No More Learning

Ac-
this war, B. c. 223, C. Flaminius was consul with cording to Zonaras (viji. 25), Flaminius had
P. Furius Philus, and both consuls marched to the reached Ariminum, when Hannibal began his
north of Italy. No sooner had they set out than march, whereas Livy (xxii
. 2) makes Flaminius
the aristocratic party at Rome devised a means for proceed from Ariminum to Arretium, before Han-
depriving Flaminius of his office: they declared that nibal had begun to move ; and Polybius (iii. 77)
the consular election was not valid on account of says that Flaminius marched from Rome directly
some fault in the auspices ; and a letter was forth- to Arretium, and makes no mention of his going to
with sent to the camp of the consuls, with orders Ariminum. But however this may be, Hannibal
to return to Rome. " But as all preparations had had advanced further south than Flaminius, who
been made for a great battle against the Insubrians was at Arretium, and thence set out in pursuit of
on the Addua, the letter was left unopened until the enemy, perhaps more rashly than wisely. On
the battle was gained. Furius obeyed the com- the border of lake Trasimenus Hannibal compelled
mand of the senate ; but C. Flaminius, elated by him to fight the fatal battle, on the 23d of June,
his victory, continued the campaign. When he 217, in which he perished, with the greater part
Afterwards returned to Rome, the senate called him of his army. (Ov. Fast. vi. 765, &c. ) This
to account for his disobedience; but the people catastrophe of a man like Flaminius was easily
granted him a triumph for his victory ; and after its accounted for by his hypocritical enemies : he had
celebration, he laid down his office, either because at all times disregarded the warnings of religion,
the time had expired, or, as Plutarch (Marcell. 4) and he had broken up from Arretium, they said,
says, being compelled by the people to abdicate. although the signs had been against bim. That
It seems to have been in B. C. 221 that C. Flami- Livy judges unfavourably of Flaminius cannot be
nius was magister equitum to the dictator M. Minu- / a matter of surprise, on account of the spirit which
cius Rufus ; but both were obliged to resign imme runs through his whole history; but from Poly-
diately after their appointment, on account of the bius we might have expected a more impartial
squeaking of a mouse, which had been heard im- judgment. There is, however, little doubt that
mediately after the election. (Plut. Marcell. 5; Polybius was biassed by his friend Scipio, who
Val. Max. i 1. § 5, who erroneously calls the abhorred Flaminius, and probably saw in him
dictator Fabius Maximus. ) The year after this only a precursor of the Gracchi. (Liv. xxi. 57,
even, 220, Flaminius and L. Aemilius Papus were 15, 63, xxii. I, &c. ; Polyb. ii. 32, &c. , iii. 75, 77,
invested with the censorship, which is renowned &c. , 80, &c. ; Dionys. ii. 26 ; Solin. 11; Oros. iv.
in history for two great works, which were ex- 13 ; Flor. ii. 4; Sil. Ital. iv. 704, &c. ; v. 107,
ecuted by Flaminius, and bore his name, viz the &c. , 653, &c. ; Zonar. viii. 24, &c. , Appian,
Circus Flaminius and the Via Flaminia, a road Hannib. 8, &c. ; Plut. Fab. Max. 2, 3; Nep.
which ran from Rome through Etruria and Umbria, Hannib. 4; Eutrop. iii. 9; Plut. Tib. Gracch. 21;
as far as Ariminum. From a strange story in Cic. Brut. 14, 19, Acud. ii
. 5, de Invent. ii. 17,
Plutarch (Quaest. Rom. 63), we may perhaps infer de Divin. i. 35, ii. 8, 31, de Nat. Deor. ii. 3, de
that Flaminius raised the money required for these Leg. iii. 9; Val. Max. i. 6. $7; Niebuhr, Leclur.
undertakings by the sale of newly-conquered lands. on the Hist. of Rome, vol. i. p. 180, &c. , ed. L.
In B. c. 218, the tribune, Q. Claudius, brought | Schmitz. )
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## p. 168 (#184) ############################################

168
FLAMMA.
FLAMMA.
2. C. FLAMINIUS, a son of No. 1, was quaestor FLAMMA, ANTOʻNIUS, was banished at
of P. Scipio Africanus the Elder in Spain , B. c. the beginning of Vespasian's reign, A. D. 71. , for
210. Fourteen years later, B. c. 196, he was cu- extortion and cruelty in his government of Cyrene
rule aedile, and distributed among the people a under Nero. (Tac. Hist. iv. 45. ) (W. B. D. )
large quantity of grain at a low price, which was FLAMMA, CALPU'RNIUS, a tribune of the
furnished to him by the Sicilians as a mark of grati- soldiers, who, in the first Punic war, with 300
tude and distinction towards his father and himself. men, extricated a Roman consular army on its
In B. c. 193 he was elected praetor, and obtained march to Camarina, in Sicily, from a defile similar
Hispania Citerior as his province. He took a fresh to the Furcae Crudinae. After the legions were
army with him, and was ordered by the senate to rescued, the body of Flamma was found under a
send the veterans back from Spain ; he was further heap of dead, and although covered with wounds,
authorised to raise soldiers in Spain, and Valerius none of them were mortal, and he survived and
Antias even related that he went to Sicily to enlist seried the republic afterwards. The act is often
troops, and that on his way back he was thrown mentioned by Roman writers, but there is great
by a storm on the coast of Africa. Whether this discrepancy as to its author. Cato (ap. Gel. iii. 7)
is true or not cannot be ascertained ; but when he calls him Q. Caedicius; Claudius Quadrigarius (ib. )
had properly reinforced himself, he carried on a Laberius or Valerius ; but Frontinus (Stratag. iv.
successful war in Spain : he besieged and took the 5. ) mys most named him Calpurnius Flamma. (Liv.
wealthy and fortified town of Litabrum, and made | Epit. xvii, xxii. 60; Plin. H. N. xxii. 6; Oros.
Corribilo, a Spanish chief, his prisoner. In B. c. iv. 8 ; Florus, ii. 2; Aur. Vict. de Vir. III. xxxix. ;
185 he obtained the consulship, together with M. Senec. Epist. 82. )
(W. B. D. )
Aemilius Lepidus, in opposition to whom be de FLAMMA, T. FLAMI'NIUS, a debtor of
fended, at the beginning of the year, M. Fulvius; L. Tullius Montanus, who had become surety for
for the senate assigned the Ligurians as the pro- him to L. Munatius Plancus. The brother-in-law
vince of the two consuls, and Lepidus, dissatisfied, of Montanus bad written to Cicero to beg Plancus
wanted to have the province, of which M. Fulvius to grant indulgence or delay (ad Att. xii. 52), and
had had the administration for the last two years. Cicero frequently requests Atticus (xii. 52 ; xiv.
At last, however, C. Flaminius and Aemilius Lepi. 16, 17; xv. 2) to bring Flamma to a settlement.
dus marched into their province against the Ligu- Writing to his freedman Tiro, Cicero hints at
rians, and Flaminius, after having gained several stronger measures, and desires him to get part of
battles against the Triniates, a Ligurian tribe, re- the debt by the first day of January, B. C. 44.
duced them to submission, and deprived them of Flamma may have been a freedman of the Fla-
their arms. Hereupon he proceeded against the minia gens.
(W. B. D. ]
Apuani, another Ligurian tribe, who bad invaded FLAMMA, L.
VOLU'MNIUS, with the ag-
the territories of Pisa and Bononia. They also nomen VIOLENS, was consul with App. Claudius
were subdued, and peace was thus restored in the Caecus for the first time B. C. 307. He was sent
north of Italy. But to prevent his troops from re- with a consular army against the Sallentines, an
maining idle in their camp, he made them construct Apulian or Japygian people, who dwelt in the heel
a road from Bononia to Arretium, while his col- of Italy, and whom the progress of the Samnite
league made another from Placentia to Ariminum, war had now drawn within the enmity of Rome.
to join the Flaminian road. Strabo (v. p. 217), | According to Livy (ix. 42), Flamma was pros-
who confounds C. Flaminius, the father, with his perous in the field, took several towns by storm,
son, states that the latter made the Flaminian road and made himself very popular with the soldiers
from Rome to Ariminum, and Lepidus from thence by his liberal distribution of the booty. These suc-
to Bononia and Aquileia. But it is highly impro- cesses are, however, very problematical ; since the
bable that the road was continued to Aquileia, be- name of Flamma does not appear in the Fasti
fore this place became a Latin colony, i. e. before Triumphales, and one of the annalists, Piso, omitted
B. c. 181, on which occasion C. Flaminius was one this consulship altogether (Liv. ix. 44). But there
of the triumvirs who conducted the colony thither. is no reason to doubt that Flamma was consul with
(Liv. xxvi. 47, 49, xxxiii. 42, xxxiv. 5t, &c. , App. Claudius in B. c. 296. It was the most
xxxv. 2, 22, xxxviii. 42, &c. , xxxix. 2, 55, xl. 34; critical period of the second Samnite war. Flamnia
Oros. iv. 20; Zonar. ix. 21 ; Val. Max. vi. 6. $ 3. ) was at first stationed on the frontiers of Sampium,
3. C. FLAMINIUS, was praetor in B. c. 66, thé but on the appearance of a Samnite army in the
year in which Cicero was invested with the same heart of Etruria, he was ordered to the relief of his
office. Some years before C. Flaminius had been colleague. Claudius at first resented, but on the
curule aedile, and Cicero had defended D. Matri- representation of his principal officers, finally ac-
nius before the tribunal of C. Flaminius. (Cic. cepted the aid of Flamma. There was, howerer,
pro Cluent. 45, 53. )
no harmony between them; and as soon as their
4. C. FLAMINIUS, a man of Arretium, whither joint armies had repelled the enemy, Flamma re-
he had probably gone with the colonists whom turned by forced marches into Campania. The
Sulla had established there. He is mentioned as Samnites had plundered the Falernian plain, and
one of the accomplices of Catiline. (Sallust, Cat. were returning with their spoils and captives, when
28 and 36, where in one MS. he bears the cogno- Flamma intercepted them on the banks of the
men Flamma. )
[L. S. ] Liris, and rendered their expedition fruitless. For
FLAMMA, prefect of the Caesarian fleet in the relief thus afforded to Rome a thanksgiving
C. Curio's expedition to Africa, B. C. 47. On the was ordered in the name of the consul. Flamma
news of the defeat on the Bagrada (Caes. B. C. ii. presided at the next consular comitia, and at his re-
42), Flamma fied from the camp at Utica with his commendation the people chose Q. Fabius Maximus
division of the fleet without attempting to aid the Rullianus consul for the ensuing year. Flamma re-
fugitives from Curio's army. (Appian, B. C. ii. tained his own command as proconsul for the same
16. )
(W. B. D ] period, the senate and the people both concurring in


## p. 169 (#185) ############################################

FLAVIANUS.
169
FLAVIANUS.
GLE
Caree
B. D. ]
Tith 3
003 Teit
ved and
G. 71)
kurias (6)
1. 6 ; Oros
II. IIII. ;
C. B. D. ]
debter
= surety for
other-in-lav
bez Plexa
XL, 32), and
7. 59;
SIO.
3 settlement
em hists &
P At pard
T, ACH
of the
V. B. D. ]
with the
Epp. Claudias
his re-appointment. Flamma, with the second and nonian legions on their march into Italy; and
fourth legions, invaded Samnium ; but there is during the siege or blockade of Verona, a false
great likelihood in Niebuhr's conjecture (Hist. of alarm having caused the smothered suspicions of
Rome, vol. iž. p. 379), that he was again called the soldiery to break out, a tumultuous body of
into Etruria, where the brunt of the war was, them demanded his death. His abject entreaties
and that he took part in the battle of Sentinum, for life they interpreted as the mark of conscious
Bc. 295.
He married Virginia, daughter of treachery; but he was rescued by the intervention
A. Virginius, who consecrated a chapel and altar of Antonius Primus, the most influential general of
to Plebeian Chastity. (VIRGINIA. ) (Liv. x. 15, the troops of Vespasian, and was sent off in cus-
&c. )
(W. B. D. ] tody the same evening to meet Vespasian, but be-
FLAVIA CONSTA'NTIA. [CONSTANTIA. ] fore he reached him received letters from him re-
FLAVIA CONSTANTI'NA. [CONSTAN- lieving him from all danger of punishment. (Tac.
TINA. )
Hist. ii. 86, iji. 4, 10. )
FLA'VIA GENS, plebeian. Members of it are 2. FLAVIANUS, one of the praefects of the pre-
mentioned in Roman history only during the last torium under Alexander Severus. He was ap-
three centuries before the Christian era. It seems to pointed to the office on the accession of Alexander,
have been of Sabine origin, and may have been con- in conjunction with Chrestus (a. D. 222). They
nected with the Flavii that occur at Reate in the first were both men of military and administrative abi-
century after Christ, and to whom the emperor Ves lity; but the appointment of Ulpian nominally as
pasian belonged. But the name Flavius occurs also their colleague, but really as their superior, having
in other countries of Italy, as Etruria and Lucania led to conspiracies on the part of the praetorian
During the later period of the Roman empire, the soldiers against Ulpian, Flavian and Chrestus were
name Flavius descended from one emperor to an- deposed and executed, and Ulpian made sole prae-
other, Constantius, the father of Constantine the fect. The year of their death is not ascertained,
Great, being the first in the series. The cognomens but it was not long before that of Ulpian himself,
that occur in the Flavia gens during the repub which took place at latest A. D. 228. (Dion Cass.
lic are FIMBRIA, GALLUS, LUCANUS, and Pu- lxxx. 2; Zosim. i. 11; Zonar. xii. 15. )
[L. S. ) 3. ULPIUS FLAVIANUS, consular of the provinces
of Aemilia and Liguria, in Italy, under Constan-
tine the Great, A. D. 323. (Cod. Theodos. 11. tit.
16. 8. 2; Gothofred. Prosop. Cod. Theod. )
4. Proconsul of Africa, apparently under Con-
stantius, son of Constantine the Great, A. D. 357-
61. It is probable that this is the proconsul
ROMA
Flavian, to whom some of the rhetorical exercises
of the sophist Himerius are addressed ; though
Fabricius supposes the Flavian of Himerius to be
FLAVIA DOMITILLA. [DOMITILLA. ] No. 7. (Cod. Theod. 8. tit. 5. s. 10, 11. tit. 36.
FLA'VIA TITIA'NA. [TITIANA. )
8. 14, 15. tit. 1. s. 1; Gothofred. Prosop. Cod.
FLAVIA'NUS. This name, of comparatively Theod. ; Himerius, ap.