1200-1000 Chbandas period of Indian literature: the
earliest
hymns of the
Rigveda (p.
Rigveda (p.
Cambridge History of India - v1
R.
Excavations at Rampurva.
Arch.
Sur.
Ind.
, 1907-8, pp.
181 ff.
--Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath. Calcutta, 1914.
Senart, E. Notes d'E'pigraphie indienne ; sur quelques pierres grav es
provenant du Cabonl. Jour. As. , 18:9 (XII): pp. 364 ff.
Simpson, W. Indian Architecture Trans. Roy. Inst. British Architects,
1861-2, pp. 165. 78. Buddhist Architecture : Jallalabad. Ibid. 1879-80,
Origin and mutation in Indian and Eastern Architecture.
Ibid. 1891, pp. 225-76.
-Classical influence in the Architecture of the Indus region and
Afghanistan Jour. Roy. Inst. British Architects, I (1891), pp. 93 ff. ,
191 ff.
--The Buddhist Caves of Afghanistan. J. R. AS, 1882, pp. 319-331.
Some suggestions of origin in Indian Architecture. Ibid. 1888, pp.
49. 71.
Sinclair, W. F. Architecture in India. J. R. A. S , 1888, pp. 272-6.
Smith, V. A. History of Fine Art in India and Ceylon. Oxford, 1911.
--Graeco-Roman influence on the civilization of Ancient India. J. A. S. B. ,
1889, pp. 107-93 ; 1892, pp. 50-76 ; 1893, pp. 84-7.
--The date of a Graeco-Buddhist pedestal from Hastnagar. Ind. Ant. ,
1892, pp. 166 f.
– Note on the Piprāhwā Stūpa. J. R. A. S. , 1898, pp. 579-88.
- The Monolithic Pillars of Asoka. Z. D. M. G. , 1911, pp. 221 ff.
--and Hoey, W. Ancient Buddhist Statuettes etc. J. A. S. B. , 1895,
pp.
155-62.
Spiers, R. P. Classical influence in Indian Architecture. Jour. Roy. Inst.
British Architects, I (1894, pp). 150 ff.
Spooner, D. B. A new find of Punch-marked Coins, Arch. Sur. Ind. ,
1905. 6, pp. 150 ff. ; Excavations at Sahri Bahlol, ibid. 1906-7, pp.
102 ff. ; Excavations at Takht-i-Bahi, ibid. 1907-8, pp. 132 ff. ;Excava-
tions at Shah-ji-ki-Dheri, ibid. 1908-9, pp. 38 ff. ; An inscribed Sculp-
ture in the Peshawar Museum, ibid. pp. 130 ff. ; Excavations at Pāttali-
putra, ibid. 1912-3, pp. 53 ff. ; Excavations at Basarh (in 1911-2), ibid.
1913-4, pp. 98 ff.
--Handbook to the Sculptures in the Peshawar Museum, Bombay, 1910.
--Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India, Eastern Circle,
for 1912-3.
Stein, M. A. Zoroastrian deities on Indo-Scythian Coins. Ind. Ant. ,
1888, pp. 89-98.
--Detailed Report of an Archaeological Tour with the Buner Field Force.
Lahore, 1898.
a
## p. 639 (#677) ############################################
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTER XXVI
639
2
>
Talbot, M. G. The Rock Caves and Statues of Bāmiān J. R. A. S. , 1886,
pp. 323 ff.
Vogel, J. Ph. Catalogue of the Delhi Museum of Archaeology. Calcutta,
1908.
--Inscribed Gandhara Sculptures, Arch. Sur. Ind. , 1903-4, pp. 244 ff. ;
,
.
Excavations at Kasia, ibid. 1901-5, p. 43 ; The Mathura School of
Sculpture, ibid. 1906-7, pp. 137 ff. ; 1909-10, pp. 63 ff. ; The Garuda
Pillar of Besnagar, ibid. 1908-9, pp. 126 ff.
-- Archaeological Exploration in India, 1910-1. J. R. A. S. , 1912, pp.
113 ff.
Waddel, L. A. Discovery of the exact site of Asoka's classic capital of
,
Pātaliputra, the Palibothra of the Greeks, and description of the super-
ficial remains. Calcutta, 1892.
- Report on the excavations at Pātaliputra (Patna), the Palibothra of the
Greeks. Calcutta, 1903.
Graeco-Buddhist Sculpture in Swāt. As. Quart. Rev. , Jan. 1896.
Wilson, H. H. Ariana Antiqua ; see Bibl. to Ch. xiv, 2.
## p. 640 (#678) ############################################
1
.
CHRONOLOGY
The following dates are accepted in this volume. Many of them can
only be regarded as approximate, while others are conjectural.
B. O.
2500 Probable date of the beginning of Āryan invasions (p. 63).
1400 Boghaz-köi inscriptions of kings of the Mitāni (pp. 61-5, 98-9).
1200-1000 Chbandas period of Indian literature: the earliest hymns of the
Rigveda (p. 100).
1000 - 800 Mantra period, sometimes called the earlier Brāhmaṇa period :
later hymns of the Rigveda and the Vedic collections-
Rigveda, Yajurveda, Sāmaveda, Atharvaveda (p. 100)
The tradition of the Puräņas places the war between the Kurus
and the Pāņdus in the earlier Brāhmaṇa period, c. 1000 B. C.
(p. 274). The Mahābhārata which celebrates this war be-
longs in its present form to a much later date (pp. 225 ff).
800-600 (Later) Brāhmaṇa period : the extant Brāhmaṇas (p. 100).
The earliest Upanishads are probably not later than 550 or
600 B. C. (pp. 100, 131).
It is possible that the story of the Rāmāyaṇa may have its
origin in the later Brāhmaṇa period (p. 283).
600-200 Sütra period (pp. 100, 97).
563 -483 Siddārtha Gautama, the Buddha (pp. 152. 3, 278).
According to Charpentier, 478 (477) B. C. appears to be a more
probable date for the nirvāṇa of the Buddha (p. 139 n. 2).
Among the contemporaries of the Buddha were Prasenajit
(Pasenadi) king of Kosala (pp. 160, 275), Bimbisāra
(Creņika) and Ajātaçatru (Ajātasattu, Kiüņka), kings of
Magadha (pp. 162-3, 277), Pradyota (Pajjota), king of Avanti
(pp. 165, 276-7), and Udayana (Udena), king of Vasta
(Vamsa) pp. 167, 275, 276. )
558–530 Cyrus, king of Persia.
Conquered Bactria and certain countries in Kābul valley
and N. W. India including Kāpica and Gandhāra (pp. 162,
294-98).
543-491 Bimbisāra (Çrenika), king of Magadha (pp. 140, 162, 277-8).
Conquered Anga c. 500 B. c. (pp. 277, 281).
540-468 Vardhamāna Nāta putra, Mahāvira (pp. 139, 145).
Traditional date 600-528 B. c. (p. 138).
Pārçva, the predecessor of Mahāvira as tirthakara, is said to
have died 250 years before him. (p. 137).
For the contemporaries of Mahāvira and Buddha v. sup.
1
1
>
640
## p. 641 (#679) ############################################
CHRONOLOGY
641
B. C.
522-486 Darius I, king of Persia.
The Greek geographer Hecataeus lived in his reign (pp. 301, n.
2, 354).
Naval expedition of Scylax c. 517 B. C. ; conquest of 'India'=
the country of the Indus o. 518 B. C. (pp. 300-1).
491-459 Ajātaçatru (Kūņika), king of Magadha (pp. 140, 277-8)
Probably added Kāçi, Kosala, and Videha to the dominions of
Magadha (p. 281).
486-465 Xerxes, king of Persia.
The continuance of Persian domination in Northern India
during his reign proved by statements of Herodotus (p. 301).
483 B. C. -38A. D. Kings of Ceylon.
Vijaya, the conqueror of the island, 483-445 b. c. (p. 549);
Pandu Vasudeva 444-414 B. C. ; Abhaya 414-394
B. C. ;
Pandukābhaya 377-307 B. C. (p. 550); Mutasiva 307-247 B. C. ;
Devānampiya Tissa 247-207 BC. ; Uttiya 207-197 B. C. Mahā-
siva 197-187 B. C. ; Sūra Tissa 187-177 B. C, ; Sena and Guttaka
177-155 B. C. ; Asela 155-145 B. C. ; Eļāra 145-101 B C. (p. 551);
Duttha-Gāmaņi. 101-77 B. C. Saddha-Tissa 77-59 B. C. ; (p.
552); Thūlathana 59 B. C. Lañja Tissa 59. 50 B. C. ; Khallātarāga
50-44 B. C. ; Vatta-Gāmaņi Abhaya 44, 29-17 B. C. Mahāchūli
Mahātissa 17-3 B. C. ; Choranāga 3 B. C. -9 A. D. ; Kudā Tissa
9. 12 A. D. (p. 610) ; Kuțakanpa Tissa 16-38 A. D. (p. 554).
415-397 Ctesias, the Greek physician, at the court of Artaxerxes
Mnēmon, king of Persia (p. 356).
336-323 Alexander the Great, king of Macedon.
Conquest of Persia 330 B. C. : a statement of Arrian shows that
Persian dominion in India continued until the end of the
Achaemenian dynasty (p. 305).
Invasion of India at the end of 327 or the beginning of 326
B. C. (p. 318).
Retreat from the Beas, July 326 B. c. (p. 334).
Leaves India 325 B. C. (p. 341).
Death 323 B. C. (p. 346).
321-184 The Maurya Dynasty (pp. 424, 462).
Chandragupta 321-297 B. c. (pp. 424-5).
The Jain Authorities give the year of his accession as 313 (312)
B. C. , a date at which the canon of the Jain scriptures was
fixed (p. 435).
Megasthenes at the court of Chandragupta c. 300 B. C.
c
(pp. 389, 425).
Bindusāra or Amitrochates, successor of Chandragupta : his
reign variously stated as of 25, 27, or 28 years (pp. 389, 446).
Açoka 274-237 B. C. Accession 274 B. C. at latest ; coronation
270 B. C. at latest; conquest of Kalinga 262 B. C. at latest ;
Buddhist council at Pāțaliputra 253 B. C. ? ; death 237 or
236 B. C. ? (p. 453).
Contemporary Hellenic kings – Antiochus II Theos of Syria
261-246 B. C. ; Ptolemy Philadelphus of Egypt 285-247 B. C. ;
Antigonus Gonatas of Macedon 278-239 B. C. ; Mayas of
Cyrene d. 258 B. C. : Alexander of Epirus 272-258 B.
181 ff.
--Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath. Calcutta, 1914.
Senart, E. Notes d'E'pigraphie indienne ; sur quelques pierres grav es
provenant du Cabonl. Jour. As. , 18:9 (XII): pp. 364 ff.
Simpson, W. Indian Architecture Trans. Roy. Inst. British Architects,
1861-2, pp. 165. 78. Buddhist Architecture : Jallalabad. Ibid. 1879-80,
Origin and mutation in Indian and Eastern Architecture.
Ibid. 1891, pp. 225-76.
-Classical influence in the Architecture of the Indus region and
Afghanistan Jour. Roy. Inst. British Architects, I (1891), pp. 93 ff. ,
191 ff.
--The Buddhist Caves of Afghanistan. J. R. AS, 1882, pp. 319-331.
Some suggestions of origin in Indian Architecture. Ibid. 1888, pp.
49. 71.
Sinclair, W. F. Architecture in India. J. R. A. S , 1888, pp. 272-6.
Smith, V. A. History of Fine Art in India and Ceylon. Oxford, 1911.
--Graeco-Roman influence on the civilization of Ancient India. J. A. S. B. ,
1889, pp. 107-93 ; 1892, pp. 50-76 ; 1893, pp. 84-7.
--The date of a Graeco-Buddhist pedestal from Hastnagar. Ind. Ant. ,
1892, pp. 166 f.
– Note on the Piprāhwā Stūpa. J. R. A. S. , 1898, pp. 579-88.
- The Monolithic Pillars of Asoka. Z. D. M. G. , 1911, pp. 221 ff.
--and Hoey, W. Ancient Buddhist Statuettes etc. J. A. S. B. , 1895,
pp.
155-62.
Spiers, R. P. Classical influence in Indian Architecture. Jour. Roy. Inst.
British Architects, I (1894, pp). 150 ff.
Spooner, D. B. A new find of Punch-marked Coins, Arch. Sur. Ind. ,
1905. 6, pp. 150 ff. ; Excavations at Sahri Bahlol, ibid. 1906-7, pp.
102 ff. ; Excavations at Takht-i-Bahi, ibid. 1907-8, pp. 132 ff. ;Excava-
tions at Shah-ji-ki-Dheri, ibid. 1908-9, pp. 38 ff. ; An inscribed Sculp-
ture in the Peshawar Museum, ibid. pp. 130 ff. ; Excavations at Pāttali-
putra, ibid. 1912-3, pp. 53 ff. ; Excavations at Basarh (in 1911-2), ibid.
1913-4, pp. 98 ff.
--Handbook to the Sculptures in the Peshawar Museum, Bombay, 1910.
--Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India, Eastern Circle,
for 1912-3.
Stein, M. A. Zoroastrian deities on Indo-Scythian Coins. Ind. Ant. ,
1888, pp. 89-98.
--Detailed Report of an Archaeological Tour with the Buner Field Force.
Lahore, 1898.
a
## p. 639 (#677) ############################################
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTER XXVI
639
2
>
Talbot, M. G. The Rock Caves and Statues of Bāmiān J. R. A. S. , 1886,
pp. 323 ff.
Vogel, J. Ph. Catalogue of the Delhi Museum of Archaeology. Calcutta,
1908.
--Inscribed Gandhara Sculptures, Arch. Sur. Ind. , 1903-4, pp. 244 ff. ;
,
.
Excavations at Kasia, ibid. 1901-5, p. 43 ; The Mathura School of
Sculpture, ibid. 1906-7, pp. 137 ff. ; 1909-10, pp. 63 ff. ; The Garuda
Pillar of Besnagar, ibid. 1908-9, pp. 126 ff.
-- Archaeological Exploration in India, 1910-1. J. R. A. S. , 1912, pp.
113 ff.
Waddel, L. A. Discovery of the exact site of Asoka's classic capital of
,
Pātaliputra, the Palibothra of the Greeks, and description of the super-
ficial remains. Calcutta, 1892.
- Report on the excavations at Pātaliputra (Patna), the Palibothra of the
Greeks. Calcutta, 1903.
Graeco-Buddhist Sculpture in Swāt. As. Quart. Rev. , Jan. 1896.
Wilson, H. H. Ariana Antiqua ; see Bibl. to Ch. xiv, 2.
## p. 640 (#678) ############################################
1
.
CHRONOLOGY
The following dates are accepted in this volume. Many of them can
only be regarded as approximate, while others are conjectural.
B. O.
2500 Probable date of the beginning of Āryan invasions (p. 63).
1400 Boghaz-köi inscriptions of kings of the Mitāni (pp. 61-5, 98-9).
1200-1000 Chbandas period of Indian literature: the earliest hymns of the
Rigveda (p. 100).
1000 - 800 Mantra period, sometimes called the earlier Brāhmaṇa period :
later hymns of the Rigveda and the Vedic collections-
Rigveda, Yajurveda, Sāmaveda, Atharvaveda (p. 100)
The tradition of the Puräņas places the war between the Kurus
and the Pāņdus in the earlier Brāhmaṇa period, c. 1000 B. C.
(p. 274). The Mahābhārata which celebrates this war be-
longs in its present form to a much later date (pp. 225 ff).
800-600 (Later) Brāhmaṇa period : the extant Brāhmaṇas (p. 100).
The earliest Upanishads are probably not later than 550 or
600 B. C. (pp. 100, 131).
It is possible that the story of the Rāmāyaṇa may have its
origin in the later Brāhmaṇa period (p. 283).
600-200 Sütra period (pp. 100, 97).
563 -483 Siddārtha Gautama, the Buddha (pp. 152. 3, 278).
According to Charpentier, 478 (477) B. C. appears to be a more
probable date for the nirvāṇa of the Buddha (p. 139 n. 2).
Among the contemporaries of the Buddha were Prasenajit
(Pasenadi) king of Kosala (pp. 160, 275), Bimbisāra
(Creņika) and Ajātaçatru (Ajātasattu, Kiüņka), kings of
Magadha (pp. 162-3, 277), Pradyota (Pajjota), king of Avanti
(pp. 165, 276-7), and Udayana (Udena), king of Vasta
(Vamsa) pp. 167, 275, 276. )
558–530 Cyrus, king of Persia.
Conquered Bactria and certain countries in Kābul valley
and N. W. India including Kāpica and Gandhāra (pp. 162,
294-98).
543-491 Bimbisāra (Çrenika), king of Magadha (pp. 140, 162, 277-8).
Conquered Anga c. 500 B. c. (pp. 277, 281).
540-468 Vardhamāna Nāta putra, Mahāvira (pp. 139, 145).
Traditional date 600-528 B. c. (p. 138).
Pārçva, the predecessor of Mahāvira as tirthakara, is said to
have died 250 years before him. (p. 137).
For the contemporaries of Mahāvira and Buddha v. sup.
1
1
>
640
## p. 641 (#679) ############################################
CHRONOLOGY
641
B. C.
522-486 Darius I, king of Persia.
The Greek geographer Hecataeus lived in his reign (pp. 301, n.
2, 354).
Naval expedition of Scylax c. 517 B. C. ; conquest of 'India'=
the country of the Indus o. 518 B. C. (pp. 300-1).
491-459 Ajātaçatru (Kūņika), king of Magadha (pp. 140, 277-8)
Probably added Kāçi, Kosala, and Videha to the dominions of
Magadha (p. 281).
486-465 Xerxes, king of Persia.
The continuance of Persian domination in Northern India
during his reign proved by statements of Herodotus (p. 301).
483 B. C. -38A. D. Kings of Ceylon.
Vijaya, the conqueror of the island, 483-445 b. c. (p. 549);
Pandu Vasudeva 444-414 B. C. ; Abhaya 414-394
B. C. ;
Pandukābhaya 377-307 B. C. (p. 550); Mutasiva 307-247 B. C. ;
Devānampiya Tissa 247-207 BC. ; Uttiya 207-197 B. C. Mahā-
siva 197-187 B. C. ; Sūra Tissa 187-177 B. C, ; Sena and Guttaka
177-155 B. C. ; Asela 155-145 B. C. ; Eļāra 145-101 B C. (p. 551);
Duttha-Gāmaņi. 101-77 B. C. Saddha-Tissa 77-59 B. C. ; (p.
552); Thūlathana 59 B. C. Lañja Tissa 59. 50 B. C. ; Khallātarāga
50-44 B. C. ; Vatta-Gāmaņi Abhaya 44, 29-17 B. C. Mahāchūli
Mahātissa 17-3 B. C. ; Choranāga 3 B. C. -9 A. D. ; Kudā Tissa
9. 12 A. D. (p. 610) ; Kuțakanpa Tissa 16-38 A. D. (p. 554).
415-397 Ctesias, the Greek physician, at the court of Artaxerxes
Mnēmon, king of Persia (p. 356).
336-323 Alexander the Great, king of Macedon.
Conquest of Persia 330 B. C. : a statement of Arrian shows that
Persian dominion in India continued until the end of the
Achaemenian dynasty (p. 305).
Invasion of India at the end of 327 or the beginning of 326
B. C. (p. 318).
Retreat from the Beas, July 326 B. c. (p. 334).
Leaves India 325 B. C. (p. 341).
Death 323 B. C. (p. 346).
321-184 The Maurya Dynasty (pp. 424, 462).
Chandragupta 321-297 B. c. (pp. 424-5).
The Jain Authorities give the year of his accession as 313 (312)
B. C. , a date at which the canon of the Jain scriptures was
fixed (p. 435).
Megasthenes at the court of Chandragupta c. 300 B. C.
c
(pp. 389, 425).
Bindusāra or Amitrochates, successor of Chandragupta : his
reign variously stated as of 25, 27, or 28 years (pp. 389, 446).
Açoka 274-237 B. C. Accession 274 B. C. at latest ; coronation
270 B. C. at latest; conquest of Kalinga 262 B. C. at latest ;
Buddhist council at Pāțaliputra 253 B. C. ? ; death 237 or
236 B. C. ? (p. 453).
Contemporary Hellenic kings – Antiochus II Theos of Syria
261-246 B. C. ; Ptolemy Philadelphus of Egypt 285-247 B. C. ;
Antigonus Gonatas of Macedon 278-239 B. C. ; Mayas of
Cyrene d. 258 B. C. : Alexander of Epirus 272-258 B.
