No More Learning

I think not.
For do we not all supply each other's deficiencies?
If another is better informed as regards some
things, I may perhaps be so as regards others; while
yet others are known and viewed by me in a dif-
ferent light. Out with it, then! let my colours be
displayed 'that it may be seen whether they are
genuine or not. '"
It is true that Strauss's style generally maintains
a happy medium between this sort of merry quick-
march and the other funereal and indolent pace;
but between two vices one does not invariably find
a virtue; more often rather only weakness, helpless
paralysis, and impotence. As a matter of fact, I
was very disappointed when I glanced through
Strauss's book in search of fine and witty passages;
for, not having found anything praiseworthy in the
Confessor, I had actually set out with the express
purpose of meeting here and there with at least
some opportunities of praising Strauss the Writer.
I sought and sought, but my purpose remained
unfulfilled. Meanwhile, however, another duty
seemed to press itself strongly on my mind—that
of enumerating the solecisms, the strained meta-
phors, the obscure abbreviations, the instances of
bad taste, and the distortions which I encountered;
and these were of such a nature that I dare do no
more than select a few examples of them from


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92 THOUGHTS OUT OF SEASON.
among a collection which is too bulky to be given
in full. By means of these examples I may
succeed in showing what it is that inspires, in
the hearts of modern Germans, such faith in
this great and seductive stylist Strauss: I refer
to his eccentricities of expression, which, in the
barren waste and dryness of his whole book,
jump out at one, not perhaps as pleasant but as
painfully stimulating, surprises. When perusing
such passages, we are at least assured, to use a
Straussian metaphor, that we are not quite dead,
but still respond to the test of a stab. For the
rest of the book is entirely lacking in offensiveness
—that quality which alone, as we have seen,
is productive, and which our classical author
has himself reckoned among the positive virtues.
When the educated masses meet with exaggerated
dulness and dryness, when they are in the pre-
sence of really vapid commonplaces, they now
seem to believe that such things are the signs
of health; and in this respect the words of the
author of the dialogus de oratoribus are very much
to the point: "Mam ipsam quam jactant sanitatem
non firmitate sed jejunio consequunlur. " That is
why they so unanimously hate every firmitas,
because it bears testimony to a kind of health
quite different from theirs; hence their one wish
to throw suspicion upon all austerity and terse-
ness, upon all fiery and energetic movement, and
upon every full and delicate play of muscles.
They have conspired to twist nature and the
names of things completely round, and for the
future to speak of health only there where we see


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DAVID STRAUSS. 93
weakness, and to speak of illness and excitability
where for our part we see genuine vigour. From
which it follows that David Strauss is to them a
classical author.
If only this dulness were of a severely logical
order! but simplicity and austerity in thought
are precisely what these weaklings have lost, and
in their hands even our language has become
illogically tangled. As a proof of this, let any
one try to translate Strauss's style into Latin:
in the case of Kant, be it remembered, this is
possible, while with Schopenhauer it even becomes
an agreeable exercise. The reason why this test
fails with Strauss's German is not owing to the
fact that it is more Teutonic than theirs, but
because his is distorted and illogical, whereas theirs
is lofty and simple. Moreover, he who knows how
the ancients exerted themselves in order to learn
to write and speak correctly, and how the moderns
omit to do so, must feel, as Schopenhauer says,
a positive relief when he can turn from a German
book like the one under our notice, to dive into
those other works, those ancient works which seem
to him still to be written in a new language. "For
in these books," says Schopenhauer, "I find a
regular and fixed language which, throughout,
faithfully follows the laws of grammar and ortho-
graphy, so that I can give up my thoughts com-
pletely to their matter; whereas in German I am
constantly being disturbed by the author's im-
pudence and his continual attempts to establish
his own orthographical freaks and absurd ideas—
the swaggering foolery of which disgusts me. It is


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94 THOUGHTS OUT OF SEASON.
really a painful sight to see a fine old language,
possessed of classical literature, being botched by
asses and ignoramuses! "
Thus Schopenhauer's holy anger cries out to
us, and you cannot say that you have not been
warned. He who turns a deaf ear to such warnings,
and who absolutely refuses to relinquish his faith
in Strauss the classical author, can only be given
this last word of advice—to imitate his hero. In
any case, try it at your own risk; but you will
repent it, not only in your style but in your head,
that it may be fulfilled which was spoken by the
Indian prophet, saying, "He who gnaweth a
cow's horn gnaweth in vain and shorteneth his
life; for he grindeth away his teeth, yet his belly
is empty. "
XII.
By way of concluding, we shall proceed to give
our classical prose-writer the promised examples of
his style which we have collected. Schopenhauer
would probably have classed the whole lot as " new
documents serving to swell the trumpery jargon of
the present day "; for David Strauss may be com-
forted to hear (if what follows can be regarded as
a comfort at all) that everybody now writes as he
does; some, of course, worse, and that among the
blind the one-eyed is king. Indeed, we allow
him too much when we grant him one eye; but
we do this willingly, because Strauss does not
write so badly as the most infamous of all cor-
rupters of German—the Hegelians and their


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DAVID STRAUSS. 95
crippled offspring. Strauss at least wishes to
extricate himself from the mire, and he is already
partly out of it; still, he is very far from being on
dry land, and he still shows signs of having stam-
mered Hegel's prose in youth. In those days,
possibly, something was sprained in him, some
muscle must have been overstrained. His ear,
perhaps, like that of a boy brought up amid the
beating of drums, grew dull, and became incapable
of detecting those artistically subtle and yet mighty
laws of sound, under the guidance of which every
writer is content to remain who has been strictly
trained in the study of good models. But in this
way, as a stylist, he has lost his most valuable
possessions, and stands condemned to remain re-
clining, his life long, on the dangerous and barren
shifting sand of newspaper style—that is, if he do
not wish to fall back into the Hegelian mire.
Nevertheless, he has succeeded in making himself
famous for a couple of hours in our time, and
perhaps in another couple of hours people will
remember that he was once famous; then, how-
ever, night will come, and with her oblivion; and
already at this moment, while we are entering his
sins against style in the black book, the sable
mantle of twilight is falling upon his fame. For
he who has sinned against the German language
has desecrated the mystery of all our Germanity.
Throughout all the confusion and the changes of
races and of customs, the German language alone,
as though possessed of some supernatural charm,
has saved herself; and with her own salvation she
has wrought that of the spirit of Germany. She


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96 THOUGHTS OUT OF SEASON.
alone holds the warrant for this spirit in future
ages, provided she be not destroyed at the sacri-
legious hands of the modern world. "But Di
meliora! Avaunt, ye pachyderms, avaunt! This
is the German language, by means of which men
express themselves, and in which great poets have
sung and great thinkers have written. Hands off! "*
******
To put it in plain words, what we have seen
have been feet of clay, and what appeared to be of
the colour of healthy flesh was only applied paint.
Of course, Culture-Philistinism in Germany will be
very angry when it hears its one living God referred
to as a series of painted idols. He, however, who
dares to overthrow its idols will not shrink, despite
all indignation, from telling it to its face that it has
forgotten how to distinguish between the quick and
the dead, the genuine and the counterfeit, the
original and the imitation, between a God and a
host of idols; that it has completely lost the
healthy and manly instinct for what is real and
right. It alone deserves to be destroyed; and
already the manifestations of its power are sink-
ing; already are its purple honours falling from it;
but when the purple falls, its royal wearer soon
follows.
* Translator's note. —Nietzsche here proceeds to quote
those passages he has culled from The Old and the New
Faith with which he undertakes to substantiate all he has
said relative to Strauss's style; as, however, these passages,
with his comments upon them, lose most of their point when
rendered into English, it was thought best to omit them
altogether.


## p. 97 (#195) #############################################

DAVID STRAUSS. 97
Here I come to the end of my confession of
faith. This is the confession of an individual;
and what can such an one do against a whole
world, even supposing his voice were heard every-
where! In order for the last time to use a precious
Straussism, his judgment only possesses "that
amount of subjective truth which is compatible with
a complete lack of objective demonstration "—is not
that so, my dear friends? Meanwhile, be of good
cheer. For the time being let the matter rest at
this " amount which is compatible with a complete
lack"! For the time being! That is to say, for
as long as that is held to be out of season which
in reality is always in season, and is now more than
ever pressing; I refer to . . . speaking the truth*
* Translator's note. — All quotations from The Old
Faith and the New which appear in the above translation
have either been taken bodily out of Mathilde Blind's trans-
lation (Asher and Co. , 1873), or are adaptations from that
translation.


## p. 98 (#196) #############################################



## p. 99 (#197) #############################################

RICHARD WAGNER IN
BAYREUTH.


## p. 100 (#198) ############################################



## p. 101 (#199) ############################################

RICHARD WAGNER IN
BAYREUTH.
i.
FOR an event to be great, two things must be
united—the lofty sentiment of those who accomplish
it, and the lofty sentiment of those who witness it.
No event is great in itself, even though it be the
disappearance of whole constellations, the destruc-
tion of several nations, the establishment of vast
empires, or the prosecution of wars at the cost
of enormous forces: over things of this sort the
breath of history blows as if they were flocks of
wool. But it often happens, too, that a man of
might strikes a blow which falls without effect
upon a stubborn stone; a short, sharp report is
heard, and all is over. History is able to record
little or nothing of such abortive efforts. Hence
the anxiety which every one must feel who,
observing the approach of an event, wonders
whether those about to witness it will be worthy
of it. This reciprocity between an act and its
reception is always taken into account when any-


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102 THOUGHTS OUT OF SEASON.
thing great or small is to be accomplished; and he
who would give anything away must see to it that
he find recipients who will do justice to the mean-
ing of his gift. This is why even the work of a
great man is not necessarily great when it is short,
abortive, or fruitless; for at the moment when he
performed it he must have failed to perceive that
it was really necessary; he must have been care-
less in his aim, and he cannot have chosen and
fixed upon the time with sufficient caution. Chance
thus became his master; for there is a very intimate
relation between greatness and the instinct which
discerns the proper moment at which to act.
We therefore leave it to those who doubt
Wagner's power of discerning the proper time for
action, to be concerned and anxious as to whether
what is now taking place in Bayreuth is really oppor-
tune and necessary. To us who are more confident
it is clear that he believes as strongly in the greatness
of his feat as in the greatness of feeling in those
who are to witness it. Be their number great or
small, therefore, all those who inspire this faith in
Wagner should feel extremely honoured; for that
it was not inspired by everybody, or by the whole
age, or even by the whole German people, as they
are now constituted, he himself told us in his
dedicatory address of the 22nd of May 1872, and not
one amongst us could, with any show of conviction,
assure him of the contrary. "I had only you to
turn to," he said, "when I sought those who I
thought would be in sympathy with my plans,—
you who are the most personal friends of my own
particular art, my work and activity: only you


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RICHARD WAGNER IN BAYREUTH. 103
could I invite to help me in my work, that it
might be presented pure and whole to those who
manifest a genuine interest in my art, despite the
fact that it has hitherto made its appeal to them
only in a disfigured and adulterated form. "
It is certain that in Bayreuth even the spectator
is a spectacle worth seeing. If the spirit of some
observant sage were to return, after the absence of
a century, and were to compare the most remark-
able movements in the present world of culture, he
would find much to interest him there. Like one
swimming in a lake, who encounters a current of
warm water issuing from a hot spring, in Bayreuth
he would certainly feel as though he had suddenly
plunged into a more temperate element, and would
tell himself that this must rise out of a distant and
deeper source: the surrounding mass of water,
which at all events is more common in origin, does
not account for it. In this way, all those who
assist at the Bayreuth festival will seem like men
out of season; their raison-d'etre and the forces
which would seem to account for them are else-
where, and their home is not in the present age.
I realise ever more clearly that the scholar, in
so far as he is entirely the man of his own day,
can only be accessible to all that Wagner does and
thinks by means of parody,—and since everything
is parodied nowadays, he will even get the event
of Bayreuth reproduced for him, through the very
un-magic lanterns of our facetious art-critics. And
one ought to be thankful if they stop at parody;
for by means of it a spirit of aloofness and
animosity finds a vent which might otherwise hit


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104 THOUGHTS OUT OF SEASON.
upon a less desirable mode of expression. Now,
the observant sage already mentioned could not
remain blind to this unusual sharpness and tension
of contrasts. They who hold by gradual develop-
ment as a kind of moral law must be somewhat
shocked at the sight of one who, in the course of
a single lifetime, succeeds in producing something
absolutely new. Being dawdlers themselves, and
insisting upon slowness as a principle, they are
very naturally vexed by one who strides rapidly
ahead, and they wonder how on earth he does it.
No omens, no periods of transition, and no con-
cessions preceded the enterprise at Bayreuth; no
one except Wagner knew either the goal or the
long road that was to lead to it. In the realm of
art it signifies, so to speak, the first circumnaviga-
tion of the world, and by this voyage not only was
there discovered an apparently new art, but Art
itself. In view of this, all modern arts, as arts of
luxury which have degenerated through having
been insulated, have become almost worthless.
And the same applies to the nebulous and incon-
sistent reminiscences of a genuine art, which we
as modern Europeans derive from the Greeks; let
them rest in peace, unless they are now able to
shine of their own accord in the light of a new
interpretation. The last hour has come for a good
many things; this new art is a clairvoyante that
sees ruin approaching—not for art alone. Her
warning voice must strike the whole of our prevail-
ing civilisation with terror the instant the laughter
which its parodies have provoked subsides. Let
it laugh and enjoy itself for yet a while longer!


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RICHARD WAGNER IN BAVREUTH. 105
And as for us, the disciples of this revived art,
we shall have time and inclination for thoughtful-
ness, deep thoughtfulness. All the talk and noise
about art which has been made by civilisation
hitherto must seem like shameless obtrusiveness;
everything makes silence a duty with us—the quin-
quennial silence of the Pythagoreans. Which of
us has not soiled his hands and heart in the disgust-
ing idolatry of modern culture? Which of us can
exist without the waters of purification? Who
does not hear the voice which cries, " Be silent and
cleansed "? Be silent and cleansed! Only the merit
of being included among those who give ear to this
voice will grant even us the lofty look necessary
to view the event at Bayreuth; and only upon this
look depends the great future of the event.
When on that dismal and cloudy day in May
1872, after the foundation stone had been laid on
the height of Bayreuth, amid torrents of rain, and
while Wagner was driving back to the town with
a small party of us, he was exceptionally silent,
and there was that indescribable look in his eyes
as of one who has turned his gaze deeply inwards.
The day happened to be the first of his sixtieth
year, and his whole past now appeared as but a long
preparation for this great moment. It is almost a
recognised fact that in times of exceptional danger,
or at all decisive and culminating points in their
lives, men see the remotest and most recent events
of their career with singular vividness, and in one
rapid inward glance obtain a sort of panorama of
a whole span of years in which every event is faith-
fully depicted. What, for instance, must Alexander


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106 THOUGHTS OUT OF SEASON.
the Great have seen in that instant when he caused
Asia and Europe to be drunk out of the same
goblet? But what went through Wagner's mind on
that day—how he became what he is, and what he
will be—we only can imagine who are nearest to
him, and can follow him, up to a certain point, in
his self-examination; but through his eyes alone
is it possible for us to understand his grand work,
and by the help of this understanding vouch for
its fruitfulness.
II.
It were strange if what a man did best and most
liked to do could not be traced in the general out-
line of his life, and in the case of those who are
remarkably endowed there is all the more reason
for supposing that their life will present not only
the counterpart of their character, as in the case of
every one else, but that it will present above all the
counterpart of their intellect and their most in-
dividual tastes. The life of the epic poet will have
a dash of the Epos in it—as from all accounts was
the case with Goethe, whom the Germans very
wrongly regarded only as a lyrist—and the life of
the dramatist will probably be dramatic.
The dramatic element in Wagner's development
cannot be ignored, from the time when his ruling
passion became self-conscious and took possession
of his whole being. From that time forward there
is an end to all groping, straying, and sprouting of
offshoots, and over his most tortuous deviations
and excursions, over the often eccentric disposition


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RICHARD WAGNER IN BAYREUTH. 107
of his plans, a single law and will are seen to rule,
in which we have the explanation of his actions,
however strange this explanation may sometimes
appear. There was, however, an ante-dramatic
period in Wagner's life—his childhood and youth—
which it is impossible to approach without discover-
ing innumerable problems. At this period there
seems to be no promise yet of himself, and what
one might now, in a retrospect, regard as a pledge
for his future greatness, amounts to no more than
a juxtaposition of traits which inspire more dismay
than hope; a restless and excitable spirit, nervously
eager to undertake a hundred things at the same
time, passionately fond of almost morbidly exalted
states of mind, and ready at any moment to veer
completely round from calm and profound medita-
tion to a state of violence and uproar. In his case
there were no hereditary or family influences at
work to constrain him to the sedulous study of one
particular art. Painting, versifying, acting, and
music were just as much within his reach as the
learning and the career of a scholar; and the super-
ficial inquirer into this stage of his life might even
conclude that he was born to be a dilettante. The
small world within the bounds of which he grew
up was not of the kind we should choose to be the
home of an artist. He ran the constant risk of
becoming infected by that dangerously dissipated
attitude of mind in which a person will taste of
everything, as also by that condition of slackness
resulting from the fragmentary knowledge of all
things, which is so characteristic of University
towns. His feelings were easily roused and but


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108 THOUGHTS OUT OF SEASON.
indifferently satisfied; wherever the boy turned,
he found himself surrounded by a wonderful and
would-be learned activity, to which the garish
theatres presented a ridiculous contrast, and the
entrancing strains of music a perplexing one. Now,
to the observer who sees things relatively, it must
seem strange that the modern man who happens
to be gifted with exceptional talent should as a
child and a youth so seldom be blessed with the
quality of ingenuousness and of simple individuality,
that he is so little able to have these qualities at
all. As a matter of fact, men of rare talent, like
Goethe and Wagner, much more often attain to
ingenuousness in manhood than during the more
tender years of childhood and youth. And this is
especially so with the artist, who, being born with
a more than usual capacity for imitating, succumbs
to the morbid multiformity of modern life as to a
virulent disease of infancy. As a child he will
more closely resemble an old man. The wonder-
fully accurate and original picture of youth which
Wagner gives us in the Siegfried of the Nibelungen
Ring could only have been conceived by a man,
and by one who had discovered his youthfulness
but late in life. Wagner's maturity, like his adol-
esence, was also late in making its appearance, and
he is thus, in this respect alone, the very reverse
of the precocious type.
The appearance of his moral and intellectual
strength was the prelude to the drama of his
soul. And how different it then became! His
nature seems to have been simplified at one terrible
stroke, and divided against itself into two instincts


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RICHARD WAGNER IN BAYREUTH. 109
or spheres. From its innermost depths there gushes
forth a passionate will which, like a rapid mountain
torrent, endeavours to make its way through all
paths, ravines, and crevices, in search of light and
power. Only a force completely free and pure
was strong enough to guide this will to all that is
good and beneficial. Had it been combined with 1
a narrow intelligence, a will with such a tyrannical j
and boundless desire might have become fatal; in
any case, an exit into the open had to be found for
it as quickly as possible, whereby it could rush into
pure air and sunshine. Lofty aspirations, which .
continually meet with failure, ultimately turn to »
evil. The inadequacy of means for obtaining suc-
cess may, in certain circumstances, be the result of
an inexorable fate, and not necessarily of a lack of
strength; but he who under such circumstances
cannot abandon his aspirations, despite the inade-
quacy of his means, will only become embittered,
and consequently irritable and intolerant. He may
possibly seek the cause of his failure in other people;
he may even, in a fit of passion, hold the whole
world guilty; or he may turn defiantly down secret
byways and secluded lanes, or resort to violence.
In this way, noble natures, on their road to the
most high, may turn savage. Even among those
who seek but their own personal moral purity,
among monks and anchorites, men are to be found
who, undermined and devoured by failure, have
become barbarous and hopelessly morbid. There
was a spirit full of love and calm belief, full of
goodness and infinite tenderness, hostile to all
violence and self-deterioration, and abhorring the


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110 THOUGHTS OUT OF SEASON.
sight of a soul in bondage. And it was this spirit
which manifested itself to Wagner. It hovered over
him as a consoling angel, it covered him with its
wings, and showed him the true path. At this
stage we bring the other side of Wagner's nature
into view: but how shall we describe this other
side?
The characters an artist creates are not himself,
but the succession of these characters, to which it
is clear he is greatly attached, must at all events
reveal something of his nature. Now try and
recall Rienzi, the Flying Dutchman and Senta,
Tannhauser and Elizabeth, Lohengrin and Elsa,
Tristan and Marke, Hans Sachs, Woden and
Brunhilda, — all these characters are correlated
by a secret current of ennobling and broadening
morality which flows through them and becomes
ever purer and clearer as it progresses. And at
this point we enter with respectful reserve into
the presence of the most hidden development in
Wagner's own soul. In what other artist do we
meet with the like of this, in the same proportion?
Schiller's characters, from the Robbers to Wallen-
stein and Tell, do indeed pursue an ennobling
course, and likewise reveal something of their
author's development; but in Wagner the. standard
is higher and the distance covered is much greater.
In the Nibelungen Ring, for instance, where Brun-
hilda is awakened by Siegfried, I perceive the most
moral music I have ever heard. Here Wagner attains
to such a high level of sacred feeling that our mind
unconsciously wanders to the glistening ice- and
snow-peaks of the Alps, to find a likeness there;—


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RICHARD WAGNER IN BAYREUTH. Ill
so pure, isolated, inaccessible, chaste, and bathed
in love-beams does Nature here display herself,
that clouds and tempests — yea, and even the
sublime itself — seem to lie beneath her. Now,
looking down from this height upon Tannhauser
and the Flying Dutchman, we begin to perceive
how the man in Wagner was evolved: how rest-
lessly and darkly he began; how tempestuously he
strove to gratify his desires, to acquire power and
to taste those rapturous delights from which he
often fled in disgust; how he wished to throw off
a yoke, to forget, to be negative, and to renounce
everything. The whole torrent plunged, now into
this valley, now into that, and flooded the most
secluded chinks and crannies. In the night of
these semi-subterranean convulsions a star ap-
peared and glowed high above him with melan-
choly vehemence; as soon as he recognised it, he
named it Fidelity—unselfish fidelity. Why did this
star seem to him the brightest and purest of all?
What secret meaning had the word " fidelity " to his
whole being? For he has graven its image and
problems upon all his thoughts and compositions.
His works contain almost a complete series of the
rarest and most beautiful examples of fidelity:
that of brother to sister, of friend to friend, of
servant to master; of Elizabeth to Tannhauser,
of Senta to the Dutchman, of Elsa to Lohengrin, ,
of Isolde, Kurvenal, and Marke to Tristan, of
Brunhilda to the most secret vows of Woden—and
many others. It is Wagner's most personal and
most individual experience, which he reveres like
a religious mystery, and which he calls Fidelity;


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112 THOUGHTS OUT OF SEASON.
he never wearies of breathing it into hundreds of
different characters, and of endowing it with the
sublimest that in him lies, so overflowing is his
gratitude. It is, in short, the. recognition of the
fact that the two sides of his nature remained
faithful to each other, that out of free and unselfish
love, the creative, ingenuous, and brilliant side
kept loyally abreast of the dark, the intractable, and
the tyrannical side.
III.
The relation of the two constituent forces to
each other, and the yielding of the one to the other
was the great requisite by which alone he could
remain wholly and truly himself. At the same
time, this was the only thing he could not control,
and over which he could only keep a watch, while
the temptations to infidelity and its threatening
dangers beset him more and more. The uncer-
tainty derived therefrom is an overflowing source
of suffering for those in process of development.
Each of his instincts made constant efforts to attain
to unmeasured heights, and each of the capacities
he possessed for enjoying life seemed to long to
tear itself away from its companions in order to
seek satisfaction alone; the greater their exuber-
ance the more terrific was the tumult, and the more
bitter the competition between them. In addition,
accident and life fired the desire for power and
splendour in him; but he was more often tor-
mented by the cruel necessity of having to live at
all, while all around him lay obstacles and snares


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RICHARD WAGNER IN BAYREUTH.
II3
How is it possible for any one to remain faithful
here, to be completely steadfast? This doubt often
depressed him, and he expresses it, as an artist
expressed his doubt, in artistic forms. Elizabeth,
for instance, can only suffer, pray, and die; she
saves the fickle and intemperate man by her
loyalty, though not for this life. In the path of
every true artist, whose lot is cast in these modern
days, despair and danger are strewn. He has
many means whereby he can attain to honour and
might; peace and plenty persistently offer them-
selves to him, but only in that form recognised
by the modern man, which to the straightforward
artist is no better than choke-damp. In this
temptation, and in the act of resisting it, lie the
dangers that threaten him—dangers arising from
his disgust at the means modernity offers him of
acquiring pleasure and esteem, and from the indig-
nation provoked by the selfish ease of modern
society. Imagine Wagner's filling an official posi-
tion, as for instance that of bandmaster at public
and court theatres, both of which positions he has
held: think how he, a serious artist, must have
struggled in order to enforce seriousness in those
very places which, to meet the demands of modern
conventions, are designed with almost systematic
frivolity to appeal only to the frivolous. Think
how he must have partially succeeded, though only
to fail on the whole. How constantly disgust
must have been at his heels despite his repeated
attempts to flee it, how he failed to find the haven
to which he might have repaired, and how he had
ever to return to the Bohemians and outlaws of our
H


## p. 113 (#212) ############################################

II2
THOUGHTS OUT OF SEASON.
he never wearies of breathing it into hundreds of
different characters, and of endowing it with the
sublimest that in him lies, so overflowing is his
gratitude. It is, in short, the recognition of the
fact that the two sides of his nature remained
faithful to each other, that out of free and unselfish
love, the creative, ingenuous, and brilliant side
kept loyally abreast of the dark, the intractable, and
the tyrannical side.
III.
The relation of the two constituent forces to
each other, and the yielding of the one to the other
was the great requisite by which alone he could
remain wholly and truly himself. At the same
time, this was the only thing he could not control,
and over which he could only keep a watch, while
the temptations to infidelity and its threatening
dangers beset him more and more. The uncer-
tainty derived therefrom is an overflowing source
of suffering for those in process of development.
Each of his instincts made constant efforts to attain
to unmeasured heights, and each of the capacities
he possessed for enjoying life seemed to long to
tear itself away from its companions in order to
seek satisfaction alone; the greater their exuber-
ance the more terrific was the tumult, and the more
bitter the competition between them. In addition,
accident and life fired the desire for power and
splendour in him; but he was more often tor-
mented by the cruel necessity of having to live at
all, while all around him lay obstacles and snares


## p. 113 (#213) ############################################

RICHARD WAGNER IN BAYREUTH.
113
How is it possible for any one to remain faithful
here, to be completely steadfast? This doubt often
depressed him, and he expresses it, as an artist
expressed his doubt, in artistic forms. Elizabeth,
for instance, can only suffer, pray, and die; she
saves the fickle and intemperate man by her
loyalty, though not for this life. In the path of
every true artist, whose lot is cast in these modern
days, despair and danger are strewn. He has
many means whereby he can attain to honour and
might; peace and plenty persistently offer them-
selves to him, but only in that form recognised
by the modern man, which to the straightforward
artist is no better than choke-damp. In this
temptation, and in the act of resisting it, lie the
dangers that threaten him-dangers arising from
his disgust at the means modernity offers him of
acquiring pleasure and esteem, and from the indig-
nation provoked by the selfish ease of modern
society. Imagine Wagner's filling an official posi-
tion, as for instance that of bandmaster at public
and court theatres, both of which positions he has
held: think how he, a serious artist, must have
struggled in order to enforce seriousness in those
very places which, to meet the demands of modern
conventions, are designed with almost systematic
frivolity to appeal only to the frivolous. Think
how he must have partially succeeded, though only
to fail on the whole. How constantly disgust
must have been at his heels despite his repeated
attempts to flee it, how he failed to find the haven
to which he might have repaired, and how he had
ever to return to the Bohemians and outlaws of our
H


## p. 114 (#214) ############################################

114 THOUGHTS OUT OF SEASON.
society, as one of them. If he himself broke loose
from any post or position, he rarely found a better
one in its stead, while more than once distress was
all that his unrest brought him. Thus Wagner
changed his associates, his dwelling-place and
country, and when we come to comprehend the
nature of the circles into which he gravitated, we
can hardly realise how he was able to tolerate
them for any length of time. The greater half of
his past seems to be shrouded in heavy mist; for a
long time he appears to have had no general hopes,
but only hopes for the morrow, and thus, although
he reposed no faith in the future, he was not driven
to despair. He must have felt like a nocturnal
traveller, broken with fatigue, exasperated from
want of sleep, and tramping wearily along be-
neath a heavy burden, who, far from fearing the
sudden approach of death, rather longs for it as
something exquisitely charming. His burden,
the road and the night—all would disappear 1
The thought was a temptation to him. Again and
again, buoyed up by his temporary hopes, he
plunged anew into the turmoil of life, and left
all apparatus behind him. But his method of
doing this, his lack of moderation in the doing,
betrayed what a feeble hold his hopes had upon
him; how they were only stimulants to which he
had recourse in an extremity. The conflict be-
tween his aspirations and his partial or total
inability to realise them, tormented him like a thorn
in the flesh. Infuriated by constant privations, his
imagination lapsed into the dissipated, whenever
the state of want was momentarily relieved. Life


## p. 115 (#215) ############################################

RICHARD WAGNER IN BAYREUTH. US
grew ever more and more complicated for him;
but the means and artifices that he discovered in
his art as a dramatist became evermore resourceful
and daring. Albeit, these were little more than
palpable dramatic makeshifts and expedients,
which deceived, and were invented, only for the
moment. In a flash such means occurred to his
mind and were used up. Examined closely and
without prepossession, Wagner's life, to recall one
of Schopenhauer's expressions, might be said to
consist largely of comedy, not to mention burlesque.
And what the artist's feelings must have been,
conscious as he was, during whole periods of his
life, of this undignified element in it,—he who
more than any one else, perhaps, breathed freely
only in sublime and more than sublime spheres,—
the thinker alone can form any idea.
In the midst of this mode of life, a detailed de-
scription of which is necessary in order to inspire the
amount of pity, awe, and admiration which are its
due, he developed a talent for acquiring knowledge, /
which even in a German—a son of the nation learned
above all others—was really extraordinary. And
with this talent yet another danger threatened
Wagner—a danger more formidable than that in-
volved in a life which was apparently without either
a stay or a rule, borne hither and thither by disturb-
ing illusions. From a novice trying his strength
Wagner became a thorough master of music and
of the theatre, as also a prolific inventor in the pre-
liminary technical conditions for the execution of
art . No one will any longer deny him the glory of
having given us the supreme model for lofty artistic


## p. 116 (#216) ############################################

Il6 THOUGHTS OUT OF SEASON.
execution on a large scale. But he became more
than this, and in order so to develop, he, no less
than any one else in like circumstances, had to
reach the highest degree of culture by virtue of his
studies. And wonderfully he achieved this end!
It is delightful to follow his progress. From all
sides material seemed to come unto him and into
him, and the larger and heavier the resulting struc-
ture became, the more rigid was the arch of the
ruling and ordering thought supporting it. And
yet access to the sciences and arts has seldom been
made more difficult for any man than for Wagner;
so much so that he had almost to break his own
road through to them. The reviver of the simple
drama, the discoverer of the position due to art in
true human society, the poetic interpreter of by-
ljgone views of life, the philosopher, the historian, the
Nesthete and the critic, the master of languages, the
mythologist and the myth poet, who was the first to
include all these wonderful and beautiful products
of primitive times in a single Ring, upon which
he engraved the runic characters of his thoughts—
what a wealth of knowledge must Wagner have
accumulated and commanded, in order to have be-
come all that! And yet this mass of material was
just as powerless to impede the action of his will
as a matter of detail—however attractive—was to
draw his purpose from its path. For the excep-
tional character of such conduct to be appreciated
fully, it should be compared with that of Goethe,—
he who, as a student and as a sage, resembled
nothing so much as a huge river-basin, which
does not pour all its water into the sea, but spends


## p. 117 (#217) ############################################

RICHARD WAGNER IN BAYREUTH. 117
as much of it on its way there, and at its various
twists and turns, as it ultimately disgorges at its
mouth. True, a nature like Goethe's not only
has, but also engenders, more pleasure than any
other; there is more mildness and noble profligacy
in it; whereas the tenor and tempo of Wagner's
pCwer at times provoke both fear and flight. But
let him fear who will, we shall only be the more
courageous, in that we shall be permitted to come
face to face with a hero who, in regard to modern
culture, " has never learned the meaning of fear. "
But neither has he learned to look for repose in
history and philosophy, nor to derive those subtle
influences from their study which tend to paralyse
action or to soften a man unduly. Neither the
creative nor the militant artist in him was ever
diverted from his purpose by learning and culture.
The moment his constructive powers direct him,
history becomes yielding clay in his hands. His
attitude towards it then differs from that of every
scholar, and more nearly resembles the relation of
the ancient Greek to his myths; that is to say, his
subject is something he may fashion, and about
which he may write verses. He will naturally do
this with love and a certain becoming reverence,
but with the sovereign right of the creator notwith-
standing. And precisely because history is more
supple and more variable than a dream to him, he
can invest the most individual case with the char-
acteristics of a whole age, and thus attain to a
vividness of narrative of which historians are quite
incapable. In what work of art, of any kind, has
the body and soul of the Middle Ages ever been


## p. 118 (#218) ############################################

Il8 THOUGHTS OUT OF SEASON.
so thoroughly depicted as in Lohengrin? And
will not the Meistersingers continue to acquaint
men, even in the remotest ages to come, with the
nature of Germany's soul? Will they not do more
than acquaint men of it? Will they not represent
its very ripest fruit — the fruit of that spirit
wJhich ever wishes to reform and not to overthrow,
and which, despite the broad couch of comfort on
which it lies, has not forgotten how to endure the
noblest discomfort when a worthy and novel deed
has to be accomplished?
And it is just to this kind of discomfort that
Wagner always felt himself drawn by his study of
history and philosophy: in them he not only found
arms and coats of mail, but what he felt in their
presence above all was the inspiring breath which
is wafted from the graves of all great fighters,
sufferers, and thinkers. Nothing distinguishes a
Sman more from the general pattern of the age
than the use he makes of history and philosophy.
According to present views, the former seems to
have been allotted the duty of giving modern man
breathing-time, in the midst of his panting and
strenuous scurry towards his goal, so that he may,
for a space, imagine he has slipped his leash.
What Montaigne was as an individual amid the
turmoil of the Reformation—that is to say, a
creature inwardly coming to peace with himself,
serenely secluded in himself and taking breath,
as his best reader, Shakespeare, understood him,
—this is what history is to the modern spirit to-
day. The fact that the Germans, for a whole
century, have devoted themselves more particularly


## p. 119 (#219) ############################################

RICHARD WAGNER IN BAYREUTH. 119
to the study of history, only tends to prove that
they are the stemming, retarding, and becalming
force in the activity of modern society—a circum-
stance which some, of course, will place to their
credit. On the whole, however, it is a dangerous
symptom when the mind of a nation turns with
preference to the study of the past. It is a sign of
flagging strength, of decline and degeneration; it r
denotes that its people are perilously near to falling
victims to the first fever that may happen to be rife
—the political fever among others. Now, in the
history of modern thought, our scholars are an
example of this condition of weakness as opposed
to all reformative and revolutionary activity. The
mission they have chosen is not of the noblest;
they have rather been content to secure smug
happiness for their kind, and little more. Every
independent and manly step leaves them halting
in the background, although it by no means out-
strips history. For the latter is possessed of vastly
different powers, which only natures like Wagner
have any notion of; but it requires to be written
in a much more earnest and severe spirit, by much
more vigorous students, and with much less op-
timism than has been the case hitherto. In fact, it
requires to be treated quite differently from the way
German scholars have treated it until now. In all
their works there is a continual desire to embellish,
to submit and to be content, while the course of
events invariably seems to have their approbation.
It is rather the exception for one of them to imply
that he is satisfied only because things might have
turned out worse; for most of them believe, almost


## p. 120 (#220) ############################################

120 THOUGHTS OUT OF SEASON.
as a matter of course, that everything has been for
the best simply because it has only happened once.
Were history not always a disguised Christian
theodicy, were it written with more justice and
fervent feeling, it would be the very last thing on
earth to be made to serve the purpose it now serves,
namely, that of an opiate against everything sub-
versive and novel. And philosophy is in the
same plight: all that the majority demand of it is,
that it may teach them to understand approxi-
mate facts—very approximate facts—in order that
they may then become adapted to them. And
even its noblest exponents press its soporific and
comforting powers so strongly to the fore, that
all lovers of sleep and of loafing must think that
their aim and the aim of philosophy are one. For
my part, the most important question philosophy
has to decide seems to be, how far things have
acquired an unalterable stamp and form, and, once
this question has been answered, I think it the
duty of philosophy unhesitatingly and courage-
ously to proceed with the task of improving that
part of the world which has been recognised as still
susceptible to change. But genuine philosophers do,
as a matter of fact, teach this doctrine themselves,
inasmuch as they work at endeavouring to alter
the very changeable views of men, and do not keep
their opinions to themselves. Genuine disciples of
genuine philosophies also teach this doctrine; for,
like Wagner, they understand the art of deriving
a more decisive and inflexible will from their
master's teaching, rather than an opiate or a
sleeping draught. Wagner is most philosophical


## p. 121 (#221) ############################################

RICHARD WAGNER IN BAYREUTH. 121
where he is most powerfully active and heroic. It
was as a philosopher that he went, not only r
through the fire of various philosophical systems
without fear, but also through the vapours of
science and scholarship, while remaining ever true
to his highest self. And it was this highest self
which exacted from his versatile spirit works as
complete as his were, which bade him suffer and
learn, that he might accomplish such works.
IV.
The history of the development of culture since
the time of the Greeks is short enough, when we
take into consideration the actual ground it covers,
and ignore the periods during which man stood
still, went backwards, hesitated or strayed. The
Hellenising of the world—and to make this pos-
sible, the Orientalising of Hellenism—that double
mission of Alexander the Great, still remains the
most important event: the old question whether
a foreign civilisation may be transplanted is still
the problem that the peoples of modern times are
vainly endeavouring to solve. The rhythmic play
of those two factors against each other is the force
that has determined the course of history hereto-
fore. Thus Christianity appears, for instance, as
a product of Oriental antiquity, which was thought
out and pursued to its ultimate conclusions
by men, with almost intemperate thoroughness.
As its influence began to decay, the power of
Hellenic culture was revived, and we are now


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122 THOUGHTS OUT OF SEASON.
experiencing phenomena so strange that they
would hang in the air as unsolved problems, if it
were not possible, by spanning an enormous gulf
of time, to show their relation to analogous pheno-
mena in Hellenistic culture. Thus, between Kant
and the Eleatics, Schopenhauer and Empedocles,
^Eschylus and Wagner, there is so much relation-
ship, so many things in common, that one is
vividly impressed with the very relative nature
of all notions of time. It would even seem as
if a whole diversity of things were really all of a
piece, and that time is only a cloud which makes
it hard for our eyes to perceive the oneness of
them. In the history of the exact sciences we
are perhaps most impressed by the close bond
uniting us with the days of Alexander and ancient
Greece. The pendulum of history seems merely
to have swung back to that point from which it
started when it plunged forth into unknown and
mysterious distance. The picture represented by
our own times is by no means a new one: to the
student of history it must always seem as though
he were merely in the presence of an old familiar
face, the features of which he recognises. In our
time the spirit of Greek culture is scattered broad-
cast. While forces of all kinds are pressing one
upon the other, and the fruits of modern art and
science are offering themselves as a means of ex-
change, the pale outline of Hellenism is beginning
to dawn faintly in the distance. The earth which,
up to the present, has been more than adequately
Orientalised, begins to yearn once more for Hellen-
ism. He who wishes to help her in this respect


## p. 123 (#223) ############################################

RICHARD WAGNER IN BAYREUTH. 123
will certainly need to be gifted for speedy action
and to have wings on his heels, in order to syn-
thetise the multitudinous and still undiscovered
facts of science and the many conflicting divisions
of talent so as to reconnoitre and rule the whole
enormous field. It is now necessary that a genera-
tion of anti-Alexanders should arise, endowed with
the supreme strength necessary for gathering up,
binding together, and joining the individual threads
of the fabric, so as to prevent their being scattered
to the four winds. The object is not to cut the
Gordian knot of Greek culture after the manner
adopted by Alexander, and then to leave its frayed
ends fluttering in all directions; it is rather to bind
it after it has been loosed. That is our task to-day.
In the person of Wagner I recognise one of these
anti-Alexanders: he rivets and locks together all
that is isolated, weak, or in any way defective; if
I may be allowed to use a medical expression, he
has an astringent power. And in this respect he
is one of the greatest civilising forces of his age.
He dominates art, religion, and folklore, yet he is
the reverse of a polyhistor or of a mere collecting
and classifying spirit; for he constructs with the
collected material, and breathes life into it, and is
a Simplifier of the Universe. We must not be led
away from this idea by comparing the general
mission which his genius imposed upon him with
the much narrower and more immediate one which
we are at present in the habit of associating with
the name of Wagner. He is expected to effect a
reform in the theatre world; but even supposing
he should succeed in doing this, what would then


## p. 124 (#224) ############################################

124 THOUGHTS OUT OF SEASON.
have been done towards the accomplishment of
that higher, more distant mission?
But even with this lesser theatrical reform,
modern man would also be altered and reformed;
for everything is so intimately related in this
world, that he who removes even so small a thing
as a rivet from the framework shatters and destroys
the whole edifice. And what we here assert, with
perhaps seeming exaggeration, of Wagner's activity
would hold equally good of any other genuine
reform. It is quite impossible to reinstate the art
of drama in its purest and highest form without
effecting changes everywhere in the customs of the
people, in the State, in education, and in social
intercourse. When love and justice have become
powerful in one department of life, namely in
art, they must, in accordance with the law of
their inner being, spread their influence around
them, and can no more return to the stiff still-
ness of their former pupal condition. In order
even to realise how far the attitude of the arts
towards life is a sign of their decline, and how
far our theatres are a disgrace to those who build
and visit them, everything must be learnt over
again, and that which is usual and common-
place should be regarded as something unusual
and complicated. An extraordinary lack of clear
judgment, a badly-concealed lust of pleasure, of
entertainment at any cost, learned scruples, as-
sumed airs of importance, and trifling with the
seriousness of art on the part of those who repre-
sent it; brutality of appetite and money-grubbing
on the part of promoters; the empty-mindedness


## p. 125 (#225) ############################################

RICHARD WAGNER IN BAYREUTH. 125
and thoughtlessness of society, which only thinks
of the people in so far as these serve or thwart its
purpose, and which attends theatres and concerts
without giving a thought to its duties,—all these
things constitute the stifling and deleterious
atmosphere of our modern art conditions: when,
however, people like our men of culture have
grown accustomed to it, they imagine that it is
a condition of their healthy existence, and would
immediately feel unwell if, for any reason, they
were compelled to dispense with it for a while.
In point of fact, there is but one speedy way of
convincing oneself of the vulgarity, weirdness, and
confusion of our theatrical institutions, and that
is to compare them with those which once
flourished in ancient Greece. If we knew nothing
about the Greeks, it would perhaps be impossible
to assail our present conditions at all, and objec-
tions made on the large scale conceived for the
first time by Wagner would have been regarded
as the dreams of people who could only be at home
in outlandish places. "For men as we now find
them," people would have retorted, "art of this
modern kind answers the purpose and is fitting—
and men have never been different. " But they
have been very different, and even now there are
men who are far from satisfied with the existing
state of affairs—the fact of Bayreuth alone demon-
strates this point. Here you will find prepared
and initiated spectators, and the emotion of men
conscious of being at the very zenith of their
happiness, who concentrate their whole being on
that happiness in order to strengthen themselves


## p. 126 (#226) ############################################

126 THOUGHTS OUT OF SEASON.
for a higher and more far-reaching purpose. Here
you will find the most noble self-abnegation on
the part of the artist, and the finest of all spectacles
—that of a triumphant creator of works which are
in themselves an overflowing treasury of artistic
triumphs. Does it not seem almost like a fairy
tale, to be able to come face to face with such a
personality? Must not they who take any part
whatsoever, active or passive, in the proceedings
at Bayreuth, already feel altered and rejuvenated,
and ready to introduce reforms and to effect
renovations in other spheres of life? Has not
a haven been found for all wanderers on high and
desert seas, and has not peace settled over the face
of the waters? Must not he who leaves these
spheres of ruling profundity and loneliness for the
very differently ordered world with its plains and
lower levels, cry continually like Isolde: "Oh, how
could I bear it? How can I still bear it? " And
should he be unable to endure his joy and his
sorrow, or to keep them egotistically to himself,
he will avail himself from that time forward of
every opportunity of making them known to all.
"Where are they who are suffering under the yoke
of modern institutions? " he will inquire. "Where
are my natural allies, with whom I may struggle
against the ever waxing and ever more oppressive
pretensions of modern erudition? For at present,
at least, we have but one enemy—at present! —and
it is that band of aesthetes, to whom the word
Bayreuth means the completest rout—they have
taken no share in the arrangements, they were
rather indignant at the whole movement, or else


## p. 127 (#227) ############################################

RICHARD WAGNER IN BAYREUTH. 127
availed themselves effectively of the deaf-ear
policy, which has now become the trusty weapon
of all very superior opposition. But this proves
that their animosity and knavery were ineffectual
in destroying Wagner's spirit or in hindering the
accomplishment of his plans; it proves even more,
for it betrays their weakness and the fact that all
those who are at present in possession of power
will not be able to withstand many more attacks.
The time is at hand for those who would conquer
and triumph; the vastest empires lie at their
mercy, a note of interrogation hangs to the name
of all present possessors of power, so far as pos-
session may be said to exist in this respect. Thus
educational institutions are said to be decaying,
and everywhere individuals are to be found who
have secretly deserted them. If only it were pos-
sible to invite those to open rebellion and public
utterances, who even now are thoroughly dissatis-
fied with the state of affairs in this quarter! If
only it were possible to deprive them of their faint
heart and lukewarmness! I am convinced that
the whole spirit of modern culture would receive its
deadliest blow if the tacit support which these
natures give it could in any way be cancelled.
Among scholars, only those would remain loyal to
the old order of things who had been infected with
the political mania or who were literary hacks in
any form whatever. The repulsive organisation
which derives its strength from the violence and
injustice upon which it relies—that is to say,
from the State and Society—and which sees its
advantage in making the latter ever more evil and


## p. 128 (#228) ############################################

128 THOUGHTS OUT OF SEASON.
unscrupulous,—this structure which without such
support would be something feeble and effete, only
needs to be despised in order to perish. He who
is struggling to spread justice and love among
mankind must regard this organisation as the least
significant of the obstacles in his way; for he will
only encounter his real opponents once he has
successfully stormed and conquered modern culture,
which is nothing more than their outworks.
For us, Bayreuth is the consecration of the dawn
of the combat. No greater injustice could be done
to us than to suppose that we are concerned with art
alone, as though it were merely a means of healing
or stupefying us, which we make use of in order to
rid our consciousness of all the misery that still
remains in our midst. In the image of this tragic
art work at Bayreuth, we see, rather, the struggle
of individuals against everything which seems to
oppose them with invincible necessity, with power,
law, tradition, conduct, and the whole order of
things established. Individuals cannot choose a
better life than that of holding themselves ready
to sacrifice themselves and to die in their fight for
love and justice. The gaze which the mysterious
eye of tragedy vouchsafes us neither lulls nor
paralyses. Nevertheless, it demands silence of us
as long as it keeps us in view; for art does not
serve the purposes of war, but is merely with us to
improve our hours of respite, before and during the
course of the contest, — to improve those few
moments when, looking back, yet dreaming of the
future, we seem to understand the symbolical, and
are carried away into a refreshing reverie when


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RICHARD WAGNER IN BAYREUTH. 129
fatigue overtakes us. Day and battle dawn to-
gether, the sacred shadows vanish, and Art is once
more far away from us; but the comfort she dis-
penses is with men from the earliest hour of day,
and never leaves them. Wherever he turns, the
individual realises only too clearly his own short-
comings, his insufficiency and his incompetence;
what courage would he have left were he not
previously rendered impersonal by this consecra-
tion! The greatest of all torments harassing him,
the conflicting beliefs and opinions among men,
the unreliability of these beliefs and opinions, and
the unequal character of men's abilities—all these
things make him hanker after art. We cannot be
happy so long as everything about us suffers and
causes suffering; we cannot be moral so long as
the course of human events is determined by
violence, treachery, and injustice; we cannot even
be wise, so long as the whole of mankind does not
compete for wisdom, and does not lead the in-
dividual to the most sober and reasonable form of
life and knowledge. How, then, would it be possible
to endure this feeling of threefold insufficiency if
one were not able to recognise something sublime
and valuable in one's struggles, strivings, and
defeats, if one did not learn from tragedy how to
delight in the rhythm of the great passions, and
in their victim? Art is certainly no teacher or
educator of practical conduct: the artist is never
in this sense an instructor or adviser; the things
after which a tragic hero strives are not necessarily
worth striving after. As in a dream so in art, the
valuation of things only holds good while we are
I


## p. 130 (#230) ############################################

130 THOUGHTS OUT OF SEASON.
under its spell. What we, for the time being, re-
gard as so worthy of effort, and what makes us
sympathise with the tragic hero when he prefers
death to renouncing the object of his desire, this
can seldom retain the same value and energy when
transferred to everyday life: that is why art is the
business of the man who is recreating himself. The
strife it reveals to us is a simplification of life's
struggle; its problems are abbreviations of the
infinitely complicated phenomena of man's actions
and volitions. But from this very fact—that it is
the reflection, so to speak, of a simpler world, a
more rapid solution of the riddle of life—art derives
its greatness and indispensability. No one who
suffers from life can do without this reflection, just
as no one can exist without sleep. The more
difficult the science of natural laws becomes, the
more fervently we yearn for the image of this
^ simplification, if only for an instant; and the
greater becomes the tension between each man's
general knowledge of things and his moral and
spiritual faculties. Art is with us to prevent the
bow from snapping.
The individual must be consecrated to something
impersonal—that is the aim of tragedy: he must
forget the terrible anxiety which death and time
tend to create in him; for at any moment of his
life, at any fraction of time in the whole of his span
of years, something sacred may cross his path
which will amply compensate him for all his
struggles and privations. This means having a
sense for the tragic. And if all mankind must
perish some day—and who could question this!


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