The construction of
aqueducts is treated of by Vitruvius and Pliny, and
their description is curious, not only as giving the meth-
ods used by the ancients in those stupendous works,
but as indicating a knowledge of some hydrodynami-
cs!
aqueducts is treated of by Vitruvius and Pliny, and
their description is curious, not only as giving the meth-
ods used by the ancients in those stupendous works,
but as indicating a knowledge of some hydrodynami-
cs!
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
Univ.
,
ML 2, p. 329. seqq. --Schwetgh. , ai App. --Schbll, Hist.
Lit. Gr. , vol. 4, p. 173, seqq. )
Ami forum, a small place on the Appian Way,
about sixteen miles from the Tres Tabcrnas. It is
mentioned by St. Paul (Acts, 28, 15), and is also well
known as Horace's second resting-place in his journey
to Brundisium. Holstenius (Adnot. , p. 210) and Cor-
adini (Vet. Lot. , 11, p. 94) agree in fixing the posi-
tion of Forum Appii at CasanUo di Santa Maria.
ButD'Anyille, from an exact computation of distances
and relative positions, inclines to place it at Borgo
Lungo, near Treponli, on the present road. (Anal.
<*>*gr- de Cllalie, p. 186. ) It would appear, that this
opinion of D'Anville's is the more correct one, espe-
cially as it is clear from Horace (Serm. , 1, 5), that
from hence it was usual to embark on a canal, which
an parallel to the Appian Way, and which was called
Itecennovium, its length being nineteen miles. (Pro-
J>f>-, Rer. Got. , 1,2. ) Vestiges of this canal may still
Se traced a little beyond Borgo Lungo. (Cramer's
Aacunt Italy, vol. 2, p. 93. ) As regards the ancient
name, it may be remarked, that the term Forum was
applied to places in the country where markets were
keU and courts of justice convened.
AmoL<<, a city of Latium, in the territory of Setia
{Cfrradinu Vet. Lot. , 2, 2), taken and burnt by Tar-
qoiiiius Priscus. It is said to have furnished from its
spoils the sums necessary for the construction of the
Circus Maximus. (Dion. Hal. , 3, 49. --Liv. , 1, 35.
--Strain, 231. ) According to Corradini (/. c), the
? suae of Valle Aptole is given in old writings to a tract
rfcountry situated between Sczza and Ptperno. (Cra-
mers Ane. Italy, vol. 2, p. 108. )
? Ames Claudius, I. the founder of the Appian
anily at Rome. He was a Sabine by birth, a native
f Regillum, and his original name is said to have been
Attua Clausus. In the year of the city 260, the last
portion of what Niebuhr considers the mythical age
f Roman History, Attus is said to have migrated to
? ? Hook, with the members and clients of his house to
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? APU
slaves and exiles, A. U. C. 292, and was soon after
overthrown. (Liv. , 3, 15. --Flor. , 3, 19. )--The name
of Appius was common in Rome, particularly to many
consuls whose history is not marked by any uncom-
mon event.
Apries, a king of Egypt, of the 26th dynasty, and
called, in Jeremiah and Ezekiel, Pharaoh Hophra. He
ascended the throne after his father Psammis, B. C.
594. Apries distinguished himself by foreign con-
quest; he took Sidon, conquered the island of Cyprus,
and enjoyed for a long period great prosperity. After
a reign, however, of twenty-six years, his subjects re-
volted in favour of Amasis, by whom he was over-
come and put to death. The immediate cause of the
revolt was an unsuccessful expedition against the peo-
ple of Cyrcne, in which many lives were lost; and
from this circumstance we may readily infer, that the
extravagant projects of their kings were but little in
unison with the feelings and wishes of the Egyptian
5cople. (Herodot. , 2, 161, seq. -- Compare Hceren,
deen, vol. 2, pt 2, p. 404. )
ApsInes, a Greek rhetorician of Gadara, in Phoe-
nicia, who flourished during the reign of Maximin,
about 236 B. C. We have from him a treatise on
Rhetoric, and also a work on the questions discuss-
ed in the schools of the rhetoricians. They are con-
tained in the Rhetores Graci of Aldus, Venice, 1508,
fol.
Apsynthii, or Absvnthh, a people of Thrace, na-
med by Herodotus (6, 34, and 9, 119) as bordering on
the Thracian Chersonese, and having overpowered the
Dolonci. (Vid. Mithradates. ) Dionysius Periegetes
(577) speaks of the river Apsynthus.
Apsus, a river of Macedonia, falling into the Ionian
Sea between Dyrrhachium and Apollonia, and dividing
their respective territories. It has been rendered
memorable from the military operations of Cssar and
Pompey on its banks. The present name of the stream
is Ergenl or Bcratino. (Cces. , B. Civ. , 4,13. --Lucan,
5,461. )
Aptera, a Cretan city, to the east of Polyrrhenia,
and eighty stadia from Cydonia. (Strabo, 479. ) Its
name was supposed to be derived from a contest waged
by the Sirens and Muses in its vicinity, when the for-
mer, being vanquished in the trial of musical excel-
lence, were so overcome with grief that their wings
dropped from their shoulders. (Steph. Byzant. , a. v.
'Ajrrrpa. ) Strabo informs us that Kisamus was the
naval station of Aptera. The vestiges of Aptera were
observed by Pococke to the south of Kisamos. and they
are laid down in Lapic's map between that place and
Jerami or Cydonia. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 3,
p. 378. )
Apolels leoes, proposed by L. Apuleius Saturni-
nus, A. U. C. 653, tribune of the commons; about di-
viding the public lands among the veteran soldiers,
settling colonics, punishing crimes against the state,
and furnishing com to the poor at 10-12ths of an as a
modius. (Cic, pro Balb. , 21. -- Id. , de Leg. , 2, 6. --
Flor. , 3, 16. )
Apuleius, a Platonic philosopher of the second
century, was a native of Madaura, an African city on
the borders of Numidia and Gaetulia. His family was
respectable, both in station and property, his father be-
ing chief magistrate of Madaura. He received the
early part of his education at Carthage, where he im-
bibed the first knowledge of the Platonic philosophy,
and thence removed in succession to Athens and Rome.
? ? Apuleius, who inherited a handsome fortune, began
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? APtr
irahout sufficient authority. (Ruhnken, Praf. ad edit.
Otitndorp, p. Ill, xr. / i In his apology, however,
wtoeh was intended for the atmosphere of the forum,
it is fife from much of this affectation of manner, and
what Ruhnken calls his "tumor Africamu," and ex-}
presses himself, for the most part, with clearness and
precision. His printed works have gone through up-
wttd of forty-three editions. The first, which was mu-
tihted by the Inqaisition, is very rare; it was print-
ed it Rome, by order of Cardinal Bessarion, 1647.
Among those which succeeded may be mentioned the
editions of H. Stephens, 8vo, 1585; of Elraenhorst,
8vo, 1621; of Scriverius, 12mo, 1624; that in I'sum
Delphini, 2 vols. 4to, 1688. The hest edition, how-
ever, is that of Oudendorp, Lugd. Bat. , 1786-1823,
2 tali. 4to, with prefaces I iy Ruhnken and Boscha.
The "Golden Ass," OT, to give its Latin title, Atcta-
norpktueon, nee de Anno Anreo, libri xi. , has been
translated into almost all the modern European lan-
guages: and of the episode of Psyche there have
been many separate editions and translations. M6I-
fer published a dissertation on the life and writings
of Aputeius, Altdorff, 8vo, 1681. A list of all his
productions is given in the Biogr. Univ. , vol. 2, p.
343, teijq. --Compare Bdhr, Gesch. Rom. Lit. , vol. 1,
p. 582
APULIA, a country of Magna Grsecia, lying along
the coast of the Hadriatic. We are led to infer, from
Strain's account of the ancient coast of Italy, that the
name of Apulia was originally applied to a small tract
of country situate immediately to the south of the Fren-
titii. (Strabo, 283. ) But whatever may have been
the narrow confines of the portion of the country oc-
cupied by the Apuli, properly so called, we know that
in the reign of Augustus the term Apulia was em-
ployed in a far more extended sense, including indeed
the territories of several people much more celebrated
in historr than the obscure tribe above mentioned, but
who sunk in proportion as this common name was
brought into general use. It may be remarked, indeed,
as a singular circumstance, that whereas, under the
Romans, all former appellations peculiar to the different
people who inhabit this part of the peninsula were lostin
that of Apulia, the Greeks, to whom this name was un-
known, should have given the same extension to that
of lapygia, with which the Romans-, on the other hand,
were entirely unacquainted. The term lapygia appears
to have been confined at first to that peninsula which:
doses the Gulf of Tarentum to the southeast, and to
which the name ofMessapia was likewise sometimes ap-
plied; bat we find, at a later period, that Polyhius gives
to lapygia the same extensions which the Roman histo-
rians anil geographers assign to Apulia. The bounda-
ries under which Apulia, in its greatest extent, seems
to have been comprehended, were as follows: to the j
north this province was separated from the Ager Fren-
tanns by the River Tifemus; to the west it may be
conceived as divided from Samnium by a line drawn
from that river to the Aufidus, and the chain of Mount
Vultur: to the south, and on the side of Lucania, it:
was bordered by the river Bradanus. (Cluvcr. , Ital. \
Ant. , 2, p. 1219. ) Within these limits then we must
place, with Polybius, Strabo, and the Latin geogra-
phers, the several portions of country occupied by the
Daunii, Peucetii, and Messapii. In describing the
boundaries of Apulia Proper, we must follow the au-1
thorny of Strabo, as he is the only writer who has
noticed the existence of a district under this specific
? ? name. He evidently conceives it to have been con-
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? AQU
AQU
gusta, after Augustus. It is now Ait, eight miles
southeast of Avignon. In its vicinity Marius defeat-
ed the Ambrones and the Teutones.
Ai. ir KDiiTrs. an aqueduct. Mention of these is
frequently made in the Roman writers. Some of them
brought water to the capital from more than ttie dis-
tance of sixty miles, through rocks and mountains, and
over valleys, supported on arches, in some places above
109 fact high, ono row being placed above another.
The care of them originally belonged to the censors and
(ediles. Afterward certain officers were appointed for
that purpose by the emperors, called curatores aqua-
rum, with 720 men paid by the public, to keep them in
repair. These persons were divided into two bodies;
the one called Familia Publica, first instituted by Agrip-
pa, under Augustus, consisting of 260 men; the other
Familia Ctesaris, of 460, instituted by tho Emperor
Claudius. The slaves employed in taking care of the
waters were called Aquarii.
The construction of
aqueducts is treated of by Vitruvius and Pliny, and
their description is curious, not only as giving the meth-
ods used by the ancients in those stupendous works,
but as indicating a knowledge of some hydrodynami-
cs! laws, the discovery of which is usually assigned to
a much later period. Frontinus, also, a Roman au-
thor, who had the superintendence of the aqueducts in
the reign of Nerva, has left a treatise on these erections.
Fro:n his enumeration, there were nine aqueducts which
brought water to Rome in his time. The water of
these varied in its qualities, that of some being pre-
ferred for drinking, of others for bathing, for irrigating
the gardens, or cleansing the sewers. The best drink-
ing-water they brought into Rome was the Aqua Mar-
cia, being most highly prized, according to Pliny, for
its coldness and salubrity. The aqueduct at Nemau-
sus, the modern Nismes, is probably one of the earliest
constructed by the Romans out of Italy. Its origin is
attributed to Agrippa. Aqueducts, however, became
eventually common throughout the whole Roman em-
pire, and many stupendous remains still exist to attest
their former magnificence. (Consult Stuart's Diction-
ary of Architecture, vol. 1, >>. v. )
Ani'ii. a, a native of Sinope in Asia Minor. He first
applied himself to the study of mathematics and archi-
tecture, and the Emperor Hadrian, according to
Saint Epiphanius, made him a superintendent of pub-
iic buildings, and gave him in charge the restoration
and enlargement of Jerusalem, under its new name of
Mlia Capitolina. This commission afforded him an
opportunity of becoming acquainted with Christianity,
which he accordingly embraced, and received the rite
of baptism. Becoming subsequently addicted, how-
ever, to judicial astrology, he was excommunicated,
and then attached himself to Judaism. Aquila is ren-
dered famous by his Greek version of the Old Testa-
ment, which he published A. D. 138. It is the first
that was made after the Septuagint translation, and
appears to have been executed with great care, not-
withstanding what Buxtorf urges against it, who de-
nies to its author, on very feeble grounds, a thorough
acquaintance with the Hebrew tongue. Aquila's meth-
od was to translate word for word, and to express, as
far as this could conveniently be done, even the ety-
mological meaning of terms. Although his version
was undertaken with the view of opposing and super-
seding that of the Septuagint, of which last the church-
es made use after the example of the apostles, still
? ? the ancient fathers found it in general so exact, that
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? ARA
Muteness, and of ready talent in replying to an oppo-
nent He wrote a treatise, "etc dolo malo," which
Cietro eulogizes verv highly ; another," de postumorum
uttittUonei" a third, ? * de thmlattme," &c. (Ctc. ,
Bnn. , 42. -- U. , de Off. , 3, 14, &c. )--HI. Sabinus, a
Roman lawyer, who flourished in the third century of
oar era. His wisdom and acquirements gained for him
UK appellation of Calo. He was elected consul A. U. C.
214, and again in 216. According to some, he was
the father or brother of Aquilia Severa, the vestal vir-
gin whom Heliotrabalus compelled to become his wife.
None of his works have reached us. (Lamprid. , Vit.
Hclwgub. -- Cassiod , Cftron. --Rultl. , tn Vtt. Jurii-
omj. j
AqriLOsii, I. a city of Samnium, on the Volscian
frontier, about 2O miles from Cominium, and the same
distance from Boviaiium. Its site is now occupied by
the little town of Agnonc, near the source of the Trig-
no (Cramer's A. nc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 229. ) -- II. An-
other city of Samnium, in the territory of the Hirpini,
? early midway between Beneventum and Venusia.
Its site corresponds to that of the modern Laccilogna.
(Pin. , 3, 11. --Ptol , p. 67. )
AqcTxm. I. a town of Cisalpine Gaul, south of Mu-
tina, oiModena. ( PUn. , 3,15. ) It is placed by Clu-
yerius at the modern Actfuo. no. --II. A city of Latium,
on the Latin Way. a little beyond the place where the
load crosses the JLiris and Melfis. It is now Aquino.
Both Strabo (337) and SUius Italius (8, 404) describe
it as a large city. Aquinum was the birthplace of Ju-
lenil. as that poet bimaelf informs us. (,'? >'. ;/. . 3,318. )
Here also was born the Emperor Pescenniug Niger,
and in modern times the celebrated Thomas Aquinas.
The place was. famous for its purple dye. (Herat. ,
Ef, 10, 26. )
AQtiTiNiA, a country of Gaul between the Garum-
naor Garonne, and the Pyrenees. As it was less than
either of the other two divisions of Gaul, Augustus ex-
tended it to the Ligeris or Loire. (Vid. Gallia. ) The
Aquilani, according to Strabo (190), differed from the
Gallic race both in physical constitution and in lan-
guage. They resembled, he tells us, the Iberians ra-
ther than the Gauls. According to Csesar, the Aqui-
tini. besides a peculiar idiom of their own, had also
peculiar institutions. Now. historical facts inform us
that these institutions bore, for the most part, the Ibe-
rian character; that the natiolfel attire was Iberian;
that there were the strongest ties of amity and alliance
between the Aquitariie and Iberian tribes. Wo find,
then, an accordance between historical proofs ami those
deduced from an examination of languages, to warrant
the belief that the Aquitani were of Iberian extraction.
(Consult Thierry, Hist, de* Gaul. , vol. 1, p. xxiii. , In-
trod. --Id. , vol. 2, p. 11, teqq. )
Am LBODCKINSIS, an altar erected to Augustus,
at the confluence of the Arar and Rhone, near the city
of Lutjdunom or Li/ons, by Hixty Gallic communities.
It was reared after the tumult excited in Gaul by the
proclaiming of the census had been quelled by Drusus.
{Lit-, Epit. , 137. -- Strab. , 192. ) The spot became
famous under Caligula for the literary contests which
took place there. A crowd of orators and poets flock-
ed to the scene from the remotest quarters of the em-
pire, notwithstanding the severity of the regulations
which are said to have prevailed here. The vanquish-
ed were compelled to bestow rewards upon the victors,
and compose pieces in their praise; while those whose
productions showed least talent were obliged to efface
? ? their own writings with a sponge or with the tongue,
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? ARA
ARA
Yemen and a part of the desert of Arabia lived in
cities, and practised agriculture: they had commerce
also with the East Indies, Persia, Syria, and Abys-
sinia. The rest of the population then, as now, led a
wandering life in the deserts. --The religion of the Ara-
bians, in the time of their ignorance (as they call the
period before Mohammed), was, in general, adoration
of the heavenly bodies, or Sabaism; varying much,
however, in the different tribes, each of whom select-
ed a different constellation as the highest object of
worship. --For a thousand years the Arabians manful-
ly defended the freedom, faith, and manners of their
fathers against all the attacks of the Eastern conquer-
ors, protected by deserts and seas, as well as by their
own arms. Neither the Babylonian and Assyrian, nor
the Egyptian and Persian kings, could bring them un-
der their yoke. At last they wero overcome by Alex-
ander the Great; but immediately after his death,
they took advantage of the disunion of his generals and
successors to recover their independence. At this
period the northern provinces of the country were bold
enough to extend their dominion beyond the limits of
Arabia. The Arabian Nomades, especially in winter,
made deep inroads into the fertile Irak or Chaldea.
They finally conquered a portion of it, which is hence
still railed Irak Araby. Thence the tribe of Hareth
advanced into Syria, and settled in the country of Gas-
san, whence they received the appellation of Gassan-
ides. Three centuries after Alexander, the Romans
approached these limits. The divided Arabians Could
not resist the Roman arms everywhere successfully;
their country, however, was not completely reduced to
a province; the northern princes, at least, maintain-
ing a virtual independence of the emperors. The old
Homeyrites in Yemen, against whom an unsuccessful
war was carried on in the time of Augustus, preserved
their liberty. Their chief city, Saba, was destroyed
by a flood. With the weakness of the Roman gov-
ernment, the struggle for absolute independence in-
creased, which a union of all the Arabian tribes would
have easily gained; but, weakened and scattered as
they were, they spent several centuries in this contest,
during which the mountainous country of the interior
(Nedschid) became the theatre of those chivalrous
deeds so often sung by Arabian poets, till a man of
extraordinary energy united them by communicating
to them his own ardour, and union was followed by
augmented force. --Christianity early found many ad-
herents here, and there were even several bishops who
acknowledged as their metropolis Bosro in Palestine,
on the borders of Arabia. Yet the original worship
of the stars could not be entirely abolished. The for-
mer opposition of the Arabians to the despotism of
Rome drew to them a multitude of heretics, who had
been persecuted in the orthodox empire of the East,
especially the Monophysites and the Nestorians, who
were scattered through all the East; and the religious
enthusiasm of those exiles rekindled the flame of op-
position. The Jews also, after the destruction of Je-
rusalem, became very numerous in this country, and
made many proselytes, particularly in Yemen. The
last king of the Homeyrites (Hamjarites) was of the
Jewish faith, and his persecutions of the Christians,
A. D. 502, involved him in a war with the King of ^Ethi-
opia, which cost him his life and his throne. To the
indifference excited by so great a variety of sects is to
be referred the quick success of Mohammed in es-
? ? tablishing a new religion. He raised the Arabians to
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? AR? ARATUS.
b-fore and after the time of Alexander. Through this
country, moreover, lay the nearest and safest route to
India Syburtius, the Greek governor after Alexan-
der's death, cultivated friendly relations with the Indian
monarch Sarjdrocottug, and Megasthenes was often
sent by him to the court of the latter. (Arrian, 5, 6. )
The ancient Arachosia answers to the modern Aro-
khage. (Mannert, 5, pt. 2, p. 76. )
A<<achOt. b and Arachoti, the inhabitants of Ara-
chosia. (Vtd. Arachosia. ) They are styled Atvox-
Aatvoi, from their linen attire. {Dwnys. Pcneg. ,
1096. --Compare Eustath. , ad loc. --Aman, 3, 23. )
Arachotus, I. or Arachosia, the chief city of Ara-
chosia, called also Cophe (KupjJ), and said to have
been built by Semiramis. It did not lie, as some re-
mark, on the river Arachotus, but a considerable dis-
tance east of it, on a road leading in a northern direction
towards the modern Candahar. (Manncrt, 5, pt. 2, p.
80)--II. A river of Arachosia, rising in the hills
northeast of the modern Gazni, and losing itself in a
marsh about four miles to the south of Candahar. Its
modem name, according to Wahl, is Naodah. D'An-
ville, however, makes it Kare. (Isid, Charac. ap.
Geogr. Gr. Min. , vol 2, p. 8. --Plin. , 6, 23. )
Auchthos, AnySTHi-8, or Arkthon, a riverof Epi- ' _
ros, flowing from that. part of the chain of Pindus which ' the heavenly bodies, their names, movements, &c
belonged to the ancient Tymphs;i, and running by The materials for this production he is said to have
Ambracia into the Ambracian Gulf. Lycophron (>>.
ML 2, p. 329. seqq. --Schwetgh. , ai App. --Schbll, Hist.
Lit. Gr. , vol. 4, p. 173, seqq. )
Ami forum, a small place on the Appian Way,
about sixteen miles from the Tres Tabcrnas. It is
mentioned by St. Paul (Acts, 28, 15), and is also well
known as Horace's second resting-place in his journey
to Brundisium. Holstenius (Adnot. , p. 210) and Cor-
adini (Vet. Lot. , 11, p. 94) agree in fixing the posi-
tion of Forum Appii at CasanUo di Santa Maria.
ButD'Anyille, from an exact computation of distances
and relative positions, inclines to place it at Borgo
Lungo, near Treponli, on the present road. (Anal.
<*>*gr- de Cllalie, p. 186. ) It would appear, that this
opinion of D'Anville's is the more correct one, espe-
cially as it is clear from Horace (Serm. , 1, 5), that
from hence it was usual to embark on a canal, which
an parallel to the Appian Way, and which was called
Itecennovium, its length being nineteen miles. (Pro-
J>f>-, Rer. Got. , 1,2. ) Vestiges of this canal may still
Se traced a little beyond Borgo Lungo. (Cramer's
Aacunt Italy, vol. 2, p. 93. ) As regards the ancient
name, it may be remarked, that the term Forum was
applied to places in the country where markets were
keU and courts of justice convened.
AmoL<<, a city of Latium, in the territory of Setia
{Cfrradinu Vet. Lot. , 2, 2), taken and burnt by Tar-
qoiiiius Priscus. It is said to have furnished from its
spoils the sums necessary for the construction of the
Circus Maximus. (Dion. Hal. , 3, 49. --Liv. , 1, 35.
--Strain, 231. ) According to Corradini (/. c), the
? suae of Valle Aptole is given in old writings to a tract
rfcountry situated between Sczza and Ptperno. (Cra-
mers Ane. Italy, vol. 2, p. 108. )
? Ames Claudius, I. the founder of the Appian
anily at Rome. He was a Sabine by birth, a native
f Regillum, and his original name is said to have been
Attua Clausus. In the year of the city 260, the last
portion of what Niebuhr considers the mythical age
f Roman History, Attus is said to have migrated to
? ? Hook, with the members and clients of his house to
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? APU
slaves and exiles, A. U. C. 292, and was soon after
overthrown. (Liv. , 3, 15. --Flor. , 3, 19. )--The name
of Appius was common in Rome, particularly to many
consuls whose history is not marked by any uncom-
mon event.
Apries, a king of Egypt, of the 26th dynasty, and
called, in Jeremiah and Ezekiel, Pharaoh Hophra. He
ascended the throne after his father Psammis, B. C.
594. Apries distinguished himself by foreign con-
quest; he took Sidon, conquered the island of Cyprus,
and enjoyed for a long period great prosperity. After
a reign, however, of twenty-six years, his subjects re-
volted in favour of Amasis, by whom he was over-
come and put to death. The immediate cause of the
revolt was an unsuccessful expedition against the peo-
ple of Cyrcne, in which many lives were lost; and
from this circumstance we may readily infer, that the
extravagant projects of their kings were but little in
unison with the feelings and wishes of the Egyptian
5cople. (Herodot. , 2, 161, seq. -- Compare Hceren,
deen, vol. 2, pt 2, p. 404. )
ApsInes, a Greek rhetorician of Gadara, in Phoe-
nicia, who flourished during the reign of Maximin,
about 236 B. C. We have from him a treatise on
Rhetoric, and also a work on the questions discuss-
ed in the schools of the rhetoricians. They are con-
tained in the Rhetores Graci of Aldus, Venice, 1508,
fol.
Apsynthii, or Absvnthh, a people of Thrace, na-
med by Herodotus (6, 34, and 9, 119) as bordering on
the Thracian Chersonese, and having overpowered the
Dolonci. (Vid. Mithradates. ) Dionysius Periegetes
(577) speaks of the river Apsynthus.
Apsus, a river of Macedonia, falling into the Ionian
Sea between Dyrrhachium and Apollonia, and dividing
their respective territories. It has been rendered
memorable from the military operations of Cssar and
Pompey on its banks. The present name of the stream
is Ergenl or Bcratino. (Cces. , B. Civ. , 4,13. --Lucan,
5,461. )
Aptera, a Cretan city, to the east of Polyrrhenia,
and eighty stadia from Cydonia. (Strabo, 479. ) Its
name was supposed to be derived from a contest waged
by the Sirens and Muses in its vicinity, when the for-
mer, being vanquished in the trial of musical excel-
lence, were so overcome with grief that their wings
dropped from their shoulders. (Steph. Byzant. , a. v.
'Ajrrrpa. ) Strabo informs us that Kisamus was the
naval station of Aptera. The vestiges of Aptera were
observed by Pococke to the south of Kisamos. and they
are laid down in Lapic's map between that place and
Jerami or Cydonia. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 3,
p. 378. )
Apolels leoes, proposed by L. Apuleius Saturni-
nus, A. U. C. 653, tribune of the commons; about di-
viding the public lands among the veteran soldiers,
settling colonics, punishing crimes against the state,
and furnishing com to the poor at 10-12ths of an as a
modius. (Cic, pro Balb. , 21. -- Id. , de Leg. , 2, 6. --
Flor. , 3, 16. )
Apuleius, a Platonic philosopher of the second
century, was a native of Madaura, an African city on
the borders of Numidia and Gaetulia. His family was
respectable, both in station and property, his father be-
ing chief magistrate of Madaura. He received the
early part of his education at Carthage, where he im-
bibed the first knowledge of the Platonic philosophy,
and thence removed in succession to Athens and Rome.
? ? Apuleius, who inherited a handsome fortune, began
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? APtr
irahout sufficient authority. (Ruhnken, Praf. ad edit.
Otitndorp, p. Ill, xr. / i In his apology, however,
wtoeh was intended for the atmosphere of the forum,
it is fife from much of this affectation of manner, and
what Ruhnken calls his "tumor Africamu," and ex-}
presses himself, for the most part, with clearness and
precision. His printed works have gone through up-
wttd of forty-three editions. The first, which was mu-
tihted by the Inqaisition, is very rare; it was print-
ed it Rome, by order of Cardinal Bessarion, 1647.
Among those which succeeded may be mentioned the
editions of H. Stephens, 8vo, 1585; of Elraenhorst,
8vo, 1621; of Scriverius, 12mo, 1624; that in I'sum
Delphini, 2 vols. 4to, 1688. The hest edition, how-
ever, is that of Oudendorp, Lugd. Bat. , 1786-1823,
2 tali. 4to, with prefaces I iy Ruhnken and Boscha.
The "Golden Ass," OT, to give its Latin title, Atcta-
norpktueon, nee de Anno Anreo, libri xi. , has been
translated into almost all the modern European lan-
guages: and of the episode of Psyche there have
been many separate editions and translations. M6I-
fer published a dissertation on the life and writings
of Aputeius, Altdorff, 8vo, 1681. A list of all his
productions is given in the Biogr. Univ. , vol. 2, p.
343, teijq. --Compare Bdhr, Gesch. Rom. Lit. , vol. 1,
p. 582
APULIA, a country of Magna Grsecia, lying along
the coast of the Hadriatic. We are led to infer, from
Strain's account of the ancient coast of Italy, that the
name of Apulia was originally applied to a small tract
of country situate immediately to the south of the Fren-
titii. (Strabo, 283. ) But whatever may have been
the narrow confines of the portion of the country oc-
cupied by the Apuli, properly so called, we know that
in the reign of Augustus the term Apulia was em-
ployed in a far more extended sense, including indeed
the territories of several people much more celebrated
in historr than the obscure tribe above mentioned, but
who sunk in proportion as this common name was
brought into general use. It may be remarked, indeed,
as a singular circumstance, that whereas, under the
Romans, all former appellations peculiar to the different
people who inhabit this part of the peninsula were lostin
that of Apulia, the Greeks, to whom this name was un-
known, should have given the same extension to that
of lapygia, with which the Romans-, on the other hand,
were entirely unacquainted. The term lapygia appears
to have been confined at first to that peninsula which:
doses the Gulf of Tarentum to the southeast, and to
which the name ofMessapia was likewise sometimes ap-
plied; bat we find, at a later period, that Polyhius gives
to lapygia the same extensions which the Roman histo-
rians anil geographers assign to Apulia. The bounda-
ries under which Apulia, in its greatest extent, seems
to have been comprehended, were as follows: to the j
north this province was separated from the Ager Fren-
tanns by the River Tifemus; to the west it may be
conceived as divided from Samnium by a line drawn
from that river to the Aufidus, and the chain of Mount
Vultur: to the south, and on the side of Lucania, it:
was bordered by the river Bradanus. (Cluvcr. , Ital. \
Ant. , 2, p. 1219. ) Within these limits then we must
place, with Polybius, Strabo, and the Latin geogra-
phers, the several portions of country occupied by the
Daunii, Peucetii, and Messapii. In describing the
boundaries of Apulia Proper, we must follow the au-1
thorny of Strabo, as he is the only writer who has
noticed the existence of a district under this specific
? ? name. He evidently conceives it to have been con-
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? AQU
AQU
gusta, after Augustus. It is now Ait, eight miles
southeast of Avignon. In its vicinity Marius defeat-
ed the Ambrones and the Teutones.
Ai. ir KDiiTrs. an aqueduct. Mention of these is
frequently made in the Roman writers. Some of them
brought water to the capital from more than ttie dis-
tance of sixty miles, through rocks and mountains, and
over valleys, supported on arches, in some places above
109 fact high, ono row being placed above another.
The care of them originally belonged to the censors and
(ediles. Afterward certain officers were appointed for
that purpose by the emperors, called curatores aqua-
rum, with 720 men paid by the public, to keep them in
repair. These persons were divided into two bodies;
the one called Familia Publica, first instituted by Agrip-
pa, under Augustus, consisting of 260 men; the other
Familia Ctesaris, of 460, instituted by tho Emperor
Claudius. The slaves employed in taking care of the
waters were called Aquarii.
The construction of
aqueducts is treated of by Vitruvius and Pliny, and
their description is curious, not only as giving the meth-
ods used by the ancients in those stupendous works,
but as indicating a knowledge of some hydrodynami-
cs! laws, the discovery of which is usually assigned to
a much later period. Frontinus, also, a Roman au-
thor, who had the superintendence of the aqueducts in
the reign of Nerva, has left a treatise on these erections.
Fro:n his enumeration, there were nine aqueducts which
brought water to Rome in his time. The water of
these varied in its qualities, that of some being pre-
ferred for drinking, of others for bathing, for irrigating
the gardens, or cleansing the sewers. The best drink-
ing-water they brought into Rome was the Aqua Mar-
cia, being most highly prized, according to Pliny, for
its coldness and salubrity. The aqueduct at Nemau-
sus, the modern Nismes, is probably one of the earliest
constructed by the Romans out of Italy. Its origin is
attributed to Agrippa. Aqueducts, however, became
eventually common throughout the whole Roman em-
pire, and many stupendous remains still exist to attest
their former magnificence. (Consult Stuart's Diction-
ary of Architecture, vol. 1, >>. v. )
Ani'ii. a, a native of Sinope in Asia Minor. He first
applied himself to the study of mathematics and archi-
tecture, and the Emperor Hadrian, according to
Saint Epiphanius, made him a superintendent of pub-
iic buildings, and gave him in charge the restoration
and enlargement of Jerusalem, under its new name of
Mlia Capitolina. This commission afforded him an
opportunity of becoming acquainted with Christianity,
which he accordingly embraced, and received the rite
of baptism. Becoming subsequently addicted, how-
ever, to judicial astrology, he was excommunicated,
and then attached himself to Judaism. Aquila is ren-
dered famous by his Greek version of the Old Testa-
ment, which he published A. D. 138. It is the first
that was made after the Septuagint translation, and
appears to have been executed with great care, not-
withstanding what Buxtorf urges against it, who de-
nies to its author, on very feeble grounds, a thorough
acquaintance with the Hebrew tongue. Aquila's meth-
od was to translate word for word, and to express, as
far as this could conveniently be done, even the ety-
mological meaning of terms. Although his version
was undertaken with the view of opposing and super-
seding that of the Septuagint, of which last the church-
es made use after the example of the apostles, still
? ? the ancient fathers found it in general so exact, that
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? ARA
Muteness, and of ready talent in replying to an oppo-
nent He wrote a treatise, "etc dolo malo," which
Cietro eulogizes verv highly ; another," de postumorum
uttittUonei" a third, ? * de thmlattme," &c. (Ctc. ,
Bnn. , 42. -- U. , de Off. , 3, 14, &c. )--HI. Sabinus, a
Roman lawyer, who flourished in the third century of
oar era. His wisdom and acquirements gained for him
UK appellation of Calo. He was elected consul A. U. C.
214, and again in 216. According to some, he was
the father or brother of Aquilia Severa, the vestal vir-
gin whom Heliotrabalus compelled to become his wife.
None of his works have reached us. (Lamprid. , Vit.
Hclwgub. -- Cassiod , Cftron. --Rultl. , tn Vtt. Jurii-
omj. j
AqriLOsii, I. a city of Samnium, on the Volscian
frontier, about 2O miles from Cominium, and the same
distance from Boviaiium. Its site is now occupied by
the little town of Agnonc, near the source of the Trig-
no (Cramer's A. nc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 229. ) -- II. An-
other city of Samnium, in the territory of the Hirpini,
? early midway between Beneventum and Venusia.
Its site corresponds to that of the modern Laccilogna.
(Pin. , 3, 11. --Ptol , p. 67. )
AqcTxm. I. a town of Cisalpine Gaul, south of Mu-
tina, oiModena. ( PUn. , 3,15. ) It is placed by Clu-
yerius at the modern Actfuo. no. --II. A city of Latium,
on the Latin Way. a little beyond the place where the
load crosses the JLiris and Melfis. It is now Aquino.
Both Strabo (337) and SUius Italius (8, 404) describe
it as a large city. Aquinum was the birthplace of Ju-
lenil. as that poet bimaelf informs us. (,'? >'. ;/. . 3,318. )
Here also was born the Emperor Pescenniug Niger,
and in modern times the celebrated Thomas Aquinas.
The place was. famous for its purple dye. (Herat. ,
Ef, 10, 26. )
AQtiTiNiA, a country of Gaul between the Garum-
naor Garonne, and the Pyrenees. As it was less than
either of the other two divisions of Gaul, Augustus ex-
tended it to the Ligeris or Loire. (Vid. Gallia. ) The
Aquilani, according to Strabo (190), differed from the
Gallic race both in physical constitution and in lan-
guage. They resembled, he tells us, the Iberians ra-
ther than the Gauls. According to Csesar, the Aqui-
tini. besides a peculiar idiom of their own, had also
peculiar institutions. Now. historical facts inform us
that these institutions bore, for the most part, the Ibe-
rian character; that the natiolfel attire was Iberian;
that there were the strongest ties of amity and alliance
between the Aquitariie and Iberian tribes. Wo find,
then, an accordance between historical proofs ami those
deduced from an examination of languages, to warrant
the belief that the Aquitani were of Iberian extraction.
(Consult Thierry, Hist, de* Gaul. , vol. 1, p. xxiii. , In-
trod. --Id. , vol. 2, p. 11, teqq. )
Am LBODCKINSIS, an altar erected to Augustus,
at the confluence of the Arar and Rhone, near the city
of Lutjdunom or Li/ons, by Hixty Gallic communities.
It was reared after the tumult excited in Gaul by the
proclaiming of the census had been quelled by Drusus.
{Lit-, Epit. , 137. -- Strab. , 192. ) The spot became
famous under Caligula for the literary contests which
took place there. A crowd of orators and poets flock-
ed to the scene from the remotest quarters of the em-
pire, notwithstanding the severity of the regulations
which are said to have prevailed here. The vanquish-
ed were compelled to bestow rewards upon the victors,
and compose pieces in their praise; while those whose
productions showed least talent were obliged to efface
? ? their own writings with a sponge or with the tongue,
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? ARA
ARA
Yemen and a part of the desert of Arabia lived in
cities, and practised agriculture: they had commerce
also with the East Indies, Persia, Syria, and Abys-
sinia. The rest of the population then, as now, led a
wandering life in the deserts. --The religion of the Ara-
bians, in the time of their ignorance (as they call the
period before Mohammed), was, in general, adoration
of the heavenly bodies, or Sabaism; varying much,
however, in the different tribes, each of whom select-
ed a different constellation as the highest object of
worship. --For a thousand years the Arabians manful-
ly defended the freedom, faith, and manners of their
fathers against all the attacks of the Eastern conquer-
ors, protected by deserts and seas, as well as by their
own arms. Neither the Babylonian and Assyrian, nor
the Egyptian and Persian kings, could bring them un-
der their yoke. At last they wero overcome by Alex-
ander the Great; but immediately after his death,
they took advantage of the disunion of his generals and
successors to recover their independence. At this
period the northern provinces of the country were bold
enough to extend their dominion beyond the limits of
Arabia. The Arabian Nomades, especially in winter,
made deep inroads into the fertile Irak or Chaldea.
They finally conquered a portion of it, which is hence
still railed Irak Araby. Thence the tribe of Hareth
advanced into Syria, and settled in the country of Gas-
san, whence they received the appellation of Gassan-
ides. Three centuries after Alexander, the Romans
approached these limits. The divided Arabians Could
not resist the Roman arms everywhere successfully;
their country, however, was not completely reduced to
a province; the northern princes, at least, maintain-
ing a virtual independence of the emperors. The old
Homeyrites in Yemen, against whom an unsuccessful
war was carried on in the time of Augustus, preserved
their liberty. Their chief city, Saba, was destroyed
by a flood. With the weakness of the Roman gov-
ernment, the struggle for absolute independence in-
creased, which a union of all the Arabian tribes would
have easily gained; but, weakened and scattered as
they were, they spent several centuries in this contest,
during which the mountainous country of the interior
(Nedschid) became the theatre of those chivalrous
deeds so often sung by Arabian poets, till a man of
extraordinary energy united them by communicating
to them his own ardour, and union was followed by
augmented force. --Christianity early found many ad-
herents here, and there were even several bishops who
acknowledged as their metropolis Bosro in Palestine,
on the borders of Arabia. Yet the original worship
of the stars could not be entirely abolished. The for-
mer opposition of the Arabians to the despotism of
Rome drew to them a multitude of heretics, who had
been persecuted in the orthodox empire of the East,
especially the Monophysites and the Nestorians, who
were scattered through all the East; and the religious
enthusiasm of those exiles rekindled the flame of op-
position. The Jews also, after the destruction of Je-
rusalem, became very numerous in this country, and
made many proselytes, particularly in Yemen. The
last king of the Homeyrites (Hamjarites) was of the
Jewish faith, and his persecutions of the Christians,
A. D. 502, involved him in a war with the King of ^Ethi-
opia, which cost him his life and his throne. To the
indifference excited by so great a variety of sects is to
be referred the quick success of Mohammed in es-
? ? tablishing a new religion. He raised the Arabians to
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? AR? ARATUS.
b-fore and after the time of Alexander. Through this
country, moreover, lay the nearest and safest route to
India Syburtius, the Greek governor after Alexan-
der's death, cultivated friendly relations with the Indian
monarch Sarjdrocottug, and Megasthenes was often
sent by him to the court of the latter. (Arrian, 5, 6. )
The ancient Arachosia answers to the modern Aro-
khage. (Mannert, 5, pt. 2, p. 76. )
A<<achOt. b and Arachoti, the inhabitants of Ara-
chosia. (Vtd. Arachosia. ) They are styled Atvox-
Aatvoi, from their linen attire. {Dwnys. Pcneg. ,
1096. --Compare Eustath. , ad loc. --Aman, 3, 23. )
Arachotus, I. or Arachosia, the chief city of Ara-
chosia, called also Cophe (KupjJ), and said to have
been built by Semiramis. It did not lie, as some re-
mark, on the river Arachotus, but a considerable dis-
tance east of it, on a road leading in a northern direction
towards the modern Candahar. (Manncrt, 5, pt. 2, p.
80)--II. A river of Arachosia, rising in the hills
northeast of the modern Gazni, and losing itself in a
marsh about four miles to the south of Candahar. Its
modem name, according to Wahl, is Naodah. D'An-
ville, however, makes it Kare. (Isid, Charac. ap.
Geogr. Gr. Min. , vol 2, p. 8. --Plin. , 6, 23. )
Auchthos, AnySTHi-8, or Arkthon, a riverof Epi- ' _
ros, flowing from that. part of the chain of Pindus which ' the heavenly bodies, their names, movements, &c
belonged to the ancient Tymphs;i, and running by The materials for this production he is said to have
Ambracia into the Ambracian Gulf. Lycophron (>>.
