Florus triumphed
must be considered as the standard, since it ex- “ De Poeneis" on the 5th of October, 258.
must be considered as the standard, since it ex- “ De Poeneis" on the 5th of October, 258.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
G.
Jaspis, ix.
19; Vopisc.
Florian.
)
(W. R. ]
De Florentino ejusque eleganti Doctrina, 4to.
Chemnic. 1753 ; C. F. Walchius, De Philosophia
Florentini, 4to Jena. 1754, et in Opusculis, vol. i.
p. 337–346 ; Jos. Th. Mathews, De Florentino
Icto, ejusque sex libris prioribus Institutionum, 4to.
Lug. Bat. 1801. Like the more celebrated writer
of Institutes, Gaius, he is not cited by any sub-
sequent jurist, or, at least, no such citation has
reached us.
[J. T. G. )
FLORENTI NUS, the author of a panegyric
in thirty-nine hexameters, on the glories of the
COIN OF FLORIANUS.
Vandal king Thrasimund and the splendour of
Carthage under his sway, must have flourished FLORUS, ANNAEUS(? ). We possess a
about the dose of the fifth century. These verses, summary of Roman history, divided into four
which are expressed in harsh and almost barbarous books, extending from the foundation of the city to
phraseology, present nothing except a cumbrous the establishment of the empire under Augustus
tissue of coarse flattery. [Felix FLAVIUS; Lux (A. D. 20), entitled Rerum Romanarum Libri IV. ,
ORIUS. ) (Antholog. Lat. vi. 85, ed. Burmann, or or Epitome de Gestis Romanorum, and composed,
n. 290, ed. Meyer. )
[W. R. ) as we learn from the prooemium, in the reign of
FLORENTI'NÚS, a Byzantine writer of un- Trajan or of Hadrian. This compendium, which
certain age, but who lived in or before the tenth must by no means be regarded as an abridgment of
century of the Christian era, is said to be the Livy, but as a compilation from various authorities,
author of the Geoponica, which are generally presents within a very moderate compass a striking
ascribed to Bassus CASSIANUS. [W. P. ] view of all the leading events comprehended by
FLORENTIUS, praetorian prefect of Gaul in the above limits. A few mistakes in chronology
the reign of Constantius II. , by the unscrupulous and geography have been detected here and there;
tyranny of his financial administration, excited the but the narrative is, for the most part, philosophic
indignation of Julian, who refused to ratify his in arrangement and accurate in detail, although it
ordinances. When the embarrassing order arrived has too much the air of a panegyric upon the
for the legions to march to the east [JULIANUS), Roman people. The style is by no means worthy
Florentius, that he might escape the responsibility of commendation. The general tone is far too
of compliance or disobedience, remained obstinately poetical and declamatory, while the sentiments fre-
at Vienna, busily engaged, as he pretended, in the quently assume the form of tumid conceits ex-
discharge of official duties ; but upon receiving pressed in violent metaphors.
intelligence of the open revolt of the troops and With regard to the author all is doubt and un.
their choice of an Augustus, he immediately re- certainty. In many MSS. he is designated as
paired to the court of Constantius, that he might L. Annaeus Florus, in others as L. Julius Florus,
both display his own fidelity, and at the same time in others as L. Annaeus Seneca, and in one, perhaps
magnify the guilt of the rebel prince. In recom- the oldest of all, simply as L. Annaeus. Hence
pense of this devotion, he was forth with nominated some critics have sought to identify him with
consul for A. D. 361, and appointed praetorian pre- Julius Florus Secundus, whose eloquence is praised
KANUS
2º. a
COLOR
AV
ORS
cod
## p. 177 (#193) ############################################
Es, redens
177
FLORUS.
FLORUS.
son is the
is cele
eror, during
n close con
in pesched
said to have
e place where
et. (Jus
IT 3
7,5; 7 on
(W. R. )
the broker,
Tacitus par
dhe supreme
crituace. To
ccessfu! , for his
ackneylecromed
de arties of the
ever, were notre
genera, Probas
him Ânguta.
ich was abruptly
nus, who perished
of his soldiers 2
enjored the
ths, from April to
I. rij. 29; 2003.
Epit. 35; Entre
(W. R]
by Quintilian (x. 13); Vossius and Salmasius, ( hibits a very pure text and a copious selection of
with a greater show of probability, recognize him as the best conimentarica. We may also consult
the poet Florus (see below), the composer of cer- with advantage the recent editions by Titze, 8vo,
Lain verses to Hadrian, preserved by Spartianus, Prag. 1819, and Seebode, 8vo. Lips. 1821.
while Vinetus and Schottus believe him to be no The work has been frequently translated into
other than Seneca, the preceptor of Nero, resting almost all European languages. (W. R. )
their opinion chiefly upon a passage in Lactantius FLORUS, ANNAEUS, the author of three
(Instit. vii. 15), where we are told that the philo sportive Trochaic dimeters addressed to Hadrian,
sopher in question divided the history of Rome into which, with the emperor's reply in the same strain,
a succession of ages,-infancy under Romulus, have been preserved by Spartianus (Ilau. 16).
boyhood under the kings immediately following, We cannot doube that he is the same person with
youth from the sway of Tarquin to the downfal of the Annacus (Cod. Neap. Annius) Florus twice
the Carthaginian power, manly vigour up to the quoted by Charisius (pp. 38, 113) as an authority
commencement of the civil wars, which undermined for the ablative poemutis - -“ Annaeus Florus ad
its strength, until, as if in second childhood, it was divum Hadrianum poematis delector. " (Anthol. Lat.
forced to submit to the control of a single ruler ;- ii
. 97, ed. Burmann, or n. 212, ed. Meyer. )
a fancy which has been adopted by the author of A series of eight short epigrams in trochaic te
the Epitome, who, however, arranges the epochs trameters catalectic are found in many MSS. under
differently, and might evidently have borrowed the the name of Florus, or, as in the Codex Thuancus,
general idea. Moreover, if we were to adopt this Fluridus, to which Salmasius (ad Spurt. Ilud. 16)
last hypothesis, we should be compelled arbitrarily added a ninth, in five hexameters, ascribing the
to reject the prooemium as spurious. Finally, whole to Florus the historian, who was at one time
Titze imagines that he can detect the work of two believed by Wersdorf to be the author not only
hands-one a writer of the purest epoch, whom of these and of the lines to Hadrian, but of the
he supposes to have been the Julius Florus twice well-known Pervigilium Veneris also-an opinion
addressed by Horace (Ep. i. 3, ii. 2), the other an which, however, he afterwards retracted. (Anthol.
unknown and inferior interpolator, belonging to the Lut. i. 17, 20. iii. lll, 112, 113, 114, 115, 205,
decline of literature. To the former, according to 291, ed. Burmann, or n. 213—221, ed. Meyer ;
this theory, all that is praise worthy, both in matter Wernsdorf, Poet. Lat. Min. vol. iii. p. 425, vol. iv.
and manner, must be ascribed, while to the share of pt. ii. p. 854. )
the latter fall all the blunders, both in facts and A curious fragment has been recently published
taste, which disfigure the production as it now ex- from a Brussels MS. headed “Pannu FLORI (a
ists. But all these opinions rest upon nothing but corruption probably of P. ANNI) Virgilius Orator
mere conjectures. It would be a waste of time to an Poeta, Incipit. " The introduction only, which
discuss the native country and personal history of is in the form of a dialogue supposed to have been
a person whose very name we cannot ascertain with held about A. D. 101, has been preserved, and
certainty, and therefore we shall refrain from ex- from this we learn that the author was a native of
amining the arguments by which scholars have Africa, that he had repaired, when still almost a
sought to demonstrate that he was an Italian, or a boy, to Rome, and had become a competitor, at the
Gaul, or a Spaniard.
Ludi Capitolini celebrated by Domitian (d. D. 90
What is usually esteemed the Editio Princeps apparently), for the poetical prize, which had been
of Florus was printed at the Sorbonne about 1471, awarded to himn by the applauding shouts of the
in 4to. , by Gering, Friburg, and Crantz, under the audience, but unfairly withheld by the emperor.
inspection of Gaguinus, with the title ** Lucii An- We are farther informed that, disgusted by this
naei Flori de tota Hystoria Titi Livii Epithoma;” disappointment, he had refused to return to his
but two others, without date and without the country and his kindred, had become a wanderer
name of place or printer, one in Gothic and one in upon the earth, visiting in succession Sicily, Cretc,
Roman characters, are believed by many bibliogra- Rhodes, and Egypt,—that he then returned to
phers to be entitled to take precedence. In ad- Italy, crossed the Alps into Gaul, proceeded on-
dition to these, at least six impressions were pub- wards to the Pyrenees, finding at last repose in the
lished before the close of the fifteenth century, city of Tarragona, and contentment in the peaceful
revised by the elder Beroaldus, Antonius Sabelli- occupation of superintending the instruction of
cus, Thannerus, and Barynthus (or Barynus). youth. Ritschl endeavours to identify this per-
Since that period numberless editions have appeared; sonage with Florus the poet under Hadrian; but
but those who desire to study the gradual progress there seems little to support this view except the
of the text, which, as might be expected in a work name and the fact that there is no chronological
which was extensively employed in the middle difficulty. (Rheinisches Museum, for 1841, p. 302,
ages as a school-book, is found in most MSS. &c. )
[W. R. )
under a very corrupt form, will be able to trace its FLORUS, C. AQUI'LLIUS, M. F. C. N. , con-
gradual development in the labours of the following sul B. c. 259, the sixth year of the first Punic war.
scholars :-Jo. Camers, 4to. Vienn. Pannon. 1518, The province assigned to Florus was Sicily, where
fol. Basil. 1532, accompanied by elaborate historical | he watched the movements of Hamilcar during the
notes ; El. Vinetus, * 4to. Pictav. 1553. 1563. autumn and winter months, and remained in the
Paris, 1576 ; J. Stadius, 8vo. Antv. 1567. 1584. island as proconsul until late in the suminer of
1594 ; Gruterus, 8vo. Heidel. 1597 ; Gruterus and B. C. 258. He was employed in that year in
Salmasius, Heidel. 8vo. 1609 ; Freinshemius, 8vo. | blockading Mytistratum, a strong hill-fort, which,
Argentorat. 1632. 1636. 1655; Graerius, 8vo. after a stubborn resistance and severe loss to the
Traj. ad Rhen. 1680, with numerous illustrations Romans, submitted at length to the united legions
from coins and ancient monuments ; Dukerus, 8vo. of Florus and his successor in the consulship, A.
Lug. Bat. 1722. 1744. Lips. 1832. This last Atilius Calatinus (CALATINUS).
Florus triumphed
must be considered as the standard, since it ex- “ De Poeneis" on the 5th of October, 258. (live
IANUS
3
(? ). We posses
y, divided into our
vundation of the city a
mpire under Anata
Romanares Librill,
irorus, and composed
,
mium, in the reign on
This compendium, zid
ded as an abrij zaidi
from various authories
derate compass a strike
erents comprebendar
x mistakes in chronale
detected here and ser;
the nost park purgare
irate in detail
, alboetes
of a panegyrie upea obe
sle is by no means att
le
general tone is fis **
F, while the sentimeed from
orm of tumid cncia es
iphors.
author all is docbt ard
MSS. he is designated as
I others as L. Julim Fier
16 Seneca, and in one, perhaps
ply as 1. Anska Heace
ought to identify bir inte
us, whose eloquence is przised
VOL. II.
N
## p. 178 (#194) ############################################
178
FLORUS.
FLORUS.
Prevenus
CAESAR
cu
headly
Epit. xvii. ; Zonar. viii. 11 ; Polyb. i. 24 ; Oros. 1, | preferable to his government ; and the banditti who
24 ; Fast. Triumph. )
[W. B. D. ] infested Judaea purchased impunity by sharing
FLORUS, L. AQUI'LLIUS, a triumvir of the their booty with the procurator. Josephus (Antiq.
mint under Augustus, whose name occurs on xviii
. 1, § 6, xx, II, § 1, B. J. ii. 14), whom
several coins, which are figured below. The ob- Tacitus confirms (Hist. v. 10), expressly attributes
verse of the first represents the head of Augustus, the last war of the Jews with Rome to Florus, and
says that he purposely kindled the rebellion in
order to cover the enormities of his government.
At Caesareia, where in A. D. 65–66, in the second
year of Florus' administration, the insurrection
broke out, the Jewish citizens bribed him with
eight talents, to secure them ingress into their own
synagogue. Florus took the money, and imme-
diately quitted Caesareia, abandoning the Jews to
and the reverse a flower. The second and third the insults and fury of the Greek population. Jew-
refer to the conquest of Armenia and the recovery ish deputies sent from Caesareia to Sebaste, to
of the
Roman standards from the Parthians in B. c. claim their purchased protection, were thrown into
20. The obverse of the second has on it a helmeted prison by Florus. He abstained from nothing which
head of a female, and the reverse Armenia as a even the worst of his predecessors had respected. At
suppliant, kneeling down with outstretched hands, one time he demanded 17 talents from the temple-
with the legend Caesar Divi F. Arme. Capt. treasury in “Caesar's name ;” and twice within
a few days he excited a tumult, and ordered
a massacre at Jerusalem, in which 3600 persons
perished, merely to afford him, amidst the con-
fusion, an opportunity of plundering the Temple.
The attempt failed, but on this occasion he pub-
licly scourged and impaled Roman citizens of
equestrian rank, but Jewish birth, although Bere-
nice, of the Asmonaean race, and sister of Agrippa
II. [BERENICE, 2 ; AGRIPPA HERODES, 2), stood
The obverse of the third has a head of the sun, and barefooted and in mourning beside his tribunal,
the reverse a Parthian on his knees, presenting a supplicating for her countrymen. At the feast of
standard, with the legend Caesar Avgvstvs the Passover, April, A. D. 65, three millions of
Sign. RECE. The obverse of the fourth coin is Jews petitioned Cestius Gallus (Gallus), the
proconsul of Syria, against the tyranny of Festus.
But the only redress they obtained was a faint
promise of milder treatment, while Florus stood at
the proconsul's side, deriding the suppliants, and
on his departure ostentatiously escorted him from
Jerusalem to Antioch. Hatred to Florus, rather
than to Rome, rendered all Agrippa's efforts in
A. D. 66, to prevent the rebellion of the Jews in-
the same as the second ; the reverse, from the sented Florus as its principal cause. " It is doubt-
effectual, and, after it broke out, all parties repre-
elephants, seems to refer to the same conquests in ful whether Florus perished in the insurrection or
the East. (Eckhel, vol. v. pp. 142, 143, vol vi. escaped. His death is recorded by Suetonius
pp. 94-99. )
(Vespas. 4 ; Oros. vii. 9), but not implied by
Josephus (Vita, 6). (Tacit. , Joseph. U. cc. , and
Antig. xiv. 9, § 2, xx. 9, § 5, B. J. ii. 15, § 1,
ib. 16, § 1; Sulpic. Sev. Saer. Hist. ii. 42; Euse-
bius, Chronicon. LXV. ) He is sometimes called
Festus and Cestius Florus. [W. B. D. ]
CAESAR
FLORUS, JUʻLIUS, addressed by Horace in
two epistles (i. 3, ii. 2), was, as we learn from the
poet, attached to the suite of Claudius Tiberius
FLORUS, DOMITIUS, who had been ejected Nero, when that prince was despatched by Augus-
from the senate through the influence of Plautianus, tus to place Tigranes upon the throne of Armenia.
was restored in the reign of Macrinus, and created He was, moreover, according to Porphyrion, the
tribune of the people. (Dion Cass. lxxviii
. 22. ) author of satires, or rather, it would seem, the
FLORUS, GESSIUS, a native of Clazomenae, editor of extracts from the satirical works of En-
succeeded Albinus as procurator of Judaea, A. D. nius, Lucilius, and Varro. It is not improbable
64–65. He owed his appointment to the influ- that he is the Florus, mentioned as a pupil of
ence of his wife Cleopatra with the empress Pop M. Porcius Latro by Seneca (Controv. iv. 25), who
paea. The government of Albinus had been op- quotes a passage from one of his pieces, apparently
pressive, but the conduct of Florus caused the Jews a declamation, entitled Flamininus. We may
to regard it with comparative regret. Without perhaps identify both with the Julius Florus whom
pity or shame, equally crafty and cruel, Florus was Quintilian (x. 3. § 13) places in the foremost rank
a systematic plunderer of his province. No gains among the orators of Gaul, since he eventually
were too petty, no extortion was too enormous for practised his profession in that country (quoniam
him. His ravages extended to whole districts, as ibi demum eam (sc. eloquentiam) exercuit), and it
well as to particular cities and persons: exile was is not impossible that all three are one and the
TILVIR.
AUGUSTO
PESNITTEN
## p. 179 (#195) ############################################
LORUS.
179
FONTEIA.
FONTEIUS.
SOMA
ment; and the banditti sho
lased impunity by sharing
rocurator. Josephus (Anti
$ 1, B. J. ii. 14) Tham
r. 10), expressly attributes
is with Rome to Florus, and
y kindled the rebellion in
ormities of his governsat
A. D. 65–66, in the exand
aistration, the insurrection
i citizens bribed his with
them ingress into their on
ok the money, and inst
ia, abandoning the Jews to
he Greek population. Jet
Caesarea to Sebaste, ta
rotection, were thrown into
stained from nothing which
lecessors had respected A
7 talents from the temple
ame;" and twice within
| a tumult, and ordered
1, in which 3600 penens
ind him, amidst the cro-
of plundering the Temple
on this occasion be pabe
aled Roman citizens of
rish birth, although Bert
ace, and sister of Agrippa
a
a
same with Julius Florus who in the eighth year of regarded as the son of Janus: but, as Janus is
Tiberius headed an insurrection among the Treviri. always represented in later times with a beard.
(Tac. Ann. iji. 40, 42). See Weichert, Poet. Lat.
Relig. p. 365, &c.
(W. R. )
FLORUS, JUʻLIUS SECUNDUS, a dis-
tinguished orator, the contemporary and dear
friend of Quintilian. Julius Florus, named above
as famed for his eloquence in Gaul, was the pater-
nal uncle of Julius Florus Secundus. (Quintil 2.
3, § 13; Senec. Controv. iv. 25. ) (W. R. ]
FOCA or PHOCAS, a Latin grammarian, au-
thor of a dull, foolish life of Virgil in hexameter Eckhel (vol. v. p. 214, &c. ) maintains that the two
verse, of which one hundred and nineteen lines heads refer to the Dioscuri, who were worshipped
and a half have been preserved in two fragments, at Tusculum with especial honours, and who may
together with a short Sapphic ode, by way of exor- be regarded as the Dii Penates of the gens. The
dium, on the progress of history, addressed to the heads of the Dioscuri also occur on other coins of
Muse Clio. The title of the piece, as found in the Fonteia gens, as we see in the second specimen
MSS. , is Vita Virgili a Foca Grammatico Urbis figured below. The head on the obverse of the
Romae Versibus edita, or with the complimentary
addition Grammatico Urbis Romae perspicacissimo
et clarissimo, from which we may conjecture that
he was one of the public salaried teachers who
gave lectures at Rome under the later emperors,
while his name indicates that he was a Greek by
extraction at least, if indeed we are not to under-
stand that Rome here denotes New Rome or Con-
stantinople. We know nothing regarding the third coin, with a thunderbolt beneath it, is pro-
history of Foca, nor the precise period when he bably that of Apollo Veiovis; the reverse repre-
flourished, except that he lived before Priscian and sents a winged boy riding on a goat, with the two
Cassiodorus, by both of whom he is quoted. In caps of the Dioscuri suspended above him, and a
addition to the life of Virgil, we have three cou- thyrsus below.
plets, In Aeneidem Virgilii, and two tracts in prose,
one De Aspiratione, and the other Ars de Nomine
et Verbo, with a preface in elegiac verse.
The metrical productions of this writer will be
found in the Anthol. Lat. ii. 175, 185, 186, 256,
ed. Burmann, or No. 286—289, ed. Meyer ; the
prose treatises in Putschius, Grammaticae Latinae
Auctores Antiqui, p. 1687 and p. 1722. See also
Wernsdorf, Poet. Latini Min. , vol. Üï. pp. 347,
410.
[W. R. ] FONTEIUS. 1. T. FONTEIUS, legatus of P.
FOCAS, emperor. [Phocas. ]
Cornelius Scipio, in Spain, B. c. 212. (Liv. xxv.
FONTA’NUS, a Roman poet of the Augustan | 32. ) After the defeat and death of P. and Cn.
age, who sang the loves of the nymphs and satyrs. Scipio, Fonteius, as prefect of the camp, would
(Ov. er Pont. iv. 16. 35. )
[W.
(W. R. ]
De Florentino ejusque eleganti Doctrina, 4to.
Chemnic. 1753 ; C. F. Walchius, De Philosophia
Florentini, 4to Jena. 1754, et in Opusculis, vol. i.
p. 337–346 ; Jos. Th. Mathews, De Florentino
Icto, ejusque sex libris prioribus Institutionum, 4to.
Lug. Bat. 1801. Like the more celebrated writer
of Institutes, Gaius, he is not cited by any sub-
sequent jurist, or, at least, no such citation has
reached us.
[J. T. G. )
FLORENTI NUS, the author of a panegyric
in thirty-nine hexameters, on the glories of the
COIN OF FLORIANUS.
Vandal king Thrasimund and the splendour of
Carthage under his sway, must have flourished FLORUS, ANNAEUS(? ). We possess a
about the dose of the fifth century. These verses, summary of Roman history, divided into four
which are expressed in harsh and almost barbarous books, extending from the foundation of the city to
phraseology, present nothing except a cumbrous the establishment of the empire under Augustus
tissue of coarse flattery. [Felix FLAVIUS; Lux (A. D. 20), entitled Rerum Romanarum Libri IV. ,
ORIUS. ) (Antholog. Lat. vi. 85, ed. Burmann, or or Epitome de Gestis Romanorum, and composed,
n. 290, ed. Meyer. )
[W. R. ) as we learn from the prooemium, in the reign of
FLORENTI'NÚS, a Byzantine writer of un- Trajan or of Hadrian. This compendium, which
certain age, but who lived in or before the tenth must by no means be regarded as an abridgment of
century of the Christian era, is said to be the Livy, but as a compilation from various authorities,
author of the Geoponica, which are generally presents within a very moderate compass a striking
ascribed to Bassus CASSIANUS. [W. P. ] view of all the leading events comprehended by
FLORENTIUS, praetorian prefect of Gaul in the above limits. A few mistakes in chronology
the reign of Constantius II. , by the unscrupulous and geography have been detected here and there;
tyranny of his financial administration, excited the but the narrative is, for the most part, philosophic
indignation of Julian, who refused to ratify his in arrangement and accurate in detail, although it
ordinances. When the embarrassing order arrived has too much the air of a panegyric upon the
for the legions to march to the east [JULIANUS), Roman people. The style is by no means worthy
Florentius, that he might escape the responsibility of commendation. The general tone is far too
of compliance or disobedience, remained obstinately poetical and declamatory, while the sentiments fre-
at Vienna, busily engaged, as he pretended, in the quently assume the form of tumid conceits ex-
discharge of official duties ; but upon receiving pressed in violent metaphors.
intelligence of the open revolt of the troops and With regard to the author all is doubt and un.
their choice of an Augustus, he immediately re- certainty. In many MSS. he is designated as
paired to the court of Constantius, that he might L. Annaeus Florus, in others as L. Julius Florus,
both display his own fidelity, and at the same time in others as L. Annaeus Seneca, and in one, perhaps
magnify the guilt of the rebel prince. In recom- the oldest of all, simply as L. Annaeus. Hence
pense of this devotion, he was forth with nominated some critics have sought to identify him with
consul for A. D. 361, and appointed praetorian pre- Julius Florus Secundus, whose eloquence is praised
KANUS
2º. a
COLOR
AV
ORS
cod
## p. 177 (#193) ############################################
Es, redens
177
FLORUS.
FLORUS.
son is the
is cele
eror, during
n close con
in pesched
said to have
e place where
et. (Jus
IT 3
7,5; 7 on
(W. R. )
the broker,
Tacitus par
dhe supreme
crituace. To
ccessfu! , for his
ackneylecromed
de arties of the
ever, were notre
genera, Probas
him Ânguta.
ich was abruptly
nus, who perished
of his soldiers 2
enjored the
ths, from April to
I. rij. 29; 2003.
Epit. 35; Entre
(W. R]
by Quintilian (x. 13); Vossius and Salmasius, ( hibits a very pure text and a copious selection of
with a greater show of probability, recognize him as the best conimentarica. We may also consult
the poet Florus (see below), the composer of cer- with advantage the recent editions by Titze, 8vo,
Lain verses to Hadrian, preserved by Spartianus, Prag. 1819, and Seebode, 8vo. Lips. 1821.
while Vinetus and Schottus believe him to be no The work has been frequently translated into
other than Seneca, the preceptor of Nero, resting almost all European languages. (W. R. )
their opinion chiefly upon a passage in Lactantius FLORUS, ANNAEUS, the author of three
(Instit. vii. 15), where we are told that the philo sportive Trochaic dimeters addressed to Hadrian,
sopher in question divided the history of Rome into which, with the emperor's reply in the same strain,
a succession of ages,-infancy under Romulus, have been preserved by Spartianus (Ilau. 16).
boyhood under the kings immediately following, We cannot doube that he is the same person with
youth from the sway of Tarquin to the downfal of the Annacus (Cod. Neap. Annius) Florus twice
the Carthaginian power, manly vigour up to the quoted by Charisius (pp. 38, 113) as an authority
commencement of the civil wars, which undermined for the ablative poemutis - -“ Annaeus Florus ad
its strength, until, as if in second childhood, it was divum Hadrianum poematis delector. " (Anthol. Lat.
forced to submit to the control of a single ruler ;- ii
. 97, ed. Burmann, or n. 212, ed. Meyer. )
a fancy which has been adopted by the author of A series of eight short epigrams in trochaic te
the Epitome, who, however, arranges the epochs trameters catalectic are found in many MSS. under
differently, and might evidently have borrowed the the name of Florus, or, as in the Codex Thuancus,
general idea. Moreover, if we were to adopt this Fluridus, to which Salmasius (ad Spurt. Ilud. 16)
last hypothesis, we should be compelled arbitrarily added a ninth, in five hexameters, ascribing the
to reject the prooemium as spurious. Finally, whole to Florus the historian, who was at one time
Titze imagines that he can detect the work of two believed by Wersdorf to be the author not only
hands-one a writer of the purest epoch, whom of these and of the lines to Hadrian, but of the
he supposes to have been the Julius Florus twice well-known Pervigilium Veneris also-an opinion
addressed by Horace (Ep. i. 3, ii. 2), the other an which, however, he afterwards retracted. (Anthol.
unknown and inferior interpolator, belonging to the Lut. i. 17, 20. iii. lll, 112, 113, 114, 115, 205,
decline of literature. To the former, according to 291, ed. Burmann, or n. 213—221, ed. Meyer ;
this theory, all that is praise worthy, both in matter Wernsdorf, Poet. Lat. Min. vol. iii. p. 425, vol. iv.
and manner, must be ascribed, while to the share of pt. ii. p. 854. )
the latter fall all the blunders, both in facts and A curious fragment has been recently published
taste, which disfigure the production as it now ex- from a Brussels MS. headed “Pannu FLORI (a
ists. But all these opinions rest upon nothing but corruption probably of P. ANNI) Virgilius Orator
mere conjectures. It would be a waste of time to an Poeta, Incipit. " The introduction only, which
discuss the native country and personal history of is in the form of a dialogue supposed to have been
a person whose very name we cannot ascertain with held about A. D. 101, has been preserved, and
certainty, and therefore we shall refrain from ex- from this we learn that the author was a native of
amining the arguments by which scholars have Africa, that he had repaired, when still almost a
sought to demonstrate that he was an Italian, or a boy, to Rome, and had become a competitor, at the
Gaul, or a Spaniard.
Ludi Capitolini celebrated by Domitian (d. D. 90
What is usually esteemed the Editio Princeps apparently), for the poetical prize, which had been
of Florus was printed at the Sorbonne about 1471, awarded to himn by the applauding shouts of the
in 4to. , by Gering, Friburg, and Crantz, under the audience, but unfairly withheld by the emperor.
inspection of Gaguinus, with the title ** Lucii An- We are farther informed that, disgusted by this
naei Flori de tota Hystoria Titi Livii Epithoma;” disappointment, he had refused to return to his
but two others, without date and without the country and his kindred, had become a wanderer
name of place or printer, one in Gothic and one in upon the earth, visiting in succession Sicily, Cretc,
Roman characters, are believed by many bibliogra- Rhodes, and Egypt,—that he then returned to
phers to be entitled to take precedence. In ad- Italy, crossed the Alps into Gaul, proceeded on-
dition to these, at least six impressions were pub- wards to the Pyrenees, finding at last repose in the
lished before the close of the fifteenth century, city of Tarragona, and contentment in the peaceful
revised by the elder Beroaldus, Antonius Sabelli- occupation of superintending the instruction of
cus, Thannerus, and Barynthus (or Barynus). youth. Ritschl endeavours to identify this per-
Since that period numberless editions have appeared; sonage with Florus the poet under Hadrian; but
but those who desire to study the gradual progress there seems little to support this view except the
of the text, which, as might be expected in a work name and the fact that there is no chronological
which was extensively employed in the middle difficulty. (Rheinisches Museum, for 1841, p. 302,
ages as a school-book, is found in most MSS. &c. )
[W. R. )
under a very corrupt form, will be able to trace its FLORUS, C. AQUI'LLIUS, M. F. C. N. , con-
gradual development in the labours of the following sul B. c. 259, the sixth year of the first Punic war.
scholars :-Jo. Camers, 4to. Vienn. Pannon. 1518, The province assigned to Florus was Sicily, where
fol. Basil. 1532, accompanied by elaborate historical | he watched the movements of Hamilcar during the
notes ; El. Vinetus, * 4to. Pictav. 1553. 1563. autumn and winter months, and remained in the
Paris, 1576 ; J. Stadius, 8vo. Antv. 1567. 1584. island as proconsul until late in the suminer of
1594 ; Gruterus, 8vo. Heidel. 1597 ; Gruterus and B. C. 258. He was employed in that year in
Salmasius, Heidel. 8vo. 1609 ; Freinshemius, 8vo. | blockading Mytistratum, a strong hill-fort, which,
Argentorat. 1632. 1636. 1655; Graerius, 8vo. after a stubborn resistance and severe loss to the
Traj. ad Rhen. 1680, with numerous illustrations Romans, submitted at length to the united legions
from coins and ancient monuments ; Dukerus, 8vo. of Florus and his successor in the consulship, A.
Lug. Bat. 1722. 1744. Lips. 1832. This last Atilius Calatinus (CALATINUS).
Florus triumphed
must be considered as the standard, since it ex- “ De Poeneis" on the 5th of October, 258. (live
IANUS
3
(? ). We posses
y, divided into our
vundation of the city a
mpire under Anata
Romanares Librill,
irorus, and composed
,
mium, in the reign on
This compendium, zid
ded as an abrij zaidi
from various authories
derate compass a strike
erents comprebendar
x mistakes in chronale
detected here and ser;
the nost park purgare
irate in detail
, alboetes
of a panegyrie upea obe
sle is by no means att
le
general tone is fis **
F, while the sentimeed from
orm of tumid cncia es
iphors.
author all is docbt ard
MSS. he is designated as
I others as L. Julim Fier
16 Seneca, and in one, perhaps
ply as 1. Anska Heace
ought to identify bir inte
us, whose eloquence is przised
VOL. II.
N
## p. 178 (#194) ############################################
178
FLORUS.
FLORUS.
Prevenus
CAESAR
cu
headly
Epit. xvii. ; Zonar. viii. 11 ; Polyb. i. 24 ; Oros. 1, | preferable to his government ; and the banditti who
24 ; Fast. Triumph. )
[W. B. D. ] infested Judaea purchased impunity by sharing
FLORUS, L. AQUI'LLIUS, a triumvir of the their booty with the procurator. Josephus (Antiq.
mint under Augustus, whose name occurs on xviii
. 1, § 6, xx, II, § 1, B. J. ii. 14), whom
several coins, which are figured below. The ob- Tacitus confirms (Hist. v. 10), expressly attributes
verse of the first represents the head of Augustus, the last war of the Jews with Rome to Florus, and
says that he purposely kindled the rebellion in
order to cover the enormities of his government.
At Caesareia, where in A. D. 65–66, in the second
year of Florus' administration, the insurrection
broke out, the Jewish citizens bribed him with
eight talents, to secure them ingress into their own
synagogue. Florus took the money, and imme-
diately quitted Caesareia, abandoning the Jews to
and the reverse a flower. The second and third the insults and fury of the Greek population. Jew-
refer to the conquest of Armenia and the recovery ish deputies sent from Caesareia to Sebaste, to
of the
Roman standards from the Parthians in B. c. claim their purchased protection, were thrown into
20. The obverse of the second has on it a helmeted prison by Florus. He abstained from nothing which
head of a female, and the reverse Armenia as a even the worst of his predecessors had respected. At
suppliant, kneeling down with outstretched hands, one time he demanded 17 talents from the temple-
with the legend Caesar Divi F. Arme. Capt. treasury in “Caesar's name ;” and twice within
a few days he excited a tumult, and ordered
a massacre at Jerusalem, in which 3600 persons
perished, merely to afford him, amidst the con-
fusion, an opportunity of plundering the Temple.
The attempt failed, but on this occasion he pub-
licly scourged and impaled Roman citizens of
equestrian rank, but Jewish birth, although Bere-
nice, of the Asmonaean race, and sister of Agrippa
II. [BERENICE, 2 ; AGRIPPA HERODES, 2), stood
The obverse of the third has a head of the sun, and barefooted and in mourning beside his tribunal,
the reverse a Parthian on his knees, presenting a supplicating for her countrymen. At the feast of
standard, with the legend Caesar Avgvstvs the Passover, April, A. D. 65, three millions of
Sign. RECE. The obverse of the fourth coin is Jews petitioned Cestius Gallus (Gallus), the
proconsul of Syria, against the tyranny of Festus.
But the only redress they obtained was a faint
promise of milder treatment, while Florus stood at
the proconsul's side, deriding the suppliants, and
on his departure ostentatiously escorted him from
Jerusalem to Antioch. Hatred to Florus, rather
than to Rome, rendered all Agrippa's efforts in
A. D. 66, to prevent the rebellion of the Jews in-
the same as the second ; the reverse, from the sented Florus as its principal cause. " It is doubt-
effectual, and, after it broke out, all parties repre-
elephants, seems to refer to the same conquests in ful whether Florus perished in the insurrection or
the East. (Eckhel, vol. v. pp. 142, 143, vol vi. escaped. His death is recorded by Suetonius
pp. 94-99. )
(Vespas. 4 ; Oros. vii. 9), but not implied by
Josephus (Vita, 6). (Tacit. , Joseph. U. cc. , and
Antig. xiv. 9, § 2, xx. 9, § 5, B. J. ii. 15, § 1,
ib. 16, § 1; Sulpic. Sev. Saer. Hist. ii. 42; Euse-
bius, Chronicon. LXV. ) He is sometimes called
Festus and Cestius Florus. [W. B. D. ]
CAESAR
FLORUS, JUʻLIUS, addressed by Horace in
two epistles (i. 3, ii. 2), was, as we learn from the
poet, attached to the suite of Claudius Tiberius
FLORUS, DOMITIUS, who had been ejected Nero, when that prince was despatched by Augus-
from the senate through the influence of Plautianus, tus to place Tigranes upon the throne of Armenia.
was restored in the reign of Macrinus, and created He was, moreover, according to Porphyrion, the
tribune of the people. (Dion Cass. lxxviii
. 22. ) author of satires, or rather, it would seem, the
FLORUS, GESSIUS, a native of Clazomenae, editor of extracts from the satirical works of En-
succeeded Albinus as procurator of Judaea, A. D. nius, Lucilius, and Varro. It is not improbable
64–65. He owed his appointment to the influ- that he is the Florus, mentioned as a pupil of
ence of his wife Cleopatra with the empress Pop M. Porcius Latro by Seneca (Controv. iv. 25), who
paea. The government of Albinus had been op- quotes a passage from one of his pieces, apparently
pressive, but the conduct of Florus caused the Jews a declamation, entitled Flamininus. We may
to regard it with comparative regret. Without perhaps identify both with the Julius Florus whom
pity or shame, equally crafty and cruel, Florus was Quintilian (x. 3. § 13) places in the foremost rank
a systematic plunderer of his province. No gains among the orators of Gaul, since he eventually
were too petty, no extortion was too enormous for practised his profession in that country (quoniam
him. His ravages extended to whole districts, as ibi demum eam (sc. eloquentiam) exercuit), and it
well as to particular cities and persons: exile was is not impossible that all three are one and the
TILVIR.
AUGUSTO
PESNITTEN
## p. 179 (#195) ############################################
LORUS.
179
FONTEIA.
FONTEIUS.
SOMA
ment; and the banditti sho
lased impunity by sharing
rocurator. Josephus (Anti
$ 1, B. J. ii. 14) Tham
r. 10), expressly attributes
is with Rome to Florus, and
y kindled the rebellion in
ormities of his governsat
A. D. 65–66, in the exand
aistration, the insurrection
i citizens bribed his with
them ingress into their on
ok the money, and inst
ia, abandoning the Jews to
he Greek population. Jet
Caesarea to Sebaste, ta
rotection, were thrown into
stained from nothing which
lecessors had respected A
7 talents from the temple
ame;" and twice within
| a tumult, and ordered
1, in which 3600 penens
ind him, amidst the cro-
of plundering the Temple
on this occasion be pabe
aled Roman citizens of
rish birth, although Bert
ace, and sister of Agrippa
a
a
same with Julius Florus who in the eighth year of regarded as the son of Janus: but, as Janus is
Tiberius headed an insurrection among the Treviri. always represented in later times with a beard.
(Tac. Ann. iji. 40, 42). See Weichert, Poet. Lat.
Relig. p. 365, &c.
(W. R. )
FLORUS, JUʻLIUS SECUNDUS, a dis-
tinguished orator, the contemporary and dear
friend of Quintilian. Julius Florus, named above
as famed for his eloquence in Gaul, was the pater-
nal uncle of Julius Florus Secundus. (Quintil 2.
3, § 13; Senec. Controv. iv. 25. ) (W. R. ]
FOCA or PHOCAS, a Latin grammarian, au-
thor of a dull, foolish life of Virgil in hexameter Eckhel (vol. v. p. 214, &c. ) maintains that the two
verse, of which one hundred and nineteen lines heads refer to the Dioscuri, who were worshipped
and a half have been preserved in two fragments, at Tusculum with especial honours, and who may
together with a short Sapphic ode, by way of exor- be regarded as the Dii Penates of the gens. The
dium, on the progress of history, addressed to the heads of the Dioscuri also occur on other coins of
Muse Clio. The title of the piece, as found in the Fonteia gens, as we see in the second specimen
MSS. , is Vita Virgili a Foca Grammatico Urbis figured below. The head on the obverse of the
Romae Versibus edita, or with the complimentary
addition Grammatico Urbis Romae perspicacissimo
et clarissimo, from which we may conjecture that
he was one of the public salaried teachers who
gave lectures at Rome under the later emperors,
while his name indicates that he was a Greek by
extraction at least, if indeed we are not to under-
stand that Rome here denotes New Rome or Con-
stantinople. We know nothing regarding the third coin, with a thunderbolt beneath it, is pro-
history of Foca, nor the precise period when he bably that of Apollo Veiovis; the reverse repre-
flourished, except that he lived before Priscian and sents a winged boy riding on a goat, with the two
Cassiodorus, by both of whom he is quoted. In caps of the Dioscuri suspended above him, and a
addition to the life of Virgil, we have three cou- thyrsus below.
plets, In Aeneidem Virgilii, and two tracts in prose,
one De Aspiratione, and the other Ars de Nomine
et Verbo, with a preface in elegiac verse.
The metrical productions of this writer will be
found in the Anthol. Lat. ii. 175, 185, 186, 256,
ed. Burmann, or No. 286—289, ed. Meyer ; the
prose treatises in Putschius, Grammaticae Latinae
Auctores Antiqui, p. 1687 and p. 1722. See also
Wernsdorf, Poet. Latini Min. , vol. Üï. pp. 347,
410.
[W. R. ] FONTEIUS. 1. T. FONTEIUS, legatus of P.
FOCAS, emperor. [Phocas. ]
Cornelius Scipio, in Spain, B. c. 212. (Liv. xxv.
FONTA’NUS, a Roman poet of the Augustan | 32. ) After the defeat and death of P. and Cn.
age, who sang the loves of the nymphs and satyrs. Scipio, Fonteius, as prefect of the camp, would
(Ov. er Pont. iv. 16. 35. )
[W.
