293-4, and married
boundaries
and the walls of Antioch, and conferred
A.
A.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
82.
) Indeed Eudemus followed to consist of five bones (Galen, de Usu Part.
ii.
8,
the Aristotelian system so closely, that modern vol. iii. p. 203), on which point Galen differed from
scholars, as Brandis for instance, do not hesitate to him, but modern anatomists agree with him. He,
ascribe to Eudemus some writings which are however, fell into the error of supposing the acro-
generally attributed to Aristotle. (Brandis, in mion to be a distinct and separate bone. (Rufus
Rhein. Muscum, i. 4. pp. 283, 284. ) Aristotle Ephes. de Appell. Part. Corp. Hum. p. 29. )
died in his 63rd year, without having pub- 3. A physician at Rome, who was the paramour
lished even half of his writings ; and the business of Livia (or Livilla), the wife of Drusus Caesar,
of arranging and publishing his literary relics de the son of the emperor Tiberius, and who joined
volved upon his nearest friends and disciples. her and Sejanus in their plot for poisoning her
Simplicius has preserved a passage of the work of busband, a. D. 23. (Plin. II. N. xxix. 8; Tac.
Andronicus of Rhodes on Aristotle and his writings, Ann. iv. 3. ) He was afterwards put to the tor-
which contains a fragment of a letter of Eudemus, ture. (Tac. ibid. c. 11. ) He is supposed to be the
which he wrote to Theophrastus, asking for an same person who is said by Caelius Aurelianus
accurate copy of a manuscript of the fifth book of (de Morb. Acut. ii. 38, p. 171) to have been one
the Aristotelian Physics. . (Simplic. ad Arist. of the followers of Themison, and whose medical
Phys. fol. 216, a. , lin. 7. ) In the same manner observations on hydrophobia and some other dis-
the Aristotelian Metaphysics in their present form eases are quoted by him. He appears to be the
seem to have been composed by Eudemus or his same physician who is mentioned by Galen (de
successors ; for we learn from Asclepius of Tralles. Meth. Med. i. 7. vol. x. p. 53) among several others
(ASCLEPIUS), who has preserved many valuable as belonging to the sect of the Methodici.
notices from the works of the more ancient com- 4. A contemporary and personal acquaintance
mentators, that Aristotle committed his manuscript of Galen, in the latter part of the second century
of the Metaphysics to Eudemus, by which the after Christ. (Galen, de Meth. Med. vi. 6. vol. x.
publication of the work was delayed; that on the p. 454. )
death of Aristotle some parts of the manuscript 5. The name is also found in Galen, de Compos.
were niissing, and that these had to be completed Medic. sec. Locos, ix. 5, vol. xiii
. p. 291, de Antid.
from the other writings of Aristotle by the sur- ii. 14, vol. xiv. p. 185; Athen. ix. pp. 369, 371;
vivors of Aristotle (où ketayevéotepoi). (Ascle- Cramer's Anecd. Grueca Paris, vol. iii. , and in
pius, Prooem. in Aristot. Metaph. libr. A. p. 519, in other places.
(W. A. G. )
Brandis, Schol. p. 589. ) That we are indebted to EU'DICUS (EVSIKOS), a Thessalian of Larissa,
Eudemus and his followers for the preservation of probably one of the family of the Aleuadae. Like
this inestimable work may also be inferred from most of his house, he was a devoted adherent of
the fact, that Joannes Philoponus states that Philip of Macedon, and in B. C. 344 aided him in
Pasicrates (or Pasicles) of Rhodus, brother of Eu- effecting the division of Thessaly into four tetrar-
demus and likewise a disciple of Aristotle, was, chies, at the head of one of which he was himself
according to the opinion of soine ancient critics, the placed. Demosthenes stigmatizes him as a traitor
author of the second book of the Metaphysics (the to his country. The division above named bad
book á). (Fabric. Bill. Graec. vol. iii. p. 256 ; the effect of reducing Thessaly entirely under the
Syrian. ad Aristol. Metaph. B. p. 17; Alexand. controul of Philip. (Dem. de Coron. p. 2+1; Har-
Aphrodis. pp. 55, 82, a Sophist
. Elench. ii. p. 69, pocrat. 8. v. Eŭdikos; Buttmann, Mythologus, vol.
ed. Venet. 1529. )
ii. p. 288, &c. ; Böckh, Erplic. ad Pund. Pyth. x.
For the Ethics of Aristotle we are also probably p. 333. )
(C. P. M. ]
indebted more or less to Eudemus. We have, EUDICIUS, magister scriniorum, one of the
under the name of Ethics, three works ascribed to first commission of Nine, appointed by Theodosiiis
Aristotle of very unequal value and quality. in a. D. 429 to compile a code upon a plan which
(ARISTOTELES, pp. 330, 331. ) One of these was afterwards abandoned for another. (Dodo-
bears even the name of Eudemus ( 'Houd Econuera), ) Rus, vol. i. p. 1018. ]
(J. T. G]
. 6. p. 765; and the
i. 25. )
ary and disciple of
ulars of his lite ; bet
ortant of Aristotle's
erted from the adeo
re Eudemo must be
according to which
ere the only disciples
esteemed sortato
: his death. Sipas
graphy of Endemos,
ne Damas or lama
5. vi. 216. ) Enderas
disciples of Aristide
laster, and the pris
as to correct, amplift
d philosophy. 1153
as we learn from the
tle's writings were su
ose of other autas
p
i
## p. 78 (#94) ##############################################
78
EUDOCIA.
EUDOCIA.
EUDO'CIA (Eudoxia), the name of several By- / but at Constantinople (comp. Socrates, ITist. Eccles,
zantine princesses.
vii. 44; Niceph. Call
. I list. xiv. 23; Marcellin. Chron,
1. AUGUSTA, wife of the emperor Theodosius Aetio 11 et Susisvuldo Cuss), in the year 436 or 437,
11. She was the daughter of the sophist Leon- most likely the latter. In 438, Eudocia set out
tius, or Leon, or, as he is called in the Paschal for Jerusalem, in discharge of a vow which she
Chronicle, Heracleitus of Athens, where she was had made to visit the holy places" on occasion of
born. The year of her birth is doubtful. Nice her daughter's marriage ; and returned the year
phorus Callisti, who has given the fullest account following to Constantinople, bringing with her the
of her, states (xiv. 50) that she died in the reputed relics of Stephen the proto-martyr. It was
fourth ycar of the emperor Leo, which corresponds probably in this journey that she visited Antioch,
to a. D. 460-61, aged sixty-seven; and that addressed the people of that city, and was honoured
she was in her twentieth year when she mar- by them with a statue of brass, as related by Eva-
ried Theodosius. According to this statement, grius. At her persunsion Theodosius enlarged the
she must have been born a. D.
293-4, and married boundaries and the walls of Antioch, and conferred
A. D. 413-14. But the age of Thcodosius (bom other marks of favour on that city. She had re-
A. D. 40)) leads us to prefer, for the marriage, the ceived the title of Augusta A. D. 423.
date given by the Paschal or Alexandrian Chroni- Hitherio it is probable that Eudocia had inter-
cle and by Marcellinus (Chron. ), viz. the consulship fered but little with the influence exercised by
of Eustathius and Agricola, A. D. 421. We must Pulcheria in public affairs. Nicephorus says, she
then give up the calculation of Nicephorus as to lived twenty nine years in the palace, “submitting
the time of her death, or as to her age at that time to (umú) Pulcherin as mother and Augusta. " As
or at her marriage. Possibly she came to Con- Nicephorus places Eudocia's marriage in 413-14,
stantinople in her twentieth year, in 413-14, but he makes 412-43 the period of the termination
was not married till 421. She was called originally of Pulcherin's administration. He states, that
Athenais, and having excellent natural abilities, Eudocia's administration lasted for seven years,
was educated by her father and by the gramma- which brings us to 449-50 as the date of her last
rians Hyperechius and Orion in every branch of journey to Jerusalem, a date which, from other
science and learning then cultivated. She was circumstances, appears to be correct.
familiar with Greek and Latin literature, rhetoric, During the seven years of her administration, in
astronomy, geometry, and the science of arithmetic. A. D. 444, according to the Paschal Chronicle, but
She was also eminent for her beauty ; and in con- later according to Theophanes, occurred the incident
sideration of these advantages, natural and acquired, which was the first step to her downfall. An apple
her father at his death left her no share in his of remarkable size and beauty had been brought to
property, all of which he bequeathed to her two Constantinople, which the emperor purchased and
brothers Valerius and Aetius, called Genesius by presented to his wife. She sent it to Paulinus,
Zonaras, or Gesius in the Paschal Chronicle, say- the magister officior. , who was then confined by
ing that her good fortune and the fruits of her a fit of the gout; and Paulinus, deeming it a suit-
education would be a sufficient inheritance, able offering, sent it to the emperor. Theodosius
From dissatisfaction either at this arrangement, recognized it as the one which he had given to
or at some wrong she had suffered, Athenais went Eudocia ; and, without mentioning the reason to
to Constantinople to appeal against her brothers ; her, enquired what she had done with it. She,
and Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius, who managed apprehensive of his displeasure at having parted
alike him and his empire, fixed on her as a suitable with his gift, replied that she had eaten it, and
wife for him. Athenais was a heathen; but her confirmed her assertion by an oath. This falsehood
heathenism yielded to the arguments or persuasions increased the emperor's suspicions that Eudocia
of Pulcheria and of Atticus, patriarch of Constanti- regarded Paulinus with undue affection; and he
nople, by whom she was baptized, receiving at her banished him to Cappadocia, where he was either
baptism the name of Eudocia, and being adopted then or afterwards put to death. Marcellinus
in that ordinance by Pulcheria as a daughter - an places his death in the fifth consulship of Valentinian
expression apparently indicating that she had that A. D. 440; but we prefer the statement of Nice-
princess for a sponsor. The date of her marriage phorus, that his banishment was after 442-3, and
(A. D. 421), given by Marcellinus and the Paschal are disposed to place his death in a. D. 449-50.
Chronicle, is probably correct, though Theophanes Eudocin, however, soothed for a time the jealousy
places it one if not two years earlier.
of her husband, but it was not eradicated, as sub-
Most historians mention only one child of this sequent events shewed. Gibbon rejects the whole
union, Eudoxia, who, according to Marcellinus, was story of the apple “ as fit only for the Arabian
bom in the thirteenth consulship of Honorius, Nights ;” but his scepticism appears unreasonable.
and the tenth of Theodosius, i. e. A. D. 422, The quarrels of the ecclesiastics were the imme
and betrothed, in the consulship of Victor and diate occasion of her downfall. Chrysaphius, the
Castinus, A. D. 424, to her cousin Valentinian, eunuch and head chamberlain, a supporter of the
afterwards emperor of the West as Valentinian monk Eutyches, wished to procure the deposition
III. Tillemont thinks there are notices which of Flavian, patriarch of Constantinople, who had
seem to shew that there was a son, Arcadius, but just been elected, A. D. 447. Chrysaphius, finding
he must have died young. Marcellinus mentions that Flavian was supported by Pulcheria, who,
another danghter of the emperor Theodosius, and though no longer directing the government, retained
therefore (if legitimate) of Eudocia also, Flacilla; considerable influence, applied to Eudocia, whom
but Tillemont suspects that Marcellinus speaks of a he reminded of the grierances she had sustained
sister of Theodosius so named. Flacilla died in the “on Pulcheria's account. " Eudocia, after a long
consulship of Antiochus and Bassus, A. D. 431. continued effort, at last succeeded in alienating her
The marriage of Valentinian with Eudoxia was husband from his sister. Pulcheria was forbidden
celebrated, not, as at first appointed, at Thessalonica, | the court, and retired from Constantinople; and in
a
## p. 79 (#95) ##############################################
79
EUDOCIA.
EUDOCIA.
the second or pseudo-council of Ephesus (A. D. 449), ) of Endocia were, is not clear. We rend only of
known as “the council of robbers" (H Anotpunń), two, Eudoxia, now in captivity, and Flacilla, long
Flavian was deposed, and so roughly treated by since dead. If the letters were from the captive
the assembled prelates, that he died of their rio princesses, we must understand daughters in the
lence a few days after. But Theodosius was soon more extended sense of female descendants. These
led to take up the cause of the murdered patriarch. letters and the conversations which Eudncia held
He banished Chrysaphius, and stripped him of all with Symeon the Stylite, and Euthymius, an emi-
his possessions; and shewed his anger with Eudocia nent monk of Jerusalem, determined her to re-
by reviving the quarrel about the apple ; so that nounce Eutychianisin ; and her conversion led
she begged and obtained permission to retire to many others to follow her example; but it is ho-
Jerusalem. Pulcheria was recalled, and resumed nourable to her that she continued her gratuities
the now vacant management of affairs, which she to those who retained as well as to those who re-
retained during the short remainder of the reign of nounced these opinions. She died at Jerusalem in
Theodosius and that of her husband Marcian, who the fourth year of the reign of Lco I. A. D. 460-61,
Bucceeded him.
and was buried in the church of St. Stephen, which
Eudocia might possibly have been reconciled to she herself had built. Theophanes places her death
her husband, but for an event recorded by Mar- in A. M. 5947 Alex. era (A. D. 455), but this is too
cellinus, which rendered the breach irreparable. early. Her age has been already noticed. She
Saturninus, who held the office of comes domesti- solemnly declared at her death that she was free
corum, being sent for the purpose by Theodosius, from any guilty connexion with Paulinus.
on what account is not stated, but probably through Eudocia was an author. She wrotem. A poem
jealousy, slew two ecclesiastics, Severus, a priest, on the victory outained by the troops of her husbund
and Johannes or John, a deacon, who were in the Theodosius over the Persians, A. D. 421 or 422.
service of Eudocia Jerusalem. She, enraged, This was in heroic verse, and is mentioned by
put Saturninus to death, and was in return stripped Socrates. (Hist
. Eccles. vii. 21. ) 2. A paraphrase
of the state and retinue of empress, which she had of the Octateuch, also in heroic verse. Photius de-
been hitherto allowed to retain. Marcellinus scribes it as consisting of eight books, according to
places these sad events in the eighteenth consulship the division of that part of Scripture which it em-
of Theodosius, A. D. 444 ; but this date is alto- braced ; and says it was well and perspicuously
gether inconsistent with the facts mentioned by written, and conformable to the laws of the poetic
Nicephorus. Theophanes placed them in a. M. art; but that the writer had not allowed herself
5942, Alex. era (A. D. 450), which is probably the poetic licences of digression and of mingling
correct; if so, it must have been before the death fiction with truth, having kept very close to the
of Theodosius, which took place in that year. sense of the sacred books
3. A paraphrase of the
Eudocia spent the rest of her life in the Holy Prophecies of Daniel and Zechariah, in the same
Land, devoting herself to works of piety and measure. 4. A poem, in the same measure and in
charity. She repaired the walls of Jerusalem, three books, on the history and martyrdom of Cy.
conversed much with ecclesiastics, built monaste- prian and Justina, who suffered in the persecution
teries and hospitals, and a church in honour of the under Diocletian. Photius gives a pretty full ac-
proto-martyr Stephen on the spot where he was
count of this poem. 5. Zonaras and Joannes
said to have been stoned ; enriched existing churches Tzetzes ascribe to Eudocia Homero-Centones; and
with valuable offerings, and bestowed great sums a poem under that title, composed of verses and
in charity on the priests and the poor. But she parts of verses from Homer, and having for its
was, for some years, obnoxious to the imputation subject the history of the fall and of the redemp-
of heresy. The opinion of Eutyches on the union tion of man by Jesus Christ, has been repeatedly
of the two natures in Christ, which she held, and published, both in the original and in a Latin ver-
which had triumphed in the council of robbers," sion. In one edition, it is said to be by Eudocia
at Ephesus (A. D. 449), was condemned in another Augusta, or Patricius Pelagius. The genuineness
council held at Chalcedon (A. D. 451), soon after of this work is, however, very disputable, and eren
the death of Theodosius. The decrees of this the fact of Eudocia having erer written anything
latter council Eudocia for some years rejected. of the kind, is not quite clear,
When, however, she heard of the captivity of her (Socrates, Hist. Eccles. vii. 21 ; Evagrius, Hist.
daughter Eudoxia (Eudoxia), whom, with her Eccles. i. 20, 21, 22; Nicephorus Callisti, Hist.
two daughters, Genseric, king of the Vandals, had Eccles. xiv. 23, 47, 49, 50; Zonaras, Annales, vol.
carried into Africa (A. D. 455), she sought to be iii. p. 34-37, ed. Basil. 1557; Marcellinus, Chro
reconciled to Pulcheria, that she might interest her nicon ; Chronicon Alexandrinum sive Paschale; Jo-
and her husband, the emperor Marcian, in behalf annes Malalas, Chronographic, lib. xiv. ; Theo-
of the captives. By the intervention of Olybrius, phanes, Chronographia, ab A. M. 5911 ad 5947,
to whom one of the captive princesses was betroth. Alex. era ; Joannes Tzetzes, Historiar. Variar
ed, and of Valerius, the reconciliation was effected; Chilias. X Hist. 306; Cedrenus, Compendium, p. 590
and Pulcheria anxiously sought to restore Eudocia -9), ed. Bonn; Michael Glycas, Annales, pars iv
to the communion of the church. She engaged her pp. 484-5, ed. Bonn; Photius, Biblioth. codd. 183,
brothers and daughters (according to Nicephorus) 184; Tillemont, Hist. des Emp. vol. vi. ; Gibbon,
to write to her for this purpose : from which it Decl. and Fall. ch. xxxii. ; Cave, Hist. Lit. vol. i.
may be gathered that the brothers of Eudocia had p. 403, ed. Oxford, 1740-43; Oudin, De Scriptor.
become Christians, and were still living. According Eccles. vol. i. p. 1258; Fabric. Bibl. Gracc. vol.
to the Paschal Chronicle, they had been advanced | i. p. 552, &c. , vol. x. p. 730, &c. )
to high offices, Aëtius or Gesius in the provinces, 2. Daughter of Valentinian III. and of Eudoxin
and Valerius at court. Possibly the Valerius who daughter of Theodosius II. , and consequently
had been one of the mediators between the prin grand-daughter of the subject of the preceding
cesses, was one of them. Who “ the daughters," | article. She was carried captive to Carthage by
## p. 80 (#96) ##############################################
80
EUDOCIA.
the Aristotelian system so closely, that modern vol. iii. p. 203), on which point Galen differed from
scholars, as Brandis for instance, do not hesitate to him, but modern anatomists agree with him. He,
ascribe to Eudemus some writings which are however, fell into the error of supposing the acro-
generally attributed to Aristotle. (Brandis, in mion to be a distinct and separate bone. (Rufus
Rhein. Muscum, i. 4. pp. 283, 284. ) Aristotle Ephes. de Appell. Part. Corp. Hum. p. 29. )
died in his 63rd year, without having pub- 3. A physician at Rome, who was the paramour
lished even half of his writings ; and the business of Livia (or Livilla), the wife of Drusus Caesar,
of arranging and publishing his literary relics de the son of the emperor Tiberius, and who joined
volved upon his nearest friends and disciples. her and Sejanus in their plot for poisoning her
Simplicius has preserved a passage of the work of busband, a. D. 23. (Plin. II. N. xxix. 8; Tac.
Andronicus of Rhodes on Aristotle and his writings, Ann. iv. 3. ) He was afterwards put to the tor-
which contains a fragment of a letter of Eudemus, ture. (Tac. ibid. c. 11. ) He is supposed to be the
which he wrote to Theophrastus, asking for an same person who is said by Caelius Aurelianus
accurate copy of a manuscript of the fifth book of (de Morb. Acut. ii. 38, p. 171) to have been one
the Aristotelian Physics. . (Simplic. ad Arist. of the followers of Themison, and whose medical
Phys. fol. 216, a. , lin. 7. ) In the same manner observations on hydrophobia and some other dis-
the Aristotelian Metaphysics in their present form eases are quoted by him. He appears to be the
seem to have been composed by Eudemus or his same physician who is mentioned by Galen (de
successors ; for we learn from Asclepius of Tralles. Meth. Med. i. 7. vol. x. p. 53) among several others
(ASCLEPIUS), who has preserved many valuable as belonging to the sect of the Methodici.
notices from the works of the more ancient com- 4. A contemporary and personal acquaintance
mentators, that Aristotle committed his manuscript of Galen, in the latter part of the second century
of the Metaphysics to Eudemus, by which the after Christ. (Galen, de Meth. Med. vi. 6. vol. x.
publication of the work was delayed; that on the p. 454. )
death of Aristotle some parts of the manuscript 5. The name is also found in Galen, de Compos.
were niissing, and that these had to be completed Medic. sec. Locos, ix. 5, vol. xiii
. p. 291, de Antid.
from the other writings of Aristotle by the sur- ii. 14, vol. xiv. p. 185; Athen. ix. pp. 369, 371;
vivors of Aristotle (où ketayevéotepoi). (Ascle- Cramer's Anecd. Grueca Paris, vol. iii. , and in
pius, Prooem. in Aristot. Metaph. libr. A. p. 519, in other places.
(W. A. G. )
Brandis, Schol. p. 589. ) That we are indebted to EU'DICUS (EVSIKOS), a Thessalian of Larissa,
Eudemus and his followers for the preservation of probably one of the family of the Aleuadae. Like
this inestimable work may also be inferred from most of his house, he was a devoted adherent of
the fact, that Joannes Philoponus states that Philip of Macedon, and in B. C. 344 aided him in
Pasicrates (or Pasicles) of Rhodus, brother of Eu- effecting the division of Thessaly into four tetrar-
demus and likewise a disciple of Aristotle, was, chies, at the head of one of which he was himself
according to the opinion of soine ancient critics, the placed. Demosthenes stigmatizes him as a traitor
author of the second book of the Metaphysics (the to his country. The division above named bad
book á). (Fabric. Bill. Graec. vol. iii. p. 256 ; the effect of reducing Thessaly entirely under the
Syrian. ad Aristol. Metaph. B. p. 17; Alexand. controul of Philip. (Dem. de Coron. p. 2+1; Har-
Aphrodis. pp. 55, 82, a Sophist
. Elench. ii. p. 69, pocrat. 8. v. Eŭdikos; Buttmann, Mythologus, vol.
ed. Venet. 1529. )
ii. p. 288, &c. ; Böckh, Erplic. ad Pund. Pyth. x.
For the Ethics of Aristotle we are also probably p. 333. )
(C. P. M. ]
indebted more or less to Eudemus. We have, EUDICIUS, magister scriniorum, one of the
under the name of Ethics, three works ascribed to first commission of Nine, appointed by Theodosiiis
Aristotle of very unequal value and quality. in a. D. 429 to compile a code upon a plan which
(ARISTOTELES, pp. 330, 331. ) One of these was afterwards abandoned for another. (Dodo-
bears even the name of Eudemus ( 'Houd Econuera), ) Rus, vol. i. p. 1018. ]
(J. T. G]
. 6. p. 765; and the
i. 25. )
ary and disciple of
ulars of his lite ; bet
ortant of Aristotle's
erted from the adeo
re Eudemo must be
according to which
ere the only disciples
esteemed sortato
: his death. Sipas
graphy of Endemos,
ne Damas or lama
5. vi. 216. ) Enderas
disciples of Aristide
laster, and the pris
as to correct, amplift
d philosophy. 1153
as we learn from the
tle's writings were su
ose of other autas
p
i
## p. 78 (#94) ##############################################
78
EUDOCIA.
EUDOCIA.
EUDO'CIA (Eudoxia), the name of several By- / but at Constantinople (comp. Socrates, ITist. Eccles,
zantine princesses.
vii. 44; Niceph. Call
. I list. xiv. 23; Marcellin. Chron,
1. AUGUSTA, wife of the emperor Theodosius Aetio 11 et Susisvuldo Cuss), in the year 436 or 437,
11. She was the daughter of the sophist Leon- most likely the latter. In 438, Eudocia set out
tius, or Leon, or, as he is called in the Paschal for Jerusalem, in discharge of a vow which she
Chronicle, Heracleitus of Athens, where she was had made to visit the holy places" on occasion of
born. The year of her birth is doubtful. Nice her daughter's marriage ; and returned the year
phorus Callisti, who has given the fullest account following to Constantinople, bringing with her the
of her, states (xiv. 50) that she died in the reputed relics of Stephen the proto-martyr. It was
fourth ycar of the emperor Leo, which corresponds probably in this journey that she visited Antioch,
to a. D. 460-61, aged sixty-seven; and that addressed the people of that city, and was honoured
she was in her twentieth year when she mar- by them with a statue of brass, as related by Eva-
ried Theodosius. According to this statement, grius. At her persunsion Theodosius enlarged the
she must have been born a. D.
293-4, and married boundaries and the walls of Antioch, and conferred
A. D. 413-14. But the age of Thcodosius (bom other marks of favour on that city. She had re-
A. D. 40)) leads us to prefer, for the marriage, the ceived the title of Augusta A. D. 423.
date given by the Paschal or Alexandrian Chroni- Hitherio it is probable that Eudocia had inter-
cle and by Marcellinus (Chron. ), viz. the consulship fered but little with the influence exercised by
of Eustathius and Agricola, A. D. 421. We must Pulcheria in public affairs. Nicephorus says, she
then give up the calculation of Nicephorus as to lived twenty nine years in the palace, “submitting
the time of her death, or as to her age at that time to (umú) Pulcherin as mother and Augusta. " As
or at her marriage. Possibly she came to Con- Nicephorus places Eudocia's marriage in 413-14,
stantinople in her twentieth year, in 413-14, but he makes 412-43 the period of the termination
was not married till 421. She was called originally of Pulcherin's administration. He states, that
Athenais, and having excellent natural abilities, Eudocia's administration lasted for seven years,
was educated by her father and by the gramma- which brings us to 449-50 as the date of her last
rians Hyperechius and Orion in every branch of journey to Jerusalem, a date which, from other
science and learning then cultivated. She was circumstances, appears to be correct.
familiar with Greek and Latin literature, rhetoric, During the seven years of her administration, in
astronomy, geometry, and the science of arithmetic. A. D. 444, according to the Paschal Chronicle, but
She was also eminent for her beauty ; and in con- later according to Theophanes, occurred the incident
sideration of these advantages, natural and acquired, which was the first step to her downfall. An apple
her father at his death left her no share in his of remarkable size and beauty had been brought to
property, all of which he bequeathed to her two Constantinople, which the emperor purchased and
brothers Valerius and Aetius, called Genesius by presented to his wife. She sent it to Paulinus,
Zonaras, or Gesius in the Paschal Chronicle, say- the magister officior. , who was then confined by
ing that her good fortune and the fruits of her a fit of the gout; and Paulinus, deeming it a suit-
education would be a sufficient inheritance, able offering, sent it to the emperor. Theodosius
From dissatisfaction either at this arrangement, recognized it as the one which he had given to
or at some wrong she had suffered, Athenais went Eudocia ; and, without mentioning the reason to
to Constantinople to appeal against her brothers ; her, enquired what she had done with it. She,
and Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius, who managed apprehensive of his displeasure at having parted
alike him and his empire, fixed on her as a suitable with his gift, replied that she had eaten it, and
wife for him. Athenais was a heathen; but her confirmed her assertion by an oath. This falsehood
heathenism yielded to the arguments or persuasions increased the emperor's suspicions that Eudocia
of Pulcheria and of Atticus, patriarch of Constanti- regarded Paulinus with undue affection; and he
nople, by whom she was baptized, receiving at her banished him to Cappadocia, where he was either
baptism the name of Eudocia, and being adopted then or afterwards put to death. Marcellinus
in that ordinance by Pulcheria as a daughter - an places his death in the fifth consulship of Valentinian
expression apparently indicating that she had that A. D. 440; but we prefer the statement of Nice-
princess for a sponsor. The date of her marriage phorus, that his banishment was after 442-3, and
(A. D. 421), given by Marcellinus and the Paschal are disposed to place his death in a. D. 449-50.
Chronicle, is probably correct, though Theophanes Eudocin, however, soothed for a time the jealousy
places it one if not two years earlier.
of her husband, but it was not eradicated, as sub-
Most historians mention only one child of this sequent events shewed. Gibbon rejects the whole
union, Eudoxia, who, according to Marcellinus, was story of the apple “ as fit only for the Arabian
bom in the thirteenth consulship of Honorius, Nights ;” but his scepticism appears unreasonable.
and the tenth of Theodosius, i. e. A. D. 422, The quarrels of the ecclesiastics were the imme
and betrothed, in the consulship of Victor and diate occasion of her downfall. Chrysaphius, the
Castinus, A. D. 424, to her cousin Valentinian, eunuch and head chamberlain, a supporter of the
afterwards emperor of the West as Valentinian monk Eutyches, wished to procure the deposition
III. Tillemont thinks there are notices which of Flavian, patriarch of Constantinople, who had
seem to shew that there was a son, Arcadius, but just been elected, A. D. 447. Chrysaphius, finding
he must have died young. Marcellinus mentions that Flavian was supported by Pulcheria, who,
another danghter of the emperor Theodosius, and though no longer directing the government, retained
therefore (if legitimate) of Eudocia also, Flacilla; considerable influence, applied to Eudocia, whom
but Tillemont suspects that Marcellinus speaks of a he reminded of the grierances she had sustained
sister of Theodosius so named. Flacilla died in the “on Pulcheria's account. " Eudocia, after a long
consulship of Antiochus and Bassus, A. D. 431. continued effort, at last succeeded in alienating her
The marriage of Valentinian with Eudoxia was husband from his sister. Pulcheria was forbidden
celebrated, not, as at first appointed, at Thessalonica, | the court, and retired from Constantinople; and in
a
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79
EUDOCIA.
EUDOCIA.
the second or pseudo-council of Ephesus (A. D. 449), ) of Endocia were, is not clear. We rend only of
known as “the council of robbers" (H Anotpunń), two, Eudoxia, now in captivity, and Flacilla, long
Flavian was deposed, and so roughly treated by since dead. If the letters were from the captive
the assembled prelates, that he died of their rio princesses, we must understand daughters in the
lence a few days after. But Theodosius was soon more extended sense of female descendants. These
led to take up the cause of the murdered patriarch. letters and the conversations which Eudncia held
He banished Chrysaphius, and stripped him of all with Symeon the Stylite, and Euthymius, an emi-
his possessions; and shewed his anger with Eudocia nent monk of Jerusalem, determined her to re-
by reviving the quarrel about the apple ; so that nounce Eutychianisin ; and her conversion led
she begged and obtained permission to retire to many others to follow her example; but it is ho-
Jerusalem. Pulcheria was recalled, and resumed nourable to her that she continued her gratuities
the now vacant management of affairs, which she to those who retained as well as to those who re-
retained during the short remainder of the reign of nounced these opinions. She died at Jerusalem in
Theodosius and that of her husband Marcian, who the fourth year of the reign of Lco I. A. D. 460-61,
Bucceeded him.
and was buried in the church of St. Stephen, which
Eudocia might possibly have been reconciled to she herself had built. Theophanes places her death
her husband, but for an event recorded by Mar- in A. M. 5947 Alex. era (A. D. 455), but this is too
cellinus, which rendered the breach irreparable. early. Her age has been already noticed. She
Saturninus, who held the office of comes domesti- solemnly declared at her death that she was free
corum, being sent for the purpose by Theodosius, from any guilty connexion with Paulinus.
on what account is not stated, but probably through Eudocia was an author. She wrotem. A poem
jealousy, slew two ecclesiastics, Severus, a priest, on the victory outained by the troops of her husbund
and Johannes or John, a deacon, who were in the Theodosius over the Persians, A. D. 421 or 422.
service of Eudocia Jerusalem. She, enraged, This was in heroic verse, and is mentioned by
put Saturninus to death, and was in return stripped Socrates. (Hist
. Eccles. vii. 21. ) 2. A paraphrase
of the state and retinue of empress, which she had of the Octateuch, also in heroic verse. Photius de-
been hitherto allowed to retain. Marcellinus scribes it as consisting of eight books, according to
places these sad events in the eighteenth consulship the division of that part of Scripture which it em-
of Theodosius, A. D. 444 ; but this date is alto- braced ; and says it was well and perspicuously
gether inconsistent with the facts mentioned by written, and conformable to the laws of the poetic
Nicephorus. Theophanes placed them in a. M. art; but that the writer had not allowed herself
5942, Alex. era (A. D. 450), which is probably the poetic licences of digression and of mingling
correct; if so, it must have been before the death fiction with truth, having kept very close to the
of Theodosius, which took place in that year. sense of the sacred books
3. A paraphrase of the
Eudocia spent the rest of her life in the Holy Prophecies of Daniel and Zechariah, in the same
Land, devoting herself to works of piety and measure. 4. A poem, in the same measure and in
charity. She repaired the walls of Jerusalem, three books, on the history and martyrdom of Cy.
conversed much with ecclesiastics, built monaste- prian and Justina, who suffered in the persecution
teries and hospitals, and a church in honour of the under Diocletian. Photius gives a pretty full ac-
proto-martyr Stephen on the spot where he was
count of this poem. 5. Zonaras and Joannes
said to have been stoned ; enriched existing churches Tzetzes ascribe to Eudocia Homero-Centones; and
with valuable offerings, and bestowed great sums a poem under that title, composed of verses and
in charity on the priests and the poor. But she parts of verses from Homer, and having for its
was, for some years, obnoxious to the imputation subject the history of the fall and of the redemp-
of heresy. The opinion of Eutyches on the union tion of man by Jesus Christ, has been repeatedly
of the two natures in Christ, which she held, and published, both in the original and in a Latin ver-
which had triumphed in the council of robbers," sion. In one edition, it is said to be by Eudocia
at Ephesus (A. D. 449), was condemned in another Augusta, or Patricius Pelagius. The genuineness
council held at Chalcedon (A. D. 451), soon after of this work is, however, very disputable, and eren
the death of Theodosius. The decrees of this the fact of Eudocia having erer written anything
latter council Eudocia for some years rejected. of the kind, is not quite clear,
When, however, she heard of the captivity of her (Socrates, Hist. Eccles. vii. 21 ; Evagrius, Hist.
daughter Eudoxia (Eudoxia), whom, with her Eccles. i. 20, 21, 22; Nicephorus Callisti, Hist.
two daughters, Genseric, king of the Vandals, had Eccles. xiv. 23, 47, 49, 50; Zonaras, Annales, vol.
carried into Africa (A. D. 455), she sought to be iii. p. 34-37, ed. Basil. 1557; Marcellinus, Chro
reconciled to Pulcheria, that she might interest her nicon ; Chronicon Alexandrinum sive Paschale; Jo-
and her husband, the emperor Marcian, in behalf annes Malalas, Chronographic, lib. xiv. ; Theo-
of the captives. By the intervention of Olybrius, phanes, Chronographia, ab A. M. 5911 ad 5947,
to whom one of the captive princesses was betroth. Alex. era ; Joannes Tzetzes, Historiar. Variar
ed, and of Valerius, the reconciliation was effected; Chilias. X Hist. 306; Cedrenus, Compendium, p. 590
and Pulcheria anxiously sought to restore Eudocia -9), ed. Bonn; Michael Glycas, Annales, pars iv
to the communion of the church. She engaged her pp. 484-5, ed. Bonn; Photius, Biblioth. codd. 183,
brothers and daughters (according to Nicephorus) 184; Tillemont, Hist. des Emp. vol. vi. ; Gibbon,
to write to her for this purpose : from which it Decl. and Fall. ch. xxxii. ; Cave, Hist. Lit. vol. i.
may be gathered that the brothers of Eudocia had p. 403, ed. Oxford, 1740-43; Oudin, De Scriptor.
become Christians, and were still living. According Eccles. vol. i. p. 1258; Fabric. Bibl. Gracc. vol.
to the Paschal Chronicle, they had been advanced | i. p. 552, &c. , vol. x. p. 730, &c. )
to high offices, Aëtius or Gesius in the provinces, 2. Daughter of Valentinian III. and of Eudoxin
and Valerius at court. Possibly the Valerius who daughter of Theodosius II. , and consequently
had been one of the mediators between the prin grand-daughter of the subject of the preceding
cesses, was one of them. Who “ the daughters," | article. She was carried captive to Carthage by
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80
EUDOCIA.
