No More Learning

But on the other hand, it is a glorification of
Christian belief.
When a great change is effected in human affairs, it brings
on by degrees a corresponding change in human conceptions.
After the discovery of the Indies and of America, after the
invention of printing and the multiplication of books, after the
restoration of classic antiquity and the Reformation of Luther,
any conception of the world then formed could no longer remain
monastic and mystic. The tender and melancholy aspiration of
a soul sighing for the celestial kingdom, and humbly subjecting
its conduct to the authority of an undisputed Church, gave way
to free inquiry nourished on so many fresh conceptions, and dis-
appeared at the admirable spectacle of this real world which man
now began to comprehend and to conquer,
While the
mind is expanding, the temperature around it becomes modified
and establishes the conditions of a new growth.
Society,
ideas, and tastes, have undergone a transformation, and there is
room for a new art.
Already in the preceding epoch we see premonitory symp-
toms of the coming change. From Hubert Van Eyck to Quintin
Matsys, the grandeur and gravity of religious conceptions have
diminished, Nobody now dreams of portraying the whole of
Christian faith and doctrine a single picture; scenes
selected from the Gospel and from history,-Annunciations, shep-
herd adorations, Last Judgments, martyrdoms, and moral legends.
Painting, which is epic in the hands of Hubert Van Eyck,
becomes idyllic in those of Hemling, and almost worldly in those
of Quintin Matsys. It gets to be pathetic, interesting, and pleas-
ing. The charming saints, the beautiful Herodias, and the little
Salome of Quintin Matsys, are richly attired noble dames, and
already laic: the artist loves the world as it is and for itself, and
does not subordinate it to the representation of the supernatural
world; he does not employ it as a means but as an end. Scenes
in
are


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HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
14425
(
of profane life multiply: he paints townspeople in their shops,
money-changers, amorous couples, and the attenuated features
and stealthy smiles of a miser. Lucas of Leyden, his contem-
porary, is an ancestor of the painters whom we call the lesser
Flemings: his Presentation of Christ' and 'The Magdalen's
Dance' have nothing religious about them but their titles; the
evangelical subject is lost in the accessories: that which the
picture truly presents is a rural Flemish festival, or a gather-
ing of Flemings on an open field. Jerome Bosch, of the same
period, paints grotesque, infernal scenes. Art, it is clear, falls
from heaven to earth; and is no longer to treat divine but human
incidents. Artists in other respects lack no process and no
preparation: they understand perspective, they know the use of
oil, and are masters of modeling and relief; they have studied
actual types; they know how to paint dresses, accessories, archi-
tecture, and landscape, with wonderful accuracy and finish; their
manipulative skill is admirable.
One defect only still chains
them to hieratic art, which is the immobility of their faces, and
the rigid folds of their stuffs. They have but to observe the
rapid play of physiognomies and the easy movement of loose
drapery, and the renaissance is complete; the breeze of the age
is behind them, and already fills their sails. On looking at their
portraits, their interiors, and even their sacred personages, as in
the Entombment' of Quintin Matsys, one is tempted to address
them thus: « You are alive - one effort more!
Come, bestir
yourselves! Shake off the Middle Age entirely! Depict the
modern man for us as you find him within you and outside of
you. Paint him vigorous, healthy, and content with existence.
Forget the meagre, ascetic, and pensive spirit, dreaming in the
chapels of Hemling. If you choose a religious scene for the
motive of your picture, compose it, like the Italians, of active
and healthy figures, only let these figures proceed from your
national and personal taste. You have a soul of your own, which
is Flemish and not Italian: let the flower bloom; judging by the
bud it will be a beautiful one. ” And indeed when we regard
the sculptures of the time, such as the chimney of the Palais de
Justice, the tomb of Charles the Bold at Bruges, and the church
and monuments of Brou, we see the promise of an original and
complete art, less sculptural and less refined than the Italian, but
more varied, more expressive, and closer to nature; less subject
to rule but nearer to the real; more capable of manifesting spirit


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14426
HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
It is so
and personality, the impulses, the unpremeditated, the diversities,
the lights and darks of education, temperament, and age, of the
individual; in short, a Germanic art which indicates remote suc-
cessors to the Van Eycks and remote predecessors of Rubens.
They never appeared; or at all events, they imperfectly ful.
filled their task. No nation, it must be noted, lives alone in the
world: alongside of the Flemish renaissance there existed the
Italian renaissance, and the large tree stifled the small plant.
It flourished and grew for a century: the literature, the ideas,
and the masterpieces of precocious Italy imposed themselves on
sluggish Europe; and the Flemish cities through their commerce,
and the Austrian dynasty through its possessions and its Italian
affairs, introduced into the North the tastes and models of the
new civilization. Towards 1520 the Flemish painters began to
borrow from the artists of Florence and Rome. John of Mabuse
is the first one who, in 1513, on returning from Italy, introduced
the Italian into the old style, and the rest followed.
natural in advancing into an unexplored country to take the path
already marked out! This path, however, is not made for those
who follow it; the long line of Flemish carts is to be delayed
and stuck fast in the disproportionate ruts which another set of
wheels has worn. There are two traits characteristic of Italian
art, both of which run counter to the Flemish imagination. On
the one hand, Italian art centres on the natural body: healthy,
active, and vigorous,- endowed with every athletic aptitude, that
is to say, - naked or semi-draped, frankly pagan, enjoying freely
and nobly in full sunshine every limb, instinct, and animal fac-
ulty, the same as an ancient Greek in his city or palæstrum; or,
as at this very epoch, a Cellini on the Italian streets and high-
ways. Now a Fleming does not easily enter into this conception.
He belongs to a cold and humid climate; a man there in a state
of nudity shivers. The human form here does not display the
fine proportions nor the easy attitudes required by classic art: it
is often dumpy or too gross; the white, soft, yielding flesh, easily
flushed, requires to be clothed. When the painter returns from
Rome and strives to pursue Italian art, his surroundings oppose
his education; his sentiment being no longer renewed through
his contact with living nature, he is reduced to his souvenirs.
Moreover, he is of Germanic race: in other terms, he is organi-
cally good in his moral nature, and modest as well: he has diffi-
culty in appreciating the pagan idea of nudity; and still greater


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HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
14427
difficulty in comprehending the fatal and magnificent idea which
governs civilization and stimulates the arts beyond the Alps,-
namely, that of the complete and sovereign individual, emanci-
pated from every law, subordinating all else, men and things, to
the development of his own nature and the growth of his own
faculties.
Translated by J. Durand.
THE COMEDY OF MANNERS AT VERSAILLES
From "The Ancient Régime. Copyright 1876, by Henry Holt
10 APPROACH the King, to be a domestic in his household, an
usher, a cloak-bearer, a valet, is a privilege that is pur-
chased, even in 1789, for thirty, forty, or a hundred thou-
sand livres; so much greater the reason why it is a privilege to
form a part of his society,-- the most honorable, the most useful,
and the most coveted of all. In the first place, it is a proof of
race. A man to follow the King in the chase, and a woman to
be presented to the Queen, must previously satisfy the genealo-
gist, and by authentic documents, that his or her nobility goes
back to the year 1400. In the next place, it insures good for.
tune, This drawing-room is the only place within reach of royal
favors; accordingly, up to 1789, the great families never stir away
from Versailles, and day and night they lie in ambush. The
valet of the Marshal de Noailles says to him one night on clos-
ing his curtains, “At what hour will Monseigneur be awakened ? »
"At ten o'clock, if no one dies during the night. ” Old courtiers
are again found who, "eighty years of age, have passed forty-five
on their feet in the antechambers of the King, of the princes,
and of the ministers. ”
“You have only three things to
do,” says one of them to a 'débutant: «speak well of everybody,
ask for every vacancy, and sit down when you can. ”
Hence the King always has a crowd around him. The Com-
tesse du Barry says, on presenting her niece at court, the first of
August, 1773, “The crowd is so great at a presentation, one can
scarcely get through the antechambers. ” In December 1774, at
Fontainebleau, when the Queen plays at her own table every
evening, “the apartment, though vast, is never empty.
The crowd is so great that one can talk only to the two or three
persons with whom one is playing. ” The fourteen apartments,
»


## p. 14428 (#622) ##########################################

14428
HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
C
at the receptions of ambassadors, are full to overflowing with
seigniors and richly dressed women. On the first of January,
1775, the Queen “counted over two hundred ladies presented to
her to pay their court. ” In 1780, at Choisy, a table for thirty
persons is spread every day for the King, another with thirty
places for the seigniors, another with forty places for the officers
of the guard and the equerries, and one with fifty for the offi.
cers of the bedchamber. According to my estimate, the King, on
getting up and on retiring, on his walks, on his hunts, at play,
has always around him at least forty or fifty seigniors, and gen-
erally a hundred, with as many ladies, besides his attendants on
duty; at Fontainebleau, in 1756, although “there were neither
fêtes nor ballets this year, one hundred and six ladies were
counted. ” When the King holds a "grand appartement,” when
play or dancing takes place in the gallery of mirrors, four or
five hundred guests, the elect of the nobles and of the fashion,
range themselves on the benches or gather around the card and
cavagnole tables.
This is a spectacle to be seen, not by the imagination, or
through imperfect records, but with our own eyes and on the
spot, to comprehend the spirit, the effect, and the triumph, of
monarchical culture. In an elegantly furnished house, the dining-
room is the principal room; and never was one more dazzling
than this. Suspended from the sculptured ceiling peopled with
sporting cupids, descend, by garlands of flowers and foliage,
blazing chandeliers, whose splendor is enhanced by the tall mir-
rors; the light streams down in floods on gildings, diamonds, and
beaming, arch physiognomies, on fine busts, and on the capacious,
sparkling, and garlanded dresses. The skirts of the ladies ranged
in a circle, or in tiers on the benches, form a rich espalier cov-
ered with pearls, gold, silver, jewels, spangles, flowers, and fruits,
with their artificial blossoms, gooseberries, cherries, and strawber-
ries,” a gigantic animated bouquet of which the eye can scarcely
support the brilliancy. There are no black coats, as nowadays,
to disturb the harmony. With the hair powdered and dressed,
with buckles and knots, with cravats and ruffles of lace, in silk
coats and vests of the hues of fallen leaves, or of a delicate
rose tint, or of celestial blue, embellished with gold braid and
embroidery, the men as elegant as the women. Men and
women, each is a selection: they are all of the accomplished class,
gifted with every grace which race, education, fortune, leisure,
and custom, can bestow; they are perfect of their kind. There
are


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HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
14429
is not a toilet here, an air of the head, a tone of the voice, an
expression in language, which is not a masterpiece of worldly
culture, the distilled quintessence of all that is exquisitely elabo-
rated by social art. Polished as the society of Paris may be, it
does not approach this; compared with the court, it seems pro-
vincial. It is said that a hundred thousand roses are required
to make an ounce of the unique perfume used by Persian kings:
such is this drawing-room, — the frail vial of crystal and gold
containing the substance of a human vegetation. To fill it, a
great aristocracy had to be transplanted to a hot-house, and
become sterile in fruit and flowers, and then, in the royal alem-
bic, its pure sap is concentrated into a few drops of aroma. The
price is excessive, but only at this price can the most delicate per-
fumes be manufactured.
An operation of this kind absorbs him who undertakes it as
well as those who undergo it. A nobility for useful purposes is
not transformed with impunity into a nobility for ornament: one
falls himself into the ostentation which is substituted for action.
The King has a court which he is compelled to maintain. So
much the worse if it absorbs all his time, his intellect, his soul,
the most valuable portion of his active forces and the forces of
the State. To be the master of a house is not an easy task,
especially when five hundred persons are to be entertained; one
must necessarily pass his life in public, and be on exhibition.
Strictly speaking, it is the life of an actor who is on the stage
the entire day. To support this load, and work besides, required
the temperament of Louis XIV. : the vigor of his body, the extraor-
dinary firmness of his nerves, the strength of his digestion, and
the regularity of his habits; his successors who come after him
grow weary or stagger under the same load. But they cannot
throw it off; an incessant, daily performance is inseparable from
their position, and it is imposed on them like a heavy, gilded,
ceremonial coat.
The King is expected to keep the entire aristocracy busy;
consequently to make a display of himself, to pay back with his
own person, at all hours, even the most private, even on get-
ting out of bed, and even in his bed. In the morning, at the
hour named by himself beforehand, the head valet awakens him;
five series of persons enter in turn to perform their duty, and,
(although very large, there are days when the waiting-rooms can
hardly contain the crowd of courtiers. ” The first one admitted
is "l'entrée familière,” consisting of the children of France, the
(


## p. 14430 (#624) ##########################################

14430
HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
prince and princesses of the blood, and besides these, the chief
physician, the chief surgeon, and other serviceable persons. Next
comes the "grande entrée,” which comprises the grand chamber-
lain, the grand master and master of the wardrobe, the first gen-
tlemen of the bedchamber, the Dukes of Orleans and Penthièvre,
some other highly favored seigniors, the ladies of honor and in
waiting of the Queen, Mesdames, and other princesses, without
enumerating barbers, tailors, and various descriptions of valets.
Meanwhile spirits of wine are poured on the King's hands from
a service of plate, and he is then handed the basin of holy-water;
he crosses himself and repeats a prayer. Then he gets out of
bed before all these people, and puts on his slippers. The grand
chamberlain and the first gentleman hand him his dressing-gown;
he puts this on and seats himself in the chair in which he is to
put on his clothes.
At this moment the door opens, and a third group enters,
which is the entrée des brevets," - the seigniors who compose
this enjoy in addition the precious privilege of assisting at the
"petit coucher”; while at the same moment there enters a
detachment of attendants, consisting of the physicians and sur-
geons in ordinary, the intendants of the amusements, readers,
and others, and among the latter those who preside over physi-
cal requirements. The publicity of a royal life is so great that
none of its functions can be exercised without witnesses. At the
moment of the approach of the officers of the wardrobe to dress
the King, the first gentleman, notified by an usher, advances
to read him the names of the grandees who are waiting at the
door: this is the fourth entry, called “la chambre," and larger
than those preceding it; for, not to mention the cloak-bearers,
gun-bearers, rug-bearers, and other valets, it comprises most of
the superior officials, the grand almoner, the almoners on duty,
the chaplain, the master of the oratory, the captain and major
of the body-guard, the colonel-general and major of the French
guards, the colonel of the King's regiment, the captain of the
Cent Suisses, the grand huntsman, the grand wolf-huntsman, the
grand provost, the grand master and master of ceremonies, the
first butler, the grand master of the pantry, the foreign ambas-
sadors, the ministers and secretaries of State, the marshals of
France, and most of the seigniors and prelates of distinction.
Ushers place the ranks in order, and if necessary, impose silence.
Meanwhile the King washes his hands and begins his toilet.
Two pages remove his slippers; the grand master of the wardrobe


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HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
14431
draws off his night-shirt by the right arm, and the first valet of
the wardrobe by the left arm, and both of them hand it to an
officer of the wardrobe, whilst a valet of the wardrobe fetches
the shirt, wrapped up in white taffeta. Things have now reached
the solemn point, the culmination of the ceremony: the fifth
entry has been introduced; and in a few moments, after the King
has put his shirt on, all that is left of those who are known,
with other household officers waiting in the gallery, complete the
influx. There is quite a formality in regard to this shirt. The
honor of handing it is reserved to the sons and grandsons of
France; in default of these, to the princes of the blood or those
legitimated; in their default, to the grand chamberlain or to the
first gentleman of the bedchamber; — the latter case, it must be
observed, being very rare, the princes being obliged to be pres-
ent at the King's lever as well as the princesses at that of the
Queen. At last the shirt is presented, and a valet carries off the
old one; the first valet of the wardrobe and the first valet-de-
chambre hold the fresh one, each by a right and left arm respect-
ively; while two other valets, during this operation, extend his
dressing-gown in front of him to serve as a screen. The shirt is
now on his back, and the toilet commences.
A valet-de-chambre supports a mirror before the King, while
two others on the two sides light it up, if occasion requires, with
flambeaux, Valets of the wardrobe fetch the rest of the attire;
.
the grand master of the wardrobe puts the vest on and the doub-
let, attaches the blue ribbon, and clasps his sword around him;
then a valet assigned to the cravats brings several of these in a
basket, while the master of the wardrobe arranges around the
King's neck that which the King selects. After this a valet
assigned to the handkerchiefs brings three of these on a silver
salver; while the grand master of the wardrobe offers the salver
to the King, who chooses one. Finally the master of the ward-
robe hands to the King his hat, his gloves, and his cane. The
King then steps to the side of the bed, kneels on a cushion, and
says his prayers; whilst an almoner in a low voice recites the
orison Quæsumus, deus omnipotens. This done, the King announces
the order of the day, and passes with the leading persons of his
court into his cabinet, where he sometimes gives audience. Mean-
while the rest of the company await him in the gallery, in order
to accompany him to mass when he comes out.
Such is the lever, a piece in five acts. Nothing could be con-
trived better calculated to fill up the void of an aristocratic life:


## p. 14432 (#626) ##########################################

14432
HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
a hundred or thereabouts of notable seigniors dispose of a couple
of hours in coming, in waiting, in entering, in defiling, in taking
positions, in standing on their feet, in maintaining an air of
respect and of ease suitable to a superior class of walking
gentlemen, while those best qualified are about to do the same
thing over in the Queen's apartment. The King, however, to
offset this, suffers the same torture and the same inaction as
he imposes. He also is playing a part: all his steps and all his
gestures have been determined beforehand; he has been obliged
to arrange his physiognomy and his voice, never to depart from
an affable and dignified air, to award judiciously his glances and
his nods, to keep silent or to speak only of the chase, and to sup-
press his own thoughts if he has any. One cannot indulge in
revery, meditate, or be absent-minded, when before the foot-
lights: the part must have due attention. Besides, in a drawing-
room there is only drawing-room conversation; and the master's
thoughts, instead of being directed in a profitable channel, must
be scattered about as if they were the holy-water of the court.
All hours of the day are thus occupied, except three or four
in the morning, during which he is at the council or in his
private room; it must be noted, too, that on the days after his
hunts, on returning home from Rambouillet at three o'clock in
the morning, he must sleep the few hours he has left to him.
The ambassador Mercy, nevertheless, a man of close application,
seems to think it sufficient; he at least thinks that “Louis XVI.
is a man of order, losing no time in useless things": his prede-
cessor indeed worked much less, scarcely an hour a day. Three
quarters of his time is thus given up to show. The same retinue
surrounds him when he puts on his boots, when he takes them
off, when he changes his clothes to mount his horse, when he
returns home to dress for the evening, and when he goes to
his room at night to retire. "Every evening for six years,” says
a page, “either myself or one of my comrades has seen Louis
XVI. get into bed in public,” with the ceremonial just described.
“It was not omitted ten times to my knowledge, and then acci-
dentally or through indisposition. The attendance is yet more
numerous when he dines and takes supper; for besides men there
are women present,- duchesses seated on the folding-chairs, also
others standing around the table. It is needless to state that
in the evening when he plays, or gives a ball, or a concert,
the crowd rushes in and overflows. When he hunts, besides the
ladies on horses and in vehicles, besides officers of the hunt and
((
:
»
»


## p. 14433 (#627) ##########################################

HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
14433
»
(
of the guards, the equerry, the cloak-bearer, gun-bearer, surgeon,
bone-setter, lunch-bearer, and I know not how many others, all
the gentlemen who accompany him are his permanent guests.
And do not imagine that this suite is a small one: the day
M. de Châteaubriand is presented, there are four fresh additions;
and “with the utmost punctuality” all the young men of high
rank join the King's retinue two or three times a week.
Not only the eight or ten scenes which compose each of
these days, but again the short intervals between the scenes, are
besieged and carried. People watch for him, walk by his side,
and speak with him on his way from his cabinet to the chapel,
between his apartment and his carriage, between his carriage and
his apartment, between his cabinet and his dining-room. And
still more, his life behind the scenes belongs to the public. If
he is indisposed and broth is brought to him, if he is ill and
medicine is handed to him, "a servant immediately summons the
'grande entrée. » Verily the King resembles an oak stifled by
the innumerable creepers which from top to bottom cling to its
trunk.
Under a régime of this stamp there is a want of air; some
opening has to be found: Louis XV. availed himself of the chase
and of suppers; Louis XVI. of the chase and of lock-making.
And I have not mentioned the infinite detail of etiquette, the
extraordinary ceremonial of the state dinner, the fifteen, twenty,
and thirty beings busy around the King's plates and glasses, the
sacramental utterances of the occasion, the procession of the reti-
nue, the arrival of “la nef,” “l'essai des plats, all as if in a
Byzantine or Chinese court. On Sundays the entire public, the
public in general, is admitted; and this is called the grand cou-
vert,” as complex and as solemn as a high mass. Accordingly,
to eat, to drink, to get up, to go to bed, to a descendant of Louis
XIV. , is to officiate. Frederick II. , on hearing an account of
this etiquette, declared that if he were the King of France his
first edict would be to appoint another king to hold court in his
place. In effect, if there are idlers to salute, there must be an
idler to be saluted. Only one way was possible by which the
monarch could have been set free; and that was to have recast
and transformed the French nobles, according to the Prussian
system, into a hard-working regiment of serviceable function.
aries. But so long as the court remains what it is, – that is
to say, a pompous parade and a drawing-room decoration, the
XXIV-903


## p. 14434 (#628) ##########################################

14434
HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
King himself must likewise form a showy decoration, of little use
or of none at all.
THE TASTES OF GOOD SOCIETY
From «The Ancient Régime. Copyright 1876, by Henry Holt
IMILAR circumstances have led other aristocracies in Europe to
S
has given birth to the court, and the court to a refined
society. But the development of this rare plant has been only
partial. The soil was unfavorable, and the seed was not of the
right sort. In Spain, the King stands shrouded in etiquette like
a mummy in its wrappings; while a too rigid pride, incapable of
yielding to the amenities of the worldly order of things, ends in
a sentiment of morbidity and in insane display. In Italy, under
petty despotic sovereigns, and most of them strangers, the con-
stant state of danger and of hereditary distrust, after having tied
all tongues, turns all hearts toward the secret delights of love,
or toward the mute gratifications of the fine arts. In Germany
and in England, a cold temperament, dull and rebellious to cult-
ure, keeps man up to the close of the last century within the
Germanic habits of solitude, inebriety, and brutality. In France,
on the contrary, all things combine to make the social sentiment
flourish; in this the national genius harmonizes with the political
régime, the plant appearing to be selected for the soil before-
hand.
The Frenchman loves company through instinct; and the rea-
son is, that he does well and easily whatever society calls on him
to do. He has not the false shame which renders his northern
neighbors awkward, nor the powerful passions which absorb his
neighbors of the south. Talking is no effort to him, he having
none of the natural timidity which begets constraint, and no
constant preoccupation to overcome. He accordingly converses at
his ease, ever on the alert; and conversation affords him extreme
pleasure. For the happiness which he requires is of a peculiar
kind, - delicate, light, rapid, incessantly renewed and varied, in
which his intellect, his self-love, all his emotional and sympa-
thetic faculties, find nutriment; and this quality of happiness is
provided for him only in society and in conversation. Sensitive
as he is, personal attention, consideration, cordiality, delicate flat-
tery, constitute his natal atmosphere, out of which he breathes


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HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
14435
with difficulty. He would suffer almost as much in being im-
polite as in encountering impoliteness in others. For his instincts
of kindliness and vanity there is an exquisite charm in the habit
of being amiable; and this is all the greater because it proves
contagious. When we afford pleasure to others there is a desire
to please us, and what we bestow in deference is returned in
attentions. In company of this kind one can talk; for to talk is
to amuse another in being oneself amused, a Frenchman find-
ing no pleasure equal to it. Lively and sinuous conversation to
him is like the flying of a bird: he wings his way from idea to
idea, alert, excited by the inspiration of others, darting forward,
wheeling round and unexpectedly returning, now up, now down,
now skimming the ground, now aloft on the peaks, without sink-
ing into quagmires or getting entangled in the briers, and claim-
ing nothing of the thousands of objects he slightly grazes but
the diversity and the gayety of their aspects.
Thus endowed and thus disposed, he is made for a régime
which for ten hours a day brings men together; natural feeling
in accord with the social order of things renders the drawing-
room perfect. The King, at the head of all, sets the example.
Louis XIV. had every qualification for the master of a house-
hold: a taste for pomp and hospitality, condescension accompanied
with dignity, the art of playing on the self-love of others and of
maintaining his own position, chivalrous gallantry, tact, and even
charms of intellectual expression. "His address was perfect:
whether it was necessary to jest, or he was in a playful humor,
or deigned to tell a story, it was ever with infinite grace, and a
noble refined air which I have found only in him. ” “Never was
man so naturally polite, nor of such circumspect politeness, so
powerful by degrees, nor who better discriminated age, worth,
and rank, both in his replies and in his deportment.
His salutations, more or less marked, but always slight, were of
incomparable grace and majesty.
He was admirable
in the different acknowledgments of salutes at the head of the
army and at reviews.
But especially toward women
there was nothing like it.
Never did he pass the most
indifferent woman without taking off his hat to her; and I mean
chambermaids whom he knew to be such.
Never did
he chance to say anything disobliging to anybody.
Never
before company anything mistimed or venturesome; but even to
the smallest gesture, his walk, his bearing, his features, all being


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14436
HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
(
(
ness.
proper, respectful, noble, grand, majestic, and thoroughly nat-
ural. ”
Such is the model; and nearly or remotely, it is imitated up
to the end of the ancient régime. If it undergoes any change,
it is only to become more sociable. In the eighteenth century,
except on great ceremonial occasions, it is seen descending step
by step from its pedestal. It no longer imposes that stillness
“
around it which lets one hear a fly walk. ” “Sire,” said the Mar-
shal de Richelieu (who had seen three reigns), addressing Louis
XVI. , “under Louis XIV. no one dared utter a word; under
Louis XV. people whispered; under your Majesty they talk
aloud. ” If authority is a loser, society is the gainer: etiquette,
insensibly relaxed, ailows the introduction of ease and cheerful-
Henceforth the great, less concerned in overawing than in
pleasing, cast off stateliness like an uncomfortable and ridiculous
garment,“ seeking respect less than applause. It no longer suf-
fices to be affable: one has to appear amiable at any cost, with
one's inferiors as with one's equals.
” The French princes, says
again a contemporary lady, "are dying with fear of being defi-
cient in graces. ” Even around the throne “the style is free and
playful. ” The grave and disciplined court of Louis XIV. became
at the end of the century, under the smiles of the youthful
Queen, the most seductive and gayest of drawing-rooms. Through
this universal relaxation, a worldly existence gets to be perfect.
"He who was not living before 1789,” says Talleyrand at a later
period, knows nothing of the charm of living. ”
It was too great: no other way of living was appreciated; it
engrossed men wholly. When society becomes so attractive, peo-
ple live for it alone. There is neither leisure nor taste for other
matters, even for things which are of most concern to man, such
as public affairs, the household, and the family. With respect to
the first, I have already stated that people abstain from them, and
are indifferent; the administration of things, whether local or gen-
eral, is out of their hands and no longer interests them. They
only allude to it in jest; events of the most serious consequence
form the subject of witticisms. After the edict of the Abbé
Terray, which threw the funds half into bankruptcy, a spectator
too much crowded in the theatre cried out, "Ah, how unfortunate
that our good Abbé Terray is not here to cut us down one-half! ”
Everybody laughs and applauds. All Paris, the following day,
is consoled for public ruin by repeating the phrase. Alliances,


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HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
14437
-
battles, taxation, treaties, ministries, coups d'état-the entire
history of the country is put into epigrams and songs. One day
in a group of young people belonging to the court, one of them,
as the current witticism was passing around, raised his hands in
delight and exclaimed, “How can one help being pleased with
great events, even with disturbances, when they give us such
wit! ” Thereupon the wit circulates, and every disaster in France
is turned into nonsense. A song on the battle of Hochstädt was
pronounced poor, and some one in this connection said: “I am
sorry that battle was lost, the song is so worthless. ”
Even when eliminating from this trait all that belongs to the
sway of impulse and the license of paradox, there remains the
stamp of an age in which the State is almost nothing and society
almost everything. We may on this principle divine what order
of talent was required in the ministers. M. Necker, having given
a magnificent supper with serious and comic opera, « finds that
this festivity is worth more to him in credit, favor, and stability
than all his financial schemes put together.
His last
arrangement concerning the vingtième excited remark only for
one day, while everybody is still talking about his fête; at Paris,
as well as in Versailles, its attractions are dwelt on in detail,
people emphatically declaring that M. and Madame Necker are a
grace to society. ” Good society devoted to pleasure imposes on
those in office the obligation of providing pleasures for it. It
might also say, in a half-serious, half-ironical tone, with Voltaire,
« that the gods created kings only to give fêtes every day pro-
vided they differ; that life is too short to make any other use of
it; that lawsuits, intrigues, warfare, and the quarrels of priests,
which consume human life, are absurd and horrible things; that
man is born only to enjoy himself; ” and that among the essen-
tial things we must put the superfluous” in the first rank.
According to this, we can easily foresee that they will be as
little concerned with their private affairs as with public affairs.
Housekeeping, the management of property, domestic economy,
are in their eyes vulgar, insipid in the highest degree, and only
suited to an intendant or a butler. Of what use are such per-
sons if we must have such cares? Life is no longer a festival
if one has to provide the ways and means. Comforts, luxuries,
the agreeable, must flow naturally and greet our lips of their
own accord. As a matter of course and without his intervention,
a man belonging to this world should find gold always in his
a


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HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
(
pocket, a handsome coat on his toilet table, powdered valets in
his antechamber, a gilded coach at his door, and a fine dinner on
his table; so that he may reserve all his attention to be expended
in favors on the guests in his drawing-room. Such a mode of
living is not to be maintained without waste; and the domestics,
left to themselves, make the most of it. What matter is it, so
long as they perform their duties ? Moreover, everybody must
live, and it is pleasant to have contented and obsequious faces
around one. Hence the first houses in the kingdom are given
up to pillage. Louis XV. , on a hunting expedition one day,
accompanied by the Duc de Choiseul, inquired of him how much
he thought the carriage in which they were seated had cost. M.
de Choiseul replied that he should consider himself fortunate to
get one like it for 5,000 or 6,000 francs; but “his Majesty,
paying for it as a king, and not always paying cash, might have
paid 8,000 francs for it. ” “You are wide of the mark,” rejoined
the King; "for this vehicle, as you see it, cost me 30,000 francs.
The robberies in my household are enormous, but it is
impossible to put a stop to them. ”
In effect, the great help themselves as well as the little
either in money, or in kind, or in services. There are in the
King's household fifty-four horses for the grand equerry, thirty-
eight of them being for Madame de Brionne, the administratrix
of the office of the stables during her son's minority; there are
two hundred and fifteen grooms on duty, and about as many
horses kept at the King's expense for various other persons,
entire strangers to the department. What a nest of parasites
on this one branch of the royal tree! Elsewhere I find Madame
Elisabeth, so moderate, consuming fish amounting to 30,000
francs per annum; meat and game to 70,000 francs; candles to
60,000 francs: Mesdames burn white and yellow candles to the
amount of 215,068 francs; the light for the Queen comes to
157, 109 francs.
The street at Versailles is still shown, formerly
lined with stalls, to which the King's valets resorted to nourish
Versailles by the sale of his dessert. There is no article from
which the domestic insects do not manage to scrape and glean
something The King is supposed to drink orgeat and lemon-
ade to the value of 2,190 francs; "the grand broth, day and
night,” which Madame Royale, aged six years, sometimes drinks,
costs 5,201 francs per annum.
Towards the end of the preceding
reign the femmes-de-chambre enumerate in the dauphine's outlay


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HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
14439
"four pairs of shoes per week; three ells of ribbon per diem, to
tie her dressing-gown; two ells of taffeta per diem, to cover the
basket in which she keeps her gloves and fan. ” A few years
earlier the King paid 200,000 francs for coffee, lemonade, choco-
late, orgeat, and water-ices; several persons were inscribed on the
list for ten or twelve cups a day: while it was estimated that
the coffee, milk, and bread each morning for each lady of the
bedchamber cost 2,000 francs per annum.
We can readily understand how, in households thus managed,
the purveyors are willing to wait. They wait so well that often
under Louis XV. they refuse to provide, and "hide themselves. ”
Even the delay is so regular that at last they are obliged to
pay them five per cent. interest on their advances; at this rate, in
1778, after all Turgot's economic reforms, the King still owes
nearly 800,000 livres to his wine merchant, and nearly three
millions and a half to his purveyor. The same disorder exists
in the houses which surround the throne. “Madame de Gué-
ménée owes 60,000 livres to her shoemaker, 16,000 livres to her
paper-hanger, and the rest in proportion. ” Another lady, whom
the Marquis de Mirabeau sees with hired horses, replies to his
look of astonishment, “It is not because there are not seventy
horses in our stables, but none of them are able to walk to-day. ”
Madame de Montmorin, on ascertaining that her husband's debts
are greater than his property, thinks she can save her dowry of
200,000 livres; but is informed that she had given security for a
tailor's bill, which, “incredible and ridiculous to say, amounts to
the sum of 180,000 livres. ” “One of the decided manias of these
days,” says Madame d'Oberkirk, “is to be ruined in everything
and by everything. " "The two brothers Villemer build country
cottages at from 500,000 to 600,000 livres; one of them keeps
forty horses to ride occasionally in the Bois de Boulogne on
horseback. ” In one night M. de Chenonceaux, son of M. and
Madame Dupin, loses at play 700,000 livres. "M. de Chenon-
ceaux and M. de Francueil ran through seven or eight millions
at this epoch. ” « The Duc de Lauzun, at the age of twenty-six,
after having run through the capital of 100,000 crowns revenue,
is prosecuted by his creditors for nearly two millions of indebt-
edness. ” “M. le Prince de Conti lacks bread and wood, although
with an income of 600,000 livres,” for the reason that "he buys
and builds wildly on all sides. ”
(c
((
»
((


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14440
HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
Where would be the pleasure if these people were reasonable ?
What kind of a seignior is he who studies the price of things?
And how can the exquisite be reached if one grudges money?
Money, accordingly, must flow and flow on until it is exhausted,
first by the innumerable secret or tolerated bleedings through
domestic abuses, and next in broad streams of the master's own
prodigality,- through structures, furniture, toilets, hospitality, gal-
lantry, and pleasures. The Comte d'Artois, that he may give the
Queen a fête, demolishes, rebuilds, arranges, and furnishes Baga-
telle from top to bottom, employing nine hundred workmen day
and night; and as there is no time to go any distance for lime,
plaster, and cut stone, he sends patrols of the Swiss guards on
the highways to seize, pay for, and immediately bring in all carts
thus loaded. The Marshal de Soubise, entertaining the King
one day at dinner and over night, in his country-house, expends
200,000 livres.
Madame de Matignon makes a contract to be
furnished every day with a new head-dress, at 24,000 livres per
annum. Cardinal de Rohan has an alb bordered with point lace,
which is valued at more than 100,000 livres, while his kitchen
utensils are of massive silver.
Nothing is more natural, considering their ideas of money:
hoarded and piled up, instead of being a fertilizing stream, it is
a useless marsh exhaling bad odors. The Queen, having presented
the dauphin with a carriage whose silver-gilt trappings are decked
with rubies and sapphires, naïvely exclaims, “Has not the King
added 200,000 livres to my treasury ? That is no reason for keep-
ing them! ” They would rather throw it out of the window
which was actually done by the Marshal de Richelieu with a
purse he had given to his grandson, and which the lad, not know-
ing how to use, brought back intact. Money, on this occasion,
was at least of service to the passing street-sweeper that picked
But had there been no passer-by to pick it up, it would
have been thrown into the river. One day Madame de B- -
being with the Prince de Conti, hinted that she would like a
miniature of her canary-bird set in a ring. The prince offers to
have it made. His offer is accepted, but on condition that the
miniature be set plain and without jewels. Accordingly the min.
iature is placed in a simple rim of gold. But to cover over the
painting, a large diamond, made very thin, serves as a glass.
Madame de B— having returned the diamond, "M. le Prince
it up.
C


## p. 14441 (#635) ##########################################

HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
14441
de Conti had it ground to powder which he used to dry the ink
of the note he wrote to Madame de B— on the subject. ” This
pinch of powder cost four or five thousand livres, but we may
divine the turn and tone of the note. The extreme of profusion
must accompany the height of gallantry; the man of the world
being important in the ratio of his contempt for money.
POLITE EDUCATION
From «The Ancient Régime. Copyright 1876, by Henry Holt
T.
VE Duc de Lauzun finds it difficult to obtain a good tutor for
his son; for this reason, the latter writes, “he conferred the
duty on one of my late mother's lackeys who could read
and write tolerably well, and to whom the title of valet-de-
chambre was given to insure greater consideration. They gave
me the most fashionable teachers besides; but M. Roch (which
was my mentor's name) was not qualified to arrange their les-
sons, nor to qualify me to benefit by them. I was, moreover,
like all the children of my age and of my station, dressed in the
handsomest clothes to go out, and naked and dying with hunger
in the house: ” and not through unkindness, but through house-
hold oversight, dissipation, and disorder; attention being given to
things elsewhere. One might easily count the fathers who, like
the Marshal de Belle-Isle, brought up their sons under their own
eyes, and themselves attended to their education methodically,
strictly, and with tenderness. As to the girls, they were placed
in convents: relieved from this care, their parents only enjoy
the greater freedom. Even when they retain charge of them, the
children are scarcely more of a burden to them. Little Félicité
de Saint-Aubin sees her parents “only on their waking up and
at meal-times. ” Their day is wholly taken up: the mother is
making or receiving visits; the father is in his laboratory or
engaged in hunting. Up to seven years of age the child passes
her time with chambermaids, who teach her only a little cate-
chism, with an infinite number of ghost stories. " About this
time she is taken care of, but in a way which well portrays the
epoch. The marquise her mother, the author of mythological
and pastoral operas, has a theatre built in the chateau; a great
crowd of company resorts to it from Bourbon-Lancy and Mou-
lins: after rehearsing twelve weeks the little girl, with a quiver


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HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
of arrows and blue wings, plays the part of Cupid, and the cos-
tume is so becoming she is allowed to wear it for common during
the entire day for nine months. To finish the business they send
for a dancing-fencing master, and still wearing the Cupid cos-
tume, she takes lessons in fencing and in deportment. “The
«
entire winter is devoted to playing comedy and tragedy. ” Sent
out of the room after dinner, she is brought in again only to
play on the harpsichord or to declaim the monologue of Alzire
before a numerous assembly. Undoubtedly such extravagances
are not customary: but the spirit of education is everywhere the
same; that is to say, in the eyes of parents there is but one
intelligible and rational existence,- that of society,— even for
children; and the attentions bestowed on these are solely with a
view to introduce them into it or to prepare them for it.
Even in the last years of the ancient régime, little boys have
their hair powdered, “a pomatumed chignon [bourse), ringlets, and
curls”; they wear the sword, the chapeau under the arm, a frill,
and a coat with gilded cuffs; they kiss young ladies' hands with
the air of little dandies. A lass of six years is bound up in a
whalebone waist; her large hoop-petticoat supports a skirt covered
with wreaths; she wears on her head a skillful combination of
false curls, puffs, and knots, fastened with pins, and crowned with
plumes, and so high that frequently the chin is half-way down
to her feet ”; sometimes they put rouge on her face.
She is a
miniature lady, and she knows it: she is fully up in her part,
without effort or inconvenience, by force of habit; the unique,
the perpetual instruction she gets is that on her deportment: it
may be said with truth that the fulcrum of education in this
country is the dancing-master. They could get along with him
without any others; without him the others were of no use. For
without him, how could people go through easily, suitably, and
gracefully, the thousand and one actions of daily life,- walking,
sitting down, standing up, offering the arm, using the fan,
listening and smiling, before eyes so experienced and before such
a refined public? This is to be the great thing for them when
they become men and women, and for this reason it is the
thing of chief importance for them as children. Along with
graces of attitude and of gesture, they already have those of the
mind and of expression. Scarcely is their tongue loosened when
they speak the polished language of their parents. The latter
amuse themselves with them and use them as pretty dolls; the
C


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HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
14443
preaching of Rousseau, which during the last third of the last
century brought children into fashion, produces no other effect.
They are made to recite their lessons in public, to perform in
proverbs, to take parts in pastorals. Their sallies are encouraged.
They know how to turn a compliment, to invent a clever or
affecting repartee, to be gallant, sensitive, and even spirituelle.
The little Duc d'Angoulême, holding a book in his hand, receives
Suffren, whom he addresses thus: "I was reading Plutarch and
his Illustrious Men. You could not have entered more àpropos. ”
The children of M. de Sabran, a boy and a girl, one eight, and
the other nine, having taken lessons from the comedians Sainval
and Larive, come to Versailles to play before the King and Queen
in Voltaire's Oreste'; and on the little fellow being interrogated
about the classic authors, he replies to a lady, the mother of three
charming girls, “Madame, Anacreon is the only poet I can think
of here! ” Another, of the same age, replies to a question of
Prince Henry of Prussia with an agreeable impromptu in verse.
To cause witticisms, insipidities, and mediocre verse to germinate
in a brain eight years old - what a triumph for the culture of
the day! It is the last characteristic of the régime which after
having stolen man away from public affairs, from his own affairs,
from marriage, from the family, hands him over, with all his sen-
timents and all his faculties, to social worldliness,- he and all
that belong to him. Below him fine ways and forced politeness
prevail, even with his servants and tradesmen. A Frontin has a
gallant unconstrained air, and he turns a compliment. An abigail
needs only to be a kept mistress to become a lady. A shoe-
maker is monsieur in black," who says to a mother on salut-
ing the daughter, Madame, a charming young person, and I am
more sensible than ever of the value of your kindness; ” on which
the young girl, just out of a convent, takes him for a suitor and
blushes scarlet. Undoubtedly less unsophisticated eyes would dis-
tinguish the difference between this pinchbeck louis d'or and a
genuine one; but their resemblance suffices to show the universal
action of the central mint — machinery which stamps both with
the same effigy, the base metal and the refined gold.
»
a
A society which obtains such ascendency must possess some
charm: in no country indeed, and in no age, has so perfect
a social art rendered life so agreeable. Paris is the schoolhouse
of Europe, - a school of urbanity to which the youth of Russia,


## p. 14444 (#638) ##########################################

14444
HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
Germany, and England resort to become civilized. Lord Ches-
terfield in his letters never tires of reminding his son of this,
and of urging him into these drawing-rooms, which will remove
"his Cambridge rust. ” Once familiar with them they are never
abandoned; or if one is obliged to leave them, one always sighs
for them. Nothing is comparable,” says Voltaire, to the
genial life one leads there, in the bosom of the arts and of
calm and refined voluptuousness; strangers and monarchs have
preferred this repose — so agreeably occupied and so enchanting -
to their own countries and thrones. The heart there softens and
melts away like aromatics slowly dissolving in moderate heat,
evaporating in delightful perfumes. ” Gustavus III. , beaten by
the Russians, declares that he will pass his last days in Paris in
a house on the boulevards; and this is not merely compliment-
ary, for he sends for plans and an estimate. A supper or an
evening entertainment brings people two hundred leagues away.
Some friends of the Prince de Ligne “leave Brussels after break-
fast, reach the opera in Paris just in time to see the curtain rise,
and after the spectacle is over, return immediately to Brussels,
traveling all night. ”
Of this delight, so eagerly sought, we have only imperfect
copies; and we are obliged to revive it intellectually. It consists,
in the first place, in the pleasure of living with perfectly polite
people: there is no enjoyment more subtle, more lasting, more
inexhaustible. The self-love of man being infinite, intelligent
people are always able to produce some refinement of atten-
tion to gratify it. Worldly sensibility being infinite, there is no
imperceptible shade of it permitting indifference. After all, man
is still the greatest source of happiness or of misery to man;
and in those days the ever-flowing fountain brought to him
sweetness instead of bitterness. Not only was it essential not to
offend, but it was essential to please: one was expected to lose
:
sight of oneself in others, to be always cordial and good-humored,
to keep one's own vexations and grievances in one's own breast,
to spare others melancholy ideas, and to supply them with cheer-
ful ideas. "Was any one old in those days ? It is the Revolu-
tion which brought old age into the world. Your grandfather,
my child, was handsome, elegant, neat, gracious, perfumed, play-
ful, amiable, affectionate, and good-tempered, to the day of his
death. People then knew how to live and how to die; there
was no such thing as troublesome infirmities. If any one had the


## p. 14445 (#639) ##########################################

HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
14445
gout, he walked along all the same and made no faces; people
well brought up concealed their sufferings. There was none of
that absorption in business which spoils a man inwardly and
dulls his brain. People knew how to ruin themselves without
letting it appear, like good gamblers who lose their money with-
out showing uneasiness or spite. A man would be carried half
dead to a hunt. It was thought better to die at a ball or at
the play, than in one's bed between four wax candles and horrid
men in black. People were philosophers: they did not assume
to be austere, but often were so without making a display of
it. If one was discreet, it was through inclination, and without
pedantry or prudishness. People enjoyed this life, and when the
hour of departure came they did not try to disgust others with
living. The last request of my old husband was that I would
survive him as long as possible, and live as happily as I could. ”
[So discourses her beautiful grandmother to George Sand. ]
DRAWING-ROOM LIFE
From “The Ancient Régime. Copyright 1876, by Henry Holt
O *
NE can very well understand this kind of pleasure in a sum.
mary way, but how is it to be made apparent ? Taken by
themselves the pastimes of society are not to be described:
they are too ephemeral; their charm arises from their accompani-
ments. A narrative of them would be but tasteless dregs, — does
the libretto of an opera give any idea of the opera itself? If
the reader would revive for himself this vanished world, let him
seek for it in those works that have preserved its externals or
its accent; and first in the pictures and engravings of Watteau,
Fragonard, and the Saint-Aubins, and then in the novels and dra-
mas of Voltaire and Marivaux, and even in Collé and Crébillon
fils: then do we see the breathing figures and hear their voices.
What bright, winning, intelligent faces, beaming with pleasure
and with the desire to please! What ease in bearing and gest-
ure! What piquant grace in the toilet, in the smile, in vivacity
of expression, in the control of the flute-like voice, in the
coquetry of hidden meanings! How involuntarily we stop to look
and listen! Attractiveness is everywhere, — in the small spirituelle
heads, in the slender hands, in the rumpled attire, in the pretty


## p. 14446 (#640) ##########################################

14446
HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE
features, in the demeanor. The slightest gesture, a pouting or
mutinous turn of the head, a plump little wrist peering from its
nest of lace, a yielding waist bent over an embroidery frame, the
rapid rustling of an opening fan, is a feast for the eyes and the
intellect. It is indeed all daintiness, a delicate caress for delicate
senses, extending to the external decoration of life, to the sinu-
ous outlines, the showy drapery, and the refinements of comfort
in the furniture and architecture.
Fill your imagination with these accessories and with these
figures, and you will take as much interest in their amusements
as they did. In such a place and in such company it suffices to
be together to be content. Their indolence is no burden to
them, for they sport with existence. At Chanteloup, the Duc de
Choiseul, in disgrace, finds the fashionable world flocking to see
him; nothing is done, and yet no hours of the day are unoccu-
pied. “The duchess has only two hours' time to herself, and
these two hours are devoted to her toilet and her letters: the
calculation is a simple one,- she gets up at eleven, breakfasts
at noon, and this is followed by conversation, which lasts three
or four hours; dinner comes at six, after which there is play
and the reading of the memoirs of Madame de Maintenon. ”
Ordinarily “the company remains together until two o'clock in
the morning. ” Intellectual freedom is complete. There is no
confusion, no anxiety. They play whist and tric-trac in the
afternoon and faro in the evening. “They do to-day what they
did yesterday, and what they will do to-morrow; the dinner-
supper is to them the most important affair in life, and their
only complaint in the world is of their digestion. Time goes
so fast I always fancy that I arrived only the evening before. ”
Sometimes they get up a little race, and the ladies are disposed
to take part in it, "for they are all very spry and able to run
around the drawing-room five or six times every day.