)
of their counsels to prevail upon the people to leave The Gyllis who is mentioned in one of the epi-
the sole control of them to him.
of their counsels to prevail upon the people to leave The Gyllis who is mentioned in one of the epi-
the sole control of them to him.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
)
haps be the same as the C. Volcatius, spoken of GYGES (Túrns), the ordinary name of the
by Cicero in his oration for Cornelius (18, p. 450. hundred-armed giant, who is sometimes called
ed. Orelli).
Gyas or Gyes. (Apollod. i. 1. $1; Hes. Theog.
GUTTA. I. A native of Capua, one of the com- 149; comp. Ov. Fast. iv. 593, Trist. iv. 7, 18,
manders of the Italian allies, who came to the relief Amor. ii. 1, 12; Schol. ad Apolion. Rhod. i.
of the younger Marius in the civil war, B. C. 83. 1165. )
(L. S. )
(App. B. C. ii. 90. ) Schweighauser thinks he may GYLIPPUS (rúleTTos), son of Cleandridas
be the same as the Albinus who perished with was left, it would seem, when his father went into
Telesinus shortly afterwards, and that consequently exile (B. C. 445) to be brought up at Sparta. In
his full name was Albinus Gutta. (Schw. ad App. the 18th year of the Peloponnesian war, when the
B. C. i. 93. )
Lacedaemonian government resolved to follow the
2. Tib. GUTTA, & Roman senator, one of the advice of Alcibiades, and send a Spartan com-
judices on the trial of Statius Albius Oppianicus mander to Syracuse, Gylippus was selected for the
(CLUENTIUS), whom the censors disgraced in the duty. Manning two Laconian gallers at Asine,
subsequent inquiries into the judicium Junianum. and receiving two from Corinth, under the com-
(Cic. pro Cluent. 26, 36, 45. )
mand of Pythen, he sailed for Leucas. Here a
3. Gutta, a competitor for the consulship in variety of rumours combined to give assurance that
B. C. 53, with T. Annius Milo. Cn. Pompey sup the circumvallation of Syracuse was already com-
ported Gutta, and promised him Caesar's influence. plete. With no hope for their original object, but
(Cic. ad Qu. fr. ii. 8. ) Asconius, however (in wishing, at any rate, to save the Italian allies, be
Milonian. p. 31, Orelli), omits the name of Gutta and Pythen resolved, without waiting for the
in his list of Milo's opponents. (W. B. D. ] further reinforcements, to cross at once. They ran
GYAS, the name of two mythical personages over to Tarentum, and presently touched at Thurii, -
mentioned by Virgil : the one was a Trojan and a where Gylippus resumed the citizenship which his
companion of Aeneas (Aen. i. 222, v. 118, xii. father had there acquired in exile, and used some
460), and the other a Latin, who was slain by vain endeavours to obtain assistance. Shortly
Aeneas. (Aen. x. 318 ; comp. Gyges. ) (L. S. ) after the ships were driven back by a violent gale
GYGAEA (royain), daughter of Amyntas I. to Tarentum, and obliged to refit. Nicias mean-
and sister of Alexander I. of Macedonia, was given while, though aware of their appearance on the
by her brother in marriage to BUBARES, in order Italian coast, held it, as had the Thurians, to be
to hush up the inquiry which the latter had been only an insignificant privateering expedition. After
sent by Dareius Hystaspis to institute into the fate their second departure from Tarentum, they re-
of the Persian envoys, whom Alexander had caused ceived information at Locri, that the inrestment
to be murdered. Herodotus mentions a son of was still incomplete, and now took counsel whether
Bubares and Gygaea, called Amyntas after his they should sail at once for their object, or pass
grandfather. (Herod. v. 21, viii. 136 ; Just. vii
. the straits and land at Himera Their wisdom or
(E. E. ) fortune decided for the latter ; four ships, which
GYGES (rúms), the first king of Lydia of the Nicias, on hearing of their arrival at Locri, thought
dynasty of the Mermnadae, dethroned Candaules, it well to send, and which perhaps would have in
and succeeded to the kingdom, as related under the other case intercepted them, arrived too late to
CANDAULES. [Comp. Deioces, p. 952, 4, sub oppose their passage through the straits. The four
fin. ] The following is the chronology of the Merm- Peloponnesian galleys were shortly drawn up on
nad dynasty, according to Herodotus :
the shore of Himera; the sailors converted into
1. Gyges reigned 38 years, B. c. 716—678 men-at-arms; the Himeraeans induced to join the
2. Ardys
678-629 enterprise ; orders dispatched to Selinus and Gela
3. Sadyattes ,
12
629-617 to send auxiliaries to a rendezvous ; Gongylus, a
4. Alyattes 57
617-560 Corinthian captain, had already conveyed the good
5. Croesus 14
560—546 news of their approach to the now-despairing Syra
cusans. A small space on the side of Epipolae
Total 170
716-546. nearest to the sea still remained where the Athe
Dionysius reckons the accession of Gyges two | nian wall of blockade had not yet been carried up;
3. ) GYGES
.
49
a
9
## p. 317 (#333) ############################################
GYLIPPUS.
317
GYLIPPUS.
à
the line was marked outand stones were lying | Gylippus. Nor yet does much appear in his sub-
along it ready for the builders, and in parts the sequent successful mission through the island in
wall itself rose, half-completed, above the ground. quest of reinforcements, nor in the first great naval
(Thuc. vi. 93, 104, vii. 1–2. )
victory over the new armament,- a glory scarcely
Gylippus passed through the island collecting tarnished by the slight repulse which he in person
reinforcements on his way, and giving the Syra- experienced from the enemy's Tyrsenian anx-
cusans warning of his approach, was met by their iliaries (Thuc. vii. 46, 50, 63). Before the last
whole force at the rear of the city, where the broad and decisive sea-fight, Thucydides gives us an ad-
back of Epipolae slopes upward from its walls dress from his mouth which urges the obvious
to the point of Labdalum. Mounting this at topics. The command of the ships wns taken by
Furyelus, he came unexpectedly on the Athenian other officers. In the operations succeeding the
works with his forces formed in order of battle. victory he doubtless took part. He commanded in
The Athenians were somewhat confounded ; but the pre-occupation of the Athenian route ; when
they also drew up for the engagement. Gylippus they in their despair left this their first course,
commenced his communications with them by and made a night march to the south, the clamours
sending a herald with an offer to allow them to of the multitude accused him of a wish to allow
leave Sicily as they had come within five days' their escape : he joined in the proclamation which
time, a message which was of course scornfully called on the islanders serving in the Athenian
dismissed. But in spite of this assumption, pro- host to come over ; with him Demosthenes arranged
bably politic, of a lofty tone, he found his Syra- his terms of surrender ; to bim Nicias, on hearing
cusan forces so deficient in discipline, and so unfit of his colleague's capitulation, made overtures for
for action, that he moved off into a more open permission to carry his own division safe to
position ; and finding himself unmolested, with Athens ; and to him, on the banks of the Asina-
drew altogether, and passed the night in the suburb rus, Nicias gave himself up at discretion ; to the
Temenites. On the morrow he reappeared in full captive generals entreaty that, whatever should be
force before the enemy's works, and under this his own fate, the present butchery might be ended,
feint detached a force, which succeeded in capturing Gylippus acceded by ordering quarter to be given.
the fort of Labdalum, and put the whole garrison Against his wishes the people, whom he had res-
to the sword. (Thuc. vii. 2, 3. )
cued, put to death the captive generals --wishes,
For some days thenceforward he occupied his indeed, which it is likely were prompted in the
men in raising a cross-wall, intended to interfere main by the desire named by Thucydides, of the
with the line of circumvallation. This the Athe- glory of conveying to Sparta such a trophy of his
nians had now brought still nearer to completion : deeds ; yet into whose composition may also have
a night enterprise, made with a view of surprising entered some feelings of a generous commiseration
a weak part of it, had been detected and baffled; for calamities so wholly unprecedented. (Thuc.
but Nicias, in despair, it would seem, of doing any vii. 65–69, 70, 74, 79, 81-86. )
good on the land side, was now employing a great Gylippus brought over his troops in the following
part of his force in the fortification of Plemyrium, summer. Sixteen ships had remained to the end ;
a point which commanded the entrance of the port of these one was lost in an engagement with twenty-
At length Gylippus, conceiving his men to be seven Athenian gallers, which were lying in wait
sufficiently trained, ventured an attack ; but his for them near Leucas ; the rest, in a shattered
cavalry, entangled amongst stones and masonry, condition, made their way to Corinth. (Thuc. viïi.
were kept out of action ; the enemy maintained 13. )
'the superiority of its infantry, and raised a trophy. To this, the plain story of the great contempo-
Gylippus, however, by openly professing the rary historian, inferior authorities add but little.
fault to have been his own selection of unsuitable Timaeus, in Plutarch (Nic. 19), informs us that
ground, inspired them with courage for a fresh the Syracusans made no account of Gylippus ;
attempt. By a wiser choice, and by posting his thinking him, when they had come to know his
horse and his dartmen on the enemy's flank, he character, to be mean and covetous ; and at the
now won the Syracusans their first victory. The first deriding him for the long hair and small upper
counterwork was quickly completed; the circum- garment of the Spartan fashion. Yet, says Plu-
vallation effectually destroyed ; Epipolae cleared tarch, the same author states elsewhere that so
of the enemy; the city on one side delivered from soon as Gylippus was seen, as though at the sight
siege. Gylippus, having achieved so much, ren- of an owl, birds enough flocked up for the war.
tured to leave his post, and go about the island in (The sight of an owl is said to have the effect of
search of auxiliaries. (Thuc. vii. 4—7. )
drawing birds together, and the fact appears to have
His return in the spring of B. C. 413 was fol- passed into a proverb. ) And this, he adds, is the
lowed by a naval engagement, with the confidence truer account of the two ; the whole achievement
required for which he and Hermocrates combined is ascribed to Gylippus, not by Thucydides only,
their efforts inspire the people. On the night but also by Philistus, a native of Syracuse, and eye-
preceding the day appointed, he himself led out the witness of the whole. Plutarch also speaks of the
whole land force, and with early dawn assaulted party at Syracuse, who were inclined to surrender,
and carried successively the three forts of Ple- as especially offended by his over bearing Spartan
myrium, most important as the depôt of the Athe-ways; and to such a feeling, he says, when suc-
nian stores and treasure, a success, therefore, more cess was secure, the whole people began to give
than atoning for the doubtful victory obtained by way, openly insulting him when he made his peti-
the enemy's fleet (Thuc. vii. 22, 23). The second tion to be allowed to take Nicias and Demosthenes
naval fight, and first naval victory, of the Syra- alive to Sparta. (Nic. 21, 28. ) Diodorus (xii. 28),
cusans, the arrival and defeat on Epipolae of the no doubt in perfect independence of all authorities,
second Athenian armament, offer, in our accounts of puts in his mouth a long strain of rhetoric, urging
them, no individual features for the biography of the people to a vindictive, unrelenting course, in
## p. 318 (#334) ############################################
318
GYLIS.
HADES.
H.
opposition to that advised by Hermocrates, and a of his Asiatic spoils, and left Gylis to invade the
speaker of the name of Nicolaus. Finally, Poly- territory of the Opuntian Locrians, who had been
aenus (i. 42) relates a doubtful tale of a device by the occasion of the war in Greece. (Comp. Xen.
which he persuaded the Syracusans to entrust him hell. j. 5. § 3, &c. ) Here the Lacedaemonians
with the sole command. He induced them to adopt collected much booty ; but, as they were returning
the resolution of attacking a particular position, se- to their camp in the evening, the Locrians pressed
cretly sent word to the enemy, who, in conse- on them with their darts, and slew many, among
quence, strengthened their force there, and then whom was Gylis himself. (Xen. Hell. iv. 3. $ 21,
availed himself of the indignation at the betrayal 23, Ages. 2. 15; Plut. Ages. 19; Paus. ii. 9.
)
of their counsels to prevail upon the people to leave The Gyllis who is mentioned in one of the epi-
the sole control of them to him.
grams of Damagetus has been identified by some
For all that we know of the rest of the life of with OTHRYADES, but on insufficient grounds.
Gylippus we are indebted to Plutarch (Nic. 28 ; (Jacobs, Anthol. ii. 40, viii. 111, 112. ) (E. E. )
Lysund. 16, 17) and Diodorus (xiii. 106). lle GYNAECOTHOENAS (ruralkobolvas), that
was commissioned, it appears, by Lysander, after is, " the god fcasted by women," a surname of Ares
the capture of Athens, to carry home the treasure. at Tegen. In a war of the Tegeatans against the
By opening the scams of the sacks underneath, he Lacedaemonian king Charillus, the women of Tegea
abstracted a considerable portion, 30 talents, ac- made an attack upon the enemy from an ambus-
cording to Plutarch's text ; according to Diodorus, cade. This decided the victory. The women
who makes the sum total of the talents of silver to be therefore celebrated the victory alone, and ex.
1500, exclusive of other valuables, as much as 300. cluded the men from the mcrificial feast. This it
He was detected by the inventories which were is said, gave rise to the sumame of Apollo. (Paus.
contained in each package, and which he had over- viii. 48. & 3)
(L. S. ]
looked. A hint from one of his slaves indicated GYRTON (Túptwr), a brother of Phlegyas,
to the Ephors the place where the missing treasure who built the town of Gyrton on the Peneius, and
lay concealed, the space under the tiling of the from whom it received its name. (Steph. Byz. s. r.
house. Gylippus appears to have at once gone Túptwr. ) Others derived the name of that town
into exile, and to have been condemned to death from Gyrtone, who is called a daughter of Phle-
in his absence. Athenaeus (vi. p. 234. ) says that gras. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. i 57 ; comp.
he died of starvation, after being convicted by the Müller, Orchom. p. 189, 2d edit. ) (LS. )
Ephors of stealing part of Lysander's treasure; but
whether he means that he so died by the sentence
of the Ephors, or in exile, does not appear.
None can deny that Gylippus did the duty as-
signed to him in the Syracusan war with skill and HABINNAS, a lapidary and monumental
energy. The favour of fortune was indeed most sculptor, mentioned by Petronius. (Sal. 65, 71. )
remarkably accorded to him ; yet his energy in the If he was a real person, he was a contemporary of
early proceedings was of a degree unusual with his Petronius, who is supposed to have lived in the
countrymen. His military skill
, perhaps, was not first century of our era. (Studer, in Rhein. Mus.
much above the average of the ordinary Spartan 1842, p. 50. )
.
[P. S. )
officer of the better kind. Of the nobler virtues HA’BITUS, CLUE'NTIUS. (Cluentits. )
of his country we cannot discern much: with its HABRON. [ABRON. ]
too common vice of cupidity he lamentably sullied HABRON, a painter of second-rate merit,
his glory. Aelian (V. H. xii
. 42 ; comp. Athen. painted Friendship ( Amicitia), Concord ( Concordia),
vi. p. 271) says that he and Lysander, and Calli- and likenesses of the gods. (Plin. H. N. xxxv.
p
cratidas, were all of the class called Mothaces, 11. s. 40. & 35. ) His son, Nessus, was a painter
Helots, that is, by birth, who, in the company of of some note. (Ibid. $ 42. )
(P. S. )
the boys of the family to which they belonged, HABRONICHUS ('A@pavixos), another form
were brought up in the Spartan discipline, and of Abronychus. [ABRONYCH US. )
afterwards obtained freedom. This can hardly HADES or PLUTON (Αιδης, Πλούτων, οι
have been the case with Gylippus himself, as we poetically 'Atdns, 'Aidwveús, and [Acuteus), the
find his father, Cleandridas, in an important situa- god of the lower world. Plato (Cratyl. p. 403)
tion at the side of king Pleistoanax: but the family observes that people preferred calling him Pluton
may have been derived, at one point or another, (the giver of wealth) to pronouncing the dreaded
from a Mothax. (Comp. Müller, Dor. iii. 3. & 5. ) name of Hades or Aides. Hence we find that in
The syllable Tua- in the name is probably identical ordinary life and in the mysteries the name Pluton
with the Latin Gilrus.
(A. H. C. ] became generally established, while the poets pre-
GYLIS, GYLLIS, or GYLUS (Tûnis, rúa ferred the ancient name Aïdes or the form Pluteus.
des, rúros), a Spartan, was Polemarch under Age The etymology of Hades is uncertain : some de
siläus at the battle of Coroneia, B. c. 394, against rive it from d-deiv, whence it would signify the
the hostile confederacy of Greek states. On the god who makes invisible," and others from abw
morning after the battle, Agesilaus, to see whe- or xáow; so that Hades would mean “ the all-em-
ther the enemy would renew the fight, ordered bracer,” or “ all-receiver. ” The Roman poets use
Gylis (as he himself had been sererely wounded) the names Dis, Orcus, and Tartarus as synonymous
to draw up the army in order of battle, with crowns with Pluton, for the god of the lower world.
of victory on their heads, and to erect a trophy to Hades is a son of Cronus and Rhea, and a
the sound of martial instruments. The Thebans, brother of Zeus and Poseidon. He was married
however, who alone were in a position to dispute to Persephone, the daughter of Demeter. In the
the field, acknowledged their defeat by requesting division of the world among the three brothers,
leave to bury their dead. Soon after this, Agesi- Hades obtained the darkness of night,” the abode
läus went to Delphi to dedicate to the god a tenth of the shades, over which he rules. (Apollod. i, I.
## p. 319 (#335) ############################################
HADES.
HADRIANUS.
319
was wo
$5, 2. $ 1. ) Hence he is called the infernal Zeus , and Nys, at Athens in the grove of the Erinnyes,
(Zeus kataxoovios), or the king of the shades and at Olympia: (Strab. iii. p. 344, xiv. p. 649 ;
(avat évépwv, Hom. 11. ix. 457, xx. 61. xv. 187, Paus. i. 28. & 6, v. 20. § 1. ) We possess few
&c. ). As, however, the earth and Olympus be representations of this divinity, but in those which
longed to the three brothers in common, he might still exist, he resembles bis brothers Zeus and
ascend Olympus, as be did at the time when he Poseidon, except that his hair falls down his fore-
by Heracles. (II. v. 395 ; comp. head, and that the majesty of his appearance is
Paus. vi. 25. & 3; Apollod. ii. 7. & 3; Pind. Ol. ix. dark and gloomy. His ordinary attributes are the
31. ) But when Hades was in his own kingdom, key of Hades and Cerberus. (Hirt, Mythol. Bil-
he was quite unawnre of what was going on either derb. i. p. 72, &c. )
i
on earth or in Olympus (Il. xx. 61, &c. ), and it In Homer Aïdes is invariably the name of the
was only the oaths and curses of men that reached god ; but in later times it was transferred to his
his ears, as they reached those of the Erinnyes. He house, his abode or kingdom, so that it became a
possessed a helmet which rendered the wearer in- name for the lower world itself. We cannot enter
visible (1l. v. 845), and later traditions stated that here into a description of the conceptions which
this helmet was given him as a present by the Cy- the ancients formed of the lower world, for tbis
clopes after their delivery from Tartarus. (Apollod. discussion belongs to mythical gengraphy. (L. S. ]
i. 2. § 1. ) Ancient story mentions both gods and HADRIANUS, P. AELIUS, the fourteenth
men who were honoured by Hades with the tem- in the series of Roman emperors, reigned from the
porary use of this helmet. (Apollod. i. 6. § 2, ii. 4. 11th of August, A. D. 117, till the 10th of July,
§ 2. ) His character is described as fierce and in- A. D. 138. He was born at Rome on the 24th of
exorable, whence of all the gods he was most hated January, A. D. 76 ; and not as Eutropius (viii. 6)
by mortals. (N. ix. 158. ) He kept the gates of and Eusebius (Chron, no. 2155, p. 166, ed. Scaliger)
the lower world closed (whence he is called Turáp- state, at Italica.
haps be the same as the C. Volcatius, spoken of GYGES (Túrns), the ordinary name of the
by Cicero in his oration for Cornelius (18, p. 450. hundred-armed giant, who is sometimes called
ed. Orelli).
Gyas or Gyes. (Apollod. i. 1. $1; Hes. Theog.
GUTTA. I. A native of Capua, one of the com- 149; comp. Ov. Fast. iv. 593, Trist. iv. 7, 18,
manders of the Italian allies, who came to the relief Amor. ii. 1, 12; Schol. ad Apolion. Rhod. i.
of the younger Marius in the civil war, B. C. 83. 1165. )
(L. S. )
(App. B. C. ii. 90. ) Schweighauser thinks he may GYLIPPUS (rúleTTos), son of Cleandridas
be the same as the Albinus who perished with was left, it would seem, when his father went into
Telesinus shortly afterwards, and that consequently exile (B. C. 445) to be brought up at Sparta. In
his full name was Albinus Gutta. (Schw. ad App. the 18th year of the Peloponnesian war, when the
B. C. i. 93. )
Lacedaemonian government resolved to follow the
2. Tib. GUTTA, & Roman senator, one of the advice of Alcibiades, and send a Spartan com-
judices on the trial of Statius Albius Oppianicus mander to Syracuse, Gylippus was selected for the
(CLUENTIUS), whom the censors disgraced in the duty. Manning two Laconian gallers at Asine,
subsequent inquiries into the judicium Junianum. and receiving two from Corinth, under the com-
(Cic. pro Cluent. 26, 36, 45. )
mand of Pythen, he sailed for Leucas. Here a
3. Gutta, a competitor for the consulship in variety of rumours combined to give assurance that
B. C. 53, with T. Annius Milo. Cn. Pompey sup the circumvallation of Syracuse was already com-
ported Gutta, and promised him Caesar's influence. plete. With no hope for their original object, but
(Cic. ad Qu. fr. ii. 8. ) Asconius, however (in wishing, at any rate, to save the Italian allies, be
Milonian. p. 31, Orelli), omits the name of Gutta and Pythen resolved, without waiting for the
in his list of Milo's opponents. (W. B. D. ] further reinforcements, to cross at once. They ran
GYAS, the name of two mythical personages over to Tarentum, and presently touched at Thurii, -
mentioned by Virgil : the one was a Trojan and a where Gylippus resumed the citizenship which his
companion of Aeneas (Aen. i. 222, v. 118, xii. father had there acquired in exile, and used some
460), and the other a Latin, who was slain by vain endeavours to obtain assistance. Shortly
Aeneas. (Aen. x. 318 ; comp. Gyges. ) (L. S. ) after the ships were driven back by a violent gale
GYGAEA (royain), daughter of Amyntas I. to Tarentum, and obliged to refit. Nicias mean-
and sister of Alexander I. of Macedonia, was given while, though aware of their appearance on the
by her brother in marriage to BUBARES, in order Italian coast, held it, as had the Thurians, to be
to hush up the inquiry which the latter had been only an insignificant privateering expedition. After
sent by Dareius Hystaspis to institute into the fate their second departure from Tarentum, they re-
of the Persian envoys, whom Alexander had caused ceived information at Locri, that the inrestment
to be murdered. Herodotus mentions a son of was still incomplete, and now took counsel whether
Bubares and Gygaea, called Amyntas after his they should sail at once for their object, or pass
grandfather. (Herod. v. 21, viii. 136 ; Just. vii
. the straits and land at Himera Their wisdom or
(E. E. ) fortune decided for the latter ; four ships, which
GYGES (rúms), the first king of Lydia of the Nicias, on hearing of their arrival at Locri, thought
dynasty of the Mermnadae, dethroned Candaules, it well to send, and which perhaps would have in
and succeeded to the kingdom, as related under the other case intercepted them, arrived too late to
CANDAULES. [Comp. Deioces, p. 952, 4, sub oppose their passage through the straits. The four
fin. ] The following is the chronology of the Merm- Peloponnesian galleys were shortly drawn up on
nad dynasty, according to Herodotus :
the shore of Himera; the sailors converted into
1. Gyges reigned 38 years, B. c. 716—678 men-at-arms; the Himeraeans induced to join the
2. Ardys
678-629 enterprise ; orders dispatched to Selinus and Gela
3. Sadyattes ,
12
629-617 to send auxiliaries to a rendezvous ; Gongylus, a
4. Alyattes 57
617-560 Corinthian captain, had already conveyed the good
5. Croesus 14
560—546 news of their approach to the now-despairing Syra
cusans. A small space on the side of Epipolae
Total 170
716-546. nearest to the sea still remained where the Athe
Dionysius reckons the accession of Gyges two | nian wall of blockade had not yet been carried up;
3. ) GYGES
.
49
a
9
## p. 317 (#333) ############################################
GYLIPPUS.
317
GYLIPPUS.
à
the line was marked outand stones were lying | Gylippus. Nor yet does much appear in his sub-
along it ready for the builders, and in parts the sequent successful mission through the island in
wall itself rose, half-completed, above the ground. quest of reinforcements, nor in the first great naval
(Thuc. vi. 93, 104, vii. 1–2. )
victory over the new armament,- a glory scarcely
Gylippus passed through the island collecting tarnished by the slight repulse which he in person
reinforcements on his way, and giving the Syra- experienced from the enemy's Tyrsenian anx-
cusans warning of his approach, was met by their iliaries (Thuc. vii. 46, 50, 63). Before the last
whole force at the rear of the city, where the broad and decisive sea-fight, Thucydides gives us an ad-
back of Epipolae slopes upward from its walls dress from his mouth which urges the obvious
to the point of Labdalum. Mounting this at topics. The command of the ships wns taken by
Furyelus, he came unexpectedly on the Athenian other officers. In the operations succeeding the
works with his forces formed in order of battle. victory he doubtless took part. He commanded in
The Athenians were somewhat confounded ; but the pre-occupation of the Athenian route ; when
they also drew up for the engagement. Gylippus they in their despair left this their first course,
commenced his communications with them by and made a night march to the south, the clamours
sending a herald with an offer to allow them to of the multitude accused him of a wish to allow
leave Sicily as they had come within five days' their escape : he joined in the proclamation which
time, a message which was of course scornfully called on the islanders serving in the Athenian
dismissed. But in spite of this assumption, pro- host to come over ; with him Demosthenes arranged
bably politic, of a lofty tone, he found his Syra- his terms of surrender ; to bim Nicias, on hearing
cusan forces so deficient in discipline, and so unfit of his colleague's capitulation, made overtures for
for action, that he moved off into a more open permission to carry his own division safe to
position ; and finding himself unmolested, with Athens ; and to him, on the banks of the Asina-
drew altogether, and passed the night in the suburb rus, Nicias gave himself up at discretion ; to the
Temenites. On the morrow he reappeared in full captive generals entreaty that, whatever should be
force before the enemy's works, and under this his own fate, the present butchery might be ended,
feint detached a force, which succeeded in capturing Gylippus acceded by ordering quarter to be given.
the fort of Labdalum, and put the whole garrison Against his wishes the people, whom he had res-
to the sword. (Thuc. vii. 2, 3. )
cued, put to death the captive generals --wishes,
For some days thenceforward he occupied his indeed, which it is likely were prompted in the
men in raising a cross-wall, intended to interfere main by the desire named by Thucydides, of the
with the line of circumvallation. This the Athe- glory of conveying to Sparta such a trophy of his
nians had now brought still nearer to completion : deeds ; yet into whose composition may also have
a night enterprise, made with a view of surprising entered some feelings of a generous commiseration
a weak part of it, had been detected and baffled; for calamities so wholly unprecedented. (Thuc.
but Nicias, in despair, it would seem, of doing any vii. 65–69, 70, 74, 79, 81-86. )
good on the land side, was now employing a great Gylippus brought over his troops in the following
part of his force in the fortification of Plemyrium, summer. Sixteen ships had remained to the end ;
a point which commanded the entrance of the port of these one was lost in an engagement with twenty-
At length Gylippus, conceiving his men to be seven Athenian gallers, which were lying in wait
sufficiently trained, ventured an attack ; but his for them near Leucas ; the rest, in a shattered
cavalry, entangled amongst stones and masonry, condition, made their way to Corinth. (Thuc. viïi.
were kept out of action ; the enemy maintained 13. )
'the superiority of its infantry, and raised a trophy. To this, the plain story of the great contempo-
Gylippus, however, by openly professing the rary historian, inferior authorities add but little.
fault to have been his own selection of unsuitable Timaeus, in Plutarch (Nic. 19), informs us that
ground, inspired them with courage for a fresh the Syracusans made no account of Gylippus ;
attempt. By a wiser choice, and by posting his thinking him, when they had come to know his
horse and his dartmen on the enemy's flank, he character, to be mean and covetous ; and at the
now won the Syracusans their first victory. The first deriding him for the long hair and small upper
counterwork was quickly completed; the circum- garment of the Spartan fashion. Yet, says Plu-
vallation effectually destroyed ; Epipolae cleared tarch, the same author states elsewhere that so
of the enemy; the city on one side delivered from soon as Gylippus was seen, as though at the sight
siege. Gylippus, having achieved so much, ren- of an owl, birds enough flocked up for the war.
tured to leave his post, and go about the island in (The sight of an owl is said to have the effect of
search of auxiliaries. (Thuc. vii. 4—7. )
drawing birds together, and the fact appears to have
His return in the spring of B. C. 413 was fol- passed into a proverb. ) And this, he adds, is the
lowed by a naval engagement, with the confidence truer account of the two ; the whole achievement
required for which he and Hermocrates combined is ascribed to Gylippus, not by Thucydides only,
their efforts inspire the people. On the night but also by Philistus, a native of Syracuse, and eye-
preceding the day appointed, he himself led out the witness of the whole. Plutarch also speaks of the
whole land force, and with early dawn assaulted party at Syracuse, who were inclined to surrender,
and carried successively the three forts of Ple- as especially offended by his over bearing Spartan
myrium, most important as the depôt of the Athe-ways; and to such a feeling, he says, when suc-
nian stores and treasure, a success, therefore, more cess was secure, the whole people began to give
than atoning for the doubtful victory obtained by way, openly insulting him when he made his peti-
the enemy's fleet (Thuc. vii. 22, 23). The second tion to be allowed to take Nicias and Demosthenes
naval fight, and first naval victory, of the Syra- alive to Sparta. (Nic. 21, 28. ) Diodorus (xii. 28),
cusans, the arrival and defeat on Epipolae of the no doubt in perfect independence of all authorities,
second Athenian armament, offer, in our accounts of puts in his mouth a long strain of rhetoric, urging
them, no individual features for the biography of the people to a vindictive, unrelenting course, in
## p. 318 (#334) ############################################
318
GYLIS.
HADES.
H.
opposition to that advised by Hermocrates, and a of his Asiatic spoils, and left Gylis to invade the
speaker of the name of Nicolaus. Finally, Poly- territory of the Opuntian Locrians, who had been
aenus (i. 42) relates a doubtful tale of a device by the occasion of the war in Greece. (Comp. Xen.
which he persuaded the Syracusans to entrust him hell. j. 5. § 3, &c. ) Here the Lacedaemonians
with the sole command. He induced them to adopt collected much booty ; but, as they were returning
the resolution of attacking a particular position, se- to their camp in the evening, the Locrians pressed
cretly sent word to the enemy, who, in conse- on them with their darts, and slew many, among
quence, strengthened their force there, and then whom was Gylis himself. (Xen. Hell. iv. 3. $ 21,
availed himself of the indignation at the betrayal 23, Ages. 2. 15; Plut. Ages. 19; Paus. ii. 9.
)
of their counsels to prevail upon the people to leave The Gyllis who is mentioned in one of the epi-
the sole control of them to him.
grams of Damagetus has been identified by some
For all that we know of the rest of the life of with OTHRYADES, but on insufficient grounds.
Gylippus we are indebted to Plutarch (Nic. 28 ; (Jacobs, Anthol. ii. 40, viii. 111, 112. ) (E. E. )
Lysund. 16, 17) and Diodorus (xiii. 106). lle GYNAECOTHOENAS (ruralkobolvas), that
was commissioned, it appears, by Lysander, after is, " the god fcasted by women," a surname of Ares
the capture of Athens, to carry home the treasure. at Tegen. In a war of the Tegeatans against the
By opening the scams of the sacks underneath, he Lacedaemonian king Charillus, the women of Tegea
abstracted a considerable portion, 30 talents, ac- made an attack upon the enemy from an ambus-
cording to Plutarch's text ; according to Diodorus, cade. This decided the victory. The women
who makes the sum total of the talents of silver to be therefore celebrated the victory alone, and ex.
1500, exclusive of other valuables, as much as 300. cluded the men from the mcrificial feast. This it
He was detected by the inventories which were is said, gave rise to the sumame of Apollo. (Paus.
contained in each package, and which he had over- viii. 48. & 3)
(L. S. ]
looked. A hint from one of his slaves indicated GYRTON (Túptwr), a brother of Phlegyas,
to the Ephors the place where the missing treasure who built the town of Gyrton on the Peneius, and
lay concealed, the space under the tiling of the from whom it received its name. (Steph. Byz. s. r.
house. Gylippus appears to have at once gone Túptwr. ) Others derived the name of that town
into exile, and to have been condemned to death from Gyrtone, who is called a daughter of Phle-
in his absence. Athenaeus (vi. p. 234. ) says that gras. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. i 57 ; comp.
he died of starvation, after being convicted by the Müller, Orchom. p. 189, 2d edit. ) (LS. )
Ephors of stealing part of Lysander's treasure; but
whether he means that he so died by the sentence
of the Ephors, or in exile, does not appear.
None can deny that Gylippus did the duty as-
signed to him in the Syracusan war with skill and HABINNAS, a lapidary and monumental
energy. The favour of fortune was indeed most sculptor, mentioned by Petronius. (Sal. 65, 71. )
remarkably accorded to him ; yet his energy in the If he was a real person, he was a contemporary of
early proceedings was of a degree unusual with his Petronius, who is supposed to have lived in the
countrymen. His military skill
, perhaps, was not first century of our era. (Studer, in Rhein. Mus.
much above the average of the ordinary Spartan 1842, p. 50. )
.
[P. S. )
officer of the better kind. Of the nobler virtues HA’BITUS, CLUE'NTIUS. (Cluentits. )
of his country we cannot discern much: with its HABRON. [ABRON. ]
too common vice of cupidity he lamentably sullied HABRON, a painter of second-rate merit,
his glory. Aelian (V. H. xii
. 42 ; comp. Athen. painted Friendship ( Amicitia), Concord ( Concordia),
vi. p. 271) says that he and Lysander, and Calli- and likenesses of the gods. (Plin. H. N. xxxv.
p
cratidas, were all of the class called Mothaces, 11. s. 40. & 35. ) His son, Nessus, was a painter
Helots, that is, by birth, who, in the company of of some note. (Ibid. $ 42. )
(P. S. )
the boys of the family to which they belonged, HABRONICHUS ('A@pavixos), another form
were brought up in the Spartan discipline, and of Abronychus. [ABRONYCH US. )
afterwards obtained freedom. This can hardly HADES or PLUTON (Αιδης, Πλούτων, οι
have been the case with Gylippus himself, as we poetically 'Atdns, 'Aidwveús, and [Acuteus), the
find his father, Cleandridas, in an important situa- god of the lower world. Plato (Cratyl. p. 403)
tion at the side of king Pleistoanax: but the family observes that people preferred calling him Pluton
may have been derived, at one point or another, (the giver of wealth) to pronouncing the dreaded
from a Mothax. (Comp. Müller, Dor. iii. 3. & 5. ) name of Hades or Aides. Hence we find that in
The syllable Tua- in the name is probably identical ordinary life and in the mysteries the name Pluton
with the Latin Gilrus.
(A. H. C. ] became generally established, while the poets pre-
GYLIS, GYLLIS, or GYLUS (Tûnis, rúa ferred the ancient name Aïdes or the form Pluteus.
des, rúros), a Spartan, was Polemarch under Age The etymology of Hades is uncertain : some de
siläus at the battle of Coroneia, B. c. 394, against rive it from d-deiv, whence it would signify the
the hostile confederacy of Greek states. On the god who makes invisible," and others from abw
morning after the battle, Agesilaus, to see whe- or xáow; so that Hades would mean “ the all-em-
ther the enemy would renew the fight, ordered bracer,” or “ all-receiver. ” The Roman poets use
Gylis (as he himself had been sererely wounded) the names Dis, Orcus, and Tartarus as synonymous
to draw up the army in order of battle, with crowns with Pluton, for the god of the lower world.
of victory on their heads, and to erect a trophy to Hades is a son of Cronus and Rhea, and a
the sound of martial instruments. The Thebans, brother of Zeus and Poseidon. He was married
however, who alone were in a position to dispute to Persephone, the daughter of Demeter. In the
the field, acknowledged their defeat by requesting division of the world among the three brothers,
leave to bury their dead. Soon after this, Agesi- Hades obtained the darkness of night,” the abode
läus went to Delphi to dedicate to the god a tenth of the shades, over which he rules. (Apollod. i, I.
## p. 319 (#335) ############################################
HADES.
HADRIANUS.
319
was wo
$5, 2. $ 1. ) Hence he is called the infernal Zeus , and Nys, at Athens in the grove of the Erinnyes,
(Zeus kataxoovios), or the king of the shades and at Olympia: (Strab. iii. p. 344, xiv. p. 649 ;
(avat évépwv, Hom. 11. ix. 457, xx. 61. xv. 187, Paus. i. 28. & 6, v. 20. § 1. ) We possess few
&c. ). As, however, the earth and Olympus be representations of this divinity, but in those which
longed to the three brothers in common, he might still exist, he resembles bis brothers Zeus and
ascend Olympus, as be did at the time when he Poseidon, except that his hair falls down his fore-
by Heracles. (II. v. 395 ; comp. head, and that the majesty of his appearance is
Paus. vi. 25. & 3; Apollod. ii. 7. & 3; Pind. Ol. ix. dark and gloomy. His ordinary attributes are the
31. ) But when Hades was in his own kingdom, key of Hades and Cerberus. (Hirt, Mythol. Bil-
he was quite unawnre of what was going on either derb. i. p. 72, &c. )
i
on earth or in Olympus (Il. xx. 61, &c. ), and it In Homer Aïdes is invariably the name of the
was only the oaths and curses of men that reached god ; but in later times it was transferred to his
his ears, as they reached those of the Erinnyes. He house, his abode or kingdom, so that it became a
possessed a helmet which rendered the wearer in- name for the lower world itself. We cannot enter
visible (1l. v. 845), and later traditions stated that here into a description of the conceptions which
this helmet was given him as a present by the Cy- the ancients formed of the lower world, for tbis
clopes after their delivery from Tartarus. (Apollod. discussion belongs to mythical gengraphy. (L. S. ]
i. 2. § 1. ) Ancient story mentions both gods and HADRIANUS, P. AELIUS, the fourteenth
men who were honoured by Hades with the tem- in the series of Roman emperors, reigned from the
porary use of this helmet. (Apollod. i. 6. § 2, ii. 4. 11th of August, A. D. 117, till the 10th of July,
§ 2. ) His character is described as fierce and in- A. D. 138. He was born at Rome on the 24th of
exorable, whence of all the gods he was most hated January, A. D. 76 ; and not as Eutropius (viii. 6)
by mortals. (N. ix. 158. ) He kept the gates of and Eusebius (Chron, no. 2155, p. 166, ed. Scaliger)
the lower world closed (whence he is called Turáp- state, at Italica.
