No More Learning

with almost inconceivable rapidity by more In 1820 he composed the hymn (The Beautiful
than eighty volumes, among them being : (Life One with Seven Stars in her Hair, which be-
of Florian) (1797); (The Oracle of Apollo) came rapidly popular and is still classed among
(1800); and Literary View of France during Italian patriotic songs. Compelled to fee Italy
the Thirteenth Century) (1809), an attempt to for participation in the insurrections of 1820
finish the work on the literary history of France, and 1821, he established himself in England as
material for which had been collected by the a teacher of Italian, and published several
Benedictines of St. Maur. Chagrin at the mis- works dealing with the esoteric anti-papal
erable failure of his project hastened his death. significance of the Divine Comedy. They
include : (Divina Commedia) (1826); Dante's
Ross, Albert. See Porter, Linn Boyd.
Beatrice) (1842); and (The Anti-Papal Spirit
Ross, Alexander. A Scotch poet; born in which Led to the Reformation' (1832),
Aberdeenshire, April 13, 1699; died at Lochlee, lated into English by Miss C. Ward (1834).
Angus, May 20, 1784. He wrote verses from
his childhood, but published nothing until 69,
Rossetti, William Michael. An English
when he brought out (Helenore, or the Unfor-
poet and art critic, brother of Dante Gabriel;
tunate Shepherdess) (1768), written in the Bu-
born in London, Sept. 25, 1829. He is the au-
chan dialect, which became exceedingly popular
thor of Dante's Comedy --- The Hell, Trans-
in the north of Scotland. He also left in MS.
lated into Literal Blank Verse) (1865); Poems
eight volumes of miscellanies.
and Ballads : A Criticism' [of Swinburne ]
( 1866); (A Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley)
Ross, Clinton. An American novelist; born
(1869); and (Life of John Keats) (1887). He
in New York in 1861. He has published: (The has edited the works of many poets.
Silent Workman) (1886); (The Gallery of a
Random Collector (1888); (The Countess Bet- Rossi, Ernesto (ros'ē). An Italian actor
tina'; 'The Speculators); 'Adventures of Three and dramatist; born at Leghorn, 1829. Though


## p. 469 (#485) ############################################

ROST -- ROUGET DE LISLE
469
known chiefly as an actor, he has written
several plays, including (Adèla,' - a drama for
Mme. Ristori, with whom he has appeared, -
(The Hyenas, a social comedy, and « The Sol-
dier's Prayer); also a treatise on Hamlet);
(Dramatic Studies) (1882); (Forty Years of
Artistic Life, a collection of historical essays
and personal recollections; and Niccolai?
(1887-90).
Rost, John Christopher (röst). A German
poet; born at Leipsic, April 7, 1717 ; died in
1765. He made a reputation by his lively satires
against the Saxon school ; particularly the one
entitled (The Prelude) (1742: a sort of epic
satire in five songs), and “The Devil's Epistle)
(1754). He also wrote many pastorals, among
them being (Learned Love) (1742), the grace
of which equals its licentiousness; a collec-
tion of Letters) (1766); and (Various Poems)
(1769).
Rostan, Joseph André de (rös-tän'). A
French dramatist; born at Constantinople, Sept.
13, 1819. He has written, either in French or
in Spanish, (Egill the Demon (1847), a lyric
drama; (The Last Troubadour); (The Daugh-
ter of Voltaire) (1859); (In the Kneading
Trough) (1866); besides vaudevilles, librettos
of operas, verse, romances, and critical articles.
He himself undertook the publication of his
(Works : French and Spanish) (1863).
Rostand, Joseph Eugène Hubert (rös-tän').
A French poet and littérateur; born at Mar-
seilles, June 23, 1843. The following collections
of poems have made his reputation : "Sketches)
(1865); (The Second Page) (1866); (Simple
Poems) (1874); (The Paths of Righteousness)
("Les Sentiers Unis): 1886); and the poems of
Catullus translated into French verse (1880).
He has also published: (Questions of Social
Economy in a Great City) (1889); A Visit to
Some Bureaus of Information in Italy' (1891);
and others.
Rota, Vincent (ro'tä). An Italian littérateur;
born at Padua in 1703; died there in 1785.
He wrote a great number of theatrical pieces,
remarkable for their facility of expression and
their witty but not unkind satires; including
(The Dead Alive, (The Icy Shepherd,' and
(The Fantasm. He also wrote (The Confla-
gration of the Time of St. Anthony of Padua :
A Tale (1749), in imitation of Boccaccio ; and
many dialogues and epistles in Latin.
Rotalier, Charles Édouard Joseph (rõ-täl-
yā'). A French historian and publicist; born
at Villerspoz near Colombier, in 1804; died
July 21, 1849. He began his literary career
with two romances, (The Captive of Barbe-
rousse) and (The Daughter of the Dey, sug-
gested by his sojourn in Africa in command
of a regiment. But he soon abandoned fiction
for more serious work, and wrote the History
of Algiers,' a strong and brilliant production,
still considered an authority upon the subject;
and France and her Relations with Europe,
a work which at once placed him in the high-
est rank of the publicists of his day.
Rotgans, Lucas (rot'gäns). A Dutch poet;
born in Amsterdam, October 1645; died at
Kromwyck, Nov. 3, 1710. He wrote an epic
poem of great merit, in eight cantos, of which
the hero is William of Orange (William III.
of England); two tragedies, Æneas and Tur-
nus) and “Scylla,' played with great success for
a long time; (The Parish Feast,' a descriptive
poem in two songs; and Miscellaneous Poems. )
Rotrou, Jean (rõ-trö'). A French dramatist;
born at Dreux, Aug. 21, 1609; died June 27 or
28, 1650. He was but 19 when his first piece
was played : it was (The Hypochondriac)
(1628), a tragicomedy in five acts. His chef
d'ouvre is "Venceslas, a tragedy founded on
the Spanish play of Francesco de Rojas, 'One
Cannot be Both Father and King. He pro-
duced a great number of other plays, the finest
of which are (St. Genest,' (Don Bertrand de
Cabrère,' and (Cosroës.
Rotteck, Karl Wenzeslaus Rodecker von
(rot'ek). A German historian; born at Frei-
burg, Baden, July 18, 1775; died there, Nov.
26, 1840. His Universal History) (1813-27),
and its minor compendium, Universal History
of the World) (1830), exercised a great and
beneficial influence upon the middle classes of
Germany. Both books have been often re-
printed and translated into several languages.
Roucher, Jean Antoine (rö-shā'). A French
poet; born Feb. 17 or 22, 1745, at Montpellier;
guillotined at Paris, July 25, 1794. He wrote
an epithalamium on the marriage of Louis
XVI. and Marie Antoinette, entitled (France
and Austria at Hymen's Temple. But his
principal production is the didactic poem in
five songs, «The Months) (1779), which was
ridiculed on its first appearance, but later ac-
knowledged and admired by the literary world.
He also translated Adam Smith's (Wealth of
Nations ( 1790 ). His letters to his family
while in prison were published under the title
of (The Consolations of my Captivity) (1797).
Rougemont, Michel Nicolas Balisson de
(rözh-mon'). A French dramatist, novelist, and
journalist ; born at La Rochelle in 1781; died
in July 1840. His dramatic compositions are
almost innumerable. The most remarkable
are : (The Supposed Husband (1806); (The
Supper of Henry IV. (1810); (The Marriage
of Charlemagne) (1811); (The Fête of Henry
IV. (1826). Among his many other poems, ro-
mances, and feuilletons are: (The Return of
the Hero) (1805), a poem ; (Song-Book of the
Bourbons) (1814); (Bonhomme; or, Observa-
tions upon Parisian Manners and Customs at
the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century)
(1818); (The French Rover) (1816-22); and
(Spain Delivered) (1823).
Rouget de Lisle, Claude Joseph (rö-zhā' dė
lēl'). A French officer and song-writer; born
at Lons-le-Saulnier, May 10, 1760; died at Choisy-
le-Roi, June 26 or 27, 1836. He composed both
words and music of La Marseillaise,' when he
was an officer of engineers at Strasburg, on the


## p. 470 (#486) ############################################

470
ROUMANILLE - ROY
a
night of April 25, 1792. It first appeared under
the title of Song of the Army of the Rhine.
He wrote several other fragments of songs,
included in his (Fifty French Songs, Words of
Various Authors, Set to Music by Rouget de
Lisle) (1825); and other poems, stories, and
plays, of but little merit.
Roumanille, Joseph (rö-män-ēl'). A French
(Provençal) poet; born at Saint Remy (Bouches-
du-Rhône), Aug. 8, 1818; died at Avignon, May
24, 1891. He was one of the most popular au-
thors of the Society of Félibres. Apart from
his improvisations, for which he was noted, he
produced : (Li Margarideto (1847); "Le Cam-
pano Mountado' (1857); "Lis Oubreto (1859);
(Li Conte Provençau li Cascareleto (1884); and
others,
Roumieux, Louis (röm-yė'). A French (Pro-
vençal) poet; born at Nimes in 1829. Among
his productions may be named : (Li Bourga-
diero) (1852), a collection of satires in the
Nimois dialect ; Li Griseto (1853); and Quan
vou Prendre dos Lèbre à la Fes n'en Pren
Ges) (1863), a comedy.
Rousseau, Jean Baptiste (rö-sõ'). A French
poet; born at Paris, April 1670; died at Brus.
sels, March 17, 1741. He wrote a great number
of odes, epistles, plays, allegories, songs, and
epigrams; and although esteemed by his con-
temporaries the prince of our lyric poets, is
now looked upon as a mediocre writer. He
brought out an edition of his Works) (1712);
and many others have subsequently appeared.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques. The renowned
French writer; born in Geneva, June 28, 1712;
died at Ermenonville near Paris, July 2, 1778.
He published: Memoir on the Shape of the
Earth) (1738); (Mme. de Warens) (1739); Dis-
sertation on Modern Music' (1743); “Does the
Cultivation of the Arts and Sciences Tend
to Promote Morality ? ) (1750); (The Village
Soothsayer) (1753); (Narcissus' (1753); "Letter
on French Music) (1753); “On the Origins and
Foundations of Inequality among Mankind
(1755); (On Political Economy) (1758); (To
D'Alembert on the Article (Geneva) in the
Encyclopedia' (1758); "Letters to Voltaire,' va-
riously dated; (A Project of Perpetual Peace
(1761); (The Social Contract) ( 1762 ); Emile)
(1762); “To the Archbishop of Paris) (1763);
(The Departure of Silvie) (1763); Letters
from the Mountain (1764); ( Theatre Mimicry)
(1764); (Dictionary of Music) (1767); Letters
on his Exile) (1770). Posthumously appeared
(Émile and Sophie) ( 1780 ); Consolations of
my Life) (1781); (Government of Poland)
(1782); Confessions) (1782-90). *
Rousseau, Pierre. A French dramatist;
born at Toulouse, Aug. 19, 1716 or 1725; died
at Bouillon, Nov. 10, 1785. He brought rid-
icule upon himself by assuming the title of
<< Rousseau of Toulouse » to distinguish him-
self from (Rousseau of Geneva. ” In collab-
oration with Favart, he published A Coquette
Without knowing It) (1744), and Mistakes)
(1744), played with some success. He also
wrote (The False Step) (1755), a novel ; (His-
tory of the Card-Sharpers) (1758); and others.
Rousseau, Pierre Joseph. A French littéra-
teur; born at Paris in 1797 ; died there in 1819.
He wrote a number of vaudevilles in collab-
oration with others, signed for the most part
with the pseudonyms "James Rousseau) and
“Maxime James. Among them are: (The
Lady of the Lake) (1825); (The Fairy of the
Neighborhood) (1826); and Love and Fear)
(1827); also (Memoirs of my Creditors) (1828),
and other miscellanies.
Rousset, Camille Félix Michel (rö-sā'). A
French historian; born at Paris, Feb. 15, 1821;
died at Saint Gobain (Aisne), Oct. 19, 1892.
Among his published works are: History of
Louvois) (1861-63); (The Volunteers of 1791-
94' (1870); (History of the Crimean War)
(1877); and (Beginnings of a Conquest : Al-
giers from 1830 to 1840) (1887).
Roux, Amédée (ro). A French littérateur;
born at Billom, May 9, 1828. Besides a number
of translations and the editing of the works of
Voiture and letters of Count d'Avaux, he has
published: (A Misanthrope at the Court of
Louis XIV. : Montausier) (1860); History of
Italian Literature under the Régime of Unifica-
tion' (1869–83); and (Bird's-Eye View of Three
Literatures) (1873).
Rowbotham, John Frederick. A Scotch
miscellaneous writer; born in 1852. He resided
in Germany several years, collecting material
for his elaborate (History of Music) (1885);
after which he turned his attention to the study
of mediæval poetry, and published (The Death
of Roland: An Epic Poem (1887).
Rowe, Nicholas. An English dramatist and
poet-laureate; born at Little Barford, Bedford-
shire, June 30 (? ), 1674; died Dec. 6, 1718. He
was a successful courtier and politician, but is
best known as the translator of Lucan's (Phar-
salia' (1718), and the author of many successful
plays, the most popular of which were the tra-
gedies : (Tamerlane) (1702); «The Fair Peni-
tent) (1703); Jane Shore (1714); and "Lady
Jane Grey' (1715).
Rowson, Susanna. An English-American
actress, playwright, and novelist; born at Ports-
mouth, England, in 1762 ; died at Boston, Mass. ,
March 2, 1824. She appeared on the American
stage for about a year; after which she settled
in Boston, opening a school and turning her
attention to literary pursuits. She is famed as
the author of Charlotte Temple: A Tale of
Truth' (1790), which had an immediate and
great success, and has long been a popular
classic in America ; and its sequel, Lucy Tem-
ple; or, The Three Orphans) (1828). Among
her many other novels and farces may be
named : Victoria' (1786), the characters of
which were drawn from life; and (The In-
quisitor, or Invisible Rambler) (1788).
Roy, Just Jean Étienne (rwä). A French
littérateur; born at Marnay (Haute-Saône), Oct.


## p. 471 (#487) ############################################

ROY — RUFFINI
471
13, 1794; died at Pontleroy, June 22, 1871. He
published, under his own name and the pseu-
donyms of « Étienne Gervais,» «Just Girard,"
and “Théodore Menard," a number of books,
including the series entitled History of Fé-
nelon) (1838); History of Louis XI. (1842);
Illustrations of the History of Germany, Eng-
land, Egypt, Spain, France, Italy, Russia, and
Sweden) (1843-45); (History of Louis XIV. ?
(1844); (France of the Twelfth Century) (1850);
(Modern Algiers) (1855); (The Empire of Bra-
zil) (1858); “History of England) (1863); and
many others, the greater number of which ran
through many editions.
Roy, Pierre Charles. A French poet; born
at Paris in 1683; died Oct. 23, 1764. His repu-
tation rests largely upon his two plays, 'Cal-
lirhoé) (1712), generally conceded to be his
best work, and (Semiramis) (1718), regarded
by some as even superior. His ballet (The
Elements) (1725) added to his reputation.
His many odes, epilogues, plays, interludes,
and ballets, were collected after his death and
published as Various Works) (1727). His
epigrams have made him famous in his own
country; his last one involved him in a fatal
quarrel.
Royce, Josiah. An American educator and
author; born at Grass Valley, Cal. , Nov. 20,
1855. He became professor of the history of
philosophy in Harvard in 1892, and has pub-
lished: A Primer of Logical Analysis) (1881);
(The Religious Aspect of Philosophy) (1885);
(California) (1886); (The Feud of Oakfield
Creek) (1887), a novel; “The Spirit of Modern
Philosophy) (1892); and many articles and
lectures.
Royer, Alphonse (rwä-ā'). A French dram-
atist and littérateur; born at Paris, Sept. 10,
1803; died there, April 11, 1875. After spend-
ing a number of years in the Orient, he turned
to the production of dramatic literature, meet-
ing with marked and lasting success. Many
of his plays were written in collaboration with
his friend Gustave Vaëz. They include: (The
Poor Boys' (1830);"Venice the Beautiful (1834);
and Adventures of Travel (1837). He also
published a Universal History of the Theatre)
(1869–71), and many literary miscellanies.
Rückert, Heinrich (rük'ert). A German
historian, son of Friedrich; born at Coburg,
Feb. 14, 1825; died at Breslau, Sept. II, 1875.
His works include the monographs: Life of
St. Louis, Landgrave of Thuringia) (1850), and
(Brother Philip, of the Order of the Chartreux)
(1855); also‘Annals of German History' (1850);
(History of the Middle Ages) (1852); and (His-
tory of German Civilization at the Period of
Transition from Pagan to Christian Times)
(1853-54).
Rückert, (Johann Michael] Friedrich. A
distinguished German poet and Orientalist;
born at Schweinfurt, Bavaria, May 16, 1788;
died at Neuses, near Coburg, Jan. 31, 1866.
He published his (German Poems) (1814),
containing the famous Panoplied Sonnets,' -
directed against Napoleon,- under the pen.
name of “Freimund Raimar"); that is, the
poet of the free mouth. ” His poetry is much
admired for the ingenuity of its workmanship,
its strength and imaginative grace, and is full
of inspiration drawn from his patriotism and
his studies of the legends of the Orient; but is
philosophic rather than spontaneous. He pub-
lished many translations from the Arabic, and
wrote many original poems dealing with Ori-
ental subjects; among them being : "Oriental
Roses) (1822); (Songs and Legends of the
Orient) (1837); Rostem and Suhrab: A Heroic
Tale) (1838); and (Brahman Tales) (1839).
The most elaborate of all his works is (The
Wisdom of the Brahmans) (1836-39). *
Rudagi, Farid-Addin Muhammad (rö-dä'jë).
A Persian poet of the tenth century; born in
the village of Rudag (whence he derived his
name), in the region of Bokhara or Samar-
kand, toward the end of the ninth century;
died about 954. Tradition makes him a sort
of blind Homer, but regarding his blindness
there is doubt. His literary activity was great.
Of his very numerous verses only a very few
are now extant, but the fragments show great
literary merit.
Rudel, Gauffre or Godefroy, Prince of
Blaye (rü-del'). A French troubadour of the
twelfth century, who attached himself to the
suite of Geoffrey, Count of Bretagne, son of
Henry II. of England. He went to Syria in
search of a fair countess of Tripoli, rumors of
whose beauty had reached him; and was so
overcome when he finally saw her and heard
her voice that he fell dead at her feet. She
buried him with great pomp, and retired to a
convent to mourn him all her days. Petrarch
makes mention of Rudel; and several bits of
verse by him are extant in the MSS. of Pro-
vençal literature, now in the great libraries of
Paris, Venice, and Rome. One of them has
been published by Raynouard, as the (Gem
of the Original Poems of the Troubadours.
Rueda, Lope de (rö-ā'dä). A Spanish
dramatist of the sixteenth century; born at
Seville; died at Cordova. He was leader of
a troupe of actors; and in the elementary state
of the stage in his day, himself undertook
four rôles, - those of the negress, the brig.
and, the fool, and the Biscayan. He composed
for his company a number of short pieces.
His Works) (1567) comprise four comedies,
notably Deceptions) and (Eufemia); seven
pasos in prose; two colloquies; and “The
.
Wages of Love.
)
Ruffini, Giovanni Domenico (rö-fē'ne). An
Italian littérateur; born at Genoa, September
1807; died at Taggia, Nov. 2, 1881. Obliged
to flee his native land for political reasons, he
resided in France, Switzerland, and England,
and later returned to Italy. He published in
London his first romance, Lorenzo Benoni,
a sort of autobiography, related in a very
>


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RUGE- RUMOHR
472
engaging style. He also published (Doctor
Antonio (1858), his best-known book; Les
Paragreens) (1860); Lavinia (1863); and oth-
ers. Many of his works have been translated
into French. *
Ruge, Arnold (rö'gė). A German publicist;
born at Bergen, Island of Rügen, Sept. 13,
1802 or 1803; died at Brighton, England, Dec.
31, 1880. He embraced with ardor the doctrines
of Hegel, and attracted considerable attention
by his philosophical criticisms in the Halle
Year-Book. He joined Karl Marx in Paris,
and published with him the 'German-French
Year-Books) (1843-45). After the suppression
of the paper which he started in Berlin, called
Reform, he went to London and formed, in
connection with Ledru-Rollin and Mazzini, the
European Democratic Committee. Among his
works are: (Two Years in Paris) (1845); Poetic
Pictures) (1847); Political Pictures) (1848);
(Our System) (1850); 'In Former Times)
(1862–67); and Manifesto to the German
People) (1886).
Ruiz, Juan (rö-eth'). A Spanish poet of the
fourteenth century, known as Archpriest of Hita;
born at Alcala or Guadalajara, in 1300; died
about 1351. He is the most original of mediæval
Spanish poets, and has left a poem on love
and women, which, while purporting to treat of
morality and the follies of earthly love, is in
reality a text-book for the man who wishes to
become a successful lover. He quotes from
Ovid's (Art of Love, gives translations from the
apologues of Latin and French fabulists, and
relates his own experience as well. It is mingled
rather incongruously with censures of the cap-
ital sins, and with philosophic maxims and
verses on the Passion, ending with high praise
of the Virgin Mary. It is interspersed with
songs, the best of which are the “Song of Schol-
ars) and (Song of the Blind.
Rulhière, Claude Carloman de la (rül-yâr').
A French historian and poet; born at Bondy
near Paris, in 1735; died at Paris, Jan. 30, 1791.
While aide-de-camp to Richelieu, he composed
his (Discourse upon Disputes, a witty poem
which Voltaire inserted in his Philosophic
Dictionary. In 1771 he was named political
writer to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and
visited London and Poland in that capacity.
His historical works are noted for their strict
honesty and justice, and his poetry for its ease
and freedom of expression. He excels in short
tales and epigrams. His historical works in-
clude : (Explanations of the Causes of the Rev.
ocation of the Edict of Nantes) (1788); (Anec-
dotes the Russian Revolution in 1762) (1797);
and History of the Anarchy of Poland? (4
vols. , 1807; 4th ed. 1862), his finest work. His
poetry includes (Rough Play) (1808 ), and
many small fragments.
Rumford, Count (Benjamin Thompson).
An American scientist, statesman, and philos-
opher; born at Woburn, Mass. , March 26, 1753 ;
died in Auteuil near Paris, Aug. 21, 1814. He
was one of the many conservatives at the
outbreak of the Revolution who were driven
into the British ranks outright by the patriotic
harrying of impatient neighbors. After serv-
ing England for a time, he entered the service
of the Elector of Bavaria, rose to the position
of Minister of War, and was finally created
a count of the Holy Roman Empire. He took
the title Rumford from the village of that
name (now Concord, N. H. ), where he had
married. He spent the last years of his life at
Auteuil, busily engaged in scientific researches,
- particularly on the nature and effects of
heat, studies with which his name is generally
associated. As an administrator, military or
civil, he showed immense practical capacity in
improving the conditions of life for the lower
ranks. His works include : Essays : Political,
Economical, and Philosophical) (1797-1806);
and studies in domestic economy, particularly
of cookery.
Rūmi, Maulana Jalál-ad-din (rö-me'). A
Persian Súfic poet and philosophic teacher ;
born at Balkh in Khorásán, Sept. 30, 1207;
died Sept. 17, 1273. His great work is the
Masnawi) or (Mathnawi,' ---a collection of
precepts and tales, interwoven with comments
on the Koran and sayings of the Prophet,
comprising between thirty and forty thousand
rhymed couplets; composed in honor of the
Maulawi sect of dervishes, of which he was
the founder. A versified translation of the first
book was published by J. W. Redhouse (1881).
He wrote also many spiritual and mystic odes,
full of inspiration. His teachings and doctrines
are still faithfully adhered to by this order,
and studied and revered by the whole Eastern
world as the guide to eternal bliss. *
Rumohr, Karl Friedrich Ludwig Felix von
(rö'mör). A German historian, antiquary, and
poet; born on his family estate of Reinhards-
grimme, near Dresden, in 1785; died at Dres.
den, July 25, 1843. A most industrious worker,
he wrote books on almost every conceivable
subject. The most interesting of them are :
(Explanations of Some Assertions regarding
the Wealth of Greece in Objects of Plastic
Art) (1811); Magazine of Art and History)
(1816); (Italian Researches) (1826-31), a pro-
found history of art in Italy, and consulted
to this day by students of the subject; "The
Spirit of Culinary Art (1832); «School of
Good Breeding) (1834), where he lays down
rules of etiquette for all classes and conditions
of men, from the minister to the postilion
and waiter; and Researches upon Maso di
Finiguerra, Inventor of the Art of Printing
upon Wet Paper,' etc. (1841).
Rumohr, Theodor Wilhelm. A Danish
novelist; born at Copenhagen, Aug. 2, 1807,
His many romances deal with the national
heroes of Denmark, and include: Jacob Dan-
neford) (1840); Niels Juel (1877); and (Peter
Tordenskjold) (1877). His collected works
appeared as Historical Pictures of the Father-
land) (1863).


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RUNDELL- RYAN
473
Rundell, Elizabeth (now Mrs. Andrew
Charles). An English painter, musician, poet,
and author; born at Tavistock, Devonshire,
1826 or 1828. All her writings, whether poems
or romances, have a deep religious tone. Her first
and most widely read book is (The Chronicles
of the Schönberg-Cotta Family) (1863), pub-
lished anonymously; and all that have followed
have appeared as the works of “The Author-
ess of the Chronicles of the Schönberg-Cotta
Family. ) They include: (Diary of Mrs. Kitty
Trevylyan) (1864); (The Cripple of Antioch)
(1864); (Winifred Bertram (1865); “The Dray-
tons and the Davenants) (1866); Against the
Stream) (1873); (Joan the Maid: Deliverer of
England and France) (1879); (Three Martyrs
of the Nineteenth Century) (1885); and By
Thy Glorious Resurrection and Ascension
(1888).
Runeberg, Johan Ludvig (rö'nė-berg). A
Swedish poet; born in Jakobsstad, Finland, Feb.
5, 1804; died at Borgå, May 6, 1877. Although
his whole life was spent in his native country,
he wrote in Swedish. The most celebrated of
his writings is (Ensign Stål's Tales) (1848-60),
a collection of ballads on the war between Swe-
den and Russia, and taking the Swedish side.
Among his many poems, lyrics, and dramas,
all of which are immensely popular in both
Sweden and Finland, are the idyls (Hanna)
(1836), and ‘Christmas Eve (1841); (The Elk-
Hunter) (1832), and Nadeschda) (1841), two
tales in verse; and (The Kings at Salamis)
(1863), a tragedy in antique form.
happiest in the lyrical epic, and his style is
characterized by a delicate and harmonious
grace. *
Rusden, George William. An English his-
torian (of Australia); born in Surrey in 1819.
He removed to New South Wales in 1834, and
made elaborate researches on the history and
languages of the Island Continent. He has
published : Moyarra : An Australian Legend
(1851); (Discovery, Survey, and Settlement of
Port Philip) (1872); “Translations and Frag-
ments) (1874); History of New Zealand)
(1883); and History of Australia) (1883), a
most careful and detailed work.
Ruskin, John. The great English critic and
essayist; born in London, Feb. 8, 1819. His
books on art comprise : Modern Painters)
(1843); (The Seven Lamps of Architecture)
(1849); “The Stones of Venice) (1851-53); (Pre-
Raphaelitism (1851); "Giotto and his Works
in Padua) (1853-60); Elements of Drawing)
(1857); (Political Economy of Art) (1857);
(The Two Paths) (1859); Elements of Per-
spective) (1859); "Lectures on Art) (1870);
Aratra Pentelici? (1872); Relation between
Michael Angelo and Tintoret) (1872); (The
Laws of Fésole) (1877–78); (The Art of Eng-
land? (1883); Verona, and Other Lectures)
(1893); and numerous notes and reports. His
many miscellaneous works on ethics, social
science, political economy, mythology, botany,
etc. , published under fanciful titles, include
He was
among others : Munera Pulveris ) (1862–63);
(Sesame and Lilies) (1865), one of his most
popular books; (The Ethics of the Dust)
(1866); (The Crown of Wild Olive) (1866);
(The Queen the Air) (1869); (The Eagle's
Nest' (1872); Love's Meinie' ( 1873); Proser-
pina(1875–86); Deucalion (1875-83); and
(St. Mark's Rest' (1874-84). He also wrote a
popular fairy tale, «The King of the Golden
River) (1851); (Arrows of the Chace) (1880),
letters to newspapers; Præterita,' autobio.
graphical (1885-89); Fors Clavigera) (1871-84),
miscellaneous counsels, moral, religious, eco-
nomic, literary, etc. *
Russell, Addison Peale. An American jour-
nalist and essayist; born in Wilmington, O. , in
1826. He has published: (Half-Tints) (1867);
Library Notes) (1875); (Thomas Corwin: A
Sketch) (1881); Characteristics) (1884); (A
Club of One) (1887); In a Club Corner); and
(Sub Cælum.
Russell, Dora. An English novelist; born
in 18–. Her romances include: (The Miner's
Oath) (1872); (Footprints in the Snow) (1877);
(Annabel's Rival (1881); (The Broken Seal)
(1886); “The Track of the Storm (1888); and
many others.
Russell, Irwin. An American verse-writer;
born at Port Gibson, Miss. , June 3, 1853; died
at New Orleans, La. , Dec. 23, 1879. He was
among the first to put the negro character to
literary account. His dialect and other verse
was collected after his death and published as
(Poems) (1888).
Russell, W. Clark. An English-American
novelist; born (of English parentage) in New
York city, Feb. 24, 1844. He spent much of his
early life at sea, and afterwards settled at Rams-
gate, England. He has published a great num-
ber of sea stories and novels, among which
are : (The Wreck of the Grosvenor) (1878);
(A Sailor's Sweetheart) (1880); My Watch
Below) (1883); A Sea Queen) (1883); (Jack's
Courtship’ (1884); (A Strange Voyage) (1885);
(The Frozen Pirate) (1887); (The Death Ship)
(1888); (Marooned' (1889); (The Romance of
Jenny Harlowe) (1889); and (The Good Ship
Mohock) (1895). *
Russell, William Howard, Sir. An Eng.
lish journalist ; born at Lilywater near Dublin,
March 28, 1821. He was special correspondent
of the London Times in the Crimea (1854-55);
in India during the Sepoy Mutiny (1857-59);
in the United States during the Civil War,
and known as “Bull Run Russell »); and its
war correspondent in the Franco-German War
of 1870. Ile published: (Extraordinary Men'
(1853); (The Crimean War) (1855-56); My
Diary in India); (My Diary during the Last
Great War) (1873); (The Prince of Wales's
Tour? (1877); Hesperothen' (1882); and
others. He was knighted in 1895, in recog-
nition of his services to journalism.
Ryan, Abram Joseph. An American priest
and verse-writer: born at Norfolk, Va. , Aug.
(


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474
RYAN-SACCHETTI
15, 1839; died at Louisville, Ky. , April 22, 1886.
It was while chaplain in the Confederate army
that he wrote his well-known poem (The Con-
quered Banner, composed shortly after Lee's
surrender. Later he went North for the pur.
poses of lecturing and publishing his works,
which have appeared as “The Conquered Ban-
ner, and Other Poems) (1880); Poems, Patri-
otic, Religious, and Miscellaneous) (1880); and
A Crown for Our Queen. Other poems of
his which are popular are: (The Lost Cause,
(The Sword of Lee, (The Flag of Erin,' and
the epic (Their Story Runneth Thus. At the
time of his death he was engaged upon a Life
of Christ.
Ryan, William Thomas Carroll. A Cana-
dian author ; born in Toronto, Ont. , Feb. 3,
1839. Upon leaving the army, where he served
during the Crimean War, he devoted himself
to journalism and literature. He has edited
and published a number of Canadian news.
papers, has contributed articles and poems to
magazines, and has lectured on the Liberal
side. His published works, which he signs
“Carroll Ryan,” are: “Oscar, and Other Poems)
(1857); (Songs of a Wanderer) (1867); (The
Canadian Northwest and the Canadian Pacific
Railway) (1875); and Picture Poems) (1884).
Rydberg, Abraham Viktor (rid'berg). A
Swedish man of letters; born at Jönköping,
Dec. 18, 1829. He is regarded as one of the
best littérateurs of Sweden, and the translator
seems to turn more often to his books than to
any other modern Swedish writer. He has
produced several translations, among them
Goethe's Faust); a novel, «The Last of the
Athenians' (1859), a picture of the last conflict
between Paganism and Christianity - trans-
lated into English, German, and Danish; many
poems; a number of æsthetic and historical
studies; and a series of works on the philoso-
phy of religion, including "The Doctrines of
Christ according to the Bible (1862), Magic
of the Middle Ages) (1864), “Romish Legends
of the Apostles Peter and Paul (1871), and
(The Primitive Patriarchs' Genealogies in Gen-
esis) (1873). His (Teutonic Mythology' (1886)
is a brilliant piece of work, but useless from a
scientific standpoint.
Rymer or Rhymer, Thomas the (Thomas
Lermont of Erceldoune). A Scotch poet and
prophet of the thirteenth century, who occupies
an important place in the mythical and legend.
ary literature of Scotland. His name is asso-
ciated with many fragments of rhymed or
alliterative verse, many of which have been
collected and published as "The Prophecies)
(1691); and “Sir Tristem: A Metrical Romance
Edited by Sir Walter Scott from the Auchin-
leck MSS. (1804).
S
Saar, Ferdinand von (sär). An Austrian
poet; born at Vienna, Sept. 30, 1833. Among
his works are the tragedies Hildebrand
(1865) and (The Death of Henry' (1867)— these
being united under the title (The Emperor
Henry IV. (1872); “Tales from Austria)
(1877); Vienna Elegies); Poems! (1882);
Three New Novels) (1883); (The Two De
Witts); (Thassilo) (1886); (The Castle of Kost-
enitz) (1893). He excels as a lyric poet and a
story-writer. His lyrics are in a tone of melan-
choly, but the feeling is genuine and the ex-
pression unaffected.
Saavedra, Angel de, Duque de Rivas (sä-
vā'drä). A Spanish statesman and poet; born
in Cordova, March 10, 1791; died in Madrid,
(1598), in 20 cantos, describing the glories of
the Aztec court and the conquest of Mexico.
Prescott has given him the name of the poet-
chronicler. )
Saavedra y Faxardo, Diego de (sä-vā'drä ē
fä-här'do). A Spanish moralist; born at Al-
gezarez in Murcia, 1584; died at Madrid, Aug.
24, 1648. His most notable work is (The Type
of a Christian Prince) (1640), written for the
instruction of the son of Philip IV. , who died
before attaining his majority. He wrote also
the poem (The Republic of Letters) (1670); a
dialogue between Mercury and Lucian on the
follies of European statesmen (first printed
1787); and (The Gothic, Castilian, and Aus-
trian Crown (reprinted 1887).
June 22, 1805. He was the author of Poetica, Sabin, Joseph. An American publisher and
(2 vols. , )()
an epic on the Moorish conquest of Spain;
(The Moorish Foundling) (1834), a national
epic; many dramas; a life of Masaniello (1860);
and a history of the Neapolitan revolution (2
vols. , 1848; new ed. 1881).
Saavedra Guzman, Antonio (sä-vā'drä göth'.
män). A Mexican poet; born about 1550 ; died
in Spain about 1620. He gave seven years'
special study to the poetical and historical
literature of his own country ; utilizing the facts
in his historical poem (The Indian Pilgrim
bibliophile; born in Bramston, England, 1821 ;
died in Brooklyn, N. Y. , 1881. His store on
Nassau Street, New York, was noted for rare
books. He was famous for his knowledge of
books, and his reprints of old and curious
works. He edited the American Bibliographist;
and published a 'Dictionary of Books relating
to America) and a Bibliography of Biblio-
graphies.
Sacchetti, Franco (sä-ket'ē). An Italian
poet; born at Florence about 1330; died about


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SACHER-MASOCH-SAINT-AMANT
475
1400. His most important work is the (Three
Hundred Stories ) - of which only 223 remain,
and some of these are mutilated : they give a
faithful picture of life in those days, with many
satiric allusions. Among his poems the best
are the ballads and the madrigals.
Sacher-Masoch (säch'er-mäs'och), Leopold
Ritter von. An Austrian novelist; born at
Lemberg, Jan. 27, 1835; died at Lindheim in
Hesse, March 9, 1895. His very numerous
stories show great powers of realistic descrip-
tion; among them are: (Love) (1870); (False
Hermelin,' stories of theatrical life (1873);
(Love Stories from Divers Centuries) (1874);
(The Ideals of our Time) (1876); Property
(1877); (The New Job) (1878); “The Serpent
in Paradise) (1890); (The Solitaries) (1891);
(Merry Tales from the East) (1893); (The
Filled and the Hungry) ( 1894). His wife, Au-
rora von Rümelin, born at Gratz, 1846, wrote:
(Romance of a Virtuous Woman' (1873); “The
True Hermelin (1879); ( Ladies in Furs) (1881).
Sachs, Hans (sächs). The German meister-
singer; born at Nuremberg, Nov. 5, 1494 ; died
Jan. 19 or 20, 1576. A complete collection of
his works has never been published.