We do not know if this has been
survived Theodore Gaza, who died a.
survived Theodore Gaza, who died a.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
D.
after the deposition of Joannes, the same Acacius
432) sent Paul of Emesa, one of his bishops, to procured his elevation to the bishopric of Tyre.
Alexandria to complete the arrangement. Cyril Theophanes incorrectly ascribes this last appoint-
received Paul with great respect, and pronounced ment to Calendion of Antioch. (Theophanes,
in public the highest eulogium on John. John now Chronog. p. 110, &c. ed. Paris, p. 88, &c. ed. Venice,
joined in the condemnation of Nestorius; and after p. 199, &c. ed. Bonn. ; Valesius, Not. ad Eragri
niuch trouble and opposition, which he vanquished, H. E. ii. 15, and Observationes Eccles. ad Eva-
partly by persuasion, partly by deposing the perti- 'grium, ii. 8. )
own
## p. 587 (#603) ############################################
JOANNES.
2587
JOANNES.
] : ANTIOCHENUS (3). - (See No. 105. ] 69 of the body. John did so; and the Melitians being
dass 12. ANTIOCHEN UB (4). (See No. 108. j . . . supported in their attacks on the orthodox party
13. ANTINCHENUS (5). . (MALALAS. ) "/ by the Arians, the schism became . as violent as
14. ANTIOCHENUS (6). The Excerpta ex Col- ever. Athanasius, now patriarch of Alexandria,
lectuneis Constantini Auristi Porphyrogeniti, Tepland leader of the orthodox party (ATHANASIUS),
åpetis kad karlas, De Virtute et Vilio, edited by was the great object of attack : and John and his
Valesius, 4to. Paris, 1634, and frequently cited as followers sought to throw on him the odium of
the Excerpta Peiresciana, contain extracts from the originating the disturbances and of persecuting his
'lotopía Xpovidl dto 'Adék, Historia Chrono opponents ; and especially they charged him with
graphica ab Adamo, of a writer called Joannes of the murder of Arsenius, a Melitian bishop, whom
Antioch, of whom nothing is known beyond what they had secreted in order to give colour to the
may be gathered from the work. The last extract charge. (ATHANASIUS. ) Athanasius on his part
relates to the emperor Phocas, whose character is appealed to the emperor, Constantine the Great,
described in the past tense, o avròs øwkās uño charging John and his followers with unsoundness
Xev aiuorotns, “ This same Phocas was blood in the faith, with a desire to alter the decrees of
thirsty:" from which it appears that the work was the Nicene council, and with raising tumulus and
written after the death of Phocas, A. D. 610, and insulting the orthodox; be also objected to them,
before the time of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, in as being irregularly ordained. He refuted their
the tenth century. Cave places Joannes of Antioch charges, especially the charge of murder, ascer-
in a. D. 620. He is not to be confounded with taining that Arsenius was alive, and obliged them
Joannes Malalas, from whom he is in the Excerpta to remain quiet. John professed to repent of his
expressly distinguished. (Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. iii. disorderly proceedings, and to be reconciled 10
p. 44, vol. viii. p. 7 ; Cave, Hist. Litt
. vol. i. p. 577. ) Athanasius ; and returned with his party into the
15. ANTIOCHEN US (7). A discourse, abyos, on communion of the orthodox church: but the recon-
the gift of monasteries and their possessions to lay ciliation was not sincere or lasting : troubles broke
persons is given in the Ecclesiae Graecae Monu- out again, and a fresh separation took place ; John
menta of Cotelerius (vol. i. p. 159, &c. ] It is in and his followers either being ejected from com-
the title described as the work toû dyiwrdTou sal munion by the Athanasian party, or their return
makapiwrátov TutPiapxov 'Artioxelas kupiou 'Ice opposed. The council of Tyre (A. D. 335), in which
άννου του εν τη οξεία νήσω ασκήσαντος, Sanc- | the opponents of Athanasius were triumpliant, Or-
tissimi et beatissimi patriarchae Antiochiae, domini dered them to be re-admitted ; but the emperor
Joannis qui in Oxia insula aliquando monachus fuit. deeming John to be a contentious man, or, at least,
From internal evidence, Cotelerius deduces that thinking that his presence was incompatible with the
this patriarch Joannes lived about the middle peace of the Egyptian church, banished him (A. D.
of the twelfth century. The island of Oxia, in 336) just after he had banished Athanasius into
which, before his elevation to the patriarchate, he Gaul. The place of his exile, and his subsequent
pursued a monastic life, is in the Propontis. There fate, are not known. (Sozomen, H. E. i. 21, 22,
is (or was) extant in MS. , in the imperial library 25, 31; Athanasius, Apol. contra Arianos, c. 65–
at Vienna, a work described as Eclogae Asceticae, 67, 70, 71 ; Tillemont, Mémoires, vol. vi. passim,
containing extracts from the Fathers and other ec-
vol. viii. passim. )
clesiastical authorities. The inscription subjoined 17. ARGYROPULUS ('Apyupotoûlos), one of the
to this work, τέλος της βίβλου του μακαριωτάτου | learned Greeks whose light into Western Europe
πατριάρχου Αντιοχείας κυρίου Ιωάννου του εν contributed so powerfully to the revival of learning.
Tỳ 'ocelain Finis libri beatissimi patriarchae Anti- Joannes Argyropulus (or Argyropylus, or Argyro-
ochiae domini Joannis qui in Oxia fuit, has led polus, or Argyropilus, or Argyrophilus, for the
Cotelerius (Ibid. p. 747) with reason to ascribe it name is variously written) was born at Constan-
to the same writer. From this conclusion Care tinople of a noble family, and was a presbyter of
dissents, and contends that the Eclogae Asceticae that city, on the capture of which (A. D. 1453) he
is the work of an earlier Joannes, patriarch of An- is said by Fabricius and Cave to have fled into
tioch, who lived, according to William of Tyre (vi. Italy ; but there is every reason to believe that his
23), Ordericus Vitalis (lib. x. ), and others, about removal was antecedent to that events Nicolaub
the close of the eleventh century ; but the mention Comnenus Papadopoli (Hist. Gymnas. Patavini)
of the island Oxia leads us to identify the writers states that he was twice in Italy; that he was sent
with each other; and Cave's argument that the the first time when above forty years old, by Car-
latest writer from whom any part of the Eclogae is dinal Bessarion, and studied Latin at Padua, and
taken is Michael Psellus, who flourished about that his second removal was after the capture of
A. D. 1050, is insufficient for his purpose. Cotelerius Constantinople. What truth there is in this state-
ascribes some other works and citations to this ment it is difficult to say: he was at least twice in
Joannes. (Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. ii. pp. 159, 225; Italy, probably three, and perhaps even four times ;
Cotelerius, Ul. cc. )
but that he was forty years of age at his first visit
16. ARCHAPH, 'Apxám, an Egyptian schisina- is quite irreconcileable with other statements. A
tic, contemporary with Athanasius Melitius, an passage cited by Tiraboschi (Storia della Letto
Egyptian bishop, and author of a schism among the Italiana, vol. vi. p. 198) makes it likely that he
Egyptian clergy, having been condemned at the was at Padua a. D. 1434, reading and explaining
council of Nice a. D. 325, was really bent, while the works of Aristotle on natural philosophy. In
apparently submitting to the judgment of the A. D. 1439 an Argyropulus was present with the
council, on maintaining his party : and just before emperor Joannes Palaeologus at the council of
his death, which occurred shortly after the council Florence (Michael Ducas, Hist. Byzant. c. 31): it
broke up, prepared Joannes or John, sumamed is not clear whether this was Joannes or some other
Archaph, one of his partizans, and apparently Me of his name, but it was probably Joannes. In
litian bishop of Memphis, to assume the leadership A. D. 1441 he was at Constantinople, as appears
## p. 588 (#604) ############################################
K88
JOANNES.
JOANNES.
.
racter.
from a letter of Francesco Filelfo to Pietro Per- | most eminent in Italy for intellect and social po
leoni (Philelphus, Epistol. v. 3), engaged in pub sition, and yet dependent upon their pupils, and coin-
lic teaching, but it is uncertain how long he petitors with each other for their patronage, that
had been established there. · Probably he had re- the charge is credible enough. A letter of intro-
turned some time between A. D. 1434 and 1439, duction or recommendation written by Francesco
and accompanied Bessarion to and from the council Filelſo, while speaking highly of his erudition,
of Florence. Among his pupils at Constantinople apologises for his “ moroseness and fickleness. "
was Michael Apostolius. Argyropulus must bave The allegation, sufficiently improbable in itself,
left Constantinople not long after the date of the that it was jealousy which led him to depreciate
letter of Philelphus, for in 1442 he was rector of Cicero's acquaintance with Greek literature (by
the university of Padua (Facciolati, Fasti Gym- which depreciation he incurred much reproach),
nasii Patavini); and he was still there a. D. 1444, shows the judgment which was formed of his cha-
when Francesco della Rovere, afterwards pope
Yet Theodore Gaza is said to have
Sixtus IV. , took his degree, not, however, as Nic. esteemed him very highly; and when he found
Comnen. Papadopoli (bc. ) states, as a student (dis- that Argyropulus was engaged in translating
cipulus), but, according to the better authority of some pieces of Aristotle on which he had also
Tiraboschi (l. c. ), as master of the school of philo- been occupied, he burnt his own versions, that
Bophy (philosophiae magister scholaris). That he ro he might not, by provoking any unfavourable
turned to Constantinople after 1444 is improbable, comparison, stand in the way of his friend's rising
and rests on no better evidence than the assertion, reputation.
chiefly of later writers, that he fled into Italy on Reuchlin when in Italy had an interview with
its capture in 1453. During his abode in Italy, Argyropulus at Rome. Argyropulus was explain-
after his last removal thither, he was honourably | ing Thucydides ; and having asked Reuchlin to
received by Cosmo de' Medici, then the principal translate and expound a passage, was so astonished
person at Florence, for whose assistance in be- at the extent of his erudition, that in the words of
coming acquainted with the philosophy of Aristotle, Melancthon, nephew of Reuchlin, who has recorded
some of his Latin versions of that great writer the anecdote, “ gemens exclamat, 'Graecia nostro
were made. He also assisted the studies of Piero de' exilio Alpes transvolavit'" (Melancthon, Oratio de
Medici, son of Cosmo, and was preceptor to Lo Jo. Capnione, apud Boerner. ) This anecdote de
renzo de' Medici, the celebrated son of Piero, serves notice, inasmuch as, if it refers (which is
whom he instructed in Greek and in the Aris- probable) to Reuchlin's visit to Italy in 1482, it
totelian philosophy, especially in ethics. When shows that the date 1480, assigned by some to
Lorenzo, who, from his father's ill health, took a Argyropulus's death, is inaccurate.
leading part in affairs during his life, and succeeded, Argyropulus had several sons. Hody thinks
on his death (a. D. 1469), to his pre-eminence at that the Joannes Argyropulus who translated Aris-
Florence, established the Greek academy in that totle's work llepi 'Epunveias, and to whose name
city, Argyropulus read and expounded the clas- some subjoin the epithet "junior," was one of his
sical Greek writers to the Florentine youth, and sons, and that he died before his father ; but this
had several among his pupils who afterwards at- version was the work of Argyropulus himself, nor
tained to eminence, as Angelo Poliziano (Politi- does he appear to have had a son Joannes. He
anus) and Donato Acciajuoli.
had a son Bartolommeo, a youth of great attain-
Argyropulus is said to have visited France (A. D. ments, who was mortally wounded by assassins
1456), to ask the assistance of the French king in pro- (A. D. 1467) at Rome, where he was living under
curing the release of some of his kindred who were the patronage of Cardinal Bessarion. Another son,
detrined in captivity by the Turks, but he returned Isaac, survired his father, and became eminent as
to Florence. From Florence he removed to Rome, a musician. Demetrius Argyropulus, who is men-
on account of the plague which had broken out in tioned (A. D. 1451) in a letter of Francesco Fi-
the former city: the time of his removal is not as lelfo, was apparently a brother of Joannes.
certained, but it was before 1471. Ac Rome he The works of Argyropulus are as follows :-).
obtained an ample subsistence, by teaching Greek Original works. 1. Περί της του αγίου Πνεύμα-
and philosophy, and especially by publicly ex- TOS EKTOPEVO ews, De Processione Spiritus Sancti ;
pounding the works of Aristotle. He died at the printed with a Latin version in the Graecia Ortho
age of seventy, from an autumnal fever, said to dora of Leo Allatius (vol. i. pp. 400—418), 2.
have been brought on by eating too freely of me- Oratio quarta pro Synodo Florentina, cited by Ni-
lons. But the year of his death is variously stated: colaus Comnenus Papadopoli in his Praenotiones
all that appears to be certainly known is, that he Mystagogicae.
We do not know if this has been
survived Theodore Gaza, who died a. D. 1478. published, or whether it is in Latin or Greek. 3.
Fabricius states that he died A. D. 1480 ; but this Commentari in Ethica Nicomachea, fol. Florence,
date appears from the anecdote of his interview 1478. This work comprehends the substance of
with Reuchlin to be too early.
his expository lectures on the Nicomachean Ethics
The attainments of Argyropulus were highly of Aristotle, taken down from his lips, and pub-
estimated in his own and the succeeding age. The lished by Donatus Acciaiolus or Donato Accia-
love and reverence of his most eminent pupils, Lo juoli, who has already been mentioned as a pupil
renzo de' Medici, Poliziano, and Acciajuoli, is an of Argyropulus, and who dedicated this work
honourable testimony to his character. Yet he has to Cosmo de' Medici. 4. Commentarii in Aristotelis
been severely censured ; and is charged with glut- Metaphysica, published with Bessarion's version of
tony, to which his corpulence is ascribed, and with that work, fol. Paris, 1515. The other original
drunkenness, as well as with conceit and jealousy. works of Argyropulus are scattered in MS. througb
These last qualities were so likely to be manifested the libraries of Europe. They are, 5. Consolatio
by persons in the situations of these Greek exiles, ad Imperatorein Constantinum in morte fratris Jan
reverenced and sought as instructors by the men | annis Palaeologi extincti, A. D. 1448. This work is
## p. 589 (#605) ############################################
JOANNES.
589
JOANNES.
I
mentioned hy Alatins in his book De Synodo Phoco. ; Bayle, Dictionnaire, 8. 0. Acciaioli (Donat. )
tiuna, p. 542. " 6. Monodia in obitum Imperatoris Aygyropyle. )
Joannis Palaeologi. 7. Comparatio veteruin Im- 18. BARBUCALLUS. (BARBUCALLUS. ) -
peratorum cum holierno, or Veterum Principum cum 19. S. BASILII DISCIPULUS, sive OBEDIEN-
Imperatore nunc regnante Comparatio. The title is TIAE FILIUs. (See No. 28. )
indefinite, but the comparison instituted in the 20. Beccus, or Veccus. (Veccus. ]
work is, according to some of our authorities, be 21. BESSARION or BESSARIO, sometimes Besa-
tween the Greek emperors of Constantinople and RION, BISsaRION, BISARION, or Bizarion (Bnora-
their Turkish successors. 8. Homilia de Imperio, ρίων or Bησαρίων, or Βισσαρίων), in Italian BassARI-
ad Constantinum Palaeologum. 9. Solutiones Quaes-ONE. The first name of this eminent ecclesiastic has
tionum quae proposuerant Philosophi et Medici qui: been the subject of dispute : he is commonly men-
dum ex Cipro insula. 10. Ad Pupam Nicolaum v. tioned by the name Bessarion only: some have pre-
11. Poemata Grucca Ecclesiastica, by Argyro- fixed the name of Basilius, others (as Panzer, An-
pulus and others. A manuscript in the Bodleian nales Typog. Indices) that of Nicolaus ; but it has
library (Cod. Barocc. lazxvii. , according to the been shown by Bandini (Commentarius de Vila Bes
Catalog. MStorum Angliae et Hiberniae), contains sarionis, c. 2) upon the authority of the cardinal him-
Porphyrii Isagoge cum scholiis marginalibus fortè self, that his name was Joannes or John. He was born
Jo. Argyropuli, et Aristotelis Organon cum scholiis at Trapezus, or Trebizond, A. D. 1395, whether of
fortè per eundem. It has an effigy of Argyropulus an obscure or noble, or even royal family, is much
in his study, which is engraved in Hody's work disputed. He studied at Constantinople, and at-
cited below. Fabricius (Bibl. Gr. vol. iii. p. 479) tended the school of Georgius Chrysococces (CHRY-
speaks of his Expositiones in Aristotelis Ethica, SOCOCCES), and had for his fellow-student Francesco
Physica, Lib. de Anima et Mechanica ; and distin- Filelfo (Franciscus Philelphus), as appears from a
guishes them from the work published by Accia- letter of Filelfo dated x. Cal. Feb. 1448. (Philel-
juoli, with which we should otherwise have supposed phus, Epistolae, lib. vi. fol. 84, ed. Basil. 1506. )
the Expositiones in Ethica to be identical. Harless, Having embraced a monastic life in the order of St.
in a note to Fabricius (Bibl. Gr. vol. vi. p. 131)Basil, he turned his attention from poetry and ora-
speaks of his Prolegg. in Progymnasm. as contained tory, in which he had already become eminent, to
in a MS. at Heidelberg.
theology, which he studied under two of the most
· The Latin versions of Argyropulus are chiefly of learned metropolitans of the Greek church. He
the works (genuine or reputed) of Aristotle. 1. also studied the Platonic philosophy under Geor-
Elhica Nicomachea, Libri X. There is reason to gius Pletho or Gemistus (GemiSTUS), for whom he
think that this was printed at Florence about A. D. ever retained the greatest reverence, and under
1478, in which year the Commentarië taken down whom he became a zealous Plutonist. To study
by Acciajuoli were printed: it was certainly printed under Gemistus he withdrew (apparently about
at Rome A. D. 1492, and in the Latin edition of A. D. 1416 or 1417) into the Morea, and remained
the works of Aristotle published by Gregorius de 21 years in a monastery there, except when en-
Gregoriis, 2 vols. fol. Venice, 1496. This edition gaged in diplomatic missions for the emperors of
contained versions of the following works of Aris- Constantinople and Trebizond.
totle by Argyropulus :-2. Categoriae 8. Praedica- Bessarion was an advocate for the proposed
menta. 3. Physica & Acroases Physicae s. De union of the two churches, the Latin and the
Naturali Auscultutione, Libri VIII. 4. De Coelo Greek, and was one of those who urged upon the
et Mundo, Libri IV. 5. De Anima, Libri III. 6. emperor Joannes Palacologus the convocation of the
Metcphysica, Libri XII. The thirteenth and four- general council for the purpose, which met A. D.
teenth books were not translated by him. 7. De 1438 at Ferrara, and from thence adjourned to
Interpretatione. 8. Analytica Priora. 9. Analytica Florence. He had, just before the meeting of the
Posteriora, Libri II. 10. Epistola ad Alexandrum council, been appointed archbishop of Nicaea, and
"in qua de libris ad methodum civilium sermonum appeared as one of the managers of the conference
spectantibus disseritur. ” Some of our authorities on the side of the Greeks, Mark, archbishop of
speak of the following works as having been trans- Ephesus (Eugenicus Marcus), being the other.
lated by him, but we have not been able to trace He at first advocated, on the points difference
them in print:-11. Politica, Libri VIII. ; and 12. between the two churches, the opinions generally
Oeconomica, Libri II. These two works are said entertained by the Greeks, but was soon converted
to have been published in 8vo. Venice, a. D. 1506, to the Latin side, either from honest conviction, as
but we doubt the correctness of the statement. he himself affirmed, or, as his enemies intimated, in
13. De Mundo. 14. Mechanica Problemata. Some the bɔpe of receiving honours and emoluments from
of his translations are reprinted in the volume of the pope. He was possibly influenced by a feeling
Latin versions which forms a sequel to Bekkers of jealousy against Mark of Ephesus, his coadjutor.
edition of Aristotle.
Phranza asserts (ii. 17) that on the death of Joseph,
He also translated the Praedicabilia or De quinque patriarch of Constantinople (JOSEPHUS, No. 7],
Vocibus of Porphyry, and the Homiliae S. Basilii during the sitting of the council, the emperor Joan-
in Hexaë meron. His version of Porphyry was nes Palaeologus and the council elected Bessarion
printed with his translations of Aristotle at Venice to succeed him; but Bessarion probably thought that
in 1496, and that of Basil at Rome a. d. 1515. his Latinist predilections, however acceptable to the
(Hody, de Graccis Illustribus, pp. 187—210 ; emperor, would not recommend him to his country-
Boerner, de Doctis Hominibus Gruecis; Roscoe, men in general, and declined the appointment. He
Life of Lorenzo de' Medici, 4th edition, vol. i. pp. did not, however, remain in Italy, as Phranza
61,101, vol. ii. pp. 107–110; Wharton apud Cave, incorrectly states, but returned to Constantinople
Hist. Litt. vol. ii. , Appendir, p. 168 ; Fabric. Bibl. soon after the breaking up of the council. He was,
(Iruec. vol. iï. p. 496, &c. , vol. xi. p. 460, &c. ; Fachowever, almost immediately induced to return to
ciolati, Tiraboschi, Nic. Comnenus Papadopoli, 4. / Italy by the intelligence that the pope had con-
## p. 590 (#606) ############################################
0902
JOANNES.
EJOANNES.
With the excep
ferred on him (Dec. 1439) a cardinal's hat This public affairs, and devoted himself to literary pur-
honour, following so close upon his embracing the suits. - About the end of 1468 he took part in the
side of the Latins, and the fact that the pope had solemn reception of the emperor Frederic III. at
previously granted hiin an annuity, gave colour to Rome.
ihe report that his change had not been wholly On the death of Paul II. , A. D. 1471, Bessarion
disinterested. Hody rejects the story of his elec- was again near being elected pope, but jealousy or
tion to the patriarchate, but his arguments are not accident prevented it, and Francesco della Rovero
convincing: the facts urged by him only show that was chosen, and took the title of Sixtus IV. Sis-
the patriarchate was vacant at the dissolution of the lus, anxious to remove Bessarion from Rome, en-
council
, which it would be in consequence of Bes- trusted to him the legation to Louis XI.
432) sent Paul of Emesa, one of his bishops, to procured his elevation to the bishopric of Tyre.
Alexandria to complete the arrangement. Cyril Theophanes incorrectly ascribes this last appoint-
received Paul with great respect, and pronounced ment to Calendion of Antioch. (Theophanes,
in public the highest eulogium on John. John now Chronog. p. 110, &c. ed. Paris, p. 88, &c. ed. Venice,
joined in the condemnation of Nestorius; and after p. 199, &c. ed. Bonn. ; Valesius, Not. ad Eragri
niuch trouble and opposition, which he vanquished, H. E. ii. 15, and Observationes Eccles. ad Eva-
partly by persuasion, partly by deposing the perti- 'grium, ii. 8. )
own
## p. 587 (#603) ############################################
JOANNES.
2587
JOANNES.
] : ANTIOCHENUS (3). - (See No. 105. ] 69 of the body. John did so; and the Melitians being
dass 12. ANTIOCHEN UB (4). (See No. 108. j . . . supported in their attacks on the orthodox party
13. ANTINCHENUS (5). . (MALALAS. ) "/ by the Arians, the schism became . as violent as
14. ANTIOCHENUS (6). The Excerpta ex Col- ever. Athanasius, now patriarch of Alexandria,
lectuneis Constantini Auristi Porphyrogeniti, Tepland leader of the orthodox party (ATHANASIUS),
åpetis kad karlas, De Virtute et Vilio, edited by was the great object of attack : and John and his
Valesius, 4to. Paris, 1634, and frequently cited as followers sought to throw on him the odium of
the Excerpta Peiresciana, contain extracts from the originating the disturbances and of persecuting his
'lotopía Xpovidl dto 'Adék, Historia Chrono opponents ; and especially they charged him with
graphica ab Adamo, of a writer called Joannes of the murder of Arsenius, a Melitian bishop, whom
Antioch, of whom nothing is known beyond what they had secreted in order to give colour to the
may be gathered from the work. The last extract charge. (ATHANASIUS. ) Athanasius on his part
relates to the emperor Phocas, whose character is appealed to the emperor, Constantine the Great,
described in the past tense, o avròs øwkās uño charging John and his followers with unsoundness
Xev aiuorotns, “ This same Phocas was blood in the faith, with a desire to alter the decrees of
thirsty:" from which it appears that the work was the Nicene council, and with raising tumulus and
written after the death of Phocas, A. D. 610, and insulting the orthodox; be also objected to them,
before the time of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, in as being irregularly ordained. He refuted their
the tenth century. Cave places Joannes of Antioch charges, especially the charge of murder, ascer-
in a. D. 620. He is not to be confounded with taining that Arsenius was alive, and obliged them
Joannes Malalas, from whom he is in the Excerpta to remain quiet. John professed to repent of his
expressly distinguished. (Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. iii. disorderly proceedings, and to be reconciled 10
p. 44, vol. viii. p. 7 ; Cave, Hist. Litt
. vol. i. p. 577. ) Athanasius ; and returned with his party into the
15. ANTIOCHEN US (7). A discourse, abyos, on communion of the orthodox church: but the recon-
the gift of monasteries and their possessions to lay ciliation was not sincere or lasting : troubles broke
persons is given in the Ecclesiae Graecae Monu- out again, and a fresh separation took place ; John
menta of Cotelerius (vol. i. p. 159, &c. ] It is in and his followers either being ejected from com-
the title described as the work toû dyiwrdTou sal munion by the Athanasian party, or their return
makapiwrátov TutPiapxov 'Artioxelas kupiou 'Ice opposed. The council of Tyre (A. D. 335), in which
άννου του εν τη οξεία νήσω ασκήσαντος, Sanc- | the opponents of Athanasius were triumpliant, Or-
tissimi et beatissimi patriarchae Antiochiae, domini dered them to be re-admitted ; but the emperor
Joannis qui in Oxia insula aliquando monachus fuit. deeming John to be a contentious man, or, at least,
From internal evidence, Cotelerius deduces that thinking that his presence was incompatible with the
this patriarch Joannes lived about the middle peace of the Egyptian church, banished him (A. D.
of the twelfth century. The island of Oxia, in 336) just after he had banished Athanasius into
which, before his elevation to the patriarchate, he Gaul. The place of his exile, and his subsequent
pursued a monastic life, is in the Propontis. There fate, are not known. (Sozomen, H. E. i. 21, 22,
is (or was) extant in MS. , in the imperial library 25, 31; Athanasius, Apol. contra Arianos, c. 65–
at Vienna, a work described as Eclogae Asceticae, 67, 70, 71 ; Tillemont, Mémoires, vol. vi. passim,
containing extracts from the Fathers and other ec-
vol. viii. passim. )
clesiastical authorities. The inscription subjoined 17. ARGYROPULUS ('Apyupotoûlos), one of the
to this work, τέλος της βίβλου του μακαριωτάτου | learned Greeks whose light into Western Europe
πατριάρχου Αντιοχείας κυρίου Ιωάννου του εν contributed so powerfully to the revival of learning.
Tỳ 'ocelain Finis libri beatissimi patriarchae Anti- Joannes Argyropulus (or Argyropylus, or Argyro-
ochiae domini Joannis qui in Oxia fuit, has led polus, or Argyropilus, or Argyrophilus, for the
Cotelerius (Ibid. p. 747) with reason to ascribe it name is variously written) was born at Constan-
to the same writer. From this conclusion Care tinople of a noble family, and was a presbyter of
dissents, and contends that the Eclogae Asceticae that city, on the capture of which (A. D. 1453) he
is the work of an earlier Joannes, patriarch of An- is said by Fabricius and Cave to have fled into
tioch, who lived, according to William of Tyre (vi. Italy ; but there is every reason to believe that his
23), Ordericus Vitalis (lib. x. ), and others, about removal was antecedent to that events Nicolaub
the close of the eleventh century ; but the mention Comnenus Papadopoli (Hist. Gymnas. Patavini)
of the island Oxia leads us to identify the writers states that he was twice in Italy; that he was sent
with each other; and Cave's argument that the the first time when above forty years old, by Car-
latest writer from whom any part of the Eclogae is dinal Bessarion, and studied Latin at Padua, and
taken is Michael Psellus, who flourished about that his second removal was after the capture of
A. D. 1050, is insufficient for his purpose. Cotelerius Constantinople. What truth there is in this state-
ascribes some other works and citations to this ment it is difficult to say: he was at least twice in
Joannes. (Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. ii. pp. 159, 225; Italy, probably three, and perhaps even four times ;
Cotelerius, Ul. cc. )
but that he was forty years of age at his first visit
16. ARCHAPH, 'Apxám, an Egyptian schisina- is quite irreconcileable with other statements. A
tic, contemporary with Athanasius Melitius, an passage cited by Tiraboschi (Storia della Letto
Egyptian bishop, and author of a schism among the Italiana, vol. vi. p. 198) makes it likely that he
Egyptian clergy, having been condemned at the was at Padua a. D. 1434, reading and explaining
council of Nice a. D. 325, was really bent, while the works of Aristotle on natural philosophy. In
apparently submitting to the judgment of the A. D. 1439 an Argyropulus was present with the
council, on maintaining his party : and just before emperor Joannes Palaeologus at the council of
his death, which occurred shortly after the council Florence (Michael Ducas, Hist. Byzant. c. 31): it
broke up, prepared Joannes or John, sumamed is not clear whether this was Joannes or some other
Archaph, one of his partizans, and apparently Me of his name, but it was probably Joannes. In
litian bishop of Memphis, to assume the leadership A. D. 1441 he was at Constantinople, as appears
## p. 588 (#604) ############################################
K88
JOANNES.
JOANNES.
.
racter.
from a letter of Francesco Filelfo to Pietro Per- | most eminent in Italy for intellect and social po
leoni (Philelphus, Epistol. v. 3), engaged in pub sition, and yet dependent upon their pupils, and coin-
lic teaching, but it is uncertain how long he petitors with each other for their patronage, that
had been established there. · Probably he had re- the charge is credible enough. A letter of intro-
turned some time between A. D. 1434 and 1439, duction or recommendation written by Francesco
and accompanied Bessarion to and from the council Filelſo, while speaking highly of his erudition,
of Florence. Among his pupils at Constantinople apologises for his “ moroseness and fickleness. "
was Michael Apostolius. Argyropulus must bave The allegation, sufficiently improbable in itself,
left Constantinople not long after the date of the that it was jealousy which led him to depreciate
letter of Philelphus, for in 1442 he was rector of Cicero's acquaintance with Greek literature (by
the university of Padua (Facciolati, Fasti Gym- which depreciation he incurred much reproach),
nasii Patavini); and he was still there a. D. 1444, shows the judgment which was formed of his cha-
when Francesco della Rovere, afterwards pope
Yet Theodore Gaza is said to have
Sixtus IV. , took his degree, not, however, as Nic. esteemed him very highly; and when he found
Comnen. Papadopoli (bc. ) states, as a student (dis- that Argyropulus was engaged in translating
cipulus), but, according to the better authority of some pieces of Aristotle on which he had also
Tiraboschi (l. c. ), as master of the school of philo- been occupied, he burnt his own versions, that
Bophy (philosophiae magister scholaris). That he ro he might not, by provoking any unfavourable
turned to Constantinople after 1444 is improbable, comparison, stand in the way of his friend's rising
and rests on no better evidence than the assertion, reputation.
chiefly of later writers, that he fled into Italy on Reuchlin when in Italy had an interview with
its capture in 1453. During his abode in Italy, Argyropulus at Rome. Argyropulus was explain-
after his last removal thither, he was honourably | ing Thucydides ; and having asked Reuchlin to
received by Cosmo de' Medici, then the principal translate and expound a passage, was so astonished
person at Florence, for whose assistance in be- at the extent of his erudition, that in the words of
coming acquainted with the philosophy of Aristotle, Melancthon, nephew of Reuchlin, who has recorded
some of his Latin versions of that great writer the anecdote, “ gemens exclamat, 'Graecia nostro
were made. He also assisted the studies of Piero de' exilio Alpes transvolavit'" (Melancthon, Oratio de
Medici, son of Cosmo, and was preceptor to Lo Jo. Capnione, apud Boerner. ) This anecdote de
renzo de' Medici, the celebrated son of Piero, serves notice, inasmuch as, if it refers (which is
whom he instructed in Greek and in the Aris- probable) to Reuchlin's visit to Italy in 1482, it
totelian philosophy, especially in ethics. When shows that the date 1480, assigned by some to
Lorenzo, who, from his father's ill health, took a Argyropulus's death, is inaccurate.
leading part in affairs during his life, and succeeded, Argyropulus had several sons. Hody thinks
on his death (a. D. 1469), to his pre-eminence at that the Joannes Argyropulus who translated Aris-
Florence, established the Greek academy in that totle's work llepi 'Epunveias, and to whose name
city, Argyropulus read and expounded the clas- some subjoin the epithet "junior," was one of his
sical Greek writers to the Florentine youth, and sons, and that he died before his father ; but this
had several among his pupils who afterwards at- version was the work of Argyropulus himself, nor
tained to eminence, as Angelo Poliziano (Politi- does he appear to have had a son Joannes. He
anus) and Donato Acciajuoli.
had a son Bartolommeo, a youth of great attain-
Argyropulus is said to have visited France (A. D. ments, who was mortally wounded by assassins
1456), to ask the assistance of the French king in pro- (A. D. 1467) at Rome, where he was living under
curing the release of some of his kindred who were the patronage of Cardinal Bessarion. Another son,
detrined in captivity by the Turks, but he returned Isaac, survired his father, and became eminent as
to Florence. From Florence he removed to Rome, a musician. Demetrius Argyropulus, who is men-
on account of the plague which had broken out in tioned (A. D. 1451) in a letter of Francesco Fi-
the former city: the time of his removal is not as lelfo, was apparently a brother of Joannes.
certained, but it was before 1471. Ac Rome he The works of Argyropulus are as follows :-).
obtained an ample subsistence, by teaching Greek Original works. 1. Περί της του αγίου Πνεύμα-
and philosophy, and especially by publicly ex- TOS EKTOPEVO ews, De Processione Spiritus Sancti ;
pounding the works of Aristotle. He died at the printed with a Latin version in the Graecia Ortho
age of seventy, from an autumnal fever, said to dora of Leo Allatius (vol. i. pp. 400—418), 2.
have been brought on by eating too freely of me- Oratio quarta pro Synodo Florentina, cited by Ni-
lons. But the year of his death is variously stated: colaus Comnenus Papadopoli in his Praenotiones
all that appears to be certainly known is, that he Mystagogicae.
We do not know if this has been
survived Theodore Gaza, who died a. D. 1478. published, or whether it is in Latin or Greek. 3.
Fabricius states that he died A. D. 1480 ; but this Commentari in Ethica Nicomachea, fol. Florence,
date appears from the anecdote of his interview 1478. This work comprehends the substance of
with Reuchlin to be too early.
his expository lectures on the Nicomachean Ethics
The attainments of Argyropulus were highly of Aristotle, taken down from his lips, and pub-
estimated in his own and the succeeding age. The lished by Donatus Acciaiolus or Donato Accia-
love and reverence of his most eminent pupils, Lo juoli, who has already been mentioned as a pupil
renzo de' Medici, Poliziano, and Acciajuoli, is an of Argyropulus, and who dedicated this work
honourable testimony to his character. Yet he has to Cosmo de' Medici. 4. Commentarii in Aristotelis
been severely censured ; and is charged with glut- Metaphysica, published with Bessarion's version of
tony, to which his corpulence is ascribed, and with that work, fol. Paris, 1515. The other original
drunkenness, as well as with conceit and jealousy. works of Argyropulus are scattered in MS. througb
These last qualities were so likely to be manifested the libraries of Europe. They are, 5. Consolatio
by persons in the situations of these Greek exiles, ad Imperatorein Constantinum in morte fratris Jan
reverenced and sought as instructors by the men | annis Palaeologi extincti, A. D. 1448. This work is
## p. 589 (#605) ############################################
JOANNES.
589
JOANNES.
I
mentioned hy Alatins in his book De Synodo Phoco. ; Bayle, Dictionnaire, 8. 0. Acciaioli (Donat. )
tiuna, p. 542. " 6. Monodia in obitum Imperatoris Aygyropyle. )
Joannis Palaeologi. 7. Comparatio veteruin Im- 18. BARBUCALLUS. (BARBUCALLUS. ) -
peratorum cum holierno, or Veterum Principum cum 19. S. BASILII DISCIPULUS, sive OBEDIEN-
Imperatore nunc regnante Comparatio. The title is TIAE FILIUs. (See No. 28. )
indefinite, but the comparison instituted in the 20. Beccus, or Veccus. (Veccus. ]
work is, according to some of our authorities, be 21. BESSARION or BESSARIO, sometimes Besa-
tween the Greek emperors of Constantinople and RION, BISsaRION, BISARION, or Bizarion (Bnora-
their Turkish successors. 8. Homilia de Imperio, ρίων or Bησαρίων, or Βισσαρίων), in Italian BassARI-
ad Constantinum Palaeologum. 9. Solutiones Quaes-ONE. The first name of this eminent ecclesiastic has
tionum quae proposuerant Philosophi et Medici qui: been the subject of dispute : he is commonly men-
dum ex Cipro insula. 10. Ad Pupam Nicolaum v. tioned by the name Bessarion only: some have pre-
11. Poemata Grucca Ecclesiastica, by Argyro- fixed the name of Basilius, others (as Panzer, An-
pulus and others. A manuscript in the Bodleian nales Typog. Indices) that of Nicolaus ; but it has
library (Cod. Barocc. lazxvii. , according to the been shown by Bandini (Commentarius de Vila Bes
Catalog. MStorum Angliae et Hiberniae), contains sarionis, c. 2) upon the authority of the cardinal him-
Porphyrii Isagoge cum scholiis marginalibus fortè self, that his name was Joannes or John. He was born
Jo. Argyropuli, et Aristotelis Organon cum scholiis at Trapezus, or Trebizond, A. D. 1395, whether of
fortè per eundem. It has an effigy of Argyropulus an obscure or noble, or even royal family, is much
in his study, which is engraved in Hody's work disputed. He studied at Constantinople, and at-
cited below. Fabricius (Bibl. Gr. vol. iii. p. 479) tended the school of Georgius Chrysococces (CHRY-
speaks of his Expositiones in Aristotelis Ethica, SOCOCCES), and had for his fellow-student Francesco
Physica, Lib. de Anima et Mechanica ; and distin- Filelfo (Franciscus Philelphus), as appears from a
guishes them from the work published by Accia- letter of Filelfo dated x. Cal. Feb. 1448. (Philel-
juoli, with which we should otherwise have supposed phus, Epistolae, lib. vi. fol. 84, ed. Basil. 1506. )
the Expositiones in Ethica to be identical. Harless, Having embraced a monastic life in the order of St.
in a note to Fabricius (Bibl. Gr. vol. vi. p. 131)Basil, he turned his attention from poetry and ora-
speaks of his Prolegg. in Progymnasm. as contained tory, in which he had already become eminent, to
in a MS. at Heidelberg.
theology, which he studied under two of the most
· The Latin versions of Argyropulus are chiefly of learned metropolitans of the Greek church. He
the works (genuine or reputed) of Aristotle. 1. also studied the Platonic philosophy under Geor-
Elhica Nicomachea, Libri X. There is reason to gius Pletho or Gemistus (GemiSTUS), for whom he
think that this was printed at Florence about A. D. ever retained the greatest reverence, and under
1478, in which year the Commentarië taken down whom he became a zealous Plutonist. To study
by Acciajuoli were printed: it was certainly printed under Gemistus he withdrew (apparently about
at Rome A. D. 1492, and in the Latin edition of A. D. 1416 or 1417) into the Morea, and remained
the works of Aristotle published by Gregorius de 21 years in a monastery there, except when en-
Gregoriis, 2 vols. fol. Venice, 1496. This edition gaged in diplomatic missions for the emperors of
contained versions of the following works of Aris- Constantinople and Trebizond.
totle by Argyropulus :-2. Categoriae 8. Praedica- Bessarion was an advocate for the proposed
menta. 3. Physica & Acroases Physicae s. De union of the two churches, the Latin and the
Naturali Auscultutione, Libri VIII. 4. De Coelo Greek, and was one of those who urged upon the
et Mundo, Libri IV. 5. De Anima, Libri III. 6. emperor Joannes Palacologus the convocation of the
Metcphysica, Libri XII. The thirteenth and four- general council for the purpose, which met A. D.
teenth books were not translated by him. 7. De 1438 at Ferrara, and from thence adjourned to
Interpretatione. 8. Analytica Priora. 9. Analytica Florence. He had, just before the meeting of the
Posteriora, Libri II. 10. Epistola ad Alexandrum council, been appointed archbishop of Nicaea, and
"in qua de libris ad methodum civilium sermonum appeared as one of the managers of the conference
spectantibus disseritur. ” Some of our authorities on the side of the Greeks, Mark, archbishop of
speak of the following works as having been trans- Ephesus (Eugenicus Marcus), being the other.
lated by him, but we have not been able to trace He at first advocated, on the points difference
them in print:-11. Politica, Libri VIII. ; and 12. between the two churches, the opinions generally
Oeconomica, Libri II. These two works are said entertained by the Greeks, but was soon converted
to have been published in 8vo. Venice, a. D. 1506, to the Latin side, either from honest conviction, as
but we doubt the correctness of the statement. he himself affirmed, or, as his enemies intimated, in
13. De Mundo. 14. Mechanica Problemata. Some the bɔpe of receiving honours and emoluments from
of his translations are reprinted in the volume of the pope. He was possibly influenced by a feeling
Latin versions which forms a sequel to Bekkers of jealousy against Mark of Ephesus, his coadjutor.
edition of Aristotle.
Phranza asserts (ii. 17) that on the death of Joseph,
He also translated the Praedicabilia or De quinque patriarch of Constantinople (JOSEPHUS, No. 7],
Vocibus of Porphyry, and the Homiliae S. Basilii during the sitting of the council, the emperor Joan-
in Hexaë meron. His version of Porphyry was nes Palaeologus and the council elected Bessarion
printed with his translations of Aristotle at Venice to succeed him; but Bessarion probably thought that
in 1496, and that of Basil at Rome a. d. 1515. his Latinist predilections, however acceptable to the
(Hody, de Graccis Illustribus, pp. 187—210 ; emperor, would not recommend him to his country-
Boerner, de Doctis Hominibus Gruecis; Roscoe, men in general, and declined the appointment. He
Life of Lorenzo de' Medici, 4th edition, vol. i. pp. did not, however, remain in Italy, as Phranza
61,101, vol. ii. pp. 107–110; Wharton apud Cave, incorrectly states, but returned to Constantinople
Hist. Litt. vol. ii. , Appendir, p. 168 ; Fabric. Bibl. soon after the breaking up of the council. He was,
(Iruec. vol. iï. p. 496, &c. , vol. xi. p. 460, &c. ; Fachowever, almost immediately induced to return to
ciolati, Tiraboschi, Nic. Comnenus Papadopoli, 4. / Italy by the intelligence that the pope had con-
## p. 590 (#606) ############################################
0902
JOANNES.
EJOANNES.
With the excep
ferred on him (Dec. 1439) a cardinal's hat This public affairs, and devoted himself to literary pur-
honour, following so close upon his embracing the suits. - About the end of 1468 he took part in the
side of the Latins, and the fact that the pope had solemn reception of the emperor Frederic III. at
previously granted hiin an annuity, gave colour to Rome.
ihe report that his change had not been wholly On the death of Paul II. , A. D. 1471, Bessarion
disinterested. Hody rejects the story of his elec- was again near being elected pope, but jealousy or
tion to the patriarchate, but his arguments are not accident prevented it, and Francesco della Rovero
convincing: the facts urged by him only show that was chosen, and took the title of Sixtus IV. Sis-
the patriarchate was vacant at the dissolution of the lus, anxious to remove Bessarion from Rome, en-
council
, which it would be in consequence of Bes- trusted to him the legation to Louis XI.
