Fathābād
and Fathpur, the Gazetteer spelling of which serves only to stereo-
type a vulgar and corrupt pronunciation. The name of the great
river of Southern India is spelt Krishna, as there appears to be no
justification for the Gazetteer spelling Kistra ; Ausa has been
substituted for Owsa as the name of a town in the Deccan hardly
well enough known to entitle it to the honour of a conventionalized
spelling ; and the name of the founder of the Lodi dynasty is spelt
Buhlūl, as there appears to be no reason to preserve the mis.
pronunciation enshrined in the more familiar Bahlol.
In order to avoid, as far as possible, the use of foreign words
the plural of the words amir and malik has usually been translated
by ‘nobles,' which will not mislead the reader if it be remembered
that there has never been a recognized hereditary aristocracy in
Muslim Kingdoms. The 'nobles' were military officers, or officers
of state with military rank, whose titles, though occasionally revived
in favour of a deserving son, did not become hereditary until the
crown became so weak that a son was able to assume his father's
office and title. In the chapters on the history of the Deccan the
word 'Foreigners,' when spelt with a capital letter, denotes members
of the Foreign party.
A few words, such as Islam, Sultan, and Raja have been treated
as naturalized English words, and written without the macron, ex-
cept when they form parts of names or titles.
My best thanks are due to Sir John Marshall and Sir E. Denison
Ross for having kindly undertaken arduous work in connection
with this volume in spite of heavy official duties. I must also
## p. viii (#12) ############################################
VIII
PREFACE
acknowledge the assistance of Mr. G. E. Harvey, Mr. S. Krishnaswami
Ayyangar, Don Martino de Zilva Wickremasinghe, and Mr W. E. C.
Browne, who has prepared the index. In conclusion, I desire to
express my gratitude for the advice and assistance which I have
at all times received from Professor E. J. Rapson, the editor of
Volumes i and in of this history.
W. H.
THE ATHENAEUM
26 March 1928
I
## p. ix (#13) ##############################################
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
THE ARAB CONQUEST OF SIND
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG, K. C. I. E. , C. S. I. , C. M. G. ,
C. B. E. , M. A. , Lecturer in Persian in the School of Oriental
Studies, University of London
PAGE
:::::
The rise of Islam
Provocation given to Hajjāj by Dāhir of Sind
Unsuccessful invasions of Sind
Successful invasions of Muhammad ibn Qāsim
Capture of Debul, Nirūn, and Sehwān
The Islamic law
Capture of Sīsam
Defeat and death of Dāhir
Administration of Lower Sind
Capture of Aror and Multān
Fate of Muhammad ibn Qāsim
Muslim governors of Sind
Effect of the establishment of the ‘Abbāsid dynasty
Virtual independence of Sind
Principalities of Multān and Mansūra
Effects of the Arab conquest of Sind
Goooooo o. • Or A CO CO NON
4
5
5
6
9
10
. . .
11
12
12
13
CHAPTER II
THE YAMINI DYNASTY OF GHAZNI AND LAHORE,
COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE GHAZNAVIDS
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Origin and rise of the Yamīni Dynasty
Sabuktigin
Mahmud
First expedition into India, the Punjāb
Expedition to Uch
Defeat and flight of Anandpāl
Submission of Dāūd of Multan
Apostasy and punishment of Nawāsa Shāh
Invaison of India, and defeat of Hindu confederacy
Expedition to Ghūr
Invasion of India. Battle of Tarāori
Expedition to Multān
Expedition into the Punjāb, defeat of Bhimpāl
Expedition to Thānesar
Invasion of Kashmir
Invasion of India
Submission of the Raja of Kanauj
Expedition to avenge the death of the Raja of Kanauj
Expedition into Dir, Swāt, and Bajaur
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
17
18
18
19
21
22
: : :
>
. . .
## p. x (#14) ###############################################
X
CONTENTS
iii :
.
PACE
Expedition against Ganda of Kālinjar
22
Expedition to Somnāth
23
Capture of Somnāth
24
Punitive expedition against the Jāts
26
Death of Mahmūd
26
His character
26
Mas-ūd
27
Confusion in the Punjāb
28
Expedition into India and capture of Hānsi
31
The Saljūgs
31
Flight and death of Masóūd
32
Maudūd
32
Hindu invasion of the Punjāb
33
Death of Maudūd
33
Mas“ūd II, ‘Ali, and `Abd-ur-Rashid
33
Tughril, Farrukhzād, Ibrāhim
34
Expedition into India
34
Masóūd III, Shīrzād, Arsalan, Bahrām
35
Bahrām's flight into India, the burning of Ghaznī
36
Khusrav Shāh and Khusrav Malik
37
Capture of Khusrav Malik by Muhammad ibn Sām
37
CHAPTER III
MU'IZZ-UD-DIN MUHAMMAD BIN SĀM OF GHUR AND
THE EARLIER SLAVE KINGS OF DELHI
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Ghiyās-ud-dīn and Mu'izz-ud-din of Ghūr
38
Capture of Multān and Uch
38
Expedition to Gujarāt
Annexation of the Punjāb
39
Defeat of Muhammad at Tarāori
40
Muhammad's victory at Tarāori
40
Qutb-ud-din Aibak
41
Capture of Delhi by Aibak
42
Conquest of Bihār
42
Conqest of the Doab and capture of Benares
43
Conquest of Ajmer
43
Raid into Gujarāt
43
Qutb-ud-din Aibak appointed viceroy
44
Capture of Bayāna
44
Defeat of Aibak by Bhim of Gujarāt
44
Raid into Gujarāt
44
Muhammadan administration
45
Five years' peace in Northern India
45
Conquest of Bengal
46
Capture of Kālinjar and Mahoba
47
Rebellion in the Punjāb
47
Suppression of the rebellion
48
Death of Muhammad b. Sām
48
Qutb-ud-din Aibak Sultan of Delhi
48
Invasion of Tibet
49
39
:::
## p. xi (#15) ##############################################
CONTENTS
XI
PACE
Death of Ikhtiyār-ud-din Muhammad
50
Aibak captures and is expelled from Ghazni
50
Death of Qutb-ud-din Aibak and accession of Ārām Shāh
50
Affairs of Bengal
51
Accession of Iltutmish
51
Defeat and death of Tāj-ud-din Yildiz
52
Establishment of Iltutmish's authority in Bengal
53
Recovery of Ranthambhor and Multān
53
Suppression of two rebellions in Bengal
51
Recovery of Gwalior and invasion of Mālwa
55
The Qutb Minār
55
Suppression of a rising of Ismā‘ili heretics
56
Death of Iltutmish. His character
56
Rukn-ud-din Firūz
56
Disintegration of the kingdom
57
Deposition of Firūz and enthronement of Raziyya
58
Suppression of a rising of Ismā‘ili heretics
59
Suppression of a rebellion in the Punjāb
60
Deposition of Raziyya and enthronement of Bahrām
60
Death of Raziyya
60)
The Forty Turki nobles
61
Mughul raids, and capture of Lahore
62
Deposition and death of Bahrām
63
'Alā-ud-din Mas'ûd
64
Defeat of the Muslims in Bengal
65
Deposition of Mas'ud and enthronement of Nāsir-ud-din Mahmud 66
Ghiyās-ud-din Balban
66
Expeditions into the Doāb and Mewāt
67
Disgrace of Balban
68
Balban's restoration to favour
70
Rebellion in Multān and Uch
71
Rebellion in Multān and Uch is crushed
72
Suppression of rebellions in the Doāb and Mewāt
72
Treaty of peace with the Mughuls
73
Death of Nāsir-ud-din Mahmud and accession of Balban
73
CHAPTER IV
GHIYĀS-UD-DIN BALBAN, MU'IZZ-UD-DIN KAIQUBĀD,
AND SHAMS-UD-DIN KAYOMARS
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Severity and austerity of Balban
74
The Mughul menace
75
Submission of Bengal, restoration of order in the Doāb and subjuga-
tion of Katehr
76
Re-establishment of royal authority in the Punjāb
77
Disorganization of the army
77
Muhammad Khān appointed heir apparent and governor of
the Punjāb
78
Rebellion in Bengal
79
Suppression of the rebellion, Bughrā Khān appointed to Bengal 81
任6. BCC 22日
## p. xii (#16) #############################################
XII
CONTENTS
Death of Balban and accession of Kaiqubad
Weakness of Kaiqubād
Mughul raids
Meeting between Kaiqubād and his father, Bughrā Khān
Death of Kaiqubād
Condition of the kingdom of Delhi
PAGE
82
83
84
85
87
88
CHAPTER V
THE KHALJI DYNASTY AND THE FIRST CONQUEST
OF THE DECCAN
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Unpopularity of the Khaljis
Weakness of Jalāl-ud-din Firūz
The Thags
Death of Sidi Maulā
Mughul invasion
Designs of 'Alā-ud-din
'Alā-ud-din's invasion of the Deccan
Death of Firūz
Accession of Alā-ud-din
Conquest of Gujarāt
Ala-ud-din's religious schemes
Mughul invasion
Rebellion of Ākat Khān
Rebellion in Delhi
Capture of Ranthambhor
'Alā-ud-din's ordinances
Capture of Chitor
Unsuccessful expedition to Warangal
Mughul invasion
*Ala-ud-din's scale of prices
Mughul invasion
Conquest of Mālwa
Rescue of Ratan Singh of Chitor
Mughul invasion
Expedition to Deogir
Capture of Deval Devi
Subjection of Mārwār
Subjugation of Warangal
Subjugation of Dvāravatipūra and the Peninsula
Massacre of the Mughul “New Muslims”
Sickness of Ala-ud-din
Death of «Alā-ud-din
Death of Malik Näib and accession of Qutb-ud-din Mubārak. . .
Plot against Mubārak
Debauchery of Mubārak his assumption of the title of Caliph
Treason of Khusrav Khān
Death of Mubārak and accession of Khusrav
Defeat of Khusrav by Ghāzi Malik Tughluq
Accession of Ghiyās-ud-din Tughluq
: : :
91
92
93
94
95
95
96
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
108
108
109
110
110
111
111
112
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
1 26
. . .
## p. xiii (#17) ############################################
PAGE
:
CONTENTS
XIII
CHAPTER VI
THE REIGNS OF GHIYĀS-UD-DIN TUGHLUQ AND
MUHAMMAD TUGHLUQ, AND THE SECOND CON-
QUEST AND REVOLT OF THE DECCAN
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Restoration of order by Tughlug
127
Encouragement of agriculture
128
Administration of Tughluq
129
Expedition to Warangal
130
Rebellion of Muhammad, Ulugh Khān
131
Second expedition to Warangal
131
Tughluq's expedition to Bengal
132
Subjugation of Bengal
133
Death of Tughluq
134
Accession of Muhammad
135
Amir Khusrav the poet
135
Character of Muhammad
136
Revenue administration
139
Rebellion of Gurshāsp
140
Transfer of the capital to Daulatābād
141
Rebellion in Multan
142
Mughul invasion
143
Compulsory transfer of the populace of Delhi to Daulatābād 144
Muhammad's fictitious currency
145
Rebellion in Bengal
117
Ibn Batūtah
147
The kingdom of Madura established
149
The farming of the revenue
151
Rebellion of Hushang
151
Rebellion in the Punjāb
152
Famine
152
Rebellion in Hānsi
153
Rebellion in Bidar
151
Foundation of Sargadwari
151
Expedition into the Himālaya
155
Successful rebellion in Bengal, and unsuccessful rebellion in the
Deccan
156
Rebellion of 'Ain-ul-Mulk, Governor of Oudh
157
Mission to the Caliph
158
Reception of Ghiyās-ud-din the ‘Abbāsid
159
Rebellion in Multān. Famine
160
Muhammad's Regulations
161
Ibn Batūtah's mission to China
163
Reception of the Caliph's envoy
164
Rebellion in Kara
165
Partition of the Deccan
165
Rebellion in Gujarāt
166
Muhammad marches into Gujarāt
167
Revolt of the Deccan
168
Rebellion of Taghi in Gujarāt
169
Independence of the Deccan
170
Operations in Gujarāt
171
Death of Muhammad
172
. . .
## p. xiv (#18) #############################################
XİV
CONTENTS
CHAPTER VII
¡HE REIGN OF FIROZ TUGHLUQ, THE DECLINE AND
EXTINCTION OF THE DYNASTY, AND THE INVASION
OF INDIA BY TĪMŪR
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
PIGE
Accession of Firūz
173
Firūz enters Delhi
174
Public works of Firūz
175
Expedition to Bengal
176
Foundation of Firūzābād
176
Plot against the life of Firūz
177
Second expedition to Bengal
177
Capture of Kangra
179
Expedition to Sind
180
Conquest of Sind
181
Rebellion in Gujarāt
182
Devastation of Katehr
183
Regency of Muhammad Khān and death of Firūz
18+
Character of Firūz
185
The Pillars of Asoka
187
The jizya
188
Accession of Tughluq II
189
Enthronement of Abū Bakr
190
Accession of Muhammad
191
Death of Muhammad and accession of Sikandar Shāh
192
Death of Sikandar Shāh
192
Enthronement of Nāsir-ud-din Mahmud
193
Nāsir-ud-din Nusrat proclaimed king
1941
Tīmūr crosses the Indus and captures Multān. . .
The Syndics of the University Press are
deeply indebted to Sir Dorabji Tata
for his generous contribution towards the
cost of the illustrations in this volume
S.
CHAND &
со,
Asaf Ali Road
New Delhi
Fountain
Delhi
lai Hiran Gate
Jullundur City
Lal Bagh
Lucknow
Price : Rs. 35. 00
4
1
i
1
PRINTED BY S. P. DBAWAN, AT THE CENTRAL ELECTRIC PRESS
80-1), KAMLA NAGAR, DELHI.
6
## p. v (#9) ################################################
DS436
C2
1. 3
PREFACE
This
This volume deals generally with the history of India under
Muhammadan rule from the time of the earliest invasions of
the Muslims to the overthrow of the Lodi dynasty on the field of
Panipat and the establishment of Bābur the Timūrid on the throne
of Delhi, and covers the period unfortunately described by that
usually careful scholar, the late Mr. Edward Thomas, as that of the
"Pathan Kings" of Delhi. Of the five dynasties which occupied the
throne of Delhi during this period, from about 1200 to 1526,
three were Turkish, or of Turkish descent; one claimed to be of Arab
blood, and one was Afghān, but probably not Pathān.
Mr. Thomas's misnomer, after clinging obstinately, for many
years, to this period of Indian history, has been generally discarded,
and the period is now known as that of the Sultanate, or Kingdom,
of Delhi, as distinguished from the Empire of the Tīmūrids founded
by Bābur. This distinction is not entirely accurate, or satisfactory,
for it suggests that the earlier Muslim rulers were content with a
comparatively small kingdom in the neigbourhood of their capital
whereas for nearly half a century they ruled virtually the whole
sub-continent of India, two at least of them being emperors of
India in a truer sense than any of the first four Timūrids, and the
ruin of their empire covered the greater part of India with a number
of independent Muslim states. Nevertheless the term will serve, for.
imperial rule was not characteristic of the sovereigns of Delhi during
the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. During the first
century of their rule they were consolidating and extending their
authority ; then followed half a century of empire, and then the
disintegration of that empire.
It is only in respect of Delhi, the historic capital of Muslim rule
in India, that it has been found possible to adhere to the year 1526
as the termination of an epoch of that rule. In the case of other
states, both Muslim and Hindu, it has been found necessary to
carry the local history on, either to the termination of the state's
independence or to a period at which it may conveniently be re-
linquished. The history of the Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagar, for
instance, is continued to 1565, the date of its overthrow by the
confederate Muslim Kingdoms of the Deccan ; that of the Muslim
Kingdoms of Mālwa, Gujarāt, Bengal, and Kashmir to the dates of
their annexation by Akbar, and that of the independent Kingdoms
235
## p. vi (#10) ##############################################
VI
PREFACE
of the Deccan to 1600, the date of the capture of Ahmadnagar by
Akbar's third son, Sultan Dāniyāl.
Chapter I of this volume is introductory, and treats of the con-
quest of Sind by the Arabs in the eighth century. The Arabs never
extended their authority or their influence beyond Sind and
Multān, and their rule in those countries was a mere episode in
the history of India. Chapter u treats of the Yamīni or Ghaznavid
dynasty. Mahmūd was a raider rather than a conqueror, but he
and his successors were Indian rulers by virtue of their annexation
and occupation of the Punjāb, the last of their great possessions
which remained to them. Chapter III treats of the first actual
Muslim conquerors of Northern India, Muʻziz-ud-din Muhammad
b. Sām of Ghūr, his lieutenants, and his successors, the earlier
Slave Kings of Delhi ; and Chapter iv of the rule of Ghiyās-ud-din
Balban and his worthless son. Chapter v treats of the Khalji
dynasty and the first Muslim conquest of the Deccan ; Chapter vi
of the first two Sultāns of the Tughluq dynasty, and the second
conquest and revolt of the Deccan ; Chapter VII of the later
Sultāns of the Tughluq dynasty and invasion of India by
Tīmūr ; Chapter viri of the Sayyids; and Chapter IX of the Lodi
dynasty. Then follows a series of chapters dealing with independent
Muslim Kingdoms, all of which, with the exception of Kashmir and
Khandesh, rose on the ruins of the great empire of Muhammad
b. Tughluq; Chapter x with Jaunpur ; Chapter xi with Bengal;
Chapter XII with Kashmir ; Chapter XIII, which has been written
by Professor Sir E. Denison Ross, with Gujarat and Khāndesh ;
Chapter XIV with Mālwa ; Chapters xv and xvi with the Bahmani
Kingdom of the Deccan ; and Chapter XVII with the five inde-
pendent Muslim Kingdoms of the Deccan. Chapter XVIII treats
of Hindu states in Southern India, and Chapter xx with those in
Northern India ; and Chapter xix treats of the states of Sind and
Multān during their independent existence. Chapter xxi, which
has been written by Mr G. E. Harvey of the Indian Civil Service,
deals with the history of Burma between the years 1287 and 1531 ;
and Chapter XXII, by Don Martino de Zilva Wickremasinghe, with
the history of Ceylon from 1215 to 1527. Chapter XXIII, written by
Sir John Marshall, C. I. E. , Director General of Archaeology in India,
who has also supplied the illustrations to this volume, deals with
the monuments of Muhammadan rule in India between the years
1200 and 1526.
A few explanations remain to be offered. The system of trans-
literation adopted is that used by the Governm nt of India in their
## p. vii (#11) #############################################
PREFACE
VII
official publications. Except in the chapter on Ceylon diacritical
marks, with the necessary exception of the macron, have beex
avoided. The hamza is represented, when necessary, by’, the letter
E by,' and the letter ö by qi
It has not been considered necessary
to distinguish between the letters - and @ and and a by under-
lining the combinations kh and gh, and, in order to preserve the
correct pronunciation of names and titles in which the Arabic
article occurs, such forms as 'Alā-ud-din and Badi -uz-Zamān have
been preferred, partly for typographical and partly for other reasons,
to the more scholarly and correct 'Alā-al-din and Badi-al-zamān,
or 'Alā'u'-d-din and Babītu-'z-zamān.
In place-names the spelling of the Imperial Gazetteer of India
has, with few exceptions, been followed, but the adoption of q as
the equivalent of necessitates the substitution of Qandahār for
the better-known Kandahār, and e, representing no Arabic or
Persian letter, has been omitted from such names as Fathābād
and Fathpur, the Gazetteer spelling of which serves only to stereo-
type a vulgar and corrupt pronunciation. The name of the great
river of Southern India is spelt Krishna, as there appears to be no
justification for the Gazetteer spelling Kistra ; Ausa has been
substituted for Owsa as the name of a town in the Deccan hardly
well enough known to entitle it to the honour of a conventionalized
spelling ; and the name of the founder of the Lodi dynasty is spelt
Buhlūl, as there appears to be no reason to preserve the mis.
pronunciation enshrined in the more familiar Bahlol.
In order to avoid, as far as possible, the use of foreign words
the plural of the words amir and malik has usually been translated
by ‘nobles,' which will not mislead the reader if it be remembered
that there has never been a recognized hereditary aristocracy in
Muslim Kingdoms. The 'nobles' were military officers, or officers
of state with military rank, whose titles, though occasionally revived
in favour of a deserving son, did not become hereditary until the
crown became so weak that a son was able to assume his father's
office and title. In the chapters on the history of the Deccan the
word 'Foreigners,' when spelt with a capital letter, denotes members
of the Foreign party.
A few words, such as Islam, Sultan, and Raja have been treated
as naturalized English words, and written without the macron, ex-
cept when they form parts of names or titles.
My best thanks are due to Sir John Marshall and Sir E. Denison
Ross for having kindly undertaken arduous work in connection
with this volume in spite of heavy official duties. I must also
## p. viii (#12) ############################################
VIII
PREFACE
acknowledge the assistance of Mr. G. E. Harvey, Mr. S. Krishnaswami
Ayyangar, Don Martino de Zilva Wickremasinghe, and Mr W. E. C.
Browne, who has prepared the index. In conclusion, I desire to
express my gratitude for the advice and assistance which I have
at all times received from Professor E. J. Rapson, the editor of
Volumes i and in of this history.
W. H.
THE ATHENAEUM
26 March 1928
I
## p. ix (#13) ##############################################
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
THE ARAB CONQUEST OF SIND
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG, K. C. I. E. , C. S. I. , C. M. G. ,
C. B. E. , M. A. , Lecturer in Persian in the School of Oriental
Studies, University of London
PAGE
:::::
The rise of Islam
Provocation given to Hajjāj by Dāhir of Sind
Unsuccessful invasions of Sind
Successful invasions of Muhammad ibn Qāsim
Capture of Debul, Nirūn, and Sehwān
The Islamic law
Capture of Sīsam
Defeat and death of Dāhir
Administration of Lower Sind
Capture of Aror and Multān
Fate of Muhammad ibn Qāsim
Muslim governors of Sind
Effect of the establishment of the ‘Abbāsid dynasty
Virtual independence of Sind
Principalities of Multān and Mansūra
Effects of the Arab conquest of Sind
Goooooo o. • Or A CO CO NON
4
5
5
6
9
10
. . .
11
12
12
13
CHAPTER II
THE YAMINI DYNASTY OF GHAZNI AND LAHORE,
COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE GHAZNAVIDS
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Origin and rise of the Yamīni Dynasty
Sabuktigin
Mahmud
First expedition into India, the Punjāb
Expedition to Uch
Defeat and flight of Anandpāl
Submission of Dāūd of Multan
Apostasy and punishment of Nawāsa Shāh
Invaison of India, and defeat of Hindu confederacy
Expedition to Ghūr
Invasion of India. Battle of Tarāori
Expedition to Multān
Expedition into the Punjāb, defeat of Bhimpāl
Expedition to Thānesar
Invasion of Kashmir
Invasion of India
Submission of the Raja of Kanauj
Expedition to avenge the death of the Raja of Kanauj
Expedition into Dir, Swāt, and Bajaur
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
17
18
18
19
21
22
: : :
>
. . .
## p. x (#14) ###############################################
X
CONTENTS
iii :
.
PACE
Expedition against Ganda of Kālinjar
22
Expedition to Somnāth
23
Capture of Somnāth
24
Punitive expedition against the Jāts
26
Death of Mahmūd
26
His character
26
Mas-ūd
27
Confusion in the Punjāb
28
Expedition into India and capture of Hānsi
31
The Saljūgs
31
Flight and death of Masóūd
32
Maudūd
32
Hindu invasion of the Punjāb
33
Death of Maudūd
33
Mas“ūd II, ‘Ali, and `Abd-ur-Rashid
33
Tughril, Farrukhzād, Ibrāhim
34
Expedition into India
34
Masóūd III, Shīrzād, Arsalan, Bahrām
35
Bahrām's flight into India, the burning of Ghaznī
36
Khusrav Shāh and Khusrav Malik
37
Capture of Khusrav Malik by Muhammad ibn Sām
37
CHAPTER III
MU'IZZ-UD-DIN MUHAMMAD BIN SĀM OF GHUR AND
THE EARLIER SLAVE KINGS OF DELHI
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Ghiyās-ud-dīn and Mu'izz-ud-din of Ghūr
38
Capture of Multān and Uch
38
Expedition to Gujarāt
Annexation of the Punjāb
39
Defeat of Muhammad at Tarāori
40
Muhammad's victory at Tarāori
40
Qutb-ud-din Aibak
41
Capture of Delhi by Aibak
42
Conquest of Bihār
42
Conqest of the Doab and capture of Benares
43
Conquest of Ajmer
43
Raid into Gujarāt
43
Qutb-ud-din Aibak appointed viceroy
44
Capture of Bayāna
44
Defeat of Aibak by Bhim of Gujarāt
44
Raid into Gujarāt
44
Muhammadan administration
45
Five years' peace in Northern India
45
Conquest of Bengal
46
Capture of Kālinjar and Mahoba
47
Rebellion in the Punjāb
47
Suppression of the rebellion
48
Death of Muhammad b. Sām
48
Qutb-ud-din Aibak Sultan of Delhi
48
Invasion of Tibet
49
39
:::
## p. xi (#15) ##############################################
CONTENTS
XI
PACE
Death of Ikhtiyār-ud-din Muhammad
50
Aibak captures and is expelled from Ghazni
50
Death of Qutb-ud-din Aibak and accession of Ārām Shāh
50
Affairs of Bengal
51
Accession of Iltutmish
51
Defeat and death of Tāj-ud-din Yildiz
52
Establishment of Iltutmish's authority in Bengal
53
Recovery of Ranthambhor and Multān
53
Suppression of two rebellions in Bengal
51
Recovery of Gwalior and invasion of Mālwa
55
The Qutb Minār
55
Suppression of a rising of Ismā‘ili heretics
56
Death of Iltutmish. His character
56
Rukn-ud-din Firūz
56
Disintegration of the kingdom
57
Deposition of Firūz and enthronement of Raziyya
58
Suppression of a rising of Ismā‘ili heretics
59
Suppression of a rebellion in the Punjāb
60
Deposition of Raziyya and enthronement of Bahrām
60
Death of Raziyya
60)
The Forty Turki nobles
61
Mughul raids, and capture of Lahore
62
Deposition and death of Bahrām
63
'Alā-ud-din Mas'ûd
64
Defeat of the Muslims in Bengal
65
Deposition of Mas'ud and enthronement of Nāsir-ud-din Mahmud 66
Ghiyās-ud-din Balban
66
Expeditions into the Doāb and Mewāt
67
Disgrace of Balban
68
Balban's restoration to favour
70
Rebellion in Multān and Uch
71
Rebellion in Multān and Uch is crushed
72
Suppression of rebellions in the Doāb and Mewāt
72
Treaty of peace with the Mughuls
73
Death of Nāsir-ud-din Mahmud and accession of Balban
73
CHAPTER IV
GHIYĀS-UD-DIN BALBAN, MU'IZZ-UD-DIN KAIQUBĀD,
AND SHAMS-UD-DIN KAYOMARS
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Severity and austerity of Balban
74
The Mughul menace
75
Submission of Bengal, restoration of order in the Doāb and subjuga-
tion of Katehr
76
Re-establishment of royal authority in the Punjāb
77
Disorganization of the army
77
Muhammad Khān appointed heir apparent and governor of
the Punjāb
78
Rebellion in Bengal
79
Suppression of the rebellion, Bughrā Khān appointed to Bengal 81
任6. BCC 22日
## p. xii (#16) #############################################
XII
CONTENTS
Death of Balban and accession of Kaiqubad
Weakness of Kaiqubād
Mughul raids
Meeting between Kaiqubād and his father, Bughrā Khān
Death of Kaiqubād
Condition of the kingdom of Delhi
PAGE
82
83
84
85
87
88
CHAPTER V
THE KHALJI DYNASTY AND THE FIRST CONQUEST
OF THE DECCAN
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Unpopularity of the Khaljis
Weakness of Jalāl-ud-din Firūz
The Thags
Death of Sidi Maulā
Mughul invasion
Designs of 'Alā-ud-din
'Alā-ud-din's invasion of the Deccan
Death of Firūz
Accession of Alā-ud-din
Conquest of Gujarāt
Ala-ud-din's religious schemes
Mughul invasion
Rebellion of Ākat Khān
Rebellion in Delhi
Capture of Ranthambhor
'Alā-ud-din's ordinances
Capture of Chitor
Unsuccessful expedition to Warangal
Mughul invasion
*Ala-ud-din's scale of prices
Mughul invasion
Conquest of Mālwa
Rescue of Ratan Singh of Chitor
Mughul invasion
Expedition to Deogir
Capture of Deval Devi
Subjection of Mārwār
Subjugation of Warangal
Subjugation of Dvāravatipūra and the Peninsula
Massacre of the Mughul “New Muslims”
Sickness of Ala-ud-din
Death of «Alā-ud-din
Death of Malik Näib and accession of Qutb-ud-din Mubārak. . .
Plot against Mubārak
Debauchery of Mubārak his assumption of the title of Caliph
Treason of Khusrav Khān
Death of Mubārak and accession of Khusrav
Defeat of Khusrav by Ghāzi Malik Tughluq
Accession of Ghiyās-ud-din Tughluq
: : :
91
92
93
94
95
95
96
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
108
108
109
110
110
111
111
112
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
1 26
. . .
## p. xiii (#17) ############################################
PAGE
:
CONTENTS
XIII
CHAPTER VI
THE REIGNS OF GHIYĀS-UD-DIN TUGHLUQ AND
MUHAMMAD TUGHLUQ, AND THE SECOND CON-
QUEST AND REVOLT OF THE DECCAN
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Restoration of order by Tughlug
127
Encouragement of agriculture
128
Administration of Tughluq
129
Expedition to Warangal
130
Rebellion of Muhammad, Ulugh Khān
131
Second expedition to Warangal
131
Tughluq's expedition to Bengal
132
Subjugation of Bengal
133
Death of Tughluq
134
Accession of Muhammad
135
Amir Khusrav the poet
135
Character of Muhammad
136
Revenue administration
139
Rebellion of Gurshāsp
140
Transfer of the capital to Daulatābād
141
Rebellion in Multan
142
Mughul invasion
143
Compulsory transfer of the populace of Delhi to Daulatābād 144
Muhammad's fictitious currency
145
Rebellion in Bengal
117
Ibn Batūtah
147
The kingdom of Madura established
149
The farming of the revenue
151
Rebellion of Hushang
151
Rebellion in the Punjāb
152
Famine
152
Rebellion in Hānsi
153
Rebellion in Bidar
151
Foundation of Sargadwari
151
Expedition into the Himālaya
155
Successful rebellion in Bengal, and unsuccessful rebellion in the
Deccan
156
Rebellion of 'Ain-ul-Mulk, Governor of Oudh
157
Mission to the Caliph
158
Reception of Ghiyās-ud-din the ‘Abbāsid
159
Rebellion in Multān. Famine
160
Muhammad's Regulations
161
Ibn Batūtah's mission to China
163
Reception of the Caliph's envoy
164
Rebellion in Kara
165
Partition of the Deccan
165
Rebellion in Gujarāt
166
Muhammad marches into Gujarāt
167
Revolt of the Deccan
168
Rebellion of Taghi in Gujarāt
169
Independence of the Deccan
170
Operations in Gujarāt
171
Death of Muhammad
172
. . .
## p. xiv (#18) #############################################
XİV
CONTENTS
CHAPTER VII
¡HE REIGN OF FIROZ TUGHLUQ, THE DECLINE AND
EXTINCTION OF THE DYNASTY, AND THE INVASION
OF INDIA BY TĪMŪR
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
PIGE
Accession of Firūz
173
Firūz enters Delhi
174
Public works of Firūz
175
Expedition to Bengal
176
Foundation of Firūzābād
176
Plot against the life of Firūz
177
Second expedition to Bengal
177
Capture of Kangra
179
Expedition to Sind
180
Conquest of Sind
181
Rebellion in Gujarāt
182
Devastation of Katehr
183
Regency of Muhammad Khān and death of Firūz
18+
Character of Firūz
185
The Pillars of Asoka
187
The jizya
188
Accession of Tughluq II
189
Enthronement of Abū Bakr
190
Accession of Muhammad
191
Death of Muhammad and accession of Sikandar Shāh
192
Death of Sikandar Shāh
192
Enthronement of Nāsir-ud-din Mahmud
193
Nāsir-ud-din Nusrat proclaimed king
1941
Tīmūr crosses the Indus and captures Multān. . .
195
Tīmūr's advance towards Delhi
196
Tīmūr reaches Loni
197
Defeat of Mallū and Mahmūd before Delhi
198
Tīmūr enters Delhi
198
Timūr's retreat
199
Timūr crosses the Indus
200
Famine and pestilence in Delhi
200
Temporary restoration of Nusrat Shāh
201
Return of Mahmūd to Delhi
201
Mahmūd escapes from Mallū and establishes himself in Kanauj 202
Death of Mallū, and return of Mahmūd to Delhi
203
Death of Mahmūd: Khizr Khān captures Delhi and overthrows
Daulat Khān Lodi
204
Disruption of the kingdom of Delhi
205
CHAPTER VIII
THE SAYYID DYNASTY
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Khizr Khān establishes himself on the throne. . .
206
Rebellions in the kingdom of Delhi
207
Rebellion of a pretender personating Sārang Khān
208
Rebellion of Malik Tughān
209
::::
## p. xv (#19) ##############################################
CONTENTS
i
Death of Khizr Khan and accession of Mubārak
Expedition into the Punjab
Jasrat the Khckar invades the kingdom
Rebellion in Mewāt
War between Delhi and Jaunpur
Rebellion in the Punjab
Invasion of the kingdom by Shaikh 'Ali of Kābul
Rebellion in Multān
Rebellions in the Punjab and Mewät
Recovery of the Punjab
Death of Mubārak and accession of Muhammad
Overthrow of Sarvar-ul-Mulk
Successful rebellion in Multan
Rise of Malik Buhlūl Lodi
War between Delhi and Mālwa
Retreat of the army of Mālwa
Death of Muhammad and accession of Alam Shāh
Retirement of Ālam Shāh to Budaun
Buhlūl Lodi ascends the throne
PAGE
210
211
212
213
21+
21. 5
216
217
218
219
220
221
2:2:2
222
223
221
225
2:26
227
: : : :
CHAPTER LX
THE LODI DYNASTY
2:28
2:29
230
::
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Overthrow of Hamid Khān
Buhlūl defeats Mahmud Shāh of Jaunpur
Truce between Delhi and Jaunpur
Renewal of hostilities between Buhlūl and Husain Shāh of
Jaunpur
Three years truce between Delhi and Jaunpur. . .
Buhlūl defeats Husain Shāh of Jaunpur
Recovery of Jaunpur
Death of Buhlūl and accession of Sikandar
Suppression of Bārbak's rebellion in Jaunpur. . .
Suppression of Hindu rebellion in Jaunpur
Invasion of Bihār and Tirhut
Turbulence of the nobles
Bigotry of Sikandar
Capture of Dholpur
Campaign against Gwalior
Submission of Nāgaur
Intervention in the affairs of Mālwa
Death of Sikandar. His character
Accession of Ibrāhīm
Rebellion of Jalāl Khān Lodi
Collapse of Jalal Khān's rebellion. His death
Suppression of the rebellion of the Afghān nobles
Disaffection of Daulat Khān Lodi
Defeat and death of Ibrāhīm at Pānīpat
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
244
245
246
246
247
248
249
250
250
## p. xvi (#20) #############################################
XVI
CONTENTS
CHAPTER X
THE KINGDOM OF JAUNPUR
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Malik Sarvar establishes his independence in Jaunpur
Death of Sarvar and accession of Ibrāhīm
Death of Ibrāhim and accession of Mahmūd
War between Jaunpur and Mālwa
Death of Mahmūd and accession of Muhammad
Death of Muhammad and accession of Husain
Invasion of Orissa
Invasion of Delhi
Husain is defeated by Buhlūl
Husain flees to Bengal
Review of the Sharqi dynasty of Jaunpur
PAGE
251
251
252
253
254
255
255
256
257
258
259
:::
CHAPTER XI
THE KINGDOM OF BENGAL
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY Haig
Ancient divisions of Bengal
The house of Balban in Bengal
Tughluq restores the authority of Delhi
Successful revolt against Muhammad Tughluq
Iliyās re-establishes the independence of Bengal
Sikandar Shāh and Ghiyās-ud-din A'zam
Character of Ghiyās-ud-din A'zam
Raja Ganesh
Jalāl-ud-din Muhammad
Assassination of Fath Shāh and accession of Bārbak
Assassination of Bārbak and accession of Firūz
Death of Firūz and accession of Mahmud
Assassination of Mahmūd and accession of Muzaffar
Death of Muzaffar and accession of Husain
Extension of the frontiers of Bengal
Death of Husain and accession of Nusrat
Effects of Bābur's invasion on Bengal
The Portuguese in Bengal
Assassination of Nusrat and accession of Firūz
Assassination of Firūz and accession of Mahmūd
Sher Khān assumes the royal title in Bengal . . .
Humāyūn invades Bengal and occupies Gaur. . .
Humāyān retires and is compelled to recognize Sher Khān as
Sovereign of Bengal
Sher Shāh remodels the administration
General Character of the Muslim kings of Bengal
260
261
262
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
270
270
271
272
272
273
273
273
274
275
: : :
275
276
276
1
11
## p. xvii (#21) ############################################
. . .
280
CONTENTS
XVII
CHAPTER XII
THE KINGDOM OF KASHMIR
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
PAGE
Introduction of Islam into Kashmir by Shāh Mirzā
277
Accession and deposition of Jamshid
277
Accession of 'Alā-ud-din
277
Death of 'Alā-ud-din and accession of Shihāb-ud-din
278
Death of Shihāb-ud-din and accession of Qutb-ud-din
278
Death of Qutb-ud-din and accession of Sikandar
279
Persecuting zeal of Sikandar the Iconoclast
Death of Sikandar and accession of `Ali Shāh
280
Accession of Zain-ul-Abidin
281
Tolerance, benevolence and enlightenment of Zain-ul--Ābidin 282
Strife between the sons of Zain-ul--Ābidin
283
Death of Zain-ul--Ābidin and accession of Haidar Shāh
284
Death of Haidar and accession of Hasan
285
Death of Hasan and accession of Muhammad
285
Deposition of Muhammad and accession of Fath Shāh
285
The Nur-Bakhsh Sect
286
Restoration of Muhammad
287
Restoration and second deposition of Fath Shāh
287
Second restoration of Muhammad
287
Third deposition of Muhammad and accession of Ibrāhim
287
Death of Ibrāhīm and accession of Nāzuk Shāh
287
Third restoration of Muhammad
287
Death of Muhammad and restoration of Nāzuk Shāh
288
Conquest of Kashmir by Mirzā Haidar
288
Expulsion of the Foreigners and restoration of Nāzuk
289
Deposition of Nāzuk and enthronement of Ibrāhīm II
289
Deposition of Ibrāhīm II and enthronement of Ismā'il
289
Death of Ismā'il and accession of Habib Shāh
289
Deposition of Habib and usui pation of Ghāzi Chakk
290
Abdication of Ghāzi Shāh and accession of Husain
290
Abdication of Husain and accession of Ali Shāh
291
Death of 'Ali Shāh and accession of Yūsuf
292
Expulsion of Yūsuf, and his recovery of his throne
292
Invasion of Kashmir by Bhagwān Dās
293
Annexation of Kashmir by Akbar
293
CHAPTER XIII
GUJARĀT AND KHĀNDESH
By Professor Sir E. DENISON Ross, C. I. E. , Ph. D. , Director of
the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, and
Professor of Persian
Establishment of the independence of Khandesh and Gujarāt 294
Muzaffar I of Gujarāt
295
Death of Muzaffar I and accession of Ahmad
296
Death of Rāja Ahmad of Khāndesh
296
Accession of Nasir Khān in Khāndesh
297
Invasion of Gujarāt by Hüshang Shāh of Mālva
297
Invasion of Mālwa by Ahmad I of Gujarāt
298
War between Gujarāt and the Deccan
299
. . .
## p. xviii (#22) ###########################################
XVIII
CONTENTS
PAGE
Death of Nasir Khān of Khāndesh and accession of Adil Khān I 300
Death of Ādil Khān I and accession of Ādil Khān II
300
Invasion of Gujarāt by Mahmūd I of Mālwa
301
Defeat of the army of Gujarāt by Rānā Kumbha
302
Qutb-ud-din of Gujarāt invades the Rānā's territory
303
Death of Qutb-ud-din and accession of Dāūd
303
Deposition of Dāūd and enthronement of Mahmud Begarha 304
Mahmūd Begarha marches to the aid of Nizām Shāh of the Deccan 304
Mahmūd's invasion of Sorath
305
Invasion of Sind by Mahmūd Begarha
307
Conspiracy against Mahmûd Begarha
308
Mahmûd besieges Chāmpāner
309
Capture of Chāmpāner
310
Depredations of the pirate, Bahādur Gilāni
311
Defeat of the Portuguese fleet off Chaul
312
War of accession in Khāndesh
313
Accession of "Ādil Khān III in Khāndesh
314
Death of Mahmud Begarha. His character
315
Defeat of the Egyptian fleet by the Portuguese off Diū
316
Designs of Muzaffar II of Gujarāt on Mālwa
317
Campaign in Idar
319
Massacre of the Rājputs in Māndū
319
Muzaffar II invades the territories of the Rānā
320
Flight of Bhahādur, Muzaffar's second son, from Gujarāt
321
Death of Muzaffar II. Disputed succession in Gujarāt
322
Enthronement of Bahādur in Gujarāt
323
War between Gujarāt and Ahmadnagar
324
Bahādur retires from the Deccan
325
Dispute between Bahādur and Mahmūd II of Mālwa
326
Conquest of Mālwa by Bahādur
327
Completion of the conquest of Mālwa
328
Rupture between Humāyūn and Bahādur
329
Capture of Chitor
330
Defeat of Bahādur by Humāyün
331
Invasion of Gujarāt by Humayun
332
Humāyūn is recalled from Gujarāt by events in Hindūstān 333
Death of Bahādur at Diū
334
Accession of Muhammad Shāh of Khāndesh to the throne of Gujarāt 335
Death of Muhammad and accession of Mahmūd III
335
The Egyptian fleet and the army of Gujarāt besiege the
Portuguese in Diū
336
Raising of the siege of Diū
337
Mahmūd III frees himself from Daryā Khān
338
Overthrow of Ālam Khān
339
Defeat of the army of the Gujarāt by the Portuguese
340
Successes of the Portuguese
341
Death of Mahmūd III
342
Accession of Ahmad II
343
Death of Ahmad II
344
Accession of Muzaffar III
445
Civil war in Gujarāt
346
Akbar invades Gujarāt
347
Akbar annexes Gujarat
348
. . .
. . .
. . .
: : :
::
## p. xix (#23) #############################################
CONTENTS
XIX
. . .
. . .
. . .
CHAPTER XIV
THE KINGDOM OF MĀLWA
By Lt. Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
PAGE
Dilāvar Khān establishes his independence in Malwa
349
Death of Dilāvar Khān and accession of Hūshang
349
Invasion of Mālva by Muzaffar I of Gujarāt
349
Hūshang's two invasions of Gujarāt
350
Hūshang's expedition to Orissa
351
Death of Hüshang and accession of Muhammad Shah
352
Mahmūd Khalji usurps the throne
353
Mahmūd's expedition to Delhi
354
Mahmūd invades the dominions of Rānā Kūmbha
355
Mahmūd's second invasion of the Rānā's dominions
356
Mahmūd's two invasions of Gujarāt
356
Mahmūd's invasion of the Deccan
356
Mahmūd recovers Ajmer from the Rāna
357
Mahmūd invades the Deccan but is compelled to retreat
358
Mahmūd's third invasion of the Deccan
358
Kherla is captured by the army of the Deccan but recovered
by Mālwa
359
Death of Mahmud I. His character
360
Accession of Ghiyās-ud-din
361
Folly of Ghiyās-ud-din
362
Fratricidal strife between Ghiyās-ud-din's sons
363
Accession of Nāsir-ud-din
364
Death of Nāsir-ud-din and accession of Mahmūd II
365
Predominance of the Rājputs in Mālwa
366
Revolt of Bihjat Khān of Chanderi
367
Mahmūd II flees from the Rājputs and takes refuge with
Muzaffar of Gujarāt
368
Mahmud II is defeated by the Rānā, Sangrama
368
Bahādur Shāh of Gujarāt annexes Mālwa
369
Shujā'at Khān appointed viceroy of Mālwa by Sher Shāh 370
Annexation of Mālwa by Akbar
371
CHAPTER XV
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN, A. D. 1347-1436
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Bahman Shāh establishes his independence in the Deccan
372
Consolidation of the kingdom by Bahman
373
Suppression of a revolt and establishment of Gulbarga as
the capital
374
Division of the Deccan into four provinces
375
Death of Bahman Shāh and accession of Muhammad I
376
Administration of the kingdom
377
The rise of Vijayanagar
377
Muhammad I issues a gold currency
378
War with Kānhayya of Warangal
380
First war with Vijayanagar
381
Peace with Vijayangar
382
• • •
. . .
b-2
## p. xx (#24) ##############################################
Xi
CONTENTS
1
PAGE
Suppression of the rebellion of Bahrām
382
The great mosque of Gulbarga
383
Death of Muhammad I and accession of Mujāhid
383
Second war with Vijayanagar
383
Assassination of Mujāhid and accession of Dāūd
384
Assassination of Dāūd and accession of Muhammad II
381
Famine in the Deccan
385
Rebellion of Bahā-ud-din of Sāgar
385
Death of Muhammad II and accession of Ghiyās-ud-din
386
Deposition of Ghiyās-ud-din and accession of Shams-ud-din. . .
386
Deposition of Shams-ud-dīn and accession of Firūz
387
Third war with Vijayanagar
387
The exploit of Qāzi Sirāj-ud-din
388
Defeat of the Hindus
389
War with the Gonds of Kherla
390
Mission sent by Firūz to Tīmūr and its results
391
The goldsmith's daugther of Mudgal
391
Fourth war with Vijayanagar. Defeat of the Hindus
392
Expeditions into Gondwāna and Telingāna
393
Fifth war with Vijayangar, and defeat of Fīrūz
391
Abdication and death of Firūz and accession of Ahmad
395
Sixth war with Vijayanagar
396
Defeat of the Hindus and massacres in the Vijayanagar kingdom 397
Peace with Vijayanagar. Famine in the Deccan
398
Expedition to Warangal and Māhūr
399
War between the Deccan and Mālwa
399
Defeat of Hūshang Shāh of Mālwa
400
Ahmad I selects Bidar as his capital
100
War between the Deccan and Gujarāt
401
Kherla is annexed by Mālwa
402
Death of Ahmad I
402
The "Foreign" question in the Deccan
403
6
CHAPTER XVI
THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE KINGDOM OF THE
DECCAN, A. D. 1436–1490
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Accession of 'Alā-ud-din Ahmad II
405
Expedition to Vijayanagar and the Konkan
405
War with Khāndesh
406
Seventh war with Vijayanagar. Defeat of the Hindus
407
Unsuccessful expedition into the Konkan
408
Massacre of the Foreigners by the Deccanis
409
Rebellion of Jalal Khăn
409
Death of 'Alā-ud-din Ahmad II and accession of Humāyün 410
Rebellion of Sikandar Khān and Jalal Khān
410
Humāyūn the Tyrant
411
Death of Humāyūn and accession of Nizām Shāh
412
Mahmūd I of Mālwa invades the Deccan
413
Retreat of the army of Mālwa
413
Second invasion of the Deccan by Mahmūd I of Mālwa
413
Death of Nizām and accession of Muhammad III
413
. .
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THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA
IN SIX VOLUMES
VOLUME III
Turks and Afghans
## p. ii (#6) ###############################################
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA
SIX VOLUMES
Vol. 1
ANCIENT INDIA
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Vol. II
In Preparation.
Vol. IV THE MUGHAL PERIOD
Rs. 35. 00
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THE BRITISH INDIA
1497—1858
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1858–1947
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EDITED BY DODWELL
Part I ANCIENT INDIA
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COMPLETE
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## p. iii (#7) ##############################################
THE
CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF INDIA
VOLUME III
Turks and Afghans
EDITED BY
LT. -COLONEL SIR WOLSELEY HAIG
K. C. I. E. , C. S. I. , C. M. G. , C. B. E. , M. A.
LECTURER IN PERSIAN
IN THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF LONDON
1958
S. CHAND & CO.
DELHI
JULLUNDUR
LUCKNOW
## p. iv (#8) ###############################################
LOAN STACK
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PUBLISHED IN İNdia bÝ S. CHAND & CO. , DELHÍ
BY ARRANGEMENT WITH THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, LONDON,
August 1958
adoll.
The Syndics of the University Press are
deeply indebted to Sir Dorabji Tata
for his generous contribution towards the
cost of the illustrations in this volume
S.
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PRINTED BY S. P. DBAWAN, AT THE CENTRAL ELECTRIC PRESS
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## p. v (#9) ################################################
DS436
C2
1. 3
PREFACE
This
This volume deals generally with the history of India under
Muhammadan rule from the time of the earliest invasions of
the Muslims to the overthrow of the Lodi dynasty on the field of
Panipat and the establishment of Bābur the Timūrid on the throne
of Delhi, and covers the period unfortunately described by that
usually careful scholar, the late Mr. Edward Thomas, as that of the
"Pathan Kings" of Delhi. Of the five dynasties which occupied the
throne of Delhi during this period, from about 1200 to 1526,
three were Turkish, or of Turkish descent; one claimed to be of Arab
blood, and one was Afghān, but probably not Pathān.
Mr. Thomas's misnomer, after clinging obstinately, for many
years, to this period of Indian history, has been generally discarded,
and the period is now known as that of the Sultanate, or Kingdom,
of Delhi, as distinguished from the Empire of the Tīmūrids founded
by Bābur. This distinction is not entirely accurate, or satisfactory,
for it suggests that the earlier Muslim rulers were content with a
comparatively small kingdom in the neigbourhood of their capital
whereas for nearly half a century they ruled virtually the whole
sub-continent of India, two at least of them being emperors of
India in a truer sense than any of the first four Timūrids, and the
ruin of their empire covered the greater part of India with a number
of independent Muslim states. Nevertheless the term will serve, for.
imperial rule was not characteristic of the sovereigns of Delhi during
the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. During the first
century of their rule they were consolidating and extending their
authority ; then followed half a century of empire, and then the
disintegration of that empire.
It is only in respect of Delhi, the historic capital of Muslim rule
in India, that it has been found possible to adhere to the year 1526
as the termination of an epoch of that rule. In the case of other
states, both Muslim and Hindu, it has been found necessary to
carry the local history on, either to the termination of the state's
independence or to a period at which it may conveniently be re-
linquished. The history of the Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagar, for
instance, is continued to 1565, the date of its overthrow by the
confederate Muslim Kingdoms of the Deccan ; that of the Muslim
Kingdoms of Mālwa, Gujarāt, Bengal, and Kashmir to the dates of
their annexation by Akbar, and that of the independent Kingdoms
235
## p. vi (#10) ##############################################
VI
PREFACE
of the Deccan to 1600, the date of the capture of Ahmadnagar by
Akbar's third son, Sultan Dāniyāl.
Chapter I of this volume is introductory, and treats of the con-
quest of Sind by the Arabs in the eighth century. The Arabs never
extended their authority or their influence beyond Sind and
Multān, and their rule in those countries was a mere episode in
the history of India. Chapter u treats of the Yamīni or Ghaznavid
dynasty. Mahmūd was a raider rather than a conqueror, but he
and his successors were Indian rulers by virtue of their annexation
and occupation of the Punjāb, the last of their great possessions
which remained to them. Chapter III treats of the first actual
Muslim conquerors of Northern India, Muʻziz-ud-din Muhammad
b. Sām of Ghūr, his lieutenants, and his successors, the earlier
Slave Kings of Delhi ; and Chapter iv of the rule of Ghiyās-ud-din
Balban and his worthless son. Chapter v treats of the Khalji
dynasty and the first Muslim conquest of the Deccan ; Chapter vi
of the first two Sultāns of the Tughluq dynasty, and the second
conquest and revolt of the Deccan ; Chapter VII of the later
Sultāns of the Tughluq dynasty and invasion of India by
Tīmūr ; Chapter viri of the Sayyids; and Chapter IX of the Lodi
dynasty. Then follows a series of chapters dealing with independent
Muslim Kingdoms, all of which, with the exception of Kashmir and
Khandesh, rose on the ruins of the great empire of Muhammad
b. Tughluq; Chapter x with Jaunpur ; Chapter xi with Bengal;
Chapter XII with Kashmir ; Chapter XIII, which has been written
by Professor Sir E. Denison Ross, with Gujarat and Khāndesh ;
Chapter XIV with Mālwa ; Chapters xv and xvi with the Bahmani
Kingdom of the Deccan ; and Chapter XVII with the five inde-
pendent Muslim Kingdoms of the Deccan. Chapter XVIII treats
of Hindu states in Southern India, and Chapter xx with those in
Northern India ; and Chapter xix treats of the states of Sind and
Multān during their independent existence. Chapter xxi, which
has been written by Mr G. E. Harvey of the Indian Civil Service,
deals with the history of Burma between the years 1287 and 1531 ;
and Chapter XXII, by Don Martino de Zilva Wickremasinghe, with
the history of Ceylon from 1215 to 1527. Chapter XXIII, written by
Sir John Marshall, C. I. E. , Director General of Archaeology in India,
who has also supplied the illustrations to this volume, deals with
the monuments of Muhammadan rule in India between the years
1200 and 1526.
A few explanations remain to be offered. The system of trans-
literation adopted is that used by the Governm nt of India in their
## p. vii (#11) #############################################
PREFACE
VII
official publications. Except in the chapter on Ceylon diacritical
marks, with the necessary exception of the macron, have beex
avoided. The hamza is represented, when necessary, by’, the letter
E by,' and the letter ö by qi
It has not been considered necessary
to distinguish between the letters - and @ and and a by under-
lining the combinations kh and gh, and, in order to preserve the
correct pronunciation of names and titles in which the Arabic
article occurs, such forms as 'Alā-ud-din and Badi -uz-Zamān have
been preferred, partly for typographical and partly for other reasons,
to the more scholarly and correct 'Alā-al-din and Badi-al-zamān,
or 'Alā'u'-d-din and Babītu-'z-zamān.
In place-names the spelling of the Imperial Gazetteer of India
has, with few exceptions, been followed, but the adoption of q as
the equivalent of necessitates the substitution of Qandahār for
the better-known Kandahār, and e, representing no Arabic or
Persian letter, has been omitted from such names as Fathābād
and Fathpur, the Gazetteer spelling of which serves only to stereo-
type a vulgar and corrupt pronunciation. The name of the great
river of Southern India is spelt Krishna, as there appears to be no
justification for the Gazetteer spelling Kistra ; Ausa has been
substituted for Owsa as the name of a town in the Deccan hardly
well enough known to entitle it to the honour of a conventionalized
spelling ; and the name of the founder of the Lodi dynasty is spelt
Buhlūl, as there appears to be no reason to preserve the mis.
pronunciation enshrined in the more familiar Bahlol.
In order to avoid, as far as possible, the use of foreign words
the plural of the words amir and malik has usually been translated
by ‘nobles,' which will not mislead the reader if it be remembered
that there has never been a recognized hereditary aristocracy in
Muslim Kingdoms. The 'nobles' were military officers, or officers
of state with military rank, whose titles, though occasionally revived
in favour of a deserving son, did not become hereditary until the
crown became so weak that a son was able to assume his father's
office and title. In the chapters on the history of the Deccan the
word 'Foreigners,' when spelt with a capital letter, denotes members
of the Foreign party.
A few words, such as Islam, Sultan, and Raja have been treated
as naturalized English words, and written without the macron, ex-
cept when they form parts of names or titles.
My best thanks are due to Sir John Marshall and Sir E. Denison
Ross for having kindly undertaken arduous work in connection
with this volume in spite of heavy official duties. I must also
## p. viii (#12) ############################################
VIII
PREFACE
acknowledge the assistance of Mr. G. E. Harvey, Mr. S. Krishnaswami
Ayyangar, Don Martino de Zilva Wickremasinghe, and Mr W. E. C.
Browne, who has prepared the index. In conclusion, I desire to
express my gratitude for the advice and assistance which I have
at all times received from Professor E. J. Rapson, the editor of
Volumes i and in of this history.
W. H.
THE ATHENAEUM
26 March 1928
I
## p. ix (#13) ##############################################
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
THE ARAB CONQUEST OF SIND
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG, K. C. I. E. , C. S. I. , C. M. G. ,
C. B. E. , M. A. , Lecturer in Persian in the School of Oriental
Studies, University of London
PAGE
:::::
The rise of Islam
Provocation given to Hajjāj by Dāhir of Sind
Unsuccessful invasions of Sind
Successful invasions of Muhammad ibn Qāsim
Capture of Debul, Nirūn, and Sehwān
The Islamic law
Capture of Sīsam
Defeat and death of Dāhir
Administration of Lower Sind
Capture of Aror and Multān
Fate of Muhammad ibn Qāsim
Muslim governors of Sind
Effect of the establishment of the ‘Abbāsid dynasty
Virtual independence of Sind
Principalities of Multān and Mansūra
Effects of the Arab conquest of Sind
Goooooo o. • Or A CO CO NON
4
5
5
6
9
10
. . .
11
12
12
13
CHAPTER II
THE YAMINI DYNASTY OF GHAZNI AND LAHORE,
COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE GHAZNAVIDS
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Origin and rise of the Yamīni Dynasty
Sabuktigin
Mahmud
First expedition into India, the Punjāb
Expedition to Uch
Defeat and flight of Anandpāl
Submission of Dāūd of Multan
Apostasy and punishment of Nawāsa Shāh
Invaison of India, and defeat of Hindu confederacy
Expedition to Ghūr
Invasion of India. Battle of Tarāori
Expedition to Multān
Expedition into the Punjāb, defeat of Bhimpāl
Expedition to Thānesar
Invasion of Kashmir
Invasion of India
Submission of the Raja of Kanauj
Expedition to avenge the death of the Raja of Kanauj
Expedition into Dir, Swāt, and Bajaur
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
17
18
18
19
21
22
: : :
>
. . .
## p. x (#14) ###############################################
X
CONTENTS
iii :
.
PACE
Expedition against Ganda of Kālinjar
22
Expedition to Somnāth
23
Capture of Somnāth
24
Punitive expedition against the Jāts
26
Death of Mahmūd
26
His character
26
Mas-ūd
27
Confusion in the Punjāb
28
Expedition into India and capture of Hānsi
31
The Saljūgs
31
Flight and death of Masóūd
32
Maudūd
32
Hindu invasion of the Punjāb
33
Death of Maudūd
33
Mas“ūd II, ‘Ali, and `Abd-ur-Rashid
33
Tughril, Farrukhzād, Ibrāhim
34
Expedition into India
34
Masóūd III, Shīrzād, Arsalan, Bahrām
35
Bahrām's flight into India, the burning of Ghaznī
36
Khusrav Shāh and Khusrav Malik
37
Capture of Khusrav Malik by Muhammad ibn Sām
37
CHAPTER III
MU'IZZ-UD-DIN MUHAMMAD BIN SĀM OF GHUR AND
THE EARLIER SLAVE KINGS OF DELHI
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Ghiyās-ud-dīn and Mu'izz-ud-din of Ghūr
38
Capture of Multān and Uch
38
Expedition to Gujarāt
Annexation of the Punjāb
39
Defeat of Muhammad at Tarāori
40
Muhammad's victory at Tarāori
40
Qutb-ud-din Aibak
41
Capture of Delhi by Aibak
42
Conquest of Bihār
42
Conqest of the Doab and capture of Benares
43
Conquest of Ajmer
43
Raid into Gujarāt
43
Qutb-ud-din Aibak appointed viceroy
44
Capture of Bayāna
44
Defeat of Aibak by Bhim of Gujarāt
44
Raid into Gujarāt
44
Muhammadan administration
45
Five years' peace in Northern India
45
Conquest of Bengal
46
Capture of Kālinjar and Mahoba
47
Rebellion in the Punjāb
47
Suppression of the rebellion
48
Death of Muhammad b. Sām
48
Qutb-ud-din Aibak Sultan of Delhi
48
Invasion of Tibet
49
39
:::
## p. xi (#15) ##############################################
CONTENTS
XI
PACE
Death of Ikhtiyār-ud-din Muhammad
50
Aibak captures and is expelled from Ghazni
50
Death of Qutb-ud-din Aibak and accession of Ārām Shāh
50
Affairs of Bengal
51
Accession of Iltutmish
51
Defeat and death of Tāj-ud-din Yildiz
52
Establishment of Iltutmish's authority in Bengal
53
Recovery of Ranthambhor and Multān
53
Suppression of two rebellions in Bengal
51
Recovery of Gwalior and invasion of Mālwa
55
The Qutb Minār
55
Suppression of a rising of Ismā‘ili heretics
56
Death of Iltutmish. His character
56
Rukn-ud-din Firūz
56
Disintegration of the kingdom
57
Deposition of Firūz and enthronement of Raziyya
58
Suppression of a rising of Ismā‘ili heretics
59
Suppression of a rebellion in the Punjāb
60
Deposition of Raziyya and enthronement of Bahrām
60
Death of Raziyya
60)
The Forty Turki nobles
61
Mughul raids, and capture of Lahore
62
Deposition and death of Bahrām
63
'Alā-ud-din Mas'ûd
64
Defeat of the Muslims in Bengal
65
Deposition of Mas'ud and enthronement of Nāsir-ud-din Mahmud 66
Ghiyās-ud-din Balban
66
Expeditions into the Doāb and Mewāt
67
Disgrace of Balban
68
Balban's restoration to favour
70
Rebellion in Multān and Uch
71
Rebellion in Multān and Uch is crushed
72
Suppression of rebellions in the Doāb and Mewāt
72
Treaty of peace with the Mughuls
73
Death of Nāsir-ud-din Mahmud and accession of Balban
73
CHAPTER IV
GHIYĀS-UD-DIN BALBAN, MU'IZZ-UD-DIN KAIQUBĀD,
AND SHAMS-UD-DIN KAYOMARS
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Severity and austerity of Balban
74
The Mughul menace
75
Submission of Bengal, restoration of order in the Doāb and subjuga-
tion of Katehr
76
Re-establishment of royal authority in the Punjāb
77
Disorganization of the army
77
Muhammad Khān appointed heir apparent and governor of
the Punjāb
78
Rebellion in Bengal
79
Suppression of the rebellion, Bughrā Khān appointed to Bengal 81
任6. BCC 22日
## p. xii (#16) #############################################
XII
CONTENTS
Death of Balban and accession of Kaiqubad
Weakness of Kaiqubād
Mughul raids
Meeting between Kaiqubād and his father, Bughrā Khān
Death of Kaiqubād
Condition of the kingdom of Delhi
PAGE
82
83
84
85
87
88
CHAPTER V
THE KHALJI DYNASTY AND THE FIRST CONQUEST
OF THE DECCAN
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Unpopularity of the Khaljis
Weakness of Jalāl-ud-din Firūz
The Thags
Death of Sidi Maulā
Mughul invasion
Designs of 'Alā-ud-din
'Alā-ud-din's invasion of the Deccan
Death of Firūz
Accession of Alā-ud-din
Conquest of Gujarāt
Ala-ud-din's religious schemes
Mughul invasion
Rebellion of Ākat Khān
Rebellion in Delhi
Capture of Ranthambhor
'Alā-ud-din's ordinances
Capture of Chitor
Unsuccessful expedition to Warangal
Mughul invasion
*Ala-ud-din's scale of prices
Mughul invasion
Conquest of Mālwa
Rescue of Ratan Singh of Chitor
Mughul invasion
Expedition to Deogir
Capture of Deval Devi
Subjection of Mārwār
Subjugation of Warangal
Subjugation of Dvāravatipūra and the Peninsula
Massacre of the Mughul “New Muslims”
Sickness of Ala-ud-din
Death of «Alā-ud-din
Death of Malik Näib and accession of Qutb-ud-din Mubārak. . .
Plot against Mubārak
Debauchery of Mubārak his assumption of the title of Caliph
Treason of Khusrav Khān
Death of Mubārak and accession of Khusrav
Defeat of Khusrav by Ghāzi Malik Tughluq
Accession of Ghiyās-ud-din Tughluq
: : :
91
92
93
94
95
95
96
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
108
108
109
110
110
111
111
112
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
1 26
. . .
## p. xiii (#17) ############################################
PAGE
:
CONTENTS
XIII
CHAPTER VI
THE REIGNS OF GHIYĀS-UD-DIN TUGHLUQ AND
MUHAMMAD TUGHLUQ, AND THE SECOND CON-
QUEST AND REVOLT OF THE DECCAN
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Restoration of order by Tughlug
127
Encouragement of agriculture
128
Administration of Tughluq
129
Expedition to Warangal
130
Rebellion of Muhammad, Ulugh Khān
131
Second expedition to Warangal
131
Tughluq's expedition to Bengal
132
Subjugation of Bengal
133
Death of Tughluq
134
Accession of Muhammad
135
Amir Khusrav the poet
135
Character of Muhammad
136
Revenue administration
139
Rebellion of Gurshāsp
140
Transfer of the capital to Daulatābād
141
Rebellion in Multan
142
Mughul invasion
143
Compulsory transfer of the populace of Delhi to Daulatābād 144
Muhammad's fictitious currency
145
Rebellion in Bengal
117
Ibn Batūtah
147
The kingdom of Madura established
149
The farming of the revenue
151
Rebellion of Hushang
151
Rebellion in the Punjāb
152
Famine
152
Rebellion in Hānsi
153
Rebellion in Bidar
151
Foundation of Sargadwari
151
Expedition into the Himālaya
155
Successful rebellion in Bengal, and unsuccessful rebellion in the
Deccan
156
Rebellion of 'Ain-ul-Mulk, Governor of Oudh
157
Mission to the Caliph
158
Reception of Ghiyās-ud-din the ‘Abbāsid
159
Rebellion in Multān. Famine
160
Muhammad's Regulations
161
Ibn Batūtah's mission to China
163
Reception of the Caliph's envoy
164
Rebellion in Kara
165
Partition of the Deccan
165
Rebellion in Gujarāt
166
Muhammad marches into Gujarāt
167
Revolt of the Deccan
168
Rebellion of Taghi in Gujarāt
169
Independence of the Deccan
170
Operations in Gujarāt
171
Death of Muhammad
172
. . .
## p. xiv (#18) #############################################
XİV
CONTENTS
CHAPTER VII
¡HE REIGN OF FIROZ TUGHLUQ, THE DECLINE AND
EXTINCTION OF THE DYNASTY, AND THE INVASION
OF INDIA BY TĪMŪR
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
PIGE
Accession of Firūz
173
Firūz enters Delhi
174
Public works of Firūz
175
Expedition to Bengal
176
Foundation of Firūzābād
176
Plot against the life of Firūz
177
Second expedition to Bengal
177
Capture of Kangra
179
Expedition to Sind
180
Conquest of Sind
181
Rebellion in Gujarāt
182
Devastation of Katehr
183
Regency of Muhammad Khān and death of Firūz
18+
Character of Firūz
185
The Pillars of Asoka
187
The jizya
188
Accession of Tughluq II
189
Enthronement of Abū Bakr
190
Accession of Muhammad
191
Death of Muhammad and accession of Sikandar Shāh
192
Death of Sikandar Shāh
192
Enthronement of Nāsir-ud-din Mahmud
193
Nāsir-ud-din Nusrat proclaimed king
1941
Tīmūr crosses the Indus and captures Multān. . .
The Syndics of the University Press are
deeply indebted to Sir Dorabji Tata
for his generous contribution towards the
cost of the illustrations in this volume
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## p. v (#9) ################################################
DS436
C2
1. 3
PREFACE
This
This volume deals generally with the history of India under
Muhammadan rule from the time of the earliest invasions of
the Muslims to the overthrow of the Lodi dynasty on the field of
Panipat and the establishment of Bābur the Timūrid on the throne
of Delhi, and covers the period unfortunately described by that
usually careful scholar, the late Mr. Edward Thomas, as that of the
"Pathan Kings" of Delhi. Of the five dynasties which occupied the
throne of Delhi during this period, from about 1200 to 1526,
three were Turkish, or of Turkish descent; one claimed to be of Arab
blood, and one was Afghān, but probably not Pathān.
Mr. Thomas's misnomer, after clinging obstinately, for many
years, to this period of Indian history, has been generally discarded,
and the period is now known as that of the Sultanate, or Kingdom,
of Delhi, as distinguished from the Empire of the Tīmūrids founded
by Bābur. This distinction is not entirely accurate, or satisfactory,
for it suggests that the earlier Muslim rulers were content with a
comparatively small kingdom in the neigbourhood of their capital
whereas for nearly half a century they ruled virtually the whole
sub-continent of India, two at least of them being emperors of
India in a truer sense than any of the first four Timūrids, and the
ruin of their empire covered the greater part of India with a number
of independent Muslim states. Nevertheless the term will serve, for.
imperial rule was not characteristic of the sovereigns of Delhi during
the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. During the first
century of their rule they were consolidating and extending their
authority ; then followed half a century of empire, and then the
disintegration of that empire.
It is only in respect of Delhi, the historic capital of Muslim rule
in India, that it has been found possible to adhere to the year 1526
as the termination of an epoch of that rule. In the case of other
states, both Muslim and Hindu, it has been found necessary to
carry the local history on, either to the termination of the state's
independence or to a period at which it may conveniently be re-
linquished. The history of the Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagar, for
instance, is continued to 1565, the date of its overthrow by the
confederate Muslim Kingdoms of the Deccan ; that of the Muslim
Kingdoms of Mālwa, Gujarāt, Bengal, and Kashmir to the dates of
their annexation by Akbar, and that of the independent Kingdoms
235
## p. vi (#10) ##############################################
VI
PREFACE
of the Deccan to 1600, the date of the capture of Ahmadnagar by
Akbar's third son, Sultan Dāniyāl.
Chapter I of this volume is introductory, and treats of the con-
quest of Sind by the Arabs in the eighth century. The Arabs never
extended their authority or their influence beyond Sind and
Multān, and their rule in those countries was a mere episode in
the history of India. Chapter u treats of the Yamīni or Ghaznavid
dynasty. Mahmūd was a raider rather than a conqueror, but he
and his successors were Indian rulers by virtue of their annexation
and occupation of the Punjāb, the last of their great possessions
which remained to them. Chapter III treats of the first actual
Muslim conquerors of Northern India, Muʻziz-ud-din Muhammad
b. Sām of Ghūr, his lieutenants, and his successors, the earlier
Slave Kings of Delhi ; and Chapter iv of the rule of Ghiyās-ud-din
Balban and his worthless son. Chapter v treats of the Khalji
dynasty and the first Muslim conquest of the Deccan ; Chapter vi
of the first two Sultāns of the Tughluq dynasty, and the second
conquest and revolt of the Deccan ; Chapter VII of the later
Sultāns of the Tughluq dynasty and invasion of India by
Tīmūr ; Chapter viri of the Sayyids; and Chapter IX of the Lodi
dynasty. Then follows a series of chapters dealing with independent
Muslim Kingdoms, all of which, with the exception of Kashmir and
Khandesh, rose on the ruins of the great empire of Muhammad
b. Tughluq; Chapter x with Jaunpur ; Chapter xi with Bengal;
Chapter XII with Kashmir ; Chapter XIII, which has been written
by Professor Sir E. Denison Ross, with Gujarat and Khāndesh ;
Chapter XIV with Mālwa ; Chapters xv and xvi with the Bahmani
Kingdom of the Deccan ; and Chapter XVII with the five inde-
pendent Muslim Kingdoms of the Deccan. Chapter XVIII treats
of Hindu states in Southern India, and Chapter xx with those in
Northern India ; and Chapter xix treats of the states of Sind and
Multān during their independent existence. Chapter xxi, which
has been written by Mr G. E. Harvey of the Indian Civil Service,
deals with the history of Burma between the years 1287 and 1531 ;
and Chapter XXII, by Don Martino de Zilva Wickremasinghe, with
the history of Ceylon from 1215 to 1527. Chapter XXIII, written by
Sir John Marshall, C. I. E. , Director General of Archaeology in India,
who has also supplied the illustrations to this volume, deals with
the monuments of Muhammadan rule in India between the years
1200 and 1526.
A few explanations remain to be offered. The system of trans-
literation adopted is that used by the Governm nt of India in their
## p. vii (#11) #############################################
PREFACE
VII
official publications. Except in the chapter on Ceylon diacritical
marks, with the necessary exception of the macron, have beex
avoided. The hamza is represented, when necessary, by’, the letter
E by,' and the letter ö by qi
It has not been considered necessary
to distinguish between the letters - and @ and and a by under-
lining the combinations kh and gh, and, in order to preserve the
correct pronunciation of names and titles in which the Arabic
article occurs, such forms as 'Alā-ud-din and Badi -uz-Zamān have
been preferred, partly for typographical and partly for other reasons,
to the more scholarly and correct 'Alā-al-din and Badi-al-zamān,
or 'Alā'u'-d-din and Babītu-'z-zamān.
In place-names the spelling of the Imperial Gazetteer of India
has, with few exceptions, been followed, but the adoption of q as
the equivalent of necessitates the substitution of Qandahār for
the better-known Kandahār, and e, representing no Arabic or
Persian letter, has been omitted from such names as Fathābād
and Fathpur, the Gazetteer spelling of which serves only to stereo-
type a vulgar and corrupt pronunciation. The name of the great
river of Southern India is spelt Krishna, as there appears to be no
justification for the Gazetteer spelling Kistra ; Ausa has been
substituted for Owsa as the name of a town in the Deccan hardly
well enough known to entitle it to the honour of a conventionalized
spelling ; and the name of the founder of the Lodi dynasty is spelt
Buhlūl, as there appears to be no reason to preserve the mis.
pronunciation enshrined in the more familiar Bahlol.
In order to avoid, as far as possible, the use of foreign words
the plural of the words amir and malik has usually been translated
by ‘nobles,' which will not mislead the reader if it be remembered
that there has never been a recognized hereditary aristocracy in
Muslim Kingdoms. The 'nobles' were military officers, or officers
of state with military rank, whose titles, though occasionally revived
in favour of a deserving son, did not become hereditary until the
crown became so weak that a son was able to assume his father's
office and title. In the chapters on the history of the Deccan the
word 'Foreigners,' when spelt with a capital letter, denotes members
of the Foreign party.
A few words, such as Islam, Sultan, and Raja have been treated
as naturalized English words, and written without the macron, ex-
cept when they form parts of names or titles.
My best thanks are due to Sir John Marshall and Sir E. Denison
Ross for having kindly undertaken arduous work in connection
with this volume in spite of heavy official duties. I must also
## p. viii (#12) ############################################
VIII
PREFACE
acknowledge the assistance of Mr. G. E. Harvey, Mr. S. Krishnaswami
Ayyangar, Don Martino de Zilva Wickremasinghe, and Mr W. E. C.
Browne, who has prepared the index. In conclusion, I desire to
express my gratitude for the advice and assistance which I have
at all times received from Professor E. J. Rapson, the editor of
Volumes i and in of this history.
W. H.
THE ATHENAEUM
26 March 1928
I
## p. ix (#13) ##############################################
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
THE ARAB CONQUEST OF SIND
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG, K. C. I. E. , C. S. I. , C. M. G. ,
C. B. E. , M. A. , Lecturer in Persian in the School of Oriental
Studies, University of London
PAGE
:::::
The rise of Islam
Provocation given to Hajjāj by Dāhir of Sind
Unsuccessful invasions of Sind
Successful invasions of Muhammad ibn Qāsim
Capture of Debul, Nirūn, and Sehwān
The Islamic law
Capture of Sīsam
Defeat and death of Dāhir
Administration of Lower Sind
Capture of Aror and Multān
Fate of Muhammad ibn Qāsim
Muslim governors of Sind
Effect of the establishment of the ‘Abbāsid dynasty
Virtual independence of Sind
Principalities of Multān and Mansūra
Effects of the Arab conquest of Sind
Goooooo o. • Or A CO CO NON
4
5
5
6
9
10
. . .
11
12
12
13
CHAPTER II
THE YAMINI DYNASTY OF GHAZNI AND LAHORE,
COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE GHAZNAVIDS
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Origin and rise of the Yamīni Dynasty
Sabuktigin
Mahmud
First expedition into India, the Punjāb
Expedition to Uch
Defeat and flight of Anandpāl
Submission of Dāūd of Multan
Apostasy and punishment of Nawāsa Shāh
Invaison of India, and defeat of Hindu confederacy
Expedition to Ghūr
Invasion of India. Battle of Tarāori
Expedition to Multān
Expedition into the Punjāb, defeat of Bhimpāl
Expedition to Thānesar
Invasion of Kashmir
Invasion of India
Submission of the Raja of Kanauj
Expedition to avenge the death of the Raja of Kanauj
Expedition into Dir, Swāt, and Bajaur
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
17
18
18
19
21
22
: : :
>
. . .
## p. x (#14) ###############################################
X
CONTENTS
iii :
.
PACE
Expedition against Ganda of Kālinjar
22
Expedition to Somnāth
23
Capture of Somnāth
24
Punitive expedition against the Jāts
26
Death of Mahmūd
26
His character
26
Mas-ūd
27
Confusion in the Punjāb
28
Expedition into India and capture of Hānsi
31
The Saljūgs
31
Flight and death of Masóūd
32
Maudūd
32
Hindu invasion of the Punjāb
33
Death of Maudūd
33
Mas“ūd II, ‘Ali, and `Abd-ur-Rashid
33
Tughril, Farrukhzād, Ibrāhim
34
Expedition into India
34
Masóūd III, Shīrzād, Arsalan, Bahrām
35
Bahrām's flight into India, the burning of Ghaznī
36
Khusrav Shāh and Khusrav Malik
37
Capture of Khusrav Malik by Muhammad ibn Sām
37
CHAPTER III
MU'IZZ-UD-DIN MUHAMMAD BIN SĀM OF GHUR AND
THE EARLIER SLAVE KINGS OF DELHI
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Ghiyās-ud-dīn and Mu'izz-ud-din of Ghūr
38
Capture of Multān and Uch
38
Expedition to Gujarāt
Annexation of the Punjāb
39
Defeat of Muhammad at Tarāori
40
Muhammad's victory at Tarāori
40
Qutb-ud-din Aibak
41
Capture of Delhi by Aibak
42
Conquest of Bihār
42
Conqest of the Doab and capture of Benares
43
Conquest of Ajmer
43
Raid into Gujarāt
43
Qutb-ud-din Aibak appointed viceroy
44
Capture of Bayāna
44
Defeat of Aibak by Bhim of Gujarāt
44
Raid into Gujarāt
44
Muhammadan administration
45
Five years' peace in Northern India
45
Conquest of Bengal
46
Capture of Kālinjar and Mahoba
47
Rebellion in the Punjāb
47
Suppression of the rebellion
48
Death of Muhammad b. Sām
48
Qutb-ud-din Aibak Sultan of Delhi
48
Invasion of Tibet
49
39
:::
## p. xi (#15) ##############################################
CONTENTS
XI
PACE
Death of Ikhtiyār-ud-din Muhammad
50
Aibak captures and is expelled from Ghazni
50
Death of Qutb-ud-din Aibak and accession of Ārām Shāh
50
Affairs of Bengal
51
Accession of Iltutmish
51
Defeat and death of Tāj-ud-din Yildiz
52
Establishment of Iltutmish's authority in Bengal
53
Recovery of Ranthambhor and Multān
53
Suppression of two rebellions in Bengal
51
Recovery of Gwalior and invasion of Mālwa
55
The Qutb Minār
55
Suppression of a rising of Ismā‘ili heretics
56
Death of Iltutmish. His character
56
Rukn-ud-din Firūz
56
Disintegration of the kingdom
57
Deposition of Firūz and enthronement of Raziyya
58
Suppression of a rising of Ismā‘ili heretics
59
Suppression of a rebellion in the Punjāb
60
Deposition of Raziyya and enthronement of Bahrām
60
Death of Raziyya
60)
The Forty Turki nobles
61
Mughul raids, and capture of Lahore
62
Deposition and death of Bahrām
63
'Alā-ud-din Mas'ûd
64
Defeat of the Muslims in Bengal
65
Deposition of Mas'ud and enthronement of Nāsir-ud-din Mahmud 66
Ghiyās-ud-din Balban
66
Expeditions into the Doāb and Mewāt
67
Disgrace of Balban
68
Balban's restoration to favour
70
Rebellion in Multān and Uch
71
Rebellion in Multān and Uch is crushed
72
Suppression of rebellions in the Doāb and Mewāt
72
Treaty of peace with the Mughuls
73
Death of Nāsir-ud-din Mahmud and accession of Balban
73
CHAPTER IV
GHIYĀS-UD-DIN BALBAN, MU'IZZ-UD-DIN KAIQUBĀD,
AND SHAMS-UD-DIN KAYOMARS
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Severity and austerity of Balban
74
The Mughul menace
75
Submission of Bengal, restoration of order in the Doāb and subjuga-
tion of Katehr
76
Re-establishment of royal authority in the Punjāb
77
Disorganization of the army
77
Muhammad Khān appointed heir apparent and governor of
the Punjāb
78
Rebellion in Bengal
79
Suppression of the rebellion, Bughrā Khān appointed to Bengal 81
任6. BCC 22日
## p. xii (#16) #############################################
XII
CONTENTS
Death of Balban and accession of Kaiqubad
Weakness of Kaiqubād
Mughul raids
Meeting between Kaiqubād and his father, Bughrā Khān
Death of Kaiqubād
Condition of the kingdom of Delhi
PAGE
82
83
84
85
87
88
CHAPTER V
THE KHALJI DYNASTY AND THE FIRST CONQUEST
OF THE DECCAN
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Unpopularity of the Khaljis
Weakness of Jalāl-ud-din Firūz
The Thags
Death of Sidi Maulā
Mughul invasion
Designs of 'Alā-ud-din
'Alā-ud-din's invasion of the Deccan
Death of Firūz
Accession of Alā-ud-din
Conquest of Gujarāt
Ala-ud-din's religious schemes
Mughul invasion
Rebellion of Ākat Khān
Rebellion in Delhi
Capture of Ranthambhor
'Alā-ud-din's ordinances
Capture of Chitor
Unsuccessful expedition to Warangal
Mughul invasion
*Ala-ud-din's scale of prices
Mughul invasion
Conquest of Mālwa
Rescue of Ratan Singh of Chitor
Mughul invasion
Expedition to Deogir
Capture of Deval Devi
Subjection of Mārwār
Subjugation of Warangal
Subjugation of Dvāravatipūra and the Peninsula
Massacre of the Mughul “New Muslims”
Sickness of Ala-ud-din
Death of «Alā-ud-din
Death of Malik Näib and accession of Qutb-ud-din Mubārak. . .
Plot against Mubārak
Debauchery of Mubārak his assumption of the title of Caliph
Treason of Khusrav Khān
Death of Mubārak and accession of Khusrav
Defeat of Khusrav by Ghāzi Malik Tughluq
Accession of Ghiyās-ud-din Tughluq
: : :
91
92
93
94
95
95
96
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
108
108
109
110
110
111
111
112
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
1 26
. . .
## p. xiii (#17) ############################################
PAGE
:
CONTENTS
XIII
CHAPTER VI
THE REIGNS OF GHIYĀS-UD-DIN TUGHLUQ AND
MUHAMMAD TUGHLUQ, AND THE SECOND CON-
QUEST AND REVOLT OF THE DECCAN
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Restoration of order by Tughlug
127
Encouragement of agriculture
128
Administration of Tughluq
129
Expedition to Warangal
130
Rebellion of Muhammad, Ulugh Khān
131
Second expedition to Warangal
131
Tughluq's expedition to Bengal
132
Subjugation of Bengal
133
Death of Tughluq
134
Accession of Muhammad
135
Amir Khusrav the poet
135
Character of Muhammad
136
Revenue administration
139
Rebellion of Gurshāsp
140
Transfer of the capital to Daulatābād
141
Rebellion in Multan
142
Mughul invasion
143
Compulsory transfer of the populace of Delhi to Daulatābād 144
Muhammad's fictitious currency
145
Rebellion in Bengal
117
Ibn Batūtah
147
The kingdom of Madura established
149
The farming of the revenue
151
Rebellion of Hushang
151
Rebellion in the Punjāb
152
Famine
152
Rebellion in Hānsi
153
Rebellion in Bidar
151
Foundation of Sargadwari
151
Expedition into the Himālaya
155
Successful rebellion in Bengal, and unsuccessful rebellion in the
Deccan
156
Rebellion of 'Ain-ul-Mulk, Governor of Oudh
157
Mission to the Caliph
158
Reception of Ghiyās-ud-din the ‘Abbāsid
159
Rebellion in Multān. Famine
160
Muhammad's Regulations
161
Ibn Batūtah's mission to China
163
Reception of the Caliph's envoy
164
Rebellion in Kara
165
Partition of the Deccan
165
Rebellion in Gujarāt
166
Muhammad marches into Gujarāt
167
Revolt of the Deccan
168
Rebellion of Taghi in Gujarāt
169
Independence of the Deccan
170
Operations in Gujarāt
171
Death of Muhammad
172
. . .
## p. xiv (#18) #############################################
XİV
CONTENTS
CHAPTER VII
¡HE REIGN OF FIROZ TUGHLUQ, THE DECLINE AND
EXTINCTION OF THE DYNASTY, AND THE INVASION
OF INDIA BY TĪMŪR
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
PIGE
Accession of Firūz
173
Firūz enters Delhi
174
Public works of Firūz
175
Expedition to Bengal
176
Foundation of Firūzābād
176
Plot against the life of Firūz
177
Second expedition to Bengal
177
Capture of Kangra
179
Expedition to Sind
180
Conquest of Sind
181
Rebellion in Gujarāt
182
Devastation of Katehr
183
Regency of Muhammad Khān and death of Firūz
18+
Character of Firūz
185
The Pillars of Asoka
187
The jizya
188
Accession of Tughluq II
189
Enthronement of Abū Bakr
190
Accession of Muhammad
191
Death of Muhammad and accession of Sikandar Shāh
192
Death of Sikandar Shāh
192
Enthronement of Nāsir-ud-din Mahmud
193
Nāsir-ud-din Nusrat proclaimed king
1941
Tīmūr crosses the Indus and captures Multān. . .
195
Tīmūr's advance towards Delhi
196
Tīmūr reaches Loni
197
Defeat of Mallū and Mahmūd before Delhi
198
Tīmūr enters Delhi
198
Timūr's retreat
199
Timūr crosses the Indus
200
Famine and pestilence in Delhi
200
Temporary restoration of Nusrat Shāh
201
Return of Mahmūd to Delhi
201
Mahmūd escapes from Mallū and establishes himself in Kanauj 202
Death of Mallū, and return of Mahmūd to Delhi
203
Death of Mahmūd: Khizr Khān captures Delhi and overthrows
Daulat Khān Lodi
204
Disruption of the kingdom of Delhi
205
CHAPTER VIII
THE SAYYID DYNASTY
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Khizr Khān establishes himself on the throne. . .
206
Rebellions in the kingdom of Delhi
207
Rebellion of a pretender personating Sārang Khān
208
Rebellion of Malik Tughān
209
::::
## p. xv (#19) ##############################################
CONTENTS
i
Death of Khizr Khan and accession of Mubārak
Expedition into the Punjab
Jasrat the Khckar invades the kingdom
Rebellion in Mewāt
War between Delhi and Jaunpur
Rebellion in the Punjab
Invasion of the kingdom by Shaikh 'Ali of Kābul
Rebellion in Multān
Rebellions in the Punjab and Mewät
Recovery of the Punjab
Death of Mubārak and accession of Muhammad
Overthrow of Sarvar-ul-Mulk
Successful rebellion in Multan
Rise of Malik Buhlūl Lodi
War between Delhi and Mālwa
Retreat of the army of Mālwa
Death of Muhammad and accession of Alam Shāh
Retirement of Ālam Shāh to Budaun
Buhlūl Lodi ascends the throne
PAGE
210
211
212
213
21+
21. 5
216
217
218
219
220
221
2:2:2
222
223
221
225
2:26
227
: : : :
CHAPTER LX
THE LODI DYNASTY
2:28
2:29
230
::
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Overthrow of Hamid Khān
Buhlūl defeats Mahmud Shāh of Jaunpur
Truce between Delhi and Jaunpur
Renewal of hostilities between Buhlūl and Husain Shāh of
Jaunpur
Three years truce between Delhi and Jaunpur. . .
Buhlūl defeats Husain Shāh of Jaunpur
Recovery of Jaunpur
Death of Buhlūl and accession of Sikandar
Suppression of Bārbak's rebellion in Jaunpur. . .
Suppression of Hindu rebellion in Jaunpur
Invasion of Bihār and Tirhut
Turbulence of the nobles
Bigotry of Sikandar
Capture of Dholpur
Campaign against Gwalior
Submission of Nāgaur
Intervention in the affairs of Mālwa
Death of Sikandar. His character
Accession of Ibrāhīm
Rebellion of Jalāl Khān Lodi
Collapse of Jalal Khān's rebellion. His death
Suppression of the rebellion of the Afghān nobles
Disaffection of Daulat Khān Lodi
Defeat and death of Ibrāhīm at Pānīpat
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
244
245
246
246
247
248
249
250
250
## p. xvi (#20) #############################################
XVI
CONTENTS
CHAPTER X
THE KINGDOM OF JAUNPUR
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Malik Sarvar establishes his independence in Jaunpur
Death of Sarvar and accession of Ibrāhīm
Death of Ibrāhim and accession of Mahmūd
War between Jaunpur and Mālwa
Death of Mahmūd and accession of Muhammad
Death of Muhammad and accession of Husain
Invasion of Orissa
Invasion of Delhi
Husain is defeated by Buhlūl
Husain flees to Bengal
Review of the Sharqi dynasty of Jaunpur
PAGE
251
251
252
253
254
255
255
256
257
258
259
:::
CHAPTER XI
THE KINGDOM OF BENGAL
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY Haig
Ancient divisions of Bengal
The house of Balban in Bengal
Tughluq restores the authority of Delhi
Successful revolt against Muhammad Tughluq
Iliyās re-establishes the independence of Bengal
Sikandar Shāh and Ghiyās-ud-din A'zam
Character of Ghiyās-ud-din A'zam
Raja Ganesh
Jalāl-ud-din Muhammad
Assassination of Fath Shāh and accession of Bārbak
Assassination of Bārbak and accession of Firūz
Death of Firūz and accession of Mahmud
Assassination of Mahmūd and accession of Muzaffar
Death of Muzaffar and accession of Husain
Extension of the frontiers of Bengal
Death of Husain and accession of Nusrat
Effects of Bābur's invasion on Bengal
The Portuguese in Bengal
Assassination of Nusrat and accession of Firūz
Assassination of Firūz and accession of Mahmūd
Sher Khān assumes the royal title in Bengal . . .
Humāyūn invades Bengal and occupies Gaur. . .
Humāyān retires and is compelled to recognize Sher Khān as
Sovereign of Bengal
Sher Shāh remodels the administration
General Character of the Muslim kings of Bengal
260
261
262
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
270
270
271
272
272
273
273
273
274
275
: : :
275
276
276
1
11
## p. xvii (#21) ############################################
. . .
280
CONTENTS
XVII
CHAPTER XII
THE KINGDOM OF KASHMIR
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
PAGE
Introduction of Islam into Kashmir by Shāh Mirzā
277
Accession and deposition of Jamshid
277
Accession of 'Alā-ud-din
277
Death of 'Alā-ud-din and accession of Shihāb-ud-din
278
Death of Shihāb-ud-din and accession of Qutb-ud-din
278
Death of Qutb-ud-din and accession of Sikandar
279
Persecuting zeal of Sikandar the Iconoclast
Death of Sikandar and accession of `Ali Shāh
280
Accession of Zain-ul-Abidin
281
Tolerance, benevolence and enlightenment of Zain-ul--Ābidin 282
Strife between the sons of Zain-ul--Ābidin
283
Death of Zain-ul--Ābidin and accession of Haidar Shāh
284
Death of Haidar and accession of Hasan
285
Death of Hasan and accession of Muhammad
285
Deposition of Muhammad and accession of Fath Shāh
285
The Nur-Bakhsh Sect
286
Restoration of Muhammad
287
Restoration and second deposition of Fath Shāh
287
Second restoration of Muhammad
287
Third deposition of Muhammad and accession of Ibrāhim
287
Death of Ibrāhīm and accession of Nāzuk Shāh
287
Third restoration of Muhammad
287
Death of Muhammad and restoration of Nāzuk Shāh
288
Conquest of Kashmir by Mirzā Haidar
288
Expulsion of the Foreigners and restoration of Nāzuk
289
Deposition of Nāzuk and enthronement of Ibrāhīm II
289
Deposition of Ibrāhīm II and enthronement of Ismā'il
289
Death of Ismā'il and accession of Habib Shāh
289
Deposition of Habib and usui pation of Ghāzi Chakk
290
Abdication of Ghāzi Shāh and accession of Husain
290
Abdication of Husain and accession of Ali Shāh
291
Death of 'Ali Shāh and accession of Yūsuf
292
Expulsion of Yūsuf, and his recovery of his throne
292
Invasion of Kashmir by Bhagwān Dās
293
Annexation of Kashmir by Akbar
293
CHAPTER XIII
GUJARĀT AND KHĀNDESH
By Professor Sir E. DENISON Ross, C. I. E. , Ph. D. , Director of
the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, and
Professor of Persian
Establishment of the independence of Khandesh and Gujarāt 294
Muzaffar I of Gujarāt
295
Death of Muzaffar I and accession of Ahmad
296
Death of Rāja Ahmad of Khāndesh
296
Accession of Nasir Khān in Khāndesh
297
Invasion of Gujarāt by Hüshang Shāh of Mālva
297
Invasion of Mālwa by Ahmad I of Gujarāt
298
War between Gujarāt and the Deccan
299
. . .
## p. xviii (#22) ###########################################
XVIII
CONTENTS
PAGE
Death of Nasir Khān of Khāndesh and accession of Adil Khān I 300
Death of Ādil Khān I and accession of Ādil Khān II
300
Invasion of Gujarāt by Mahmūd I of Mālwa
301
Defeat of the army of Gujarāt by Rānā Kumbha
302
Qutb-ud-din of Gujarāt invades the Rānā's territory
303
Death of Qutb-ud-din and accession of Dāūd
303
Deposition of Dāūd and enthronement of Mahmud Begarha 304
Mahmūd Begarha marches to the aid of Nizām Shāh of the Deccan 304
Mahmūd's invasion of Sorath
305
Invasion of Sind by Mahmūd Begarha
307
Conspiracy against Mahmûd Begarha
308
Mahmûd besieges Chāmpāner
309
Capture of Chāmpāner
310
Depredations of the pirate, Bahādur Gilāni
311
Defeat of the Portuguese fleet off Chaul
312
War of accession in Khāndesh
313
Accession of "Ādil Khān III in Khāndesh
314
Death of Mahmud Begarha. His character
315
Defeat of the Egyptian fleet by the Portuguese off Diū
316
Designs of Muzaffar II of Gujarāt on Mālwa
317
Campaign in Idar
319
Massacre of the Rājputs in Māndū
319
Muzaffar II invades the territories of the Rānā
320
Flight of Bhahādur, Muzaffar's second son, from Gujarāt
321
Death of Muzaffar II. Disputed succession in Gujarāt
322
Enthronement of Bahādur in Gujarāt
323
War between Gujarāt and Ahmadnagar
324
Bahādur retires from the Deccan
325
Dispute between Bahādur and Mahmūd II of Mālwa
326
Conquest of Mālwa by Bahādur
327
Completion of the conquest of Mālwa
328
Rupture between Humāyūn and Bahādur
329
Capture of Chitor
330
Defeat of Bahādur by Humāyün
331
Invasion of Gujarāt by Humayun
332
Humāyūn is recalled from Gujarāt by events in Hindūstān 333
Death of Bahādur at Diū
334
Accession of Muhammad Shāh of Khāndesh to the throne of Gujarāt 335
Death of Muhammad and accession of Mahmūd III
335
The Egyptian fleet and the army of Gujarāt besiege the
Portuguese in Diū
336
Raising of the siege of Diū
337
Mahmūd III frees himself from Daryā Khān
338
Overthrow of Ālam Khān
339
Defeat of the army of the Gujarāt by the Portuguese
340
Successes of the Portuguese
341
Death of Mahmūd III
342
Accession of Ahmad II
343
Death of Ahmad II
344
Accession of Muzaffar III
445
Civil war in Gujarāt
346
Akbar invades Gujarāt
347
Akbar annexes Gujarat
348
. . .
. . .
. . .
: : :
::
## p. xix (#23) #############################################
CONTENTS
XIX
. . .
. . .
. . .
CHAPTER XIV
THE KINGDOM OF MĀLWA
By Lt. Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
PAGE
Dilāvar Khān establishes his independence in Malwa
349
Death of Dilāvar Khān and accession of Hūshang
349
Invasion of Mālva by Muzaffar I of Gujarāt
349
Hūshang's two invasions of Gujarāt
350
Hūshang's expedition to Orissa
351
Death of Hüshang and accession of Muhammad Shah
352
Mahmūd Khalji usurps the throne
353
Mahmūd's expedition to Delhi
354
Mahmūd invades the dominions of Rānā Kūmbha
355
Mahmūd's second invasion of the Rānā's dominions
356
Mahmūd's two invasions of Gujarāt
356
Mahmūd's invasion of the Deccan
356
Mahmūd recovers Ajmer from the Rāna
357
Mahmūd invades the Deccan but is compelled to retreat
358
Mahmūd's third invasion of the Deccan
358
Kherla is captured by the army of the Deccan but recovered
by Mālwa
359
Death of Mahmud I. His character
360
Accession of Ghiyās-ud-din
361
Folly of Ghiyās-ud-din
362
Fratricidal strife between Ghiyās-ud-din's sons
363
Accession of Nāsir-ud-din
364
Death of Nāsir-ud-din and accession of Mahmūd II
365
Predominance of the Rājputs in Mālwa
366
Revolt of Bihjat Khān of Chanderi
367
Mahmūd II flees from the Rājputs and takes refuge with
Muzaffar of Gujarāt
368
Mahmud II is defeated by the Rānā, Sangrama
368
Bahādur Shāh of Gujarāt annexes Mālwa
369
Shujā'at Khān appointed viceroy of Mālwa by Sher Shāh 370
Annexation of Mālwa by Akbar
371
CHAPTER XV
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN, A. D. 1347-1436
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Bahman Shāh establishes his independence in the Deccan
372
Consolidation of the kingdom by Bahman
373
Suppression of a revolt and establishment of Gulbarga as
the capital
374
Division of the Deccan into four provinces
375
Death of Bahman Shāh and accession of Muhammad I
376
Administration of the kingdom
377
The rise of Vijayanagar
377
Muhammad I issues a gold currency
378
War with Kānhayya of Warangal
380
First war with Vijayanagar
381
Peace with Vijayangar
382
• • •
. . .
b-2
## p. xx (#24) ##############################################
Xi
CONTENTS
1
PAGE
Suppression of the rebellion of Bahrām
382
The great mosque of Gulbarga
383
Death of Muhammad I and accession of Mujāhid
383
Second war with Vijayanagar
383
Assassination of Mujāhid and accession of Dāūd
384
Assassination of Dāūd and accession of Muhammad II
381
Famine in the Deccan
385
Rebellion of Bahā-ud-din of Sāgar
385
Death of Muhammad II and accession of Ghiyās-ud-din
386
Deposition of Ghiyās-ud-din and accession of Shams-ud-din. . .
386
Deposition of Shams-ud-dīn and accession of Firūz
387
Third war with Vijayanagar
387
The exploit of Qāzi Sirāj-ud-din
388
Defeat of the Hindus
389
War with the Gonds of Kherla
390
Mission sent by Firūz to Tīmūr and its results
391
The goldsmith's daugther of Mudgal
391
Fourth war with Vijayanagar. Defeat of the Hindus
392
Expeditions into Gondwāna and Telingāna
393
Fifth war with Vijayangar, and defeat of Fīrūz
391
Abdication and death of Firūz and accession of Ahmad
395
Sixth war with Vijayanagar
396
Defeat of the Hindus and massacres in the Vijayanagar kingdom 397
Peace with Vijayanagar. Famine in the Deccan
398
Expedition to Warangal and Māhūr
399
War between the Deccan and Mālwa
399
Defeat of Hūshang Shāh of Mālwa
400
Ahmad I selects Bidar as his capital
100
War between the Deccan and Gujarāt
401
Kherla is annexed by Mālwa
402
Death of Ahmad I
402
The "Foreign" question in the Deccan
403
6
CHAPTER XVI
THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE KINGDOM OF THE
DECCAN, A. D. 1436–1490
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Accession of 'Alā-ud-din Ahmad II
405
Expedition to Vijayanagar and the Konkan
405
War with Khāndesh
406
Seventh war with Vijayanagar. Defeat of the Hindus
407
Unsuccessful expedition into the Konkan
408
Massacre of the Foreigners by the Deccanis
409
Rebellion of Jalal Khăn
409
Death of 'Alā-ud-din Ahmad II and accession of Humāyün 410
Rebellion of Sikandar Khān and Jalal Khān
410
Humāyūn the Tyrant
411
Death of Humāyūn and accession of Nizām Shāh
412
Mahmūd I of Mālwa invades the Deccan
413
Retreat of the army of Mālwa
413
Second invasion of the Deccan by Mahmūd I of Mālwa
413
Death of Nizām and accession of Muhammad III
413
. .
