According to some,
Calliope
is the Muse of
Amatory poetry.
Amatory poetry.
Satires
90 and 99.
[1551] Vid. not. ad l. 62.
[1552] With the exception of a doubtful fragment quoted by the old
Scholiast on Juvenal, Sat. vi. , 538.
SULPICIA.
ARGUMENT.
The Satire opens with an Invocation of Calliope, the Muse of
Heroic poetry. The dignity of the subject, which is in fact the
undeserved sufferings of the good and great men whom Domitian's
edict was ejecting from their homes, deserves a higher strain
than is compatible with the more commonplace, and therefore less
powerful, invectives of Iambic metre. The effect produced by such
a measure is described as nothing less than forcing the civilized
world to retrograde to a state of primæval barbarism. The cause
which has led to such a perversion of taste and degradation of
intellect is then examined; which are shown to be the result of
a long-protracted peace. The old Roman valor which had raised
the city to the proud position promised by the father of gods
and men, had become gradually enervated and enfeebled, as it
ceased to have an object on which to exercise itself. The stern
and rigid virtue of the best period of the city's history,
which had led her greatest men, even in the fierce struggles
for existence against the rival republic, to appreciate and
patronize the philosophy of Greece, the love of country and the
ties of brotherhood which had been fostered by that "rugged nurse
Adversity," were now all buried in the corpse-like lethargy
induced by the enervating influence of a lengthened peace. The
Satire concludes with a bitter denunciation of coming vengeance
against the tyrant; and a prophetic anticipation of the lasting
fame to be enjoyed by the poem.
Grant me, O Muse,[1553] to tell my little tale in a few words, in those
numbers in which thou art wont to celebrate[1554] heroes and arms! For
to thee I have retired; with thee revising[1555] my secret plan. [1556]
For which reason, I neither trip on in the measure of Phalæcus,[1557]
nor in Iambic[1558] trimeter; nor in that metre which, halting with
the same foot, learned under its Clazomenæan guide boldly to give vent
to its wrath. All other things[1559] moreover, in short, my thousand
sportive effusions; and how I was the first that taught our Roman
matrons to rival the Greeks, and to diversify their subject with wit
untried before, consistently[1560] with my purpose, I pass by; and thee
I invoke, in those points in which thou art chief of all, and, supreme
in eloquence, art best skilled. Descend[1561] at thy votary's prayer
and hear!
Tell me, O Calliope, what is it the great[1562] father of the gods
purposes to do? Does he revert to earth, and his father's age; and
wrest from us in death the arts that once he gave; and bid us, in
silence, nay, bereft of reason, too, just as when we arose in the
primæval age,[1563] stoop again[1564] to acorns,[1565] and the pure
stream? Or does he guard with friendly care all other lands and cities,
but thrusts away[1566] the race of Ausonia, and the nurslings of
Remus? [1567]
For, what must we suppose? There are two ways by which Rome reared
aloft her mighty head. Valor in war, and wisdom in peace. But valor,
practiced[1568] at home and by civil warfare, passed over to the seas
of Sicily and the citadels of Carthage, and swept away also all other
empires and the whole world.
Then, as the victor, who, left alone in the Grecian stadium, droops,
and though with valor undaunted, feels his heart sink within him--just
so the Roman race, when it had ceased from its struggles, and had
bridled peace in lasting trammels; then, revising at home the laws
and discoveries of the Greeks,[1569] ruled with policy and gentle
influence[1570] all that had been won by sea and land as the prizes of
war.
By this Rome stood--nor could she indeed have maintained her ground
without these. Else with vain words[1571] and lying lips would
Jupiter[1572] have been proved to have said to his queen, "I have given
them empire[1573] without limit! "
Therefore, now, he who sways the Roman state[1574] has commanded all
studies, and the philosophic name and race of men to depart out of
doors and quit the city.
What are we to do? We left the Greeks and the cities of men,[1575] that
the Roman youth might be better instructed in these.
Now, just as the Gauls,[1576] abandoning their swords and scales, fled
when Capitoline Camillus thrust them forth; so our aged men are said
to be wandering forth,[1577] and like some deadly burden, themselves
eradicating their own books. Therefore the hero of Numantia and of
Libya, Scipio, erred in that point, who grew wise under the training
of his Rhodian[1578] master; and that other band, fruitful in talent,
in the second war;[1579] among whom the divine apophthegm[1580] of
Priscus[1581] Cato[1582] held it of such deep import to determine
whether the Roman stock would better be upheld[1583] by prosperity
or adversity. By adversity, doubtless; for when the love of country
urges them to defend[1584] themselves by arms, and their wife held
prisoner together with their household gods, they combine[1585] just
like wasps (a bristling band, with weapons all unsheathed along their
yellow bodies), when their home and citadel is assailed. But when
care-dispelling peace has returned, forgetful of labor, commons and
fathers together lie buried in lethargic sleep. A long-protracted and
destructive peace[1586] has therefore been the ruin of the sons of
Romulus. [1587]
Thus our tale comes to a close. Henceforth, kind Muse, without whom
life is no pleasure to me, I pray thee warn them that, like the Lydian
of yore, when Smyrna fell,[1588] so now also they may be ready to
emigrate; or else, in line, whatever thou wishest. This only I beseech
thee, goddess! Present not in a pleasing light to Calenus[1589] the
walls of Rome and the Sabines.
Thus much I spake. Then the goddess deigns to reply in few words, and
begins:
"Lay aside thy just fears, my votary. See, the extremity of hate is
menacing him, and by our mouth shall he perish! For we haunt the laurel
groves of Numa,[1590] and the self-same springs, and, with Egeria
for our companion,[1591] deride all vain essays. Live on! Farewell!
Its destined fame awaits the grief that does thee honor. Such is the
promise of the Muses' choir, and of Apollo[1592] that presides over
Rome. "
FOOTNOTES:
[1553] _Musa. _ Although about to indite a Satire, Sulpicia declares
her intention of not imitating the Hendecasyllabics of Phalæcus, the
Iambics of Archilochus, or the Scazontics of Hipponax, but of writing
in the good old Heroic metre. She therefore invokes the aid of Calliope.
[1554] _Frequentas. _ "Celebrare" is often used in the sense of
"crowding in large numbers to a place;" so here, conversely,
frequentare is used in the sense of "frequently celebrating. "
[1555] _Detexere_ is properly to "finish off one's weaving. " Vid. Hyg. ,
Fab. , 126, "Cum telam detexuero nubam. " Plaut. , Ps. I. , iv. , 7, "Neque
ad detexundam telam certos terminos habes. "
[1556] _Penetrale_ is applied to the inmost and most sacred recesses;
hence the "Penetrales Dii. " Cic. , Nat. D. , ii. , 27. Senec. , Œdip. , 265.
So "penetrale sacrificium. "--_Retractans_, in the sense of going over
again with a view to corrections and additions. So Plin. , v. Ep. , 8,
"Egi graves causas; has destino retractare. " Senec. , Ep. , 46, "De libro
tuo plura scribam cum illum retractavero. "
[1557] _Phalæco. _ Phalæcus is said by Diomedes (iii. , 509) and
Terentianus (p. 2440) to have been the inventor of the Hendecasyllabic
metre, which consists of five feet; the first a Spondee or Iamb. ,
the second a Dactyl, and the three last Trochees. Many of Catullus's
pieces are in this metre. E. g. "Lugete O Veneres, Cupidinesque. " Vid.
Hermann, Elem. Doctr. Metr. , p. 264.
[1558] _Iambo. _ The Iambic metre was peculiarly adapted to Satire.
Hence its probable etymology from ἰάπτω, jacio; and hence the epithet
_criminosi_ applied to these verses by Horace (i. , Od. xvi. , 2),
and _truces_ by Catullus (xxxvi. , 5). Archilochus, the Parian, who
flourished in the eighth century B. C. (Cic. , Tusc. Q. , i. , 1; Bähr, ad
Herod. , i. , 12), is said to have been the inventor of the metre, and to
have employed it against Lycambes, who had promised him his daughter
Neobule, but afterward retracted. Cf. Hor. , A. P. , 79, "Archilochum
proprio rabies armavit Iambo. " i. , Ep. xix. , 23, "Parios ego primus
Iambos Ostendi Latio numeros animosque secutus Archilochi non res et
agentia verba Lycamben. " The allusion in the next line is to Hipponax,
who flourished cir. B. C. 540; Ol. lx. He was a native of Ephesus; but
being expelled from his native country by the tyrant Athenagoras,
he settled at Clazomenæ, now the Isle of St. John. The common story
is, that he was so hideously ugly, that the sculptors Bupalus and
Athenis caricatured him. And to avenge this insult, Hipponax altered
the Iambic of Archilochus into a more bitter form by making the last
foot a spondee, which gave the verse a kind of halting rhythm, and was
hence called Scazontic, from σκάζω· or Choliambic, from χῶλος, "lame. "
Diomed. , iii. , 503. «A specimen may be seen in Martial's bitter epigram
against Cato. i. , Ep. I, "Cur in Theatrum Cato severe venisti? "» In
this metre he so bitterly satirized them that they hanged themselves,
as Lycambes had done, in consequence of the ridicule of Archilochus.
Hence Horace, vi. , Epod. 13, "Qualis Lycambæ spretus infido gener Aut
acer hostis Bupalo. " Pliny (H. N. , xxxvi. , 5) treats the whole story as
mythical. Cf. Mart. , i. , Ep. 97, for some good specimens, and Catull. ,
xxxix. Another form of Choliambic verse is the substitution of an
Antibacchius for the final Iamb. : e. g. , "Remitte pallium mihi quod
involasti. " Catull. , xxv. Two of Hipponax's verses may be seen, Strabo,
lib. xiv. , c. 1.
[1559] _Cætera. _ From the high compliment paid to her chastity and
poetical powers by Martial, it is probable that Sulpicia had composed
many poems before the present Satire. From the metre Martial chooses
for his complimentary effusion, and from the testimony of the old
Scholiast, it is probable these verses were in Hendecasyllabics; or at
all events in some lyrical metre. There was a poetess named Cornificia
in the time of Augustus, who wrote some good Epigrams. She was the
sister of Cornificius, the reputed enemy of Virgil (vid. Clinton, F.
H. , in ann. B. C. 41), but as she was not a _lyrical_ poetess, Sulpicia
claims the palm to herself.
[1560] _Constanter. _ The subject is too serious and solemn for lyrical
poetry; she therefore employs the dignity of Heroic verse. So Juvenal,
iv. , 34, "Incipe Calliope--non est _cantandum_, res vera agitur,
narrate puellæ Pierides. "
[1561] _Descende. _ Cf. Hor. , iii. , Od. iv. , 1, "_Descende_ cœlo et
_dic_ age tibiâ Regina longum _Calliope_ melos. " Calliope, as the Muse
of _Heroic_ poetry, holds the chief place. (Cf. Auson. , Id. xx. , 7,
"Carmina Calliope libris Heroïca mandat. ") Hence "Princeps. " So Hesiod,
Theog. , 79, Καλλιόπη θ' ἣ δὲ προφερεστάτη ἐστὶν ἁπασέων. Dionys. , Hymn,
i. , 6, Μουσῶν προκαθηγέτι τερπνῶν. The poets assign different provinces
to the different Muses.
According to some, Calliope is the Muse of
Amatory poetry.
[1562] _Ille. _ So Virg. , Æn. , ii. , 779, "Aut _ille_ sinit regnator
Olympi. "
[1563] _Patria Sæcula. _ The age of Saturn, when men lived in primæval
barbarism, and all cultivation and refinement was unknown. Compare the
first twelve lines of Juvenal's sixth Satire. Ov. , Met. , i. , 113.
[1564] _Procumbere. _ Cf. ad Prol. Pers. , i.
[1565] _Glandibus. _ Ov. , Met. , i. , 106, "Et quæ deciderant patula Jovis
arbore glandes. " Lucret. , v. , 937, "Glandiferas inter curabant corpora
quercus. " Virg. , Georg. , i. , 8, 148. Ov. , Am. , III. , x. , 9. Juv. , vi. ,
10. Sulpicia had probably in view the passage in Horace, i. , Sat. iii. ,
99," Cum _prorepserunt primis_ animalia _terris, Mutum_ et turpe pecus
_glandem_ atque cubilia propter," etc.
[1566] _Exturbat. _ A technical phrase, "eject. " Cf. Cic. pro Rosc. , 8,
"Nudum ejicit domo atque focis patriis, Diisque penatibus præcipitem
_exturbat_. " Plaut. , Trin. , IV. , iii. , 77. Ov. , Met. , xv. , 175. Tac. ,
Ann. , xi. , 12.
[1567] _Remuli_: the other readings are Remi, and Romi. Cf. Juv. , x. ,
73, "Turba Remi. " Alumnus is properly a "foundling. " Cf. Plin. , x.
Epist. , 71, 72.
[1568] _Agitata. _ As though the wars carried on within the peninsula of
Italy had served only to train the Romans in that military discipline
by which they were to subjugate the world. This universal dominion
having been attained, Rome rested from her labors, like the conqueror
left alone in his glory, in the Grecian games; and having no more
enemies against whom she could turn her arms, had sheathed her sword
and applied herself to the arts of Peace. This seems the most probable
interpretation. Dusa proposes to read Cætera _quæ_, for Cætera_que_,
and to place the line as a parenthesis after _socialibus armis_: but
with the sense given in the text, the substitution is unnecessary.
He supposes also Victor to apply to a _horse_ that has grown old in
the contests of the circus; the allusion would surely be more simple
to a conqueror in the Pentathlon. The reading _exiit_ is followed in
preference to _exilit_ or _exigit_.
[1569] _Graia inventa. _ So Livy dates the first introduction of a
fondness for the products of Greek art from the taking of Syracuse by
Marcellus: lib. xxv. , 48, "Inde primum initium mirandi Græcarum artium
opera. " Cf. xxxiv. , 4. Hor. , ii. , Epist. i. , 156, "Græcia capta ferum
victorem cepit et artes intulit agresti Latio. "
[1570] _Molli ratione. _ Virg. , Æn. , vi. , 852, "Hæ tibi erunt artes:
pacisque imponere morem, Parcere subjectis et debellare superbos. "
[1571] _Aut frustra. _ An anacoluthon, as the old Scholiast remarks;
stabat evidently referring to Roma. Cf. 1. 50, "An magis adversis
_staret_. "
[1572] _Diespiter_, i. e. , Diei pater. Macrob. , Sat. , i. , 15. Hor. ,
iii. , Od. ii. , 29.
[1573] _Imperium. _ Virg. , Æn. , i. , 279. It is in Jupiter's speech to
_Venus_, not to Juno, that the line occurs.
[1574] _Res Romanas imperat inter. _ A line untranslatable as it
stands. Various remedies have been proposed--rex for res, temperat for
imperat, impar for inter, Romanos for Romanas. Rex being, like dominus,
generally used in a _bad_ sense by the Romans, rex Romanos imperat
inter would imply the excessive oppression of Domitian's tyranny. Dusa
suggests _rex Romanis temperat inter_ (taking interrex as one word
divided by tmesis), and supposes Sulpicia meant to assert, that as his
reign was to be so briefly brought to a close, he could only be looked
upon in the light of an Interrex.
[1575] _Hominum. _ As though the Greeks alone deserved the name of men,
and the praise of humanity and refinement.
[1576] _Galli. _ Alluding to the old legend of Brennus casting his
sword into the scale, with the words "Væ victis! " in answer to the
remonstrance of the tribune Q. Sulpicius. Liv. , v. , 48, 9. "Ensibus"
is preferred to the old reading, "Lancibus. " Capitolinus was properly
the agnomen of M. Manlius. Camillus is probably so called here from his
appointing the collegium to celebrate the Ludi Capitolini, in honor of
Jupiter for his preserving the Capitol. Vid. Liv. , v. , 50. May there
not be a bitter sarcasm in the epithet? It was only four years before
he expelled the philosophers, that Domitian instituted the Capitoline
games. Suet. , Vit. , 4. (Vid. Chronology. )
[1577] _Palare dicuntur. _ Wernsdorf adopts this reading; but it
is perhaps the only instance of the _active_ form of palare: and
_dicuntur_ is very weak.
[1578] _Rhodio. _ The old readings were "Rhoido," which is
unintelligible, and that of the old Scholiast, "Rudio," who refers it
to Ennius, born at Rudiæ in Calabria. (Cf. ad Pers. , vi. , 10. ) The
_Rhodian_ is Panætius; he was sprung from distinguished ancestors, many
of whom had served the office of general. He studied under Crates,
Diogenes, and Antipater of Tarsus. The date of his birth and death are
unknown. He was probably introduced by Diogenes to Scipio, who sent for
him from Athens to accompany him in his embassy to Egypt, B. C. 143. His
famous treatise De Officiis was the groundwork of Cicero's book; who
says that he was in every way worthy of the intimate friendship with
which he was honored by Scipio and Lælius. Cic. , de Fin. , iv. , 9; Or. ,
i. , 11; De Off. , pass. Hor. , i. , Od. xxix. , 14. The title of his book
is περὶ τοῦ καθήκοντος. He also wrote De Providentia, De Magistratibus.
[1579] _Bello secundo_, i. e. , the Second Punic War (from B. C.
218-201), a period pre-eminently rich in great men. Not to mention
their great generals, Marcellus, Scipio, etc. , this age saw M. Porcius
Cato; the historians Fabius Pictor and Cincius Alimentus; the poets
Livius Andronicus, Ennius, Nævius, Pacuvius, Plautus, etc. ; and among
the Greeks, Archimedes, Chrysippus, Eratosthenes, Carneades, and the
historians Zeno and Antisthenes.
[1580] _Sententia dia. _ Hor. , i. , Sat. ii. , 31, "Macte Virtute esto,
inquit _sententia dia_. "
[1581] _Prisci Catonis. _ Priscus is, as Dusa shows on the authority
of Plutarch, not the _epithet_, but the _name_ of Cato, by which he
was distinguished. So Horace, iii. Od. , xxi. , 11, "Narratur et Prisci
Catonis sæpe mero caluisse virtus. " (But cf. Hor. , ii.
[1551] Vid. not. ad l. 62.
[1552] With the exception of a doubtful fragment quoted by the old
Scholiast on Juvenal, Sat. vi. , 538.
SULPICIA.
ARGUMENT.
The Satire opens with an Invocation of Calliope, the Muse of
Heroic poetry. The dignity of the subject, which is in fact the
undeserved sufferings of the good and great men whom Domitian's
edict was ejecting from their homes, deserves a higher strain
than is compatible with the more commonplace, and therefore less
powerful, invectives of Iambic metre. The effect produced by such
a measure is described as nothing less than forcing the civilized
world to retrograde to a state of primæval barbarism. The cause
which has led to such a perversion of taste and degradation of
intellect is then examined; which are shown to be the result of
a long-protracted peace. The old Roman valor which had raised
the city to the proud position promised by the father of gods
and men, had become gradually enervated and enfeebled, as it
ceased to have an object on which to exercise itself. The stern
and rigid virtue of the best period of the city's history,
which had led her greatest men, even in the fierce struggles
for existence against the rival republic, to appreciate and
patronize the philosophy of Greece, the love of country and the
ties of brotherhood which had been fostered by that "rugged nurse
Adversity," were now all buried in the corpse-like lethargy
induced by the enervating influence of a lengthened peace. The
Satire concludes with a bitter denunciation of coming vengeance
against the tyrant; and a prophetic anticipation of the lasting
fame to be enjoyed by the poem.
Grant me, O Muse,[1553] to tell my little tale in a few words, in those
numbers in which thou art wont to celebrate[1554] heroes and arms! For
to thee I have retired; with thee revising[1555] my secret plan. [1556]
For which reason, I neither trip on in the measure of Phalæcus,[1557]
nor in Iambic[1558] trimeter; nor in that metre which, halting with
the same foot, learned under its Clazomenæan guide boldly to give vent
to its wrath. All other things[1559] moreover, in short, my thousand
sportive effusions; and how I was the first that taught our Roman
matrons to rival the Greeks, and to diversify their subject with wit
untried before, consistently[1560] with my purpose, I pass by; and thee
I invoke, in those points in which thou art chief of all, and, supreme
in eloquence, art best skilled. Descend[1561] at thy votary's prayer
and hear!
Tell me, O Calliope, what is it the great[1562] father of the gods
purposes to do? Does he revert to earth, and his father's age; and
wrest from us in death the arts that once he gave; and bid us, in
silence, nay, bereft of reason, too, just as when we arose in the
primæval age,[1563] stoop again[1564] to acorns,[1565] and the pure
stream? Or does he guard with friendly care all other lands and cities,
but thrusts away[1566] the race of Ausonia, and the nurslings of
Remus? [1567]
For, what must we suppose? There are two ways by which Rome reared
aloft her mighty head. Valor in war, and wisdom in peace. But valor,
practiced[1568] at home and by civil warfare, passed over to the seas
of Sicily and the citadels of Carthage, and swept away also all other
empires and the whole world.
Then, as the victor, who, left alone in the Grecian stadium, droops,
and though with valor undaunted, feels his heart sink within him--just
so the Roman race, when it had ceased from its struggles, and had
bridled peace in lasting trammels; then, revising at home the laws
and discoveries of the Greeks,[1569] ruled with policy and gentle
influence[1570] all that had been won by sea and land as the prizes of
war.
By this Rome stood--nor could she indeed have maintained her ground
without these. Else with vain words[1571] and lying lips would
Jupiter[1572] have been proved to have said to his queen, "I have given
them empire[1573] without limit! "
Therefore, now, he who sways the Roman state[1574] has commanded all
studies, and the philosophic name and race of men to depart out of
doors and quit the city.
What are we to do? We left the Greeks and the cities of men,[1575] that
the Roman youth might be better instructed in these.
Now, just as the Gauls,[1576] abandoning their swords and scales, fled
when Capitoline Camillus thrust them forth; so our aged men are said
to be wandering forth,[1577] and like some deadly burden, themselves
eradicating their own books. Therefore the hero of Numantia and of
Libya, Scipio, erred in that point, who grew wise under the training
of his Rhodian[1578] master; and that other band, fruitful in talent,
in the second war;[1579] among whom the divine apophthegm[1580] of
Priscus[1581] Cato[1582] held it of such deep import to determine
whether the Roman stock would better be upheld[1583] by prosperity
or adversity. By adversity, doubtless; for when the love of country
urges them to defend[1584] themselves by arms, and their wife held
prisoner together with their household gods, they combine[1585] just
like wasps (a bristling band, with weapons all unsheathed along their
yellow bodies), when their home and citadel is assailed. But when
care-dispelling peace has returned, forgetful of labor, commons and
fathers together lie buried in lethargic sleep. A long-protracted and
destructive peace[1586] has therefore been the ruin of the sons of
Romulus. [1587]
Thus our tale comes to a close. Henceforth, kind Muse, without whom
life is no pleasure to me, I pray thee warn them that, like the Lydian
of yore, when Smyrna fell,[1588] so now also they may be ready to
emigrate; or else, in line, whatever thou wishest. This only I beseech
thee, goddess! Present not in a pleasing light to Calenus[1589] the
walls of Rome and the Sabines.
Thus much I spake. Then the goddess deigns to reply in few words, and
begins:
"Lay aside thy just fears, my votary. See, the extremity of hate is
menacing him, and by our mouth shall he perish! For we haunt the laurel
groves of Numa,[1590] and the self-same springs, and, with Egeria
for our companion,[1591] deride all vain essays. Live on! Farewell!
Its destined fame awaits the grief that does thee honor. Such is the
promise of the Muses' choir, and of Apollo[1592] that presides over
Rome. "
FOOTNOTES:
[1553] _Musa. _ Although about to indite a Satire, Sulpicia declares
her intention of not imitating the Hendecasyllabics of Phalæcus, the
Iambics of Archilochus, or the Scazontics of Hipponax, but of writing
in the good old Heroic metre. She therefore invokes the aid of Calliope.
[1554] _Frequentas. _ "Celebrare" is often used in the sense of
"crowding in large numbers to a place;" so here, conversely,
frequentare is used in the sense of "frequently celebrating. "
[1555] _Detexere_ is properly to "finish off one's weaving. " Vid. Hyg. ,
Fab. , 126, "Cum telam detexuero nubam. " Plaut. , Ps. I. , iv. , 7, "Neque
ad detexundam telam certos terminos habes. "
[1556] _Penetrale_ is applied to the inmost and most sacred recesses;
hence the "Penetrales Dii. " Cic. , Nat. D. , ii. , 27. Senec. , Œdip. , 265.
So "penetrale sacrificium. "--_Retractans_, in the sense of going over
again with a view to corrections and additions. So Plin. , v. Ep. , 8,
"Egi graves causas; has destino retractare. " Senec. , Ep. , 46, "De libro
tuo plura scribam cum illum retractavero. "
[1557] _Phalæco. _ Phalæcus is said by Diomedes (iii. , 509) and
Terentianus (p. 2440) to have been the inventor of the Hendecasyllabic
metre, which consists of five feet; the first a Spondee or Iamb. ,
the second a Dactyl, and the three last Trochees. Many of Catullus's
pieces are in this metre. E. g. "Lugete O Veneres, Cupidinesque. " Vid.
Hermann, Elem. Doctr. Metr. , p. 264.
[1558] _Iambo. _ The Iambic metre was peculiarly adapted to Satire.
Hence its probable etymology from ἰάπτω, jacio; and hence the epithet
_criminosi_ applied to these verses by Horace (i. , Od. xvi. , 2),
and _truces_ by Catullus (xxxvi. , 5). Archilochus, the Parian, who
flourished in the eighth century B. C. (Cic. , Tusc. Q. , i. , 1; Bähr, ad
Herod. , i. , 12), is said to have been the inventor of the metre, and to
have employed it against Lycambes, who had promised him his daughter
Neobule, but afterward retracted. Cf. Hor. , A. P. , 79, "Archilochum
proprio rabies armavit Iambo. " i. , Ep. xix. , 23, "Parios ego primus
Iambos Ostendi Latio numeros animosque secutus Archilochi non res et
agentia verba Lycamben. " The allusion in the next line is to Hipponax,
who flourished cir. B. C. 540; Ol. lx. He was a native of Ephesus; but
being expelled from his native country by the tyrant Athenagoras,
he settled at Clazomenæ, now the Isle of St. John. The common story
is, that he was so hideously ugly, that the sculptors Bupalus and
Athenis caricatured him. And to avenge this insult, Hipponax altered
the Iambic of Archilochus into a more bitter form by making the last
foot a spondee, which gave the verse a kind of halting rhythm, and was
hence called Scazontic, from σκάζω· or Choliambic, from χῶλος, "lame. "
Diomed. , iii. , 503. «A specimen may be seen in Martial's bitter epigram
against Cato. i. , Ep. I, "Cur in Theatrum Cato severe venisti? "» In
this metre he so bitterly satirized them that they hanged themselves,
as Lycambes had done, in consequence of the ridicule of Archilochus.
Hence Horace, vi. , Epod. 13, "Qualis Lycambæ spretus infido gener Aut
acer hostis Bupalo. " Pliny (H. N. , xxxvi. , 5) treats the whole story as
mythical. Cf. Mart. , i. , Ep. 97, for some good specimens, and Catull. ,
xxxix. Another form of Choliambic verse is the substitution of an
Antibacchius for the final Iamb. : e. g. , "Remitte pallium mihi quod
involasti. " Catull. , xxv. Two of Hipponax's verses may be seen, Strabo,
lib. xiv. , c. 1.
[1559] _Cætera. _ From the high compliment paid to her chastity and
poetical powers by Martial, it is probable that Sulpicia had composed
many poems before the present Satire. From the metre Martial chooses
for his complimentary effusion, and from the testimony of the old
Scholiast, it is probable these verses were in Hendecasyllabics; or at
all events in some lyrical metre. There was a poetess named Cornificia
in the time of Augustus, who wrote some good Epigrams. She was the
sister of Cornificius, the reputed enemy of Virgil (vid. Clinton, F.
H. , in ann. B. C. 41), but as she was not a _lyrical_ poetess, Sulpicia
claims the palm to herself.
[1560] _Constanter. _ The subject is too serious and solemn for lyrical
poetry; she therefore employs the dignity of Heroic verse. So Juvenal,
iv. , 34, "Incipe Calliope--non est _cantandum_, res vera agitur,
narrate puellæ Pierides. "
[1561] _Descende. _ Cf. Hor. , iii. , Od. iv. , 1, "_Descende_ cœlo et
_dic_ age tibiâ Regina longum _Calliope_ melos. " Calliope, as the Muse
of _Heroic_ poetry, holds the chief place. (Cf. Auson. , Id. xx. , 7,
"Carmina Calliope libris Heroïca mandat. ") Hence "Princeps. " So Hesiod,
Theog. , 79, Καλλιόπη θ' ἣ δὲ προφερεστάτη ἐστὶν ἁπασέων. Dionys. , Hymn,
i. , 6, Μουσῶν προκαθηγέτι τερπνῶν. The poets assign different provinces
to the different Muses.
According to some, Calliope is the Muse of
Amatory poetry.
[1562] _Ille. _ So Virg. , Æn. , ii. , 779, "Aut _ille_ sinit regnator
Olympi. "
[1563] _Patria Sæcula. _ The age of Saturn, when men lived in primæval
barbarism, and all cultivation and refinement was unknown. Compare the
first twelve lines of Juvenal's sixth Satire. Ov. , Met. , i. , 113.
[1564] _Procumbere. _ Cf. ad Prol. Pers. , i.
[1565] _Glandibus. _ Ov. , Met. , i. , 106, "Et quæ deciderant patula Jovis
arbore glandes. " Lucret. , v. , 937, "Glandiferas inter curabant corpora
quercus. " Virg. , Georg. , i. , 8, 148. Ov. , Am. , III. , x. , 9. Juv. , vi. ,
10. Sulpicia had probably in view the passage in Horace, i. , Sat. iii. ,
99," Cum _prorepserunt primis_ animalia _terris, Mutum_ et turpe pecus
_glandem_ atque cubilia propter," etc.
[1566] _Exturbat. _ A technical phrase, "eject. " Cf. Cic. pro Rosc. , 8,
"Nudum ejicit domo atque focis patriis, Diisque penatibus præcipitem
_exturbat_. " Plaut. , Trin. , IV. , iii. , 77. Ov. , Met. , xv. , 175. Tac. ,
Ann. , xi. , 12.
[1567] _Remuli_: the other readings are Remi, and Romi. Cf. Juv. , x. ,
73, "Turba Remi. " Alumnus is properly a "foundling. " Cf. Plin. , x.
Epist. , 71, 72.
[1568] _Agitata. _ As though the wars carried on within the peninsula of
Italy had served only to train the Romans in that military discipline
by which they were to subjugate the world. This universal dominion
having been attained, Rome rested from her labors, like the conqueror
left alone in his glory, in the Grecian games; and having no more
enemies against whom she could turn her arms, had sheathed her sword
and applied herself to the arts of Peace. This seems the most probable
interpretation. Dusa proposes to read Cætera _quæ_, for Cætera_que_,
and to place the line as a parenthesis after _socialibus armis_: but
with the sense given in the text, the substitution is unnecessary.
He supposes also Victor to apply to a _horse_ that has grown old in
the contests of the circus; the allusion would surely be more simple
to a conqueror in the Pentathlon. The reading _exiit_ is followed in
preference to _exilit_ or _exigit_.
[1569] _Graia inventa. _ So Livy dates the first introduction of a
fondness for the products of Greek art from the taking of Syracuse by
Marcellus: lib. xxv. , 48, "Inde primum initium mirandi Græcarum artium
opera. " Cf. xxxiv. , 4. Hor. , ii. , Epist. i. , 156, "Græcia capta ferum
victorem cepit et artes intulit agresti Latio. "
[1570] _Molli ratione. _ Virg. , Æn. , vi. , 852, "Hæ tibi erunt artes:
pacisque imponere morem, Parcere subjectis et debellare superbos. "
[1571] _Aut frustra. _ An anacoluthon, as the old Scholiast remarks;
stabat evidently referring to Roma. Cf. 1. 50, "An magis adversis
_staret_. "
[1572] _Diespiter_, i. e. , Diei pater. Macrob. , Sat. , i. , 15. Hor. ,
iii. , Od. ii. , 29.
[1573] _Imperium. _ Virg. , Æn. , i. , 279. It is in Jupiter's speech to
_Venus_, not to Juno, that the line occurs.
[1574] _Res Romanas imperat inter. _ A line untranslatable as it
stands. Various remedies have been proposed--rex for res, temperat for
imperat, impar for inter, Romanos for Romanas. Rex being, like dominus,
generally used in a _bad_ sense by the Romans, rex Romanos imperat
inter would imply the excessive oppression of Domitian's tyranny. Dusa
suggests _rex Romanis temperat inter_ (taking interrex as one word
divided by tmesis), and supposes Sulpicia meant to assert, that as his
reign was to be so briefly brought to a close, he could only be looked
upon in the light of an Interrex.
[1575] _Hominum. _ As though the Greeks alone deserved the name of men,
and the praise of humanity and refinement.
[1576] _Galli. _ Alluding to the old legend of Brennus casting his
sword into the scale, with the words "Væ victis! " in answer to the
remonstrance of the tribune Q. Sulpicius. Liv. , v. , 48, 9. "Ensibus"
is preferred to the old reading, "Lancibus. " Capitolinus was properly
the agnomen of M. Manlius. Camillus is probably so called here from his
appointing the collegium to celebrate the Ludi Capitolini, in honor of
Jupiter for his preserving the Capitol. Vid. Liv. , v. , 50. May there
not be a bitter sarcasm in the epithet? It was only four years before
he expelled the philosophers, that Domitian instituted the Capitoline
games. Suet. , Vit. , 4. (Vid. Chronology. )
[1577] _Palare dicuntur. _ Wernsdorf adopts this reading; but it
is perhaps the only instance of the _active_ form of palare: and
_dicuntur_ is very weak.
[1578] _Rhodio. _ The old readings were "Rhoido," which is
unintelligible, and that of the old Scholiast, "Rudio," who refers it
to Ennius, born at Rudiæ in Calabria. (Cf. ad Pers. , vi. , 10. ) The
_Rhodian_ is Panætius; he was sprung from distinguished ancestors, many
of whom had served the office of general. He studied under Crates,
Diogenes, and Antipater of Tarsus. The date of his birth and death are
unknown. He was probably introduced by Diogenes to Scipio, who sent for
him from Athens to accompany him in his embassy to Egypt, B. C. 143. His
famous treatise De Officiis was the groundwork of Cicero's book; who
says that he was in every way worthy of the intimate friendship with
which he was honored by Scipio and Lælius. Cic. , de Fin. , iv. , 9; Or. ,
i. , 11; De Off. , pass. Hor. , i. , Od. xxix. , 14. The title of his book
is περὶ τοῦ καθήκοντος. He also wrote De Providentia, De Magistratibus.
[1579] _Bello secundo_, i. e. , the Second Punic War (from B. C.
218-201), a period pre-eminently rich in great men. Not to mention
their great generals, Marcellus, Scipio, etc. , this age saw M. Porcius
Cato; the historians Fabius Pictor and Cincius Alimentus; the poets
Livius Andronicus, Ennius, Nævius, Pacuvius, Plautus, etc. ; and among
the Greeks, Archimedes, Chrysippus, Eratosthenes, Carneades, and the
historians Zeno and Antisthenes.
[1580] _Sententia dia. _ Hor. , i. , Sat. ii. , 31, "Macte Virtute esto,
inquit _sententia dia_. "
[1581] _Prisci Catonis. _ Priscus is, as Dusa shows on the authority
of Plutarch, not the _epithet_, but the _name_ of Cato, by which he
was distinguished. So Horace, iii. Od. , xxi. , 11, "Narratur et Prisci
Catonis sæpe mero caluisse virtus. " (But cf. Hor. , ii.
