,
1114) styles him 'Atdov rpixpavov oKvlaxa ("the
three-headed dog of Pluto"), and in this last account
?
1114) styles him 'Atdov rpixpavov oKvlaxa ("the
three-headed dog of Pluto"), and in this last account
?
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
331.
)
CENT-CM CKLI. . E, a seaport town of Etruria, north-
nit of Ctere. It is better known under the name of
Trajani Portua, that emperor having caused a magnifi-
cent harbour to be constructed there, which Pliny the
vounger has described in one of his epistles (6, 31).
Two immense piers formed the port, which was semi-
circular, while an island, constructed artificially nl'im-
mense masses of rock, brought there by vessels and
? unk in the sea, served as a breakwater in front and
supported a pharos. The coast being very destitute
of shelter foi vessels of burden, this work of Trajan
was of great national benefit. Previous to Trajan's
improvements the place was very thinly inhabited, and
received its name from the mean and scanty abodes
scattered here and there along the shore. Centum
Cell* having been destroyed by the Saracens, the in-
habitants built another town at some distance inland,
but afterward they reoccupicd the site of the old city,
which, from that circumstance, obtained its present
name of Cnila Vccchia. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol.
1, p. 201, teqq. --Manncrt, Geogr. , vol. 9, p. 373. )
CEHTOHVIEI, the members of a court of justice at
Rome. There were originally chosen three from each
of the 35 tribes of the people, and, though 105, they
were always called Centumvirs. They were after-
ward increased to the number of 180, but still kept
their original name. They seem to have been first insti-
tuted MOD after the creation of the prtetor peregrinus.
The cause* that came before them in the time of the
? ? republic are enumerated by Cicero. They judged
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CEP
CER
t. -inls that he appeared to have the direction of the
whole island. He had projected the foundation of a
new city, but the work was never executed. (Cra-
mer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 49, seq. )
Cephalion, a Greek writer, whose native country
is unknown. Suidas, it is true, makes him to have
been born at Gergitha in Troas, but the lexicographer
evidently confounds him with another writer named
Ccphalon. (Voss. , Hist. Gr. , 2, 12. ) Cephalion is
? aid to have lived during the reign of Hadrian, and to
have been exiled to Sicily for some offence given to
the emperor. He wrote an Abridgment of Universal
History (Zivrofioc 'laTopmot;) from Ninus to the death
of Alexander. It was in the Ionic dialect, like the
work of Herodotus, and, like this also, was divided
into nine books, each named after one of the Muses.
He composed also rhetorical declamations. His works
are lost. (Phottus, Cod. , 68--vol. 1, p. 34, ed. Bck-
kcr. --Kusler, ad Suid. , s. v. )
Cephalon, a native of Gergitha in Troas, not to be
confounded with the preceding. Cephalon wrote an
historical work, entitled Trojan Events (TputKu). He
appears to have been anterior to Alexander the Great,
and is considered by Dionysius of Halicarnassus
worthy of reliance as an historical writer. His work
is lost. (Dion. Hal. , Ant. Rom. , 1, 49, el 72. )
Cephalus, I. the son of Deion, and a grandson of
AZolus, was married to Procris, the eldest daughter of
Ercchtheus. They dwelt at Thoricos in Attica, and
lived happily together, till curiosity to try the fidelity
of his wife entered the mind of Cephalus. Feigning
a journey of eight years, he disguised himself and
came to Procris with a splendid jewel, which he offer-
ed to her on dishonourable terms. After much hesita-
tion she yielded, when her husband discovered himself
and reproached her with her conduct. She fled from
him in shame, but they were soon after reconciled.
Cephalus went constantly to the chase; and Procris
growing suspicious, as she had failed herself, fancied
that he was attracted by the charms of some other fair
one. She questioned the slave who used to accom-
pany him; and he told her, that his master used fre-
quently to ascend the summit of a hill, and cry out,
"Come, Nephcla, come! " Procris went to the des-
ignated hill, and concealed herself in a thicket; and
on her husband's crying, "Come, Ncphela, come! "
(which was nothing more than an invocation for some
cloud to interpose itself between him and the scorching
beams of the sun), she rushed forward towards her
husband, who, in his astonishment, threw his dart and
unwittingly killed her. (Plierccydcs, ap. Schol. ad
Od. , 11, 321. ) This legend is told with great varia-
tions, which it is not worth while here to enumerate.
(Consult Hytrin. , Fab. , 189. -- Ovid, Met. , 7, 661,
scqq. --Pausan. , 9, 19, 1. --Apollod. , 3, 15, 1. --An-
ton. Lib. , c. 41. ) Cephalus, for his involuntary crime,
was banished. He went to Thebes, which was at
that time ravaged by a fox, which nothing could over-
take, and he joined Amphitryon in the chase of it.
His dog I. a>laps ran it down; but, just as he was
catching it, Jupiter turned them both to stone. (Apol-
lod. , 2,4,7. ) Cephalus then aided Amphitryon against
the Teleboans, and on their conquest he settled in
the island named from him Cephallenia. This last-
mentioned circumstance, however, is a mere coinci-
dence of name. (Keightlcy's Mythology, p. 381,
seqq. )--II. An Athenian orator, who flourished to-
? ? wards the end of the Peloponnesian war, and was one
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CER
nrast have been limited by the city walls, which, as
we know, came close to the fountain Callirhoe or En-
neacrounos. ( T/ttieyd, 2, 15. ) The breadth of the
Ceramicus, according to Mr. Hawkins, being thus
confined on one side by the walls of the city, and on
the other by the buildings immediately under the acrop-
olis, could not have exceeded one half of its length.
It was divided into the outer and inner Ceramicus.
The former was without the walls, and contained the
tombs of those who had fallen in battle, and were bu-
ried at the public expense. (Sckol. , Aristoph. Et/uit. ,
772. --Plut. , Vit. Syll. --Hesych. , s. v. KepaueiKoc. )
From Plutarch it appears, that the communication
from the one Ceramicus to the other was by the gate
Dipylum. (Haichins's Topogr. of Athens, in Walp.
Coll. , p. 485. Cramcr'i Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 315,
****? -)
Ceramcs, a small town and fortress of Caria, on the
northern side of the Sinus Ceramicus, and a short dis-
tance to the east of Halicamassus. The village of
Kcramo, at the present day, indicates the ancient site.
(Strai,. , 611. Ptol. , p. 119)
Cerascs (unlis), a city of Pontns, on the seacoast,
southwest of Trapezus. It was founded by a colony
from Sinope in JPaphlagonia, to which it paid a yearly
tribute. It must not be confounded with Pharnacia.
(Vid. Pharnacia. ) Xenophon and the Greeks rested
here for ten days on their retreat from Asia. (Anab. ,
5. 3, 5. ) From this place, according to Pliny, Lucul-
lus first brought cherries into Italy, A. U. C. 680, which
were introduced 120 years after into Britain. Hence
the Latin eeraxrts, "a cherry-tree," and cerasum, "a
cherry. " According to Toumefort, the country is hilly
and the hills covered with forests, in which cherry-trees
grow naturallv- ft is now Kerasoun. (Amm. Mar-
cell . 22, 13 --. P/>>'>>. , 15, 25 -- Mela, 1, 19. )
CeRAI'TTII (or AcBOCERAUNIl) MoNTF. S, a chain of
mountains stretching along the coast of northern Epi-
rus, and forming part of the boundary between it and
Illyricum. That portion of the chain which extended
beyond Oricum, formed a bold promontory, and was
termed Acroceraunia ('AicpoKepavvia), from its sum-
mif* (u*oa) being often struck by lightning (Kepavvoc).
The modern name for the Ceraunian range is Monte
Vkimarra, and that of the Acroceraunian promontory
U Cape IAng-uetla. The Greek and Latin poets are
full of allusions to this dangerous shore. (Apollon. ,
Artr , 4. 1216. Lycopkr. , 1016. --Vtrg. , JEn. , 3,
506. Hot. , Od. , 1, 3, 19. ) It was much dreaded by
the mariners of antiquity, from the belief that the
mountains attracted storms. Augustus narrowly es-
caped shipwreck here when returning from Actium.
(Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 94. )
Cesu-scis, a surname of one of the Ptolemies.
(Vid. Ptolemsaus XV. )
Cerbkbus, the famous dog of Hades, the fruit of
Echidna's union with Typhon. He was stationed at
the entrance of hell, as a watchful keeper, to prevent
the living from entering the infernal regions, and the
dead from escaping from their confinement. Orpheus
hilled him to sleep with his lyre; and Hercules
dragged him from hell in the performance of his
twelfth and last labour. (Vid. Hercules. ) The poets
differ in their descriptions of this fabled animal. He-
siod (Theog. , 312) assigns him fifty heads, calling
him <<wa rcevTrjKovTaKuarpmv. Sophocles (Trach.
,
1114) styles him 'Atdov rpixpavov oKvlaxa ("the
three-headed dog of Pluto"), and in this last account
? ? the Latin poets generally coincide. Horace, however,
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CERES.
CERES.
succeeding poets, after whom Ovid has related it (Met. ,
5, 341. --Id. , Fast. , 4, 417, teg. ). Claudian also has
sung it in a poem, of which, unfortunately, a portion is
lost. --Proserpina, according to the author of the Ho-
meric hymn, was in the Nysian plain with the ocean-
nymphs gathering flowers. According to some ac-
counts, Venus, Minerva, and Diana were the compan-
ions of their sister on this occasion. (Hy/rin. , Fab. ,
146. --Claudian, Rapt. Pros. , 3, 11, ieqq. --Stat. ,
Achill. , 2, 150. ) Others gave her the sirens as her
attendants. (Apolt. Rh. , 4, 896. ) She plucked the
rose, the violet, the crocus, the hyacinth, when she
beheld a narcissus of surprising size and beauty, hav-
ing a hundred flowers growing from a single root.
Unconscious of danger, the maiden stretched forth
her hand to seize the wondrous flower, when suddenly
the wide earth gaped, Pluto arose in his golden char-
iot, and, seizing the terrified goddess, carried her oil'
shrieking for aid, but unheard and unseen by gods or
mortals save by Hecate, the daughter of Perses, who
heard her as she sat in her cave, and by King Hclius
(the sun), whose eye nothing on earth escapes. So
long as the goddess beheld the earth and starry heav-
ens, the fishy sea, and the beams of the sun, so long she
hoped to sec her mother and the tribes of the gods;
and the tops of the mountains and the depths of the
sea resounded with her divine voice. At length her
mother heard, and, frantic with grief, inquired for ti-
dings of her lost daughter; but neither gods, nor men,
nor birds, could give her intelligence. Nine days she
wandered over the earth, with flaming torches in her
hands; on the tenth Hecate met her, but could not
tell who it was that had carried off Proserpina. To-
gether they proceeded to Hclius, and the Sun-god
tells Ceres that the ravisher is Pluto, who, by the per-
mission of her sire, had carried her away to be his
queen. Incensed at the conduct of Jupiter, Ceres
thereupon abandoned the society of the gods and
came down among men. But now she was heedless
of her person, and no one recognised her. Under the
guise of an aged female, she came to Eleusis, and
was employed, as a nurse for her infant, son Dcmo-
phoon, by Metanira the wife of Celeus, monarch of the
place. Beneath the care of the goddess the child
"throvo like a god. " He ate no food, but Ceres
breathed on him as he lay in her bosom, and anointed
him with ambrosia, and ovcry night hid him beneath
the fire, unknown to his parents, who marvelled at his
growth. It was the design of Ceres to make him
immortal, but the curiosity and folly of Metanira de-
prived him of the intended gift. She watched one
night, and, seeing what the nurse was doing to her
child, shrieked with affright and horror. The goddess
threw the infant on the ground, declaring what he had
lost by the inconsideratcness of his mother, but an-
nouncing that he would still become a great and hon-
oured man. She then disclosed her real character,
and directed the people of Eleusis to raise an altar and
temple to her without the city, on the hill Callichorus.
The temple was speedily raised, and the mourning
goddess took up her abode in it, but a dismal year
came upon mankind; the earth yielded no produce;
in vain the oxen drew the plough in the field; in vain
the seed was cast into the ground, for Ceres would
allow of no increase. Jove at length sent Iris to
Eleusis to invite Ceres back to Olympus, but she
would not comply with the call. All the other gods
? ? were sent on the same errand, but with as little suc-
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CER
? cireh afteT Proserpina. At times she appears in her
chariot drawn by dragons. (Keightley's Mythology,
p. 170, seqq. )--The Latin name Ceres is in reality of
the same force with the Greek appellation Demeter
(itliajrqp, i. e. ? yq /ajrrip), the Roman C being origi-
nally the same letter, both in figure and power, as the
Greek T\ which was often employed as a mere gut-
tural aspirate, especially in the old jEolic dialect, from
which the Latin is principally derived. (Compare
Knight on the Greek Alphabet, p. 4, seqq. ) The hiss-
ing termination, too, in the S, belonged to the same:
wherefore the word, which the Attics and Ionians
wrote EPA, EPE, or HPH, would naturally be writ-
ten TEPES by the old . . Eolics; the Greeks always ac-
commodating their orthography to their pronunciation;
and not, like the English and French, encumbering
their words with a number of useless letters. Ceres,
however, was not a personification of the brute matter
which composed the earth, but of the passive pro-
ductive principle supposed to pervade it (Ovid, Fast. ,
1,673. --Virg. , Gcorg. , 2, 324); which, joined to the
active, was held to be the cause of tbe organization
and animation of its substance; from whence arose
her other Greek name AHQ, " the inventress. " She
is mentioned by Virgil (loc. cit. ) as the wife of the
omnipotent Father, . Ether or Jupiter, and therefore
the same as Juno; who is usually honoured with that
title, and whose Greek name HPH signifies, as be-
fore observed, precisely the same. (Plutarch, ap.
Easeb. . Prtzp. Evang. , 3, 1. ) The Latin name Juno
is derived from the Greek AIQNH, the female Zcvr or
Aif; the Etruscan, through which the Latin received
much of its orthography, having no D or 0 in its al-
phabet. The ancient Germans worshipped the same
goddess under the name of Hertha, the form and
meaning of which still remain in our word Earth.
The Greek title seems originally to have had a more
general signification; for without the aspirate (which
was anciently added and omitted almost arbitrarily)
it becomes EPE; and by an abbreviation very com-
mon in the Greek tongue, PE, or PEE; which, pro-
nounced with the broad termination of some dialects,
become PEA; and with the hissing one of others,
PE2 or RES; a word retained in the Latin, signify-
ing properly matter, and figuratively every quality and
iDoditication that can belong to it. The Greek has
no word of such comprehensive meaning; the old
general term being in the refinement of their language
rendered more specific, and appropriated to that prin-
cipal mass of matter which forms the terraqueous
globe, and which the Latins also expressed by the
same word united to the Greek article 77) (pa--TER-
RA. (Knight, Inquiry, cVc, <) 35, seqq. -- Class.
Journ. , vol. 23, p. 228, and vol. 25, p. 39. -- Sainte-
Crovc, Mystircs du Paganismc, vol. 1, p. 159. )
Ckp. intiii s. a town of Euboea, in the vicinity of
Histisa, and near a small river called Budorus. The
name of Geronda, attached to a hamlet on the western
coast, seems to recall that of Cerinthus. (Scymn. ,
Ch. , 574. -- Pint. , Qua. it. Gr. -- Op. , ed. Reiske, vol.
7, p. 187. )
Cerxe, an island without the Pillars of Hercules,
on the African coast, mentioned by Hanno in his
Periplus, as it is usually though incorrectly termed.
Here he established a colony, and it was always the
depot of the Carthaginians on the Atlantic coast of
Africa. Hanno says that it was the same distance
from the Columns of Hercules that Carthage was.
? ? According to Rennell, the island of Cerne is the mod-
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CHJE
and rest their spears firmly on the other, covering
their persons at the same time with their shields.
Agesilaus, not daring to attack them in this po-
sition, drew back liis forces into camp. A statue
was erected to Chabrias in honour of this exploit,
and he was represented in the posture just described.
Some of the learned of modern times think that they
recognise this statue in that of the "Gladiator. "
Chabrias afterward defeated near Naxos the fleet of
the Lacedaemonians, and thus restored to Athens the
control of the sea, which she had lost since the battle
of . . Egos Potamos. Subsequently to this he was ac-
cused of treason for having allowed Oropus to be sur-
prised by the Theban exiles, but was acquitted not-
withstanding the powerful efforts of his foes, and par-
ticularly of Callistratus. Finding a stay at Athens
rather unsafe, he accepted the oner of Tachus, king
of Egypt, who already had Agesilaus in his service,
and accepted the command of his naval forces. Ta-
chus, however, having been abandoned by Agesilaus,
who 6ided with his son Nectanebis, Chabrias returned
to Athens, and he was then sent into Thrace to take
charge of the war against Chersobleptes. His ope-
rations, however, were not yery successful in this
quarter, owing to the disorganized state of the Gre-
cian forces, in consequence of the failure of their pay.
Not long after this, the social war, as it has been
termed, broke out between the Athenians on the one
side, and the Byzantines, together with the inhabi-
tants of Chios, Rhodes, and Cos, on the other. The
Athenians gave the command of their forces to Chares,
and Chabrias went with him as second in authority,
? iving charge of the fleet according to Diodorus Sicu-
Ils, but, as Nepos informs us, in the character of a
simple volunteer. They proceeded to attack Chios;
and Chares, wishing to make an onset both by sea and
land, gave the command of his ships to Chabrias. The
alter succeeded in forcing an entrance into the har-
bour, but, not being followed by the remainder of the
squadron, he was surrounded by the vessels of the
enemy, and fell bravely defending his ship, although
he might have escaped had he felt inclined. Great
honours were paid to his memory at Athens. Demos-
thenes says, that he took in the course of his life sev-
enteen cities and seventy vessels; that he made
three thousand prisoners, and brought one hundred
and ten talents into the public treasury; that he
erected also many trophies, but his foes not a single
one for any victory over him. He adds, that the
Athenians, during the whole time Chabrias was com-
mander, never lost a single city, a single fortress, a
single vessel, or even a single soldier. In this, no
doubt, there is great exaggeration; still, however, he
appears to have been a very able general, and one that
would have equalled all who went before him, had he
lived in more favourable times. Plutarch says, that
Chabrias, though at other times scarcely anything
could move him, was in the moment of action im-
petuously vehement, and exposed his person with a
boldness ungoverned by discretion. We have his life
by Cornelius Nepos, but it is a very meager one.
Xcnophon, in his Greek history, might have given us
more ilctails respecting him ; but the partiality of this
writer for Sparta prevented him from saying much in
favour of the Athenian commander. (Corn. Ncp. in
Vit. --Pcrhon. ad ML, V. H. . 5, 1. -- Diod. Sic, 15,
32, seqq. -- Xen. , Hist. Gr. , 5, 1, 10, seqq. --Demosth.
adv. Lcptin. , 17, &c. )
? ? Ch^eremon, I. a tragic poet of Athens, who flour-
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CHA
(Mtnncrt, Gcogr. , vol. 7, p. 155. ) Chalcedon was
always a considerable place. It preserved its inde-
pendence until the reign of Darius, to whose arms the
Chalccdonians were forced to submit. They recover-
ed their freedom, however, after the defeat of Xerxes,
and became the allies, or, rather, tributaries of the
Athenians, to whom the ports of the Bosporus were an
object of the highest commercial and financial impor-
tance. After the battle of . Egos Potamos, however,
Chalcedon opened its gates to Lysander, whose first
object seems to have been to secure the entrance of
the Bosporus by the possession of this city and By-
zantium. (Xen. , Hist. Gr. , 2, 2, 1. ) Theopompus,
who is quoted by Athenseus, observes, that the Chal-
cedonians at first possessed good institutions, but,
having been tainted by the democratic principles of
their neighbours, the Byzantines, they became luxu-
rious and debauched. (Aiken. , IS, p. 986, /. ) This
city is also celebrated in ecclesiastical history for the
council held there against the Eutychian heresy (A. D.
*? . ' ^ Hierocles assigns to it the first rank among the
cities of the province then called Pontica Prima (p.
CENT-CM CKLI. . E, a seaport town of Etruria, north-
nit of Ctere. It is better known under the name of
Trajani Portua, that emperor having caused a magnifi-
cent harbour to be constructed there, which Pliny the
vounger has described in one of his epistles (6, 31).
Two immense piers formed the port, which was semi-
circular, while an island, constructed artificially nl'im-
mense masses of rock, brought there by vessels and
? unk in the sea, served as a breakwater in front and
supported a pharos. The coast being very destitute
of shelter foi vessels of burden, this work of Trajan
was of great national benefit. Previous to Trajan's
improvements the place was very thinly inhabited, and
received its name from the mean and scanty abodes
scattered here and there along the shore. Centum
Cell* having been destroyed by the Saracens, the in-
habitants built another town at some distance inland,
but afterward they reoccupicd the site of the old city,
which, from that circumstance, obtained its present
name of Cnila Vccchia. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol.
1, p. 201, teqq. --Manncrt, Geogr. , vol. 9, p. 373. )
CEHTOHVIEI, the members of a court of justice at
Rome. There were originally chosen three from each
of the 35 tribes of the people, and, though 105, they
were always called Centumvirs. They were after-
ward increased to the number of 180, but still kept
their original name. They seem to have been first insti-
tuted MOD after the creation of the prtetor peregrinus.
The cause* that came before them in the time of the
? ? republic are enumerated by Cicero. They judged
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CEP
CER
t. -inls that he appeared to have the direction of the
whole island. He had projected the foundation of a
new city, but the work was never executed. (Cra-
mer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 49, seq. )
Cephalion, a Greek writer, whose native country
is unknown. Suidas, it is true, makes him to have
been born at Gergitha in Troas, but the lexicographer
evidently confounds him with another writer named
Ccphalon. (Voss. , Hist. Gr. , 2, 12. ) Cephalion is
? aid to have lived during the reign of Hadrian, and to
have been exiled to Sicily for some offence given to
the emperor. He wrote an Abridgment of Universal
History (Zivrofioc 'laTopmot;) from Ninus to the death
of Alexander. It was in the Ionic dialect, like the
work of Herodotus, and, like this also, was divided
into nine books, each named after one of the Muses.
He composed also rhetorical declamations. His works
are lost. (Phottus, Cod. , 68--vol. 1, p. 34, ed. Bck-
kcr. --Kusler, ad Suid. , s. v. )
Cephalon, a native of Gergitha in Troas, not to be
confounded with the preceding. Cephalon wrote an
historical work, entitled Trojan Events (TputKu). He
appears to have been anterior to Alexander the Great,
and is considered by Dionysius of Halicarnassus
worthy of reliance as an historical writer. His work
is lost. (Dion. Hal. , Ant. Rom. , 1, 49, el 72. )
Cephalus, I. the son of Deion, and a grandson of
AZolus, was married to Procris, the eldest daughter of
Ercchtheus. They dwelt at Thoricos in Attica, and
lived happily together, till curiosity to try the fidelity
of his wife entered the mind of Cephalus. Feigning
a journey of eight years, he disguised himself and
came to Procris with a splendid jewel, which he offer-
ed to her on dishonourable terms. After much hesita-
tion she yielded, when her husband discovered himself
and reproached her with her conduct. She fled from
him in shame, but they were soon after reconciled.
Cephalus went constantly to the chase; and Procris
growing suspicious, as she had failed herself, fancied
that he was attracted by the charms of some other fair
one. She questioned the slave who used to accom-
pany him; and he told her, that his master used fre-
quently to ascend the summit of a hill, and cry out,
"Come, Nephcla, come! " Procris went to the des-
ignated hill, and concealed herself in a thicket; and
on her husband's crying, "Come, Ncphela, come! "
(which was nothing more than an invocation for some
cloud to interpose itself between him and the scorching
beams of the sun), she rushed forward towards her
husband, who, in his astonishment, threw his dart and
unwittingly killed her. (Plierccydcs, ap. Schol. ad
Od. , 11, 321. ) This legend is told with great varia-
tions, which it is not worth while here to enumerate.
(Consult Hytrin. , Fab. , 189. -- Ovid, Met. , 7, 661,
scqq. --Pausan. , 9, 19, 1. --Apollod. , 3, 15, 1. --An-
ton. Lib. , c. 41. ) Cephalus, for his involuntary crime,
was banished. He went to Thebes, which was at
that time ravaged by a fox, which nothing could over-
take, and he joined Amphitryon in the chase of it.
His dog I. a>laps ran it down; but, just as he was
catching it, Jupiter turned them both to stone. (Apol-
lod. , 2,4,7. ) Cephalus then aided Amphitryon against
the Teleboans, and on their conquest he settled in
the island named from him Cephallenia. This last-
mentioned circumstance, however, is a mere coinci-
dence of name. (Keightlcy's Mythology, p. 381,
seqq. )--II. An Athenian orator, who flourished to-
? ? wards the end of the Peloponnesian war, and was one
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CER
nrast have been limited by the city walls, which, as
we know, came close to the fountain Callirhoe or En-
neacrounos. ( T/ttieyd, 2, 15. ) The breadth of the
Ceramicus, according to Mr. Hawkins, being thus
confined on one side by the walls of the city, and on
the other by the buildings immediately under the acrop-
olis, could not have exceeded one half of its length.
It was divided into the outer and inner Ceramicus.
The former was without the walls, and contained the
tombs of those who had fallen in battle, and were bu-
ried at the public expense. (Sckol. , Aristoph. Et/uit. ,
772. --Plut. , Vit. Syll. --Hesych. , s. v. KepaueiKoc. )
From Plutarch it appears, that the communication
from the one Ceramicus to the other was by the gate
Dipylum. (Haichins's Topogr. of Athens, in Walp.
Coll. , p. 485. Cramcr'i Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 315,
****? -)
Ceramcs, a small town and fortress of Caria, on the
northern side of the Sinus Ceramicus, and a short dis-
tance to the east of Halicamassus. The village of
Kcramo, at the present day, indicates the ancient site.
(Strai,. , 611. Ptol. , p. 119)
Cerascs (unlis), a city of Pontns, on the seacoast,
southwest of Trapezus. It was founded by a colony
from Sinope in JPaphlagonia, to which it paid a yearly
tribute. It must not be confounded with Pharnacia.
(Vid. Pharnacia. ) Xenophon and the Greeks rested
here for ten days on their retreat from Asia. (Anab. ,
5. 3, 5. ) From this place, according to Pliny, Lucul-
lus first brought cherries into Italy, A. U. C. 680, which
were introduced 120 years after into Britain. Hence
the Latin eeraxrts, "a cherry-tree," and cerasum, "a
cherry. " According to Toumefort, the country is hilly
and the hills covered with forests, in which cherry-trees
grow naturallv- ft is now Kerasoun. (Amm. Mar-
cell . 22, 13 --. P/>>'>>. , 15, 25 -- Mela, 1, 19. )
CeRAI'TTII (or AcBOCERAUNIl) MoNTF. S, a chain of
mountains stretching along the coast of northern Epi-
rus, and forming part of the boundary between it and
Illyricum. That portion of the chain which extended
beyond Oricum, formed a bold promontory, and was
termed Acroceraunia ('AicpoKepavvia), from its sum-
mif* (u*oa) being often struck by lightning (Kepavvoc).
The modern name for the Ceraunian range is Monte
Vkimarra, and that of the Acroceraunian promontory
U Cape IAng-uetla. The Greek and Latin poets are
full of allusions to this dangerous shore. (Apollon. ,
Artr , 4. 1216. Lycopkr. , 1016. --Vtrg. , JEn. , 3,
506. Hot. , Od. , 1, 3, 19. ) It was much dreaded by
the mariners of antiquity, from the belief that the
mountains attracted storms. Augustus narrowly es-
caped shipwreck here when returning from Actium.
(Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 94. )
Cesu-scis, a surname of one of the Ptolemies.
(Vid. Ptolemsaus XV. )
Cerbkbus, the famous dog of Hades, the fruit of
Echidna's union with Typhon. He was stationed at
the entrance of hell, as a watchful keeper, to prevent
the living from entering the infernal regions, and the
dead from escaping from their confinement. Orpheus
hilled him to sleep with his lyre; and Hercules
dragged him from hell in the performance of his
twelfth and last labour. (Vid. Hercules. ) The poets
differ in their descriptions of this fabled animal. He-
siod (Theog. , 312) assigns him fifty heads, calling
him <<wa rcevTrjKovTaKuarpmv. Sophocles (Trach.
,
1114) styles him 'Atdov rpixpavov oKvlaxa ("the
three-headed dog of Pluto"), and in this last account
? ? the Latin poets generally coincide. Horace, however,
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CERES.
CERES.
succeeding poets, after whom Ovid has related it (Met. ,
5, 341. --Id. , Fast. , 4, 417, teg. ). Claudian also has
sung it in a poem, of which, unfortunately, a portion is
lost. --Proserpina, according to the author of the Ho-
meric hymn, was in the Nysian plain with the ocean-
nymphs gathering flowers. According to some ac-
counts, Venus, Minerva, and Diana were the compan-
ions of their sister on this occasion. (Hy/rin. , Fab. ,
146. --Claudian, Rapt. Pros. , 3, 11, ieqq. --Stat. ,
Achill. , 2, 150. ) Others gave her the sirens as her
attendants. (Apolt. Rh. , 4, 896. ) She plucked the
rose, the violet, the crocus, the hyacinth, when she
beheld a narcissus of surprising size and beauty, hav-
ing a hundred flowers growing from a single root.
Unconscious of danger, the maiden stretched forth
her hand to seize the wondrous flower, when suddenly
the wide earth gaped, Pluto arose in his golden char-
iot, and, seizing the terrified goddess, carried her oil'
shrieking for aid, but unheard and unseen by gods or
mortals save by Hecate, the daughter of Perses, who
heard her as she sat in her cave, and by King Hclius
(the sun), whose eye nothing on earth escapes. So
long as the goddess beheld the earth and starry heav-
ens, the fishy sea, and the beams of the sun, so long she
hoped to sec her mother and the tribes of the gods;
and the tops of the mountains and the depths of the
sea resounded with her divine voice. At length her
mother heard, and, frantic with grief, inquired for ti-
dings of her lost daughter; but neither gods, nor men,
nor birds, could give her intelligence. Nine days she
wandered over the earth, with flaming torches in her
hands; on the tenth Hecate met her, but could not
tell who it was that had carried off Proserpina. To-
gether they proceeded to Hclius, and the Sun-god
tells Ceres that the ravisher is Pluto, who, by the per-
mission of her sire, had carried her away to be his
queen. Incensed at the conduct of Jupiter, Ceres
thereupon abandoned the society of the gods and
came down among men. But now she was heedless
of her person, and no one recognised her. Under the
guise of an aged female, she came to Eleusis, and
was employed, as a nurse for her infant, son Dcmo-
phoon, by Metanira the wife of Celeus, monarch of the
place. Beneath the care of the goddess the child
"throvo like a god. " He ate no food, but Ceres
breathed on him as he lay in her bosom, and anointed
him with ambrosia, and ovcry night hid him beneath
the fire, unknown to his parents, who marvelled at his
growth. It was the design of Ceres to make him
immortal, but the curiosity and folly of Metanira de-
prived him of the intended gift. She watched one
night, and, seeing what the nurse was doing to her
child, shrieked with affright and horror. The goddess
threw the infant on the ground, declaring what he had
lost by the inconsideratcness of his mother, but an-
nouncing that he would still become a great and hon-
oured man. She then disclosed her real character,
and directed the people of Eleusis to raise an altar and
temple to her without the city, on the hill Callichorus.
The temple was speedily raised, and the mourning
goddess took up her abode in it, but a dismal year
came upon mankind; the earth yielded no produce;
in vain the oxen drew the plough in the field; in vain
the seed was cast into the ground, for Ceres would
allow of no increase. Jove at length sent Iris to
Eleusis to invite Ceres back to Olympus, but she
would not comply with the call. All the other gods
? ? were sent on the same errand, but with as little suc-
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CER
? cireh afteT Proserpina. At times she appears in her
chariot drawn by dragons. (Keightley's Mythology,
p. 170, seqq. )--The Latin name Ceres is in reality of
the same force with the Greek appellation Demeter
(itliajrqp, i. e. ? yq /ajrrip), the Roman C being origi-
nally the same letter, both in figure and power, as the
Greek T\ which was often employed as a mere gut-
tural aspirate, especially in the old jEolic dialect, from
which the Latin is principally derived. (Compare
Knight on the Greek Alphabet, p. 4, seqq. ) The hiss-
ing termination, too, in the S, belonged to the same:
wherefore the word, which the Attics and Ionians
wrote EPA, EPE, or HPH, would naturally be writ-
ten TEPES by the old . . Eolics; the Greeks always ac-
commodating their orthography to their pronunciation;
and not, like the English and French, encumbering
their words with a number of useless letters. Ceres,
however, was not a personification of the brute matter
which composed the earth, but of the passive pro-
ductive principle supposed to pervade it (Ovid, Fast. ,
1,673. --Virg. , Gcorg. , 2, 324); which, joined to the
active, was held to be the cause of tbe organization
and animation of its substance; from whence arose
her other Greek name AHQ, " the inventress. " She
is mentioned by Virgil (loc. cit. ) as the wife of the
omnipotent Father, . Ether or Jupiter, and therefore
the same as Juno; who is usually honoured with that
title, and whose Greek name HPH signifies, as be-
fore observed, precisely the same. (Plutarch, ap.
Easeb. . Prtzp. Evang. , 3, 1. ) The Latin name Juno
is derived from the Greek AIQNH, the female Zcvr or
Aif; the Etruscan, through which the Latin received
much of its orthography, having no D or 0 in its al-
phabet. The ancient Germans worshipped the same
goddess under the name of Hertha, the form and
meaning of which still remain in our word Earth.
The Greek title seems originally to have had a more
general signification; for without the aspirate (which
was anciently added and omitted almost arbitrarily)
it becomes EPE; and by an abbreviation very com-
mon in the Greek tongue, PE, or PEE; which, pro-
nounced with the broad termination of some dialects,
become PEA; and with the hissing one of others,
PE2 or RES; a word retained in the Latin, signify-
ing properly matter, and figuratively every quality and
iDoditication that can belong to it. The Greek has
no word of such comprehensive meaning; the old
general term being in the refinement of their language
rendered more specific, and appropriated to that prin-
cipal mass of matter which forms the terraqueous
globe, and which the Latins also expressed by the
same word united to the Greek article 77) (pa--TER-
RA. (Knight, Inquiry, cVc, <) 35, seqq. -- Class.
Journ. , vol. 23, p. 228, and vol. 25, p. 39. -- Sainte-
Crovc, Mystircs du Paganismc, vol. 1, p. 159. )
Ckp. intiii s. a town of Euboea, in the vicinity of
Histisa, and near a small river called Budorus. The
name of Geronda, attached to a hamlet on the western
coast, seems to recall that of Cerinthus. (Scymn. ,
Ch. , 574. -- Pint. , Qua. it. Gr. -- Op. , ed. Reiske, vol.
7, p. 187. )
Cerxe, an island without the Pillars of Hercules,
on the African coast, mentioned by Hanno in his
Periplus, as it is usually though incorrectly termed.
Here he established a colony, and it was always the
depot of the Carthaginians on the Atlantic coast of
Africa. Hanno says that it was the same distance
from the Columns of Hercules that Carthage was.
? ? According to Rennell, the island of Cerne is the mod-
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CHJE
and rest their spears firmly on the other, covering
their persons at the same time with their shields.
Agesilaus, not daring to attack them in this po-
sition, drew back liis forces into camp. A statue
was erected to Chabrias in honour of this exploit,
and he was represented in the posture just described.
Some of the learned of modern times think that they
recognise this statue in that of the "Gladiator. "
Chabrias afterward defeated near Naxos the fleet of
the Lacedaemonians, and thus restored to Athens the
control of the sea, which she had lost since the battle
of . . Egos Potamos. Subsequently to this he was ac-
cused of treason for having allowed Oropus to be sur-
prised by the Theban exiles, but was acquitted not-
withstanding the powerful efforts of his foes, and par-
ticularly of Callistratus. Finding a stay at Athens
rather unsafe, he accepted the oner of Tachus, king
of Egypt, who already had Agesilaus in his service,
and accepted the command of his naval forces. Ta-
chus, however, having been abandoned by Agesilaus,
who 6ided with his son Nectanebis, Chabrias returned
to Athens, and he was then sent into Thrace to take
charge of the war against Chersobleptes. His ope-
rations, however, were not yery successful in this
quarter, owing to the disorganized state of the Gre-
cian forces, in consequence of the failure of their pay.
Not long after this, the social war, as it has been
termed, broke out between the Athenians on the one
side, and the Byzantines, together with the inhabi-
tants of Chios, Rhodes, and Cos, on the other. The
Athenians gave the command of their forces to Chares,
and Chabrias went with him as second in authority,
? iving charge of the fleet according to Diodorus Sicu-
Ils, but, as Nepos informs us, in the character of a
simple volunteer. They proceeded to attack Chios;
and Chares, wishing to make an onset both by sea and
land, gave the command of his ships to Chabrias. The
alter succeeded in forcing an entrance into the har-
bour, but, not being followed by the remainder of the
squadron, he was surrounded by the vessels of the
enemy, and fell bravely defending his ship, although
he might have escaped had he felt inclined. Great
honours were paid to his memory at Athens. Demos-
thenes says, that he took in the course of his life sev-
enteen cities and seventy vessels; that he made
three thousand prisoners, and brought one hundred
and ten talents into the public treasury; that he
erected also many trophies, but his foes not a single
one for any victory over him. He adds, that the
Athenians, during the whole time Chabrias was com-
mander, never lost a single city, a single fortress, a
single vessel, or even a single soldier. In this, no
doubt, there is great exaggeration; still, however, he
appears to have been a very able general, and one that
would have equalled all who went before him, had he
lived in more favourable times. Plutarch says, that
Chabrias, though at other times scarcely anything
could move him, was in the moment of action im-
petuously vehement, and exposed his person with a
boldness ungoverned by discretion. We have his life
by Cornelius Nepos, but it is a very meager one.
Xcnophon, in his Greek history, might have given us
more ilctails respecting him ; but the partiality of this
writer for Sparta prevented him from saying much in
favour of the Athenian commander. (Corn. Ncp. in
Vit. --Pcrhon. ad ML, V. H. . 5, 1. -- Diod. Sic, 15,
32, seqq. -- Xen. , Hist. Gr. , 5, 1, 10, seqq. --Demosth.
adv. Lcptin. , 17, &c. )
? ? Ch^eremon, I. a tragic poet of Athens, who flour-
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CHA
(Mtnncrt, Gcogr. , vol. 7, p. 155. ) Chalcedon was
always a considerable place. It preserved its inde-
pendence until the reign of Darius, to whose arms the
Chalccdonians were forced to submit. They recover-
ed their freedom, however, after the defeat of Xerxes,
and became the allies, or, rather, tributaries of the
Athenians, to whom the ports of the Bosporus were an
object of the highest commercial and financial impor-
tance. After the battle of . Egos Potamos, however,
Chalcedon opened its gates to Lysander, whose first
object seems to have been to secure the entrance of
the Bosporus by the possession of this city and By-
zantium. (Xen. , Hist. Gr. , 2, 2, 1. ) Theopompus,
who is quoted by Athenseus, observes, that the Chal-
cedonians at first possessed good institutions, but,
having been tainted by the democratic principles of
their neighbours, the Byzantines, they became luxu-
rious and debauched. (Aiken. , IS, p. 986, /. ) This
city is also celebrated in ecclesiastical history for the
council held there against the Eutychian heresy (A. D.
*? . ' ^ Hierocles assigns to it the first rank among the
cities of the province then called Pontica Prima (p.
