He then brought out a lot of documents for me to peruse, all of w^hich were bona fide affairs, from the various institutions, signed by the various physicians or
resident
physicians, setting forth the merits or use of 'Duffy's Malt Whis- key, He asked if I had ever used it.
Adams-Great-American-Fraud
58
worth of advertising which other religious journals are running, but which is rated 'objectionable' by the better class of periodicals. Compare our advertising columns with the columns of any other purely religious jour- nal, and let us know what you think of the character of our advertising- patrons. "
Whether the opinion of a non-subscriber will interest The Christian Century I have no means of knowing, but I will venture it. ]\Iy opinion is that a considerable proportion of its advertisements are such as any right-minded and intelligent publisher should be ashamed to print, and that if its readers accept its indorsement of the advertising columns they
Tin: i*i:ijrNA l)i? r<>> Mam rv* ti iUN<>> ( o.
PERUNA'S WAY OF PURCHASING TESTIMONIALS.
will have a very heavy indictment to bring against it. Three ''cancer cures," a dangerous "heart cure," a charlatan eye doctor, Piso's Con- sumption Cure^ Dr. Shoop's Rheumatism Cure and Liquozone make up a pretty fair "Frauds' Gallery" for the delectation of The Christian Century's
readers.
As a convincing argument, many nostrums guarantee, not a cure, as they
would have the public believe, but a reimbursement if the medicine is un- satisfactory. Liquozone does this, and faithfully carries out its agreement. Electro-gen, a nov,- "germicide," which has stolen Liquozone's advertising- scheme almost word for word, also i)romises this. Dr. Shoop's agreement
? .
is so worded that the unsatisfied customer is likely to have considerable trouble in getting his money back. Other concerns send their "remedies" free on trial, among these being the ludicrous ? '? 'magic foot drafts" re- ferred to above. At first thought it would seem that only a cure would bring profit to the makers. But the fact is that most diseases tend to cure themselves by natural means, and the delighted and deluded patient, ascrib- ing the relief to the '? remedy. '" Avhich really has nothing to do with it, sends on his grateful dollar. Where the money is already paid, most people are too inert to undertake the eflfort of getting it back. It is the easj" American way of accepting a swindle as a sort of joke, which makes for the nostrum readers ready profits.
Safe Rewards,
Then there is the "reward for proof" that the proprietary will not per- form the wonders advertised. The Liquozone Company offer $1,000, I be- lieve, for any germ that Liquozone will not kill. This is a pretly safe offer, because there are no restrictions as to the manner in w^hich the unfortunate germ might be maltreated. If the matter came to an issue, the defendants might put their bacillus in the Liquozone bottle and freeze him solid. If that didn't end him, they could boil the ice and save their money, as thus far no germ has been discovered w^hich can survive the process of being made into soup. Nearly all of the Hall Catarrh Cure advertise- ments offer a reward of $100 for any case of catarrh which the nostrum fails to cure. It isn't enough, though one hundred times that amount might be worth while; for who doubts that Mr. F. J. 'heney, inventor of the "red clause," would fight for his cure through every court, exhausting the prospective $100 reward of his opponent in the first round? How^ hollow^ the "guarantee" pretence is, is shown by a clever scheme devised by Radam, the quack, years ago, when Shreveport was stricken with yellow fever. Knowing that his offer could not be accepted, he proposed to the
United States Government that he should eradicate the epidemic by de- stroying all the germs with Radam's Microbe Killer, offering to deposit $10,000 as a guarantee. Of course, the Government declined on the ground that it had no power to accept such an offer. Meantime, Radam got a lot of free advertising, and his fortune was made.
Xo little stress is laid on "personal advice" by the patent-medicine companies. This may be, according to the statements of the firm, from their physician or from some special expert. As a matter of fact, it is almost invariably furnished by a $10-a-week typewriter, following out one of a number of "form" letters prepared in bulk for the "personal-inquiry" dupes. Such is the Lydia E. Pinkham method. The Pinkham Company writes me that it is entirely innocent of any intent to deceive people into believing that Lydia E. Pinkham is still alive, and that it has published in several cases statements regarding her demise. It is true that a number of years ago a newspaper forced the Pinkham concern into a defensive admission of Lydia E. Pinkham's death, but since then the main purpose of the Pinkham advertising has been to befool the feminine public into believing that their letters go to a woman--who died nearly twenty years ago of one of the diseases, it is said, which her remedy claims to cure.
The Immortal Mrs. Pinkham.
True, the newspaper appeal is always "Write to Mrs. Pinkham," and this
is technically a saving clause, as there is a Mrs. Pinkham, widow of the son of Lydia E. Pinkham. , What sense of shame she might be supposed to suffer in the perpetration of an obvious and public fraud is presumably
?
59
? CO
salvedbythelargeprofitsofthebusiness. Thegreatinajorityofthegulls "uiio "write to ]Mrs. Pinkham" suppose themselves to be addressing Lydia El. Pinkham, and their letters are not even answered by the present proprietor of the name, but by a corps of hurried clerks and typewriters.
You get the same results when you write to Dr. Hartman, of Peruna, for personal guidance. Dr. Hartman himself told me that he took no active part now in the conduct of the Peruna Company. If he sees the letters addressed to him at all, it is by chance. "Dr. Kilmer," of Swamp-Root fame,wantsjoutowritetohimaboutyourkidneys. ThereisnoDr. Kil- mer in the Swamp-Eoot concern, and has not been for many years. Dr. T. A. Slocum, who writes you so earnestly and piously about taking care of your consumption in time, is a myth. The whole "personal medical advice" business is managed by rote, and the letter that you get "special to your case" has been printed and signed before your inquiry ever reached the shark who gets your money.
An increasingly common pitfall is the letter in the newspapers from some sufferer who has been saved from disease and wants you to write and get the prescription free. A conspicuous instance of this is "A Notre Dame Lady's Appeal" to sufferers from rheumatism and also from female trouble. "Mrs. Summers," of Notre Dame, 111. , whose picture in the papers represents a fat Sister of Charity, with the wan, uneasy expression of one who feels that her dinner isn't digesting properly, may be a real lady, but I suspect she AA^ears a full beard and talks in a bass voice, because my letter of in- quiry to her was answered by the patent-medicine firm of Vanderhcof & Co. , who inclosed some sample tablets and wanted to sell me more. There are many others of this class. It is safe to assume that every advertising altruist Avho pretends to give out free prescriptions is really a quack medi- cine firm in disguise.
One instance of bad faith to which the nostrum patron renders him- self liable: It is asserted that these letters of inquiry in the patent-medi- cinefieldareregardedasprivate. "Allcorrespondenceheldstrictlyprivate and sacredly confidential," advertises Dr. R. V. Pierce, of the Golden Medi- cal Discovery, etc. A Chicago firm of letter brokers offers to send me
50,000 Dr. Pierce order blanks at $2 a thousand for thirty days; or I can get terms on Ozomulsion, Theodore Noel (Vitse-Ore), Dr. Stevens' Nervous Debility Cure, Cactus Cure, women's regulators, etc.
With advertisements in the medical journals the public is concerned only indirectly, it is true, but none the less vitally. Only doctors read these exploitations, but if they accept certain of them and treat their patients on the strength of the mendacious statements it is at the peril of the patients. Take, for instance, the Antikamnia advertising which appears in most of the high-class medical journals, and which includes the following state- ments :
"Do not depress the heart. Do not produce habit.
Are acurate--safe--sure. "
These three lines, reproduced as they occur in the medical journals, con- tain five distinct and separate lies--a triumph of condensed mendacity un- equaled, so far as I know, in the "cure all" class. For an instructive paral- lel here are two claims made by Duffy's Malt Whiskey, one taken from a medical journal, and hence "ethical/' the other transcribed from a daily paper, and therefore to be condemned by all medical men.
Puzzle: Which is the ethical and which the unethical advertisement?
? PIERCEGROUP PE-RU-NAGROUP
? 62
"It is the only cure and preventative [sic] of consumption, pneu- monia, grip, bronchitis, coughs, colds, malaria, low fevers and all wasting, weakening, diseased conditions. "
"Cures general debilitj^, overwork, la grippe, colds, bronchitis, consumption, malaria, dyspepsia, depression, exhaustion and weak- ness from whatever cause. "
All the high-class medical publications accent the advertising of "McAr- thur'sSyrupofHypophosphites,"whichusesthefollowingstatement: "It is the enthusiastic conviction of many (physicians) that its effect is truly specific. " Thatlookstomesuspiciouslylikea"consumptioncure"shrewdly expressed in pseudo-ethical terms.
The Germicide Family.
Zymoticine, if one may believe various medical publications, "will pre- vent microbe proliferation in the blood streams, and acts as an efficient eliminator of those germs and cheir toxins which are already present. " Translating this from its technical linguage, I am forced to the conviction that Zymoticine is ha]f-brother to Liquozone, and if the latter is illeoitimate at least both are children of Beelzebub, father of all frauds. Of the same family are the "ethicals" Acetozone and Keimol, as shown by their germi- cidal claims.
Again, I find exploited to the medical profession, through its own organs, a "sure cure for dropsy. " "Hygeia presents her latest discovery," declares the advertisement, and fortifies the statement with a picture worthy of Swamp-Root or Lydia Pinkham. Every intelligent physician knows that there is no sure cure for dropsy. The alternative imp-ication is that the advertiser hopes to get his profits by deluding the unintelligent of the uvo- fession, and that the publications which print his advertisement are willing to hire themselves out to the swindle.
In one respect some of the medical journals are far below the average of the newspapers, and on a par with the worst of the "religious" journals. They offer their reading space for sale. Here is an extract from a letter from the Medical Mirror to a w^ell-known "ethical firm:"
"Should you place a contract for this issue we shall publish a 300-word report in your interest in our reading columns. "
Many other magazines of this class print advertisements as original read- ing matter calculated to deceive their subscribers.
Back of all patent medicine advertising stands the testimonial. Produce proofs that any nostrum can not in its nature perforin the wonders that it boasts, and its retort is to wave aloft its careful horde of letters and cry:
''We rest on the evidence of those Ave have cured. "
The crux of the matter lies in the last word. Are the writers of those letters really cured? What is the value of these testimonials? Are they genuine? Are they honest? Are they, in their nature and from their source, entitled to such weight as would convince a reasonable mind?
Three distinct types suggest themselves: The word of grateful acknowl- edgement from a private citizen, couched in such terms as to be readily available for advertising purposes: the encomium from some person in public life, and the misspelled, illiterate epistle which is from its nature so unconvincing that it never gets into print, and which outnumbers the
other two classes a hundred to one. First of all, most nostrums make a point of the mass of evidence. Thousands of testimonials, they declare,
? G3
just as valuable for tlieir purposes as those they print, are in their files. This is not true. I have taken for analysis, as a fair sample, the "World's Dispensary Medical Book," published by the proprietors of Pierce's Favorite Prescription, the Golden Medical Discovery, Pleasant Pellets, the Pierce Hospital, etc. As the dispensers of several nostrums, and because of their long career in the business, this firm should be able to show as large a col-
lection of favorable letters as any proprietary concern.
Overworked Testimonials.
In their book, judiciously scattered, I find twenty-six letters twice printed, four letters thrice printed, and two letters produced four times. Yet the compilers of the book "have to regret"' (editorially) that they can "find room only for this comparatively small number in this volume. " Why repeat those they have if this is true? If enthusiastic indorsements poured in on the patent medicine people, the Duffy's Malt Whiskey advertising management would hardly be driven to purchasing its letters from the very aged and from disreputable ministers of the gospel. If all the communica- tions were as convincing as those published, the Peruna Companv would not have to employ an agent to secure publishable letters, nor the Liquozone Company indorse across the face of a letter from a Mrs. Benjamin Char- teris: "Can change as we see fit. " Many, in fact I believe I may say almost alirof the newspaper-exploited testimonials are obtained at an expense to the firm. Agents are employed to secure them. This costs money. Drug- gists get a discount for forwarding letters from their customers. This costs money. Persons willing to have their picture printed get a dozen ])hotographs for themselves. This costs money. Letters of inquiry answered by givers of testimonials bring a price--2. 5 cents per letter, usually. Here is a document sent out periodically by the Peruna Company to keep in line its "unsolicited" beneficiaries:
"As you are aware, we have your testimonial to our remedy. It has been some time since we have heard from you, and so we thought best to make inquiry as to your present state of health and whether you still occa- sionally make use of Peruna. We also want to make sure that we have your present street address correctly, and that you are making favorable answers to such letters of inquiry Avhich your testimonial may occasion. Rememberthatweallow25centsforeachletterofinquiry. Youhaveonly to send the letter you receive, together w^ith a copy of your reply to the same, and we will forward you 25 cents for each pair of letters.
"We hope you are still a friend of Peruna and that our continued use of your testimonial will be agreable to you. We are inclosing stamped en- velope for reply. Very sincerely yours,
"The Peru:n"a Drug Manufacturing Company. "Per Carr. "
And here is an account of another typical method of collecting this sort of material, the writer being a young Xew Orleans man, who answered an advertisement in a local paper, ofl'ering profitable special work to a news- paper man with spare time:
"I found the advertiser to be a woman, the coarseness of whose features was only equaled by the vulgarity of her manners and speech, and whose self-assertiveness was in' proportion to her bulk. She proposed that I set about securing testimonials to the excellent qualities of Peruna, which she pronounced 'Pay-Runa,' for which I was to receive a fee of $5 to $10, accord- ing to the prominence of 'the guy' from whom I obtained it. This I declined
? fHE MEBICSL MteBOB.
64
flatly. She then inquired whether or not I was a member of any social organizations or clubs in the city, and receiving a positive answer she offered me $3 for a testimonial, including the statement that Pay-Runa had been used by the members of the Southern Athletic Club with good effects, and raised it to $5 before I left.
"'This female exhibited to me what purported to be a letter of introduc- tion from ex-Governor Hogg, of Texas, 'To whom it may concern,' and
'"jITr"^--
MEDICAL JOURNALISTIC ETHICS.
A frank proposition to sell a nostrum favorable editorial mention.
among other interesting documents sheets of letterpaper signed in blank by happy users of Pay-Runa, which she was to fill out to suit herself.
No Questions Desired.
'? Upon my asking her what her business was before she undertook the Pay-Euna work, she became very angry. Now, when a female is both very large and very angry, the i^est thing for a small, thin young man to do is toleavehertoherthoughtsandtheexpressionthereof. Ididit. "
dM
:
? Tostlnionials obtainod in tliis way are, in a sonso, opimine; that is, the nostrum firm has documentary eAidence that they were oiven; but it is hardly necessary to state that they are not honest. Often the handling of the material is very careless, as in the case of Doan's Kidney Pills, which ran an advertisement in a Southern city embodying a letter from a resident ofthatcitywhohadbeendeadnearlyayear. Causeofdeath,kidneydis- ease.
In a former article I have touched on the matter of testimonials from public men. These are ol)tained through sjDecial agents, through hangers- on of the newspaper business who wheedle them out of congressmen or senators, and sometimes through agencies which make a specialty of that business. A certain Washington firm made a "blanket offer"' to a nostnnn company of a $100 joblot of testimonials, consisting of one De Wolf Hopper, one Sarah Bernhardt, and six '? statesmen," one of them a United States senator. Whether they had ]Mr. Hopper and ]Mme. Bernhardt under agree- ment or were simply dealing in futures I am unable to say, but the offer was made in business-like fashion. And the "divine Sarah"' at least seems to be an easy subject for patent medicines, as her letters to them are by no means rare. Congressmen are notoriously easy to get, and senators are by no means beyond range. There are several men now" in the United States Senate who have, at one time or another, prostituted their names to the uses of fraud medicines, which they do not use and of which they know nothing. Naval officers seem to be easy marks. Within a fcAv weeks a re- tired admiral of our navy has besmirched himself and his service by acting as pictorial sales agent for Peruna. If one carefully considers the "testi- monials" of this class it will appear that few- of the writers state that they haveevertriedthenostrum. Wemayputdownthe"publicman's"indorse- ment, then, as genuine (documentarily), but not honest. Certainly it can bear no weight with an intelligent reader.
Almost as eagerly sought for as this class of letter is the medical indorse- ment. ]Medical testimony exploiting any medicine advertised in the lay press withers under investigation. In the Liquozone article of 'this series I showed how medical evidence is itself "doctored. " This was an extreme in- stance, for Liquozone, under its original administration, exhibited less con- science in its methods than any of its competitors that I have encountered. Where the testimony itself is not distorted, it is obtained under false pre- tences or it comes from men of no standing in the profession. Some time ago Duffy's Malt Whiskey sent out an agent to get testimonials from hos- pitals. He got them. How he got them is told in a letter from the physi- cian in charge of a prominent Pennsylvania institution
"A very nice appearing man called here one day and sent in his card, bearing the name of Dr. Blank (I can't recall the name, but wish I could), a graduate of Vermont University. He was as smooth an article as I have even been up against, and I have met a good many. He at once got down to business and began to talk of the hospitals he had visited, mentioning physicians Avhom I knew either personally or by reputation.
He then brought out a lot of documents for me to peruse, all of w^hich were bona fide affairs, from the various institutions, signed by the various physicians or resident physicians, setting forth the merits or use of 'Duffy's Malt Whis- key, He asked if I had ever used it. I said yes, but very little, and was atthetimeusingsome,afact,asIwassamplingwhathehandedme. He then placed about a dozen small bottles, holding possibly two ounces, on tlte table, and said I should keep it, and he wouM send me two quarts free for use here as soon as he got back.
? 6G
Getting a Testimonial from a Physician.
"He next asked me if I would give him a testimonial regarding Duffy's Whiskey. I said I did not do such things, as it was against my principles to do so. 'But this is not for publication/ he said. I replied that I had used but little of it, and found it only the same as any other whisky. He then asked if I was satisfied with the results as far as I had used it. I re- plied that I was. He then asked me to state that much, and I very fool- ishly said I would, on condition that it was not to be used as an advertise- ment,andheassuredmeitwouldnotbeused. Ithen,inafewwords,said that '1 (or we) li^ve used and are using Duffy's Malt Whiskey, and are satisfied with the results,' signing my name to the same. He left here, and what was my surprise to receive later on a booklet in which was my testi- monial and many others, with cuts of hospitals ranging along with people who had reached 100 years by use of the Avhiskey, while seemingly all ail- ments save ringbone and spavin Avere being cured by this Avonderful bev- erage. I was provoked, but Avas paid as I deserA^ed for alloAving a smooth tongue to deceiA^e me. Duffy's Malt Whiskey has never been inside this place since that day and neA'er Avill be AA^hile I ha\"e any A^oice to pre- A-ent it. The total amount used at the time and before was less than half
a gallon. "
This hospital is still used as a reference by the Duffy people.
Many of the ordinary testimonials AA'hich come unsolicited to the ex- tensively advertised nostrums in great numbers are both genuine and honest. What of their A^alue as evidence?
Some years ago, so goes a story familiar in the drug trade, the general agent for a large jobbing house declared that he could put out an article possessing not the slightest remedial or stimulant properties, and by adver- tising it skillfully so persuade people of its virtues that it would receive unlimited testimonials to the cure of any disease for AA^hich he might choose to exploit it. Challenged to a bet, he became a proprietary owner. W^ithin a year he had aa'ou his wager Avith a collection of certified "cures" ranging from anemia to pneumonia. MoreoA^er, he found his A^enture so profitable that he pushed it to the extent of thousands of dollars of profits. His "remedy"Avasnothingbutsugar. IliaA^eheard"Kaskine"mentionedasthe "cure" in the case. It ansAvers the requirements, or did ansAA^er them at that time, according to an analysis by the Massachusetts State Board of Health, which shoAvs that its purchasers had been paying $1 an ounce for pure granulated sugar. Whether "Kaskine" Avas indeed the subject of this picturesque bet, or whether it Avas some other harmless fraud, is immaterial to the point, Avhich is that AA^here the disease cures itself, as nearly all dis- eases do, the medicine gets the benefit of this viw medicatrix naturce--the natural correctiA^e force AAdiich makes for normal health in eA^ery human organism. Obviously, the sugar testimonials can not be regarded as very Aveighty eA'idence.
Testimonials for a Magic Ring.
There is being adA^ertised now a finger ring whieh by the mere Avearing cures any form of rheumatism. The maker of that ring has genuine letters from people Avho believe that they haA^e been cured by it. Would any one other than a believer in Avitchcraft accept those statements? Yet they are just as "genuine" as the bulk of patent medicine letters and Avritten in as good faith. A very small proportion of the gratuitous indorsements get into the newspapers, because, as I have said, they do not lend themseh^es
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well to advertising purposes. I have looked over the originals of hun- dreds of such letters, and more than 90 per cent, of them--that is a very- conservative estimate--are from illiterate and obviously ignorant people. Even those few that can be used are rendered suitable for publication only by careful editing. The geographical distribution is suggestive. Out of 100 specimens selected at random from the Pierce testimonial book, eighty- seven are from small, remote hamlets, whose very names are unfamiliar to the average man of intelligence. Only five are from cities of more than 50,000 inhabitants. Now, Garden City, Kas. ; North Yamhill, Ore. ; Ther- esa, Jefferson County N. Y. ; Parkland, Ky. , and Forest Hill, W. Va. , may produce an excellent brand of Americanism, but one does not look for a very high average of intelligence in such communities. Is it only a coinci- dence that the mountain districts of Kentucky, West Virginia and Tennes- see, recognized as being the least civilized parts of the country, should fur- nish a number of testimonials, not only to Pierce, but to Peruna, Paine's Celery Compound and other brands, out of all proportion to their popula- tion? On page 61 is a group of Pierce enthusiasts and a group of Peruna witnesses. Should you, on the face of this exhibit, accept their advice on a matter wholly affecting your physical welfare? This is what the adver- tiser is asking you to do.
Secure as is the present control of the Proprietary Association over the newspapers, there is one point in which I believe almost any journal may be made to feel the force of public opinion, and that is the matter of com- mon decency. Newspapers pride themselves on preserving a respectable moral standard in cneir news columns, and it would require no great pressure on the part of the reading public (which is surely immediately interested) to extend this standard to the advertising columns. I am referring now not only to the unclean sexual, venereal and abortion adver- tisements which deface the columns of a majority of papers, but also to the exploitation of several prominent proprietaries.
Recently a prominent Chicago physician was dining en famille with a friend who is the publisher of a rather important paper in a Western city. The publisher was boasting that he had so established the editorial and news policy of his paper that every line of it could be read without shame in the presence of any adult gathering.
"Never anything gets in," he declared, "that I couldn't read at this table before my wife, son and daughter. "
The visitor, a militant member of his profession, snuffed battle from afar. "Have the morning's issue brought," he said. Turning to the second page he began on Swift's Sure Specific, which was headed in large black type with the engaging caption, "Vile, Contagious Blood Poison. " Before he had gone far the 19-year-old daughter of the family, obedient to a glance from the mother, had gone to answer the opportune ring at the telephone, and the publisher had grown very red in the face.
"I didn't mean the advertisements," he said.
"I did," said the visitor, curtly, and passed on to one of the extremely intimate, confidential and highly corporeal letters to the ghost of Lydia E. Pinkham, which are a constant ornament of the press. The publisher's son interrupted:
"I don't believe that was written for me to hear," he observed. "I'm too young--only 25, you know. Call me when you're through. I'll be out looking at the moon. "
Relentlessly the physician turned the sheet and began on one of the Chattanooga Medical Company's physiological editorials, entitled "What
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Men Like in a Gii-1. " For loathsome and gratuitovis indecency, for leering appeal to their basest passions, this advertisement and the others of the Wine of Cardui series sound the depths. The hostess lasted through the second paragraph, when she fled, gasping.
The Realers Can Regulate Their Papers' Advertising Columns.
"Now," said the physician to his host, "what do you think of yourself? "
The publisher found no answer, but thereafter his paper was put under a censorship of advertising. Many dailies refuse such "copy" as this of Wine of Cardui. And here, I believe, is an opportunity for the entering wedge. If every subscriber to a newspaper who is interested in keeping his home free from contamination would protest and keep on protesting against advertising foulness of this nature, the medical advertiser would soon be restricted to the same limits of decency which other classes of merchandise accept as a matter of course, for the average newspaper publisher is quite sensitiA-e to criticism from his readers. A recent instance came under my own notice in the case of the Auburn (N. Y. ) Citizen, which bought out an old-established daily, taking over the contracts, among which was a large amount of low-class patent medicine advertising. The new proprietor, a man of high personal standards, assured his friends that no objectionable
matter would be permitted in his columns. Shortly after the establishment of the new paper there appeared an advertisement of Juven Pills, referred to above. Protests from a number of subscribers followed. Investigation showed that a so-called "reputable" patent medicine firm had inserted this disgraceful paragraph under their, contract. Further insertions of the offending matter were refused and the Hood Company meekly accepted the situation. Another central New York daily, the Utica Press, rejects such "copy" as seems to the manager indecent, and I have yet to hear of the paper's being sued for breach of contract. No perpetrator of unclean ad- vertising can afford to go into court en this ground, because he knows that his matter is indefensible.
Our national quality of commercial shrewdness fails us when we go into the open market to purchase relief from suffering. - The average American, when he sets out to buy a horse, or a house, or a box of cigars, is a model of caution. Show him testimonials from any number of prominent citizens and he would simply scoff. He will, perhaps, take the word of his life-long friend, or of the pastor of his church, but only after mature thought, forti- fiedbypersonalinvestigation. Nowobservethesamecitizenseekingtobuy the most precious of all possessions, sound health. Anybody's word is good enough for him here. An admiral whose puerile vanity has betrayed him into a testimonial ; an obliging and conscienceless senator ; a grateful idiot from some remote hamlet; a renegade doctor or a silly woman who gets a bonus of a dozen photographs for her letter--any of these are sufficient tolurethehopefulpatienttothepurchase. Hewouldn'tbuyasecond-hand bicycle on the affidavit of any of them, but he will give up his dollar and take his chance of poison on a mere newspaper statement Avhich he doesn't
even investigate. Every intelligent newspaper publisher knows that the testimonials which he publishes are as deceptive as the advertising claims are false. Yet he salves his conscience with the fallacy that the moral re- sponsibility is on the advertiser and the testimonial-giver. So it is, but the newspaper shares it. When an aroused public sentiment shall make our public men ashamed to lend themselves to this charlatanry, and shall enforce on the profession of journalism those standards of decency in the field of medical advertising which apply to other advertisers, the Proprietary Asso-
? CD
ciation of America will face a crisi? ^ more perilous than any threatened legislation. For printers' ink is the very life-blood of the noxious trade. Take from the nostrum vendors the means by which they influence the millions, and there Avill pass to the limbo of pricked bubbles a fraud whose flagrancy and impudence are of minor import compared to the cold-hearted greed with which it grinds out its profits from the sufferings of duped and ? tornally hopeful ignorance.
IlEI'RIXTED FROM COLLIEU's WEEKLY^ JULY 14, 1906.
SERIES II. --QUACKS AND QUACKERY.
I. THE SURE-CURE SCHOOL.
No peril in the whole range of human pathology need have any terrors for the man who can believe the medical advertisements in the newspa- pers. For every ill there is a "sure cure" provided, in print. Dr. This is as confident of removing your cancer Avithout the use of the knife as Dr. That is of eradicating your consumption by his marvelous new discovery, or Dr. Otherone of rehabilitating your kidneys, which the regular pro- fession has given up as a hopeless job.
The more deadly the disease the more blatantly certain is the quack that he alone can save you, and in extreme cases, where he has failed to get there earlier, he may even raise you from your coffin and restore you to your astonished and adm-iring friends. Such things have happened in the advertising columns of the newspapers--and pitiful gropers after relief from suffering believe that they may happen again, otherwise charlatanry would cease to spread its daily cure.
Advertising furnishes the surest diagnosis of quackery. Any doctor, institution or medical concern which promises to cure disease, either in a public advertisement or in a circular or letter is, in its own type, branded "quack," and the man who wastes his money and his health on such is the Foolkiller's ablest assistant.
If there is one disease more than another where quackery means death to the patient, it is tuberculosis. For, taken early, consumption may be cured, not by medicine, indeed, but by regulated diet, open air, and sunlight. Yet the aim of the consumption quack is either to draw patients to his "sanatorium," often in a crowded city, where they will live under un- healthful conditions, or to treat them by some "special" method, usually a stimulant medicine, which excites the hopes while it undermines the stamina of the victim. There is good money for the crooked doctor in tu- bercular diseases, because the patient usually dies slowly, willing to the end to give up his last dollar for any promise of life. A distinguished citizen of Cincinnati amassed a large fortune from his understanding of the financial possibilities of tuberculosis. Dr. Thomas W. Graydon is now dead, but you wouldn't know it from the circular of his Alpha Medical Institute, which survives him. This institute continues to send out Dr. Graydon's literature promising to cure consumption by the Andral Broca method, which is a combination of worthless inhalation with worse than worthless medicines. The patient is encouraged to diagnose his own case, andthisvaluablehintispressedonhim: "Shortnessofbreathonmaking any unusual exertion . . . is a serious warning that the lungs are affected. "
Even the Laboratories are Fakes.
That is, if a man unaccustomed to exercise should rush up fourteen flights of stairs, three steps at a leap, and should then discover that his breathing was somewhat labored, his proper course would be to rush hastily down again and write to Dr. Graydon for help. On this principle it seemed to me the Alpha Medical Institute would require large and commodious quarters in v/hich to transact its extensive business, and I was not surprised to note in its pamphlet the picture of a fine office building bearing its sign. A visit to the given address in Cincinnati, however.
--
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revealed no such edifice as adorns the pamphlet's pages. On the site where it should have stood was a row of dingy houses, of distinctly fu- nereal aspect. In one of these, designated as "office," I was received "^by a "manager" who seemed unaccountably perturbed at my visit.
F
'^'^^^^. ^ -
Cornbjnafmn Oil EurE CompanM.
FATHER AND FOUNDER OF A FAMILY OF QUACKS.
luctant to give his name, or the name of any of the "consulting physi- cians. " He couldn't tell me anything about the "Andral Broca method. " whence it got its name or what it meant. He couldn't cite a single in- stance in support of the claim that the Graydon method "has been gener-
He was re-
-I
i^.
? &i-j''S'
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72
ally accepted and adopted by the leading medical authorities, and by the medical profession as a whole. " His one argument was that he could produce testimonials, and his one plea, that the Institute ought not to be "pounded," as it was going out of business in a few months, anyway. This means that the field is exhausted; that, as invariably will happen,* the accumulated force of exjicricnfo. ])rovino- the Alpha Medical Institute to be
cBenj. FJy-e,Ii. D.
y A riiir OF THE old block.
The youngest Bye sends out letters to his patients warning them against quackery in the cancer cure business.
a, fraud, has finally overcome the counter-force of its advertising. Prob- ably its proprietors (I understand that Dr. Graydon's sons have got rid Df the business as a baneful influence upon their social aspirations) will presently start up under some other name.
i
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New York has had a flourishing concern of this kind, the Koch Con- sumption Cure, with branches in the principal cities of the country, some of which still survive. Reuben X. Mayfield was the presiding genius of this hopeful scheme. Untrammeled by any meager considerations of the law, he copyrighted the famous Koch's picture for his own use, forged a document or two, and was doing famously when the County Medical So- ciety descended upon him and he hastened to parts unknown to avoid forcible removal to a large sanatorium for the treatment of moral ail- ments at Sing Sing. The "Secretary" of his outfit, P. L. Anderson, is now running an X-Ray Consumption Cure swindle at 50 West Twenty-second Street, Xew York. "Koch Institutes" still flourish in other cities.
Somewhat on the Koch concern order is a scheme conducted by "Dr. " Derk P. Yonkerman at Kalamazoo, Mich. "Dr. " Yonkerman is one of
Dr. B. F. Bye's "down-town" office and laboratory, as represented in his booklets, surrounded by broad lawns and shade trees--which exist in Dr. Bye's mind only.
those altruists who take "a personal interest in your case. " He adver- tises a two hundred-page free medical book on consumption, wiiich will prove to the dissatisfaction of any reasonable person that he's got it. The reader is urged to fill out a symptom blank, in reply to which he gets a letter from John Adam May, ]\I. D. , "consulting physician" and "specialist in tuberculosis," diagnosing that disease, and advising the use of Tuberculozyne (Yonkerman's remedy) at once. This letter, of course, is a form letter. I tested John Adam May, M. D. , by sending him a list of symptoms that even a quack could hardly have regarded as possibly indicating tuberculosis, if he had considered them; but John Adam hadn't the wit to see the patent trap, and walked in by advising me that "your symptoms indicate the presence of the poisonous toxins generated by the consumption germ. " "Tuberculozyne" is one of those vicious morphin
? 74
concoctions which dull the patient's perceptions, render him insensible of the augmented progress of the disease, and keep him the unconscious and profitable slave of the dispenser until death puts an end to the gruesome farce.
The Woman's Mutual Benefit Company of Joliet, 111. , has a scheme for swindling consumptives that works pretty well. It maintains women agents in various towns who personally canvass the sick. To the pastor of an lola (Kan. ) church I am indebted for an illuminating instance of the company's methods:
"A very poor man with a wife and tw^o children is dying of consump- tion here. The doctors have said he will live about two months.
worth of advertising which other religious journals are running, but which is rated 'objectionable' by the better class of periodicals. Compare our advertising columns with the columns of any other purely religious jour- nal, and let us know what you think of the character of our advertising- patrons. "
Whether the opinion of a non-subscriber will interest The Christian Century I have no means of knowing, but I will venture it. ]\Iy opinion is that a considerable proportion of its advertisements are such as any right-minded and intelligent publisher should be ashamed to print, and that if its readers accept its indorsement of the advertising columns they
Tin: i*i:ijrNA l)i? r<>> Mam rv* ti iUN<>> ( o.
PERUNA'S WAY OF PURCHASING TESTIMONIALS.
will have a very heavy indictment to bring against it. Three ''cancer cures," a dangerous "heart cure," a charlatan eye doctor, Piso's Con- sumption Cure^ Dr. Shoop's Rheumatism Cure and Liquozone make up a pretty fair "Frauds' Gallery" for the delectation of The Christian Century's
readers.
As a convincing argument, many nostrums guarantee, not a cure, as they
would have the public believe, but a reimbursement if the medicine is un- satisfactory. Liquozone does this, and faithfully carries out its agreement. Electro-gen, a nov,- "germicide," which has stolen Liquozone's advertising- scheme almost word for word, also i)romises this. Dr. Shoop's agreement
? .
is so worded that the unsatisfied customer is likely to have considerable trouble in getting his money back. Other concerns send their "remedies" free on trial, among these being the ludicrous ? '? 'magic foot drafts" re- ferred to above. At first thought it would seem that only a cure would bring profit to the makers. But the fact is that most diseases tend to cure themselves by natural means, and the delighted and deluded patient, ascrib- ing the relief to the '? remedy. '" Avhich really has nothing to do with it, sends on his grateful dollar. Where the money is already paid, most people are too inert to undertake the eflfort of getting it back. It is the easj" American way of accepting a swindle as a sort of joke, which makes for the nostrum readers ready profits.
Safe Rewards,
Then there is the "reward for proof" that the proprietary will not per- form the wonders advertised. The Liquozone Company offer $1,000, I be- lieve, for any germ that Liquozone will not kill. This is a pretly safe offer, because there are no restrictions as to the manner in w^hich the unfortunate germ might be maltreated. If the matter came to an issue, the defendants might put their bacillus in the Liquozone bottle and freeze him solid. If that didn't end him, they could boil the ice and save their money, as thus far no germ has been discovered w^hich can survive the process of being made into soup. Nearly all of the Hall Catarrh Cure advertise- ments offer a reward of $100 for any case of catarrh which the nostrum fails to cure. It isn't enough, though one hundred times that amount might be worth while; for who doubts that Mr. F. J. 'heney, inventor of the "red clause," would fight for his cure through every court, exhausting the prospective $100 reward of his opponent in the first round? How^ hollow^ the "guarantee" pretence is, is shown by a clever scheme devised by Radam, the quack, years ago, when Shreveport was stricken with yellow fever. Knowing that his offer could not be accepted, he proposed to the
United States Government that he should eradicate the epidemic by de- stroying all the germs with Radam's Microbe Killer, offering to deposit $10,000 as a guarantee. Of course, the Government declined on the ground that it had no power to accept such an offer. Meantime, Radam got a lot of free advertising, and his fortune was made.
Xo little stress is laid on "personal advice" by the patent-medicine companies. This may be, according to the statements of the firm, from their physician or from some special expert. As a matter of fact, it is almost invariably furnished by a $10-a-week typewriter, following out one of a number of "form" letters prepared in bulk for the "personal-inquiry" dupes. Such is the Lydia E. Pinkham method. The Pinkham Company writes me that it is entirely innocent of any intent to deceive people into believing that Lydia E. Pinkham is still alive, and that it has published in several cases statements regarding her demise. It is true that a number of years ago a newspaper forced the Pinkham concern into a defensive admission of Lydia E. Pinkham's death, but since then the main purpose of the Pinkham advertising has been to befool the feminine public into believing that their letters go to a woman--who died nearly twenty years ago of one of the diseases, it is said, which her remedy claims to cure.
The Immortal Mrs. Pinkham.
True, the newspaper appeal is always "Write to Mrs. Pinkham," and this
is technically a saving clause, as there is a Mrs. Pinkham, widow of the son of Lydia E. Pinkham. , What sense of shame she might be supposed to suffer in the perpetration of an obvious and public fraud is presumably
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59
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salvedbythelargeprofitsofthebusiness. Thegreatinajorityofthegulls "uiio "write to ]Mrs. Pinkham" suppose themselves to be addressing Lydia El. Pinkham, and their letters are not even answered by the present proprietor of the name, but by a corps of hurried clerks and typewriters.
You get the same results when you write to Dr. Hartman, of Peruna, for personal guidance. Dr. Hartman himself told me that he took no active part now in the conduct of the Peruna Company. If he sees the letters addressed to him at all, it is by chance. "Dr. Kilmer," of Swamp-Root fame,wantsjoutowritetohimaboutyourkidneys. ThereisnoDr. Kil- mer in the Swamp-Eoot concern, and has not been for many years. Dr. T. A. Slocum, who writes you so earnestly and piously about taking care of your consumption in time, is a myth. The whole "personal medical advice" business is managed by rote, and the letter that you get "special to your case" has been printed and signed before your inquiry ever reached the shark who gets your money.
An increasingly common pitfall is the letter in the newspapers from some sufferer who has been saved from disease and wants you to write and get the prescription free. A conspicuous instance of this is "A Notre Dame Lady's Appeal" to sufferers from rheumatism and also from female trouble. "Mrs. Summers," of Notre Dame, 111. , whose picture in the papers represents a fat Sister of Charity, with the wan, uneasy expression of one who feels that her dinner isn't digesting properly, may be a real lady, but I suspect she AA^ears a full beard and talks in a bass voice, because my letter of in- quiry to her was answered by the patent-medicine firm of Vanderhcof & Co. , who inclosed some sample tablets and wanted to sell me more. There are many others of this class. It is safe to assume that every advertising altruist Avho pretends to give out free prescriptions is really a quack medi- cine firm in disguise.
One instance of bad faith to which the nostrum patron renders him- self liable: It is asserted that these letters of inquiry in the patent-medi- cinefieldareregardedasprivate. "Allcorrespondenceheldstrictlyprivate and sacredly confidential," advertises Dr. R. V. Pierce, of the Golden Medi- cal Discovery, etc. A Chicago firm of letter brokers offers to send me
50,000 Dr. Pierce order blanks at $2 a thousand for thirty days; or I can get terms on Ozomulsion, Theodore Noel (Vitse-Ore), Dr. Stevens' Nervous Debility Cure, Cactus Cure, women's regulators, etc.
With advertisements in the medical journals the public is concerned only indirectly, it is true, but none the less vitally. Only doctors read these exploitations, but if they accept certain of them and treat their patients on the strength of the mendacious statements it is at the peril of the patients. Take, for instance, the Antikamnia advertising which appears in most of the high-class medical journals, and which includes the following state- ments :
"Do not depress the heart. Do not produce habit.
Are acurate--safe--sure. "
These three lines, reproduced as they occur in the medical journals, con- tain five distinct and separate lies--a triumph of condensed mendacity un- equaled, so far as I know, in the "cure all" class. For an instructive paral- lel here are two claims made by Duffy's Malt Whiskey, one taken from a medical journal, and hence "ethical/' the other transcribed from a daily paper, and therefore to be condemned by all medical men.
Puzzle: Which is the ethical and which the unethical advertisement?
? PIERCEGROUP PE-RU-NAGROUP
? 62
"It is the only cure and preventative [sic] of consumption, pneu- monia, grip, bronchitis, coughs, colds, malaria, low fevers and all wasting, weakening, diseased conditions. "
"Cures general debilitj^, overwork, la grippe, colds, bronchitis, consumption, malaria, dyspepsia, depression, exhaustion and weak- ness from whatever cause. "
All the high-class medical publications accent the advertising of "McAr- thur'sSyrupofHypophosphites,"whichusesthefollowingstatement: "It is the enthusiastic conviction of many (physicians) that its effect is truly specific. " Thatlookstomesuspiciouslylikea"consumptioncure"shrewdly expressed in pseudo-ethical terms.
The Germicide Family.
Zymoticine, if one may believe various medical publications, "will pre- vent microbe proliferation in the blood streams, and acts as an efficient eliminator of those germs and cheir toxins which are already present. " Translating this from its technical linguage, I am forced to the conviction that Zymoticine is ha]f-brother to Liquozone, and if the latter is illeoitimate at least both are children of Beelzebub, father of all frauds. Of the same family are the "ethicals" Acetozone and Keimol, as shown by their germi- cidal claims.
Again, I find exploited to the medical profession, through its own organs, a "sure cure for dropsy. " "Hygeia presents her latest discovery," declares the advertisement, and fortifies the statement with a picture worthy of Swamp-Root or Lydia Pinkham. Every intelligent physician knows that there is no sure cure for dropsy. The alternative imp-ication is that the advertiser hopes to get his profits by deluding the unintelligent of the uvo- fession, and that the publications which print his advertisement are willing to hire themselves out to the swindle.
In one respect some of the medical journals are far below the average of the newspapers, and on a par with the worst of the "religious" journals. They offer their reading space for sale. Here is an extract from a letter from the Medical Mirror to a w^ell-known "ethical firm:"
"Should you place a contract for this issue we shall publish a 300-word report in your interest in our reading columns. "
Many other magazines of this class print advertisements as original read- ing matter calculated to deceive their subscribers.
Back of all patent medicine advertising stands the testimonial. Produce proofs that any nostrum can not in its nature perforin the wonders that it boasts, and its retort is to wave aloft its careful horde of letters and cry:
''We rest on the evidence of those Ave have cured. "
The crux of the matter lies in the last word. Are the writers of those letters really cured? What is the value of these testimonials? Are they genuine? Are they honest? Are they, in their nature and from their source, entitled to such weight as would convince a reasonable mind?
Three distinct types suggest themselves: The word of grateful acknowl- edgement from a private citizen, couched in such terms as to be readily available for advertising purposes: the encomium from some person in public life, and the misspelled, illiterate epistle which is from its nature so unconvincing that it never gets into print, and which outnumbers the
other two classes a hundred to one. First of all, most nostrums make a point of the mass of evidence. Thousands of testimonials, they declare,
? G3
just as valuable for tlieir purposes as those they print, are in their files. This is not true. I have taken for analysis, as a fair sample, the "World's Dispensary Medical Book," published by the proprietors of Pierce's Favorite Prescription, the Golden Medical Discovery, Pleasant Pellets, the Pierce Hospital, etc. As the dispensers of several nostrums, and because of their long career in the business, this firm should be able to show as large a col-
lection of favorable letters as any proprietary concern.
Overworked Testimonials.
In their book, judiciously scattered, I find twenty-six letters twice printed, four letters thrice printed, and two letters produced four times. Yet the compilers of the book "have to regret"' (editorially) that they can "find room only for this comparatively small number in this volume. " Why repeat those they have if this is true? If enthusiastic indorsements poured in on the patent medicine people, the Duffy's Malt Whiskey advertising management would hardly be driven to purchasing its letters from the very aged and from disreputable ministers of the gospel. If all the communica- tions were as convincing as those published, the Peruna Companv would not have to employ an agent to secure publishable letters, nor the Liquozone Company indorse across the face of a letter from a Mrs. Benjamin Char- teris: "Can change as we see fit. " Many, in fact I believe I may say almost alirof the newspaper-exploited testimonials are obtained at an expense to the firm. Agents are employed to secure them. This costs money. Drug- gists get a discount for forwarding letters from their customers. This costs money. Persons willing to have their picture printed get a dozen ])hotographs for themselves. This costs money. Letters of inquiry answered by givers of testimonials bring a price--2. 5 cents per letter, usually. Here is a document sent out periodically by the Peruna Company to keep in line its "unsolicited" beneficiaries:
"As you are aware, we have your testimonial to our remedy. It has been some time since we have heard from you, and so we thought best to make inquiry as to your present state of health and whether you still occa- sionally make use of Peruna. We also want to make sure that we have your present street address correctly, and that you are making favorable answers to such letters of inquiry Avhich your testimonial may occasion. Rememberthatweallow25centsforeachletterofinquiry. Youhaveonly to send the letter you receive, together w^ith a copy of your reply to the same, and we will forward you 25 cents for each pair of letters.
"We hope you are still a friend of Peruna and that our continued use of your testimonial will be agreable to you. We are inclosing stamped en- velope for reply. Very sincerely yours,
"The Peru:n"a Drug Manufacturing Company. "Per Carr. "
And here is an account of another typical method of collecting this sort of material, the writer being a young Xew Orleans man, who answered an advertisement in a local paper, ofl'ering profitable special work to a news- paper man with spare time:
"I found the advertiser to be a woman, the coarseness of whose features was only equaled by the vulgarity of her manners and speech, and whose self-assertiveness was in' proportion to her bulk. She proposed that I set about securing testimonials to the excellent qualities of Peruna, which she pronounced 'Pay-Runa,' for which I was to receive a fee of $5 to $10, accord- ing to the prominence of 'the guy' from whom I obtained it. This I declined
? fHE MEBICSL MteBOB.
64
flatly. She then inquired whether or not I was a member of any social organizations or clubs in the city, and receiving a positive answer she offered me $3 for a testimonial, including the statement that Pay-Runa had been used by the members of the Southern Athletic Club with good effects, and raised it to $5 before I left.
"'This female exhibited to me what purported to be a letter of introduc- tion from ex-Governor Hogg, of Texas, 'To whom it may concern,' and
'"jITr"^--
MEDICAL JOURNALISTIC ETHICS.
A frank proposition to sell a nostrum favorable editorial mention.
among other interesting documents sheets of letterpaper signed in blank by happy users of Pay-Runa, which she was to fill out to suit herself.
No Questions Desired.
'? Upon my asking her what her business was before she undertook the Pay-Euna work, she became very angry. Now, when a female is both very large and very angry, the i^est thing for a small, thin young man to do is toleavehertoherthoughtsandtheexpressionthereof. Ididit. "
dM
:
? Tostlnionials obtainod in tliis way are, in a sonso, opimine; that is, the nostrum firm has documentary eAidence that they were oiven; but it is hardly necessary to state that they are not honest. Often the handling of the material is very careless, as in the case of Doan's Kidney Pills, which ran an advertisement in a Southern city embodying a letter from a resident ofthatcitywhohadbeendeadnearlyayear. Causeofdeath,kidneydis- ease.
In a former article I have touched on the matter of testimonials from public men. These are ol)tained through sjDecial agents, through hangers- on of the newspaper business who wheedle them out of congressmen or senators, and sometimes through agencies which make a specialty of that business. A certain Washington firm made a "blanket offer"' to a nostnnn company of a $100 joblot of testimonials, consisting of one De Wolf Hopper, one Sarah Bernhardt, and six '? statesmen," one of them a United States senator. Whether they had ]Mr. Hopper and ]Mme. Bernhardt under agree- ment or were simply dealing in futures I am unable to say, but the offer was made in business-like fashion. And the "divine Sarah"' at least seems to be an easy subject for patent medicines, as her letters to them are by no means rare. Congressmen are notoriously easy to get, and senators are by no means beyond range. There are several men now" in the United States Senate who have, at one time or another, prostituted their names to the uses of fraud medicines, which they do not use and of which they know nothing. Naval officers seem to be easy marks. Within a fcAv weeks a re- tired admiral of our navy has besmirched himself and his service by acting as pictorial sales agent for Peruna. If one carefully considers the "testi- monials" of this class it will appear that few- of the writers state that they haveevertriedthenostrum. Wemayputdownthe"publicman's"indorse- ment, then, as genuine (documentarily), but not honest. Certainly it can bear no weight with an intelligent reader.
Almost as eagerly sought for as this class of letter is the medical indorse- ment. ]Medical testimony exploiting any medicine advertised in the lay press withers under investigation. In the Liquozone article of 'this series I showed how medical evidence is itself "doctored. " This was an extreme in- stance, for Liquozone, under its original administration, exhibited less con- science in its methods than any of its competitors that I have encountered. Where the testimony itself is not distorted, it is obtained under false pre- tences or it comes from men of no standing in the profession. Some time ago Duffy's Malt Whiskey sent out an agent to get testimonials from hos- pitals. He got them. How he got them is told in a letter from the physi- cian in charge of a prominent Pennsylvania institution
"A very nice appearing man called here one day and sent in his card, bearing the name of Dr. Blank (I can't recall the name, but wish I could), a graduate of Vermont University. He was as smooth an article as I have even been up against, and I have met a good many. He at once got down to business and began to talk of the hospitals he had visited, mentioning physicians Avhom I knew either personally or by reputation.
He then brought out a lot of documents for me to peruse, all of w^hich were bona fide affairs, from the various institutions, signed by the various physicians or resident physicians, setting forth the merits or use of 'Duffy's Malt Whis- key, He asked if I had ever used it. I said yes, but very little, and was atthetimeusingsome,afact,asIwassamplingwhathehandedme. He then placed about a dozen small bottles, holding possibly two ounces, on tlte table, and said I should keep it, and he wouM send me two quarts free for use here as soon as he got back.
? 6G
Getting a Testimonial from a Physician.
"He next asked me if I would give him a testimonial regarding Duffy's Whiskey. I said I did not do such things, as it was against my principles to do so. 'But this is not for publication/ he said. I replied that I had used but little of it, and found it only the same as any other whisky. He then asked if I was satisfied with the results as far as I had used it. I re- plied that I was. He then asked me to state that much, and I very fool- ishly said I would, on condition that it was not to be used as an advertise- ment,andheassuredmeitwouldnotbeused. Ithen,inafewwords,said that '1 (or we) li^ve used and are using Duffy's Malt Whiskey, and are satisfied with the results,' signing my name to the same. He left here, and what was my surprise to receive later on a booklet in which was my testi- monial and many others, with cuts of hospitals ranging along with people who had reached 100 years by use of the Avhiskey, while seemingly all ail- ments save ringbone and spavin Avere being cured by this Avonderful bev- erage. I was provoked, but Avas paid as I deserA^ed for alloAving a smooth tongue to deceiA^e me. Duffy's Malt Whiskey has never been inside this place since that day and neA'er Avill be AA^hile I ha\"e any A^oice to pre- A-ent it. The total amount used at the time and before was less than half
a gallon. "
This hospital is still used as a reference by the Duffy people.
Many of the ordinary testimonials AA'hich come unsolicited to the ex- tensively advertised nostrums in great numbers are both genuine and honest. What of their A^alue as evidence?
Some years ago, so goes a story familiar in the drug trade, the general agent for a large jobbing house declared that he could put out an article possessing not the slightest remedial or stimulant properties, and by adver- tising it skillfully so persuade people of its virtues that it would receive unlimited testimonials to the cure of any disease for AA^hich he might choose to exploit it. Challenged to a bet, he became a proprietary owner. W^ithin a year he had aa'ou his wager Avith a collection of certified "cures" ranging from anemia to pneumonia. MoreoA^er, he found his A^enture so profitable that he pushed it to the extent of thousands of dollars of profits. His "remedy"Avasnothingbutsugar. IliaA^eheard"Kaskine"mentionedasthe "cure" in the case. It ansAvers the requirements, or did ansAA^er them at that time, according to an analysis by the Massachusetts State Board of Health, which shoAvs that its purchasers had been paying $1 an ounce for pure granulated sugar. Whether "Kaskine" Avas indeed the subject of this picturesque bet, or whether it Avas some other harmless fraud, is immaterial to the point, Avhich is that AA^here the disease cures itself, as nearly all dis- eases do, the medicine gets the benefit of this viw medicatrix naturce--the natural correctiA^e force AAdiich makes for normal health in eA^ery human organism. Obviously, the sugar testimonials can not be regarded as very Aveighty eA'idence.
Testimonials for a Magic Ring.
There is being adA^ertised now a finger ring whieh by the mere Avearing cures any form of rheumatism. The maker of that ring has genuine letters from people Avho believe that they haA^e been cured by it. Would any one other than a believer in Avitchcraft accept those statements? Yet they are just as "genuine" as the bulk of patent medicine letters and Avritten in as good faith. A very small proportion of the gratuitous indorsements get into the newspapers, because, as I have said, they do not lend themseh^es
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well to advertising purposes. I have looked over the originals of hun- dreds of such letters, and more than 90 per cent, of them--that is a very- conservative estimate--are from illiterate and obviously ignorant people. Even those few that can be used are rendered suitable for publication only by careful editing. The geographical distribution is suggestive. Out of 100 specimens selected at random from the Pierce testimonial book, eighty- seven are from small, remote hamlets, whose very names are unfamiliar to the average man of intelligence. Only five are from cities of more than 50,000 inhabitants. Now, Garden City, Kas. ; North Yamhill, Ore. ; Ther- esa, Jefferson County N. Y. ; Parkland, Ky. , and Forest Hill, W. Va. , may produce an excellent brand of Americanism, but one does not look for a very high average of intelligence in such communities. Is it only a coinci- dence that the mountain districts of Kentucky, West Virginia and Tennes- see, recognized as being the least civilized parts of the country, should fur- nish a number of testimonials, not only to Pierce, but to Peruna, Paine's Celery Compound and other brands, out of all proportion to their popula- tion? On page 61 is a group of Pierce enthusiasts and a group of Peruna witnesses. Should you, on the face of this exhibit, accept their advice on a matter wholly affecting your physical welfare? This is what the adver- tiser is asking you to do.
Secure as is the present control of the Proprietary Association over the newspapers, there is one point in which I believe almost any journal may be made to feel the force of public opinion, and that is the matter of com- mon decency. Newspapers pride themselves on preserving a respectable moral standard in cneir news columns, and it would require no great pressure on the part of the reading public (which is surely immediately interested) to extend this standard to the advertising columns. I am referring now not only to the unclean sexual, venereal and abortion adver- tisements which deface the columns of a majority of papers, but also to the exploitation of several prominent proprietaries.
Recently a prominent Chicago physician was dining en famille with a friend who is the publisher of a rather important paper in a Western city. The publisher was boasting that he had so established the editorial and news policy of his paper that every line of it could be read without shame in the presence of any adult gathering.
"Never anything gets in," he declared, "that I couldn't read at this table before my wife, son and daughter. "
The visitor, a militant member of his profession, snuffed battle from afar. "Have the morning's issue brought," he said. Turning to the second page he began on Swift's Sure Specific, which was headed in large black type with the engaging caption, "Vile, Contagious Blood Poison. " Before he had gone far the 19-year-old daughter of the family, obedient to a glance from the mother, had gone to answer the opportune ring at the telephone, and the publisher had grown very red in the face.
"I didn't mean the advertisements," he said.
"I did," said the visitor, curtly, and passed on to one of the extremely intimate, confidential and highly corporeal letters to the ghost of Lydia E. Pinkham, which are a constant ornament of the press. The publisher's son interrupted:
"I don't believe that was written for me to hear," he observed. "I'm too young--only 25, you know. Call me when you're through. I'll be out looking at the moon. "
Relentlessly the physician turned the sheet and began on one of the Chattanooga Medical Company's physiological editorials, entitled "What
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Men Like in a Gii-1. " For loathsome and gratuitovis indecency, for leering appeal to their basest passions, this advertisement and the others of the Wine of Cardui series sound the depths. The hostess lasted through the second paragraph, when she fled, gasping.
The Realers Can Regulate Their Papers' Advertising Columns.
"Now," said the physician to his host, "what do you think of yourself? "
The publisher found no answer, but thereafter his paper was put under a censorship of advertising. Many dailies refuse such "copy" as this of Wine of Cardui. And here, I believe, is an opportunity for the entering wedge. If every subscriber to a newspaper who is interested in keeping his home free from contamination would protest and keep on protesting against advertising foulness of this nature, the medical advertiser would soon be restricted to the same limits of decency which other classes of merchandise accept as a matter of course, for the average newspaper publisher is quite sensitiA-e to criticism from his readers. A recent instance came under my own notice in the case of the Auburn (N. Y. ) Citizen, which bought out an old-established daily, taking over the contracts, among which was a large amount of low-class patent medicine advertising. The new proprietor, a man of high personal standards, assured his friends that no objectionable
matter would be permitted in his columns. Shortly after the establishment of the new paper there appeared an advertisement of Juven Pills, referred to above. Protests from a number of subscribers followed. Investigation showed that a so-called "reputable" patent medicine firm had inserted this disgraceful paragraph under their, contract. Further insertions of the offending matter were refused and the Hood Company meekly accepted the situation. Another central New York daily, the Utica Press, rejects such "copy" as seems to the manager indecent, and I have yet to hear of the paper's being sued for breach of contract. No perpetrator of unclean ad- vertising can afford to go into court en this ground, because he knows that his matter is indefensible.
Our national quality of commercial shrewdness fails us when we go into the open market to purchase relief from suffering. - The average American, when he sets out to buy a horse, or a house, or a box of cigars, is a model of caution. Show him testimonials from any number of prominent citizens and he would simply scoff. He will, perhaps, take the word of his life-long friend, or of the pastor of his church, but only after mature thought, forti- fiedbypersonalinvestigation. Nowobservethesamecitizenseekingtobuy the most precious of all possessions, sound health. Anybody's word is good enough for him here. An admiral whose puerile vanity has betrayed him into a testimonial ; an obliging and conscienceless senator ; a grateful idiot from some remote hamlet; a renegade doctor or a silly woman who gets a bonus of a dozen photographs for her letter--any of these are sufficient tolurethehopefulpatienttothepurchase. Hewouldn'tbuyasecond-hand bicycle on the affidavit of any of them, but he will give up his dollar and take his chance of poison on a mere newspaper statement Avhich he doesn't
even investigate. Every intelligent newspaper publisher knows that the testimonials which he publishes are as deceptive as the advertising claims are false. Yet he salves his conscience with the fallacy that the moral re- sponsibility is on the advertiser and the testimonial-giver. So it is, but the newspaper shares it. When an aroused public sentiment shall make our public men ashamed to lend themselves to this charlatanry, and shall enforce on the profession of journalism those standards of decency in the field of medical advertising which apply to other advertisers, the Proprietary Asso-
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ciation of America will face a crisi? ^ more perilous than any threatened legislation. For printers' ink is the very life-blood of the noxious trade. Take from the nostrum vendors the means by which they influence the millions, and there Avill pass to the limbo of pricked bubbles a fraud whose flagrancy and impudence are of minor import compared to the cold-hearted greed with which it grinds out its profits from the sufferings of duped and ? tornally hopeful ignorance.
IlEI'RIXTED FROM COLLIEU's WEEKLY^ JULY 14, 1906.
SERIES II. --QUACKS AND QUACKERY.
I. THE SURE-CURE SCHOOL.
No peril in the whole range of human pathology need have any terrors for the man who can believe the medical advertisements in the newspa- pers. For every ill there is a "sure cure" provided, in print. Dr. This is as confident of removing your cancer Avithout the use of the knife as Dr. That is of eradicating your consumption by his marvelous new discovery, or Dr. Otherone of rehabilitating your kidneys, which the regular pro- fession has given up as a hopeless job.
The more deadly the disease the more blatantly certain is the quack that he alone can save you, and in extreme cases, where he has failed to get there earlier, he may even raise you from your coffin and restore you to your astonished and adm-iring friends. Such things have happened in the advertising columns of the newspapers--and pitiful gropers after relief from suffering believe that they may happen again, otherwise charlatanry would cease to spread its daily cure.
Advertising furnishes the surest diagnosis of quackery. Any doctor, institution or medical concern which promises to cure disease, either in a public advertisement or in a circular or letter is, in its own type, branded "quack," and the man who wastes his money and his health on such is the Foolkiller's ablest assistant.
If there is one disease more than another where quackery means death to the patient, it is tuberculosis. For, taken early, consumption may be cured, not by medicine, indeed, but by regulated diet, open air, and sunlight. Yet the aim of the consumption quack is either to draw patients to his "sanatorium," often in a crowded city, where they will live under un- healthful conditions, or to treat them by some "special" method, usually a stimulant medicine, which excites the hopes while it undermines the stamina of the victim. There is good money for the crooked doctor in tu- bercular diseases, because the patient usually dies slowly, willing to the end to give up his last dollar for any promise of life. A distinguished citizen of Cincinnati amassed a large fortune from his understanding of the financial possibilities of tuberculosis. Dr. Thomas W. Graydon is now dead, but you wouldn't know it from the circular of his Alpha Medical Institute, which survives him. This institute continues to send out Dr. Graydon's literature promising to cure consumption by the Andral Broca method, which is a combination of worthless inhalation with worse than worthless medicines. The patient is encouraged to diagnose his own case, andthisvaluablehintispressedonhim: "Shortnessofbreathonmaking any unusual exertion . . . is a serious warning that the lungs are affected. "
Even the Laboratories are Fakes.
That is, if a man unaccustomed to exercise should rush up fourteen flights of stairs, three steps at a leap, and should then discover that his breathing was somewhat labored, his proper course would be to rush hastily down again and write to Dr. Graydon for help. On this principle it seemed to me the Alpha Medical Institute would require large and commodious quarters in v/hich to transact its extensive business, and I was not surprised to note in its pamphlet the picture of a fine office building bearing its sign. A visit to the given address in Cincinnati, however.
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revealed no such edifice as adorns the pamphlet's pages. On the site where it should have stood was a row of dingy houses, of distinctly fu- nereal aspect. In one of these, designated as "office," I was received "^by a "manager" who seemed unaccountably perturbed at my visit.
F
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Cornbjnafmn Oil EurE CompanM.
FATHER AND FOUNDER OF A FAMILY OF QUACKS.
luctant to give his name, or the name of any of the "consulting physi- cians. " He couldn't tell me anything about the "Andral Broca method. " whence it got its name or what it meant. He couldn't cite a single in- stance in support of the claim that the Graydon method "has been gener-
He was re-
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ally accepted and adopted by the leading medical authorities, and by the medical profession as a whole. " His one argument was that he could produce testimonials, and his one plea, that the Institute ought not to be "pounded," as it was going out of business in a few months, anyway. This means that the field is exhausted; that, as invariably will happen,* the accumulated force of exjicricnfo. ])rovino- the Alpha Medical Institute to be
cBenj. FJy-e,Ii. D.
y A riiir OF THE old block.
The youngest Bye sends out letters to his patients warning them against quackery in the cancer cure business.
a, fraud, has finally overcome the counter-force of its advertising. Prob- ably its proprietors (I understand that Dr. Graydon's sons have got rid Df the business as a baneful influence upon their social aspirations) will presently start up under some other name.
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New York has had a flourishing concern of this kind, the Koch Con- sumption Cure, with branches in the principal cities of the country, some of which still survive. Reuben X. Mayfield was the presiding genius of this hopeful scheme. Untrammeled by any meager considerations of the law, he copyrighted the famous Koch's picture for his own use, forged a document or two, and was doing famously when the County Medical So- ciety descended upon him and he hastened to parts unknown to avoid forcible removal to a large sanatorium for the treatment of moral ail- ments at Sing Sing. The "Secretary" of his outfit, P. L. Anderson, is now running an X-Ray Consumption Cure swindle at 50 West Twenty-second Street, Xew York. "Koch Institutes" still flourish in other cities.
Somewhat on the Koch concern order is a scheme conducted by "Dr. " Derk P. Yonkerman at Kalamazoo, Mich. "Dr. " Yonkerman is one of
Dr. B. F. Bye's "down-town" office and laboratory, as represented in his booklets, surrounded by broad lawns and shade trees--which exist in Dr. Bye's mind only.
those altruists who take "a personal interest in your case. " He adver- tises a two hundred-page free medical book on consumption, wiiich will prove to the dissatisfaction of any reasonable person that he's got it. The reader is urged to fill out a symptom blank, in reply to which he gets a letter from John Adam May, ]\I. D. , "consulting physician" and "specialist in tuberculosis," diagnosing that disease, and advising the use of Tuberculozyne (Yonkerman's remedy) at once. This letter, of course, is a form letter. I tested John Adam May, M. D. , by sending him a list of symptoms that even a quack could hardly have regarded as possibly indicating tuberculosis, if he had considered them; but John Adam hadn't the wit to see the patent trap, and walked in by advising me that "your symptoms indicate the presence of the poisonous toxins generated by the consumption germ. " "Tuberculozyne" is one of those vicious morphin
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concoctions which dull the patient's perceptions, render him insensible of the augmented progress of the disease, and keep him the unconscious and profitable slave of the dispenser until death puts an end to the gruesome farce.
The Woman's Mutual Benefit Company of Joliet, 111. , has a scheme for swindling consumptives that works pretty well. It maintains women agents in various towns who personally canvass the sick. To the pastor of an lola (Kan. ) church I am indebted for an illuminating instance of the company's methods:
"A very poor man with a wife and tw^o children is dying of consump- tion here. The doctors have said he will live about two months.
