,Jewish and
Christian
Se -Def i tion, pp.
Hadot - The Inner Citadel The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius
" La Philosophie comme therapie de l'ame: Etudes dephilosophie antique (Fribourg, Suisse/Paris, 1993), p.
2.
-Trans.
]
2I. Plato, Republic, IV, 436b
22. Plutarch, On Moral rtue, III, 441 C-D.
23 . See Epictetus, Discourses, I, 4, 12; III, 2, I .
24. Stoi iens, p . 3 0 (§39) [= Diogenes Laertius VII, 40, vol. II, p . l 50 Hicks
-Trans. ].
25. Cf H. Throm, Die Thesis (Paderbom, 1932), pp. 88, II8; P. Hadot,
"Philosophie, dialectique, rhetorique ans l'Antiquite," Studia philosophica, 39 (1980): 147·
26. A. -J. Voelke, L'Idee de volonte dans le stoidsme (Paris, 1973), p. 97.
27. This point, I believe, should su ce to re te the objections set rth by D. Pesce, in his II Platone di Tubinga (Brescia, 1990), pp. 55
28. SVF, vol. III, §68 [= Plutarch, On Stoic Se -Contradictions, 9, 1035c - Trans. ].
29. On these types ofreasoning, see Stoi'ciens, pp. 1339-1340, notes to p. 824.
30. A er a general introduction (chapter l), the reader proceeds to the disci pline ofdesire (chapters 2-29); the discipline ofaction (chapters 30-5l); and the
Notes to Pages 99-125 327
discipline ofassent (which is o y mentioned in passing; see chapter 52). The Manual then concludes with a series ofsayings which must always be kept "at hand" (chapter 53); cf. M. Pohlenz, Die Stoa, vol. 2 (Gottingen, 1955), p. 162.
3I. On these attempts, c P. Hadot, Exercices spirituels, pp. 150-153. 6 . The Inner Citadel, o r the Discipline Assent
I . Stoidens, p. 32 (§49) [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives ofthe Eminent Philosophers, VII, 49. C the translation of Long and Sedley vol. I, §33D, p. 196; §39A, pp. 236-237 -Trans. ].
2. Ibid. , p. 33 (§51 ) [= Diogenes Laertius VII, 51 c Long and Sedley vol. I, §39A, pp. 236-237; §4oP; Q, p. 248; 39D, p. 238; 40A, pp. 241-2; etc. -Trans. ].
3. Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, XIX, I, 15-20.
4. Sto ciens, p. 489 (= Cicero, On Fate, XIX, §43).
5. SVF II, 98 (= Sextus Empiricus, Against the Logicians, II (= Adversus
Mathematicos, VIII), §397, vol. II, pp. 446-447 Bury [Loeb Classical Library]).
6. Plutarch, On Mo l rtue, 3, 441c.
7. SVF II, 846 (= Damascius, Commenta on the Phaedo, §276, p. 167
Westerink) .
8. Goldschmidt, Systeme sto ien, pp. 120-12r .
9. I base this translation ofoupantos on the versions ofsuch previous transla
tors as A. Politian, W. A. Old ther, M. Meunier, and W. Capelle.
IO. Sextus Empiricus, Adversus Mathematicos, VII, 234, 2 - 2 3 5 , 4 = Against the
Logicians, I, vol. II, §§234-235, p. 126 Bury (LCL). II. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 78, §14.
12. Seneca, On the Constancy ofthe Sage, X, 4. I3. Seneca, OnAnger, II, 4, 1£
14. Ibid. , I, I6, 7.
1 5 . Empedocles frr. 27-28 Diels-Kranz; Horace, Satires II, 7, 86.
16. Stoidens, p. 44 (§88) = SVFvol. Ill, §4 [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, 88
-Trans. ].
17. Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, X, 7, u77b26.
18. Paul Claudel, Vers d'exil ["Verses om Exile"], VII. 19. Plotinus, Enneads, I, I, 13, 7.
20. Pascal, Pensees, §460, p. 544 Brunschvicg.
2r. Ibid. , §793, p. 695.
22. S Ill, §171 = Stoidens, p. 133 ad nem [=John Stobaeus, Eclogae, II, 88,
1 Wachsmuth; C Long and Sedley 33 I, vol I p. 197 (translation); vol. II p. 200 (Greek text, commentary, and rther literature) -Trans. ]. C Voelke, L' ee de volonte, pp. 50-55.
23. S III, §265 = Stoidens, p. 45, §92 [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, 92-93 -Trans. ].
328 Notes to Pages I26-I41
24. R. Schaerer, La Question platonicienne (Paris-Neuchatel, 1969), p. IOO.
25. E. Brehier, "Pre ce" to A. Virieux-Reymond, Logique et l'epistemologie des Stoi iens, Chambery, p. v.
7. TheDisciplineofDesire, orAmorFati
1. C Voelke, L'Idee de volonte, pp. I3I-I33.
2. Stoi iens, p. 44, §§87-89 = S III, 4 [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, 87-89 -Trans. ] .
3 . On the identity of living according to nature and living in accordance with the logos (Marcus Aurelius VII, I I), c Stoi'ciens, p. 44, §86 = S III, I78 [= D. L. , Lives, VII, 85-86 -Trans. ].
4. Anatole France, Livre de mon ami, XI, in Oeuvres, vol. I (Paris, La Pleiade), p. 5I5.
5. S vol. II, 509 [=Johannes Stobaeus, Eclogae, I, 8, 40, p. I06, 5 ed. Wachsmuth = Arius Didymus, Epitome, Fr. Phys. 26, ed. H. Diels (Doxographi Graeci, Berlin, I879, pp. 46I ) = Long and Sedley 5IB, trans. vol. I, p. 304; Greek text and commentary vol. II, pp. 30I-302 -Trans. ]. On this problem atic, c ]. -]. Duhot, Conception stoi ienne de la causalite (Paris, I989), pp. 95-
IOO.
6. H. Bergson, La Pensee et le Mouvant (Paris, I934), pp. I68-I69.
7. Cf. Simplicius, Commentary on Aristotle's Categories, p. 407, 3 Kalb eisch:
" r them, the ture is determined. "
8. This interpretation of Stoic ideas about the present, the past, and the
ture is based on that of Emile Brehier, Theorie des inco orels dans l'ancien stoi isme (Paris, I9623), pp. 58-59.
9. Goldschmidt, Systeme stoi ien, p. I95·
IO. Pace E. R. Dodds, Pagans and Christians in an Age ofAnxiety (New York,
I970), p. 9, and Rist, in Meyer and Sanders, eds.
,Jewish and Christian Se -Def i tion, pp. 38-39.
I I . Homer, Iliad, XX, I27; XXIV, 209, 525; Odyssey, VII, I97-
I2. C Pierre Boyance, "Remarques sur le Papyrus de Derveni," Revue des Etudes Grecques, 87 (I974): 95.
I3. Plato, Republic, 6I7b
I4. SVF II, 9I3 [= Stobaeus, Eclogae, I, 79, I Wachsmuth -Trans. ].
I5. SVF II, 9I4 [= Diogenianus in Eusebius, Evangelical Preparation, VI, 8, 9,
I-IO, 5 Mras. -Trans. ].
I 6. Good accounts ofthis theory are contained in E. Brehier, Ch sippe (Paris,
I95I), pp. II4-I27; S. Sambursky, The Physi of the Stoics (London, I959), pp. II-I7. C Stoi iens, pp. I67-I69 (= Plutarch, On Common Notions, 37, I077-I078).
I7. Stoi iens, p. I69 [= Plutarch, On Common Notions I078D-E -Trans. ]. I8. Hubert Reeves, Patience dans l'azur (Paris, I988), p. 259.
Notes to Pages 141-152 329
19. Francis Thompson, The Mistress sion (Ayles rd: St. Albert's Press, 1966).
20. Euripides, . 898, in A. Nauck, ed. , Tragicorum Graecorum agmenta (Leipzig: Teubner, 1889; repr. Hildesheim: Olms, 1964).
2 I . Nietzsche, E e homo. y I am so Intell ent, I O [= Friedrich Nietzsche: S mtliche Werke, Kritische Studienausgabe herausgegeben von Giorgio Colli und Mazzino Montinari (Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1988), vol. 6, p. 297, 24-29; cf Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy Morals and Ecce Homo, ed. and trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage Books, 1967), p. 258 - Trans. ].
22. Nietzsche, Nietzsche Contra Wagner, Epilogue, I [= vol. 6, p. 436, 1 5-19 Colli/Montinari; c The Portable Nietzsche, selected and translated by Walter Kaufmann (New York: Viking Press, 1954), p. 680 -Trans. ].
23. Nietzsche, Posthumous Fragments, late 1886-Spring 1887, 7 (38) [= vol. 12, pp. 307-308 Colli/Montinari; c Friedrich Nietzsche, The Will to Power, translated by Walter Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale, edited by Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage Books, 1968), pp. 532-533 (no. ro32) -Trans. ].
24. Nietzsche, Posthumous Fragments, Spring-Summer 1888, 16 (32) [= vol. 13, p. 492, 3l-493, 7 Colli/Montinari; cf Kaufmann/Hollingdale, pp. 536-537
(no. ro41) -Trans. ].
25. William Blake, "Auguries oflnnocence," in G. Keynes, ed. , Blake, Com-
plete Writings (London, 1966), p. 43I.
26. Seneca, On Bene ts, VII, 3 .
27. Stoi iens, p. 140 (= Plutarch, On Common Notions, VIII, ro62a).
28. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 74, 27.
29. On these notions, see P. Hadot, "Only the Present," in Philosophy as a
Way ofL e, pp. 63-75.
30. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 6. 43l I.
3 I. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, l6, 4.
32. This has been the view ofscholars om Renan toJ. M. Rist (in Meyer
and Sanders, eds. ,Jewish and Christian Se -De nition, p. 29).
3 3 . Here I am llowing the text of Theiler.
34. Aristotle, Protrepticus, . 2, pp. 27-28 in W. D. Ross, ed. , Aristotelis F g
menta Selecta (Ox rd, 1955).
35. Seneca,LetterstoLucilius, 16,4. Inthispassage,wecanrecognizeseveralof
Marcus Aurelius' hypotheses: an impersonal providence (= hypothesis 4 in our diagram); a personal providence (= hypothesis 5); and chance (= hypothesis l). On these various hypotheses, c W. Theiler, "Tacitus und die antike Schicksal slehre,"inPhylloboliaf rPetervonderMiihll(Basel, 1945), pp. 35-90 [reprintedin Theiler's Forschungen zum Neuplatonismus (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1966) - Trans. ].
36. C M. Frede, Die Stoische Logik (Gottingen, 1974), pp. 98-roo; Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, XVI, 8, 14.
3 30 Notes to Pages l 53-171
37. Chrysippus,inAulusGellius,AtticNights,VII,l, 7-13.
38. Cicero, On the Nature ofthe Gods, III, 35, 86. See also II, 66, 167: the gods are concerned about great things, and neglect the minor ones. Cf Philo of Alexandria, On Providence, II, § r o2 : the cataclysms brought about by the natural trans rmation ofthe elements are only accidental consequences of ndamental natural processes.
39. Cf Marcus Aurelius' use ofthe word toioutos in Meditations, V, 8, 4, where the cosmos is described as "such-and-such" a body, and destiny as "such-and such" a cause. See also IV, 33, 3.
40. Pascal, Pensees, §77, trans. W. F. Trotter (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1958), no. 77, p. 23.
4r. [The word translated here as "reasons" is the Greek logos, which has a wide variety ofmeanings, including " rmula," "de nition," "proposition," and "account," to name but a w. -Trans. ]
42. Stoidens, p. 59 (§§135-136); SVF vol. II, §ro27 [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, 135-136; cf Long and Sedley no. 46B, vol. I, p. 275 (translation); vol. II, p. 272 (Greek text and commentary) -Trans. ] .
43 . Seneca, Natural Questions, I, Pre ce, 3 .
44. Cleanthes, Hymn to Zeus, translation by A. -J. Festugiere, La Revelation d'Hermes Trismegiste, vol. 2 (Paris, 1949), p. 313; see also Stoidens, p. 8.
45. Seneca, Natural Questions, II, 45, r.
46. Ibid. , II, 45, 2-3.
47. Ibid. , II, 46.
48. Epictetus, Discourses, I, 12, 8; I, 20, l 5; Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, III,
16,3;X,ll, 4;XII,27,2;XII,3l, 2(ontheidentityof llowingReasonand llowing God) .
49. Cf. P. Hadot, "Introduction" to Plotin, Traite 50 (Paris, 1990), p. 68.
50. Origen, Against Celsus, IV, 74; cf S , vol. II, §§u56-u57.
5l. H. Bergson,LesDeuxSourcesdelamo leetdelareligion,p. 343(thephrase
quoted is the last sentence of this work) .
52. Cicero, On the Nature ofthe Gods, II, 66, 165-166.
53. On this passage om Marcus Aurelius, see the remarkable article by
Andre-Jean Voelke, "Sante du monde et sante de l'individu: Marc Aurele V, 8," Revue inte ationale de philosophie, 1991, pp. 322-335. These pages are all the more moving in that, as he was writing them, the author was quite aware of his own imminent death.
54. Kaiser Marc Aurel und seine Zeit, ed. Klaus Stemmer (Berlin, 1988), p. xii. 55. R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, p. 68.
56. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, ro7, 2.
57. Plotinus, Enneads, Treatise 38 (VI, 7), 22, 3r.
5 8 . I n Nietzsche Contra Wagner, " Epilogue , " I .
59. Jou al de l'abbe Mugnier (Paris: Mercure de France, 1985), p. 221 [= the diaries of the French clergyman Arthur Mugnier (1853-1944); the princess in
Notes to Pages I72-I89 33I
question is Mugnier's Romanian correspondent Martha Bibesco (c.
2I. Plato, Republic, IV, 436b
22. Plutarch, On Moral rtue, III, 441 C-D.
23 . See Epictetus, Discourses, I, 4, 12; III, 2, I .
24. Stoi iens, p . 3 0 (§39) [= Diogenes Laertius VII, 40, vol. II, p . l 50 Hicks
-Trans. ].
25. Cf H. Throm, Die Thesis (Paderbom, 1932), pp. 88, II8; P. Hadot,
"Philosophie, dialectique, rhetorique ans l'Antiquite," Studia philosophica, 39 (1980): 147·
26. A. -J. Voelke, L'Idee de volonte dans le stoidsme (Paris, 1973), p. 97.
27. This point, I believe, should su ce to re te the objections set rth by D. Pesce, in his II Platone di Tubinga (Brescia, 1990), pp. 55
28. SVF, vol. III, §68 [= Plutarch, On Stoic Se -Contradictions, 9, 1035c - Trans. ].
29. On these types ofreasoning, see Stoi'ciens, pp. 1339-1340, notes to p. 824.
30. A er a general introduction (chapter l), the reader proceeds to the disci pline ofdesire (chapters 2-29); the discipline ofaction (chapters 30-5l); and the
Notes to Pages 99-125 327
discipline ofassent (which is o y mentioned in passing; see chapter 52). The Manual then concludes with a series ofsayings which must always be kept "at hand" (chapter 53); cf. M. Pohlenz, Die Stoa, vol. 2 (Gottingen, 1955), p. 162.
3I. On these attempts, c P. Hadot, Exercices spirituels, pp. 150-153. 6 . The Inner Citadel, o r the Discipline Assent
I . Stoidens, p. 32 (§49) [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives ofthe Eminent Philosophers, VII, 49. C the translation of Long and Sedley vol. I, §33D, p. 196; §39A, pp. 236-237 -Trans. ].
2. Ibid. , p. 33 (§51 ) [= Diogenes Laertius VII, 51 c Long and Sedley vol. I, §39A, pp. 236-237; §4oP; Q, p. 248; 39D, p. 238; 40A, pp. 241-2; etc. -Trans. ].
3. Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, XIX, I, 15-20.
4. Sto ciens, p. 489 (= Cicero, On Fate, XIX, §43).
5. SVF II, 98 (= Sextus Empiricus, Against the Logicians, II (= Adversus
Mathematicos, VIII), §397, vol. II, pp. 446-447 Bury [Loeb Classical Library]).
6. Plutarch, On Mo l rtue, 3, 441c.
7. SVF II, 846 (= Damascius, Commenta on the Phaedo, §276, p. 167
Westerink) .
8. Goldschmidt, Systeme sto ien, pp. 120-12r .
9. I base this translation ofoupantos on the versions ofsuch previous transla
tors as A. Politian, W. A. Old ther, M. Meunier, and W. Capelle.
IO. Sextus Empiricus, Adversus Mathematicos, VII, 234, 2 - 2 3 5 , 4 = Against the
Logicians, I, vol. II, §§234-235, p. 126 Bury (LCL). II. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 78, §14.
12. Seneca, On the Constancy ofthe Sage, X, 4. I3. Seneca, OnAnger, II, 4, 1£
14. Ibid. , I, I6, 7.
1 5 . Empedocles frr. 27-28 Diels-Kranz; Horace, Satires II, 7, 86.
16. Stoidens, p. 44 (§88) = SVFvol. Ill, §4 [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, 88
-Trans. ].
17. Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, X, 7, u77b26.
18. Paul Claudel, Vers d'exil ["Verses om Exile"], VII. 19. Plotinus, Enneads, I, I, 13, 7.
20. Pascal, Pensees, §460, p. 544 Brunschvicg.
2r. Ibid. , §793, p. 695.
22. S Ill, §171 = Stoidens, p. 133 ad nem [=John Stobaeus, Eclogae, II, 88,
1 Wachsmuth; C Long and Sedley 33 I, vol I p. 197 (translation); vol. II p. 200 (Greek text, commentary, and rther literature) -Trans. ]. C Voelke, L' ee de volonte, pp. 50-55.
23. S III, §265 = Stoidens, p. 45, §92 [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, 92-93 -Trans. ].
328 Notes to Pages I26-I41
24. R. Schaerer, La Question platonicienne (Paris-Neuchatel, 1969), p. IOO.
25. E. Brehier, "Pre ce" to A. Virieux-Reymond, Logique et l'epistemologie des Stoi iens, Chambery, p. v.
7. TheDisciplineofDesire, orAmorFati
1. C Voelke, L'Idee de volonte, pp. I3I-I33.
2. Stoi iens, p. 44, §§87-89 = S III, 4 [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, 87-89 -Trans. ] .
3 . On the identity of living according to nature and living in accordance with the logos (Marcus Aurelius VII, I I), c Stoi'ciens, p. 44, §86 = S III, I78 [= D. L. , Lives, VII, 85-86 -Trans. ].
4. Anatole France, Livre de mon ami, XI, in Oeuvres, vol. I (Paris, La Pleiade), p. 5I5.
5. S vol. II, 509 [=Johannes Stobaeus, Eclogae, I, 8, 40, p. I06, 5 ed. Wachsmuth = Arius Didymus, Epitome, Fr. Phys. 26, ed. H. Diels (Doxographi Graeci, Berlin, I879, pp. 46I ) = Long and Sedley 5IB, trans. vol. I, p. 304; Greek text and commentary vol. II, pp. 30I-302 -Trans. ]. On this problem atic, c ]. -]. Duhot, Conception stoi ienne de la causalite (Paris, I989), pp. 95-
IOO.
6. H. Bergson, La Pensee et le Mouvant (Paris, I934), pp. I68-I69.
7. Cf. Simplicius, Commentary on Aristotle's Categories, p. 407, 3 Kalb eisch:
" r them, the ture is determined. "
8. This interpretation of Stoic ideas about the present, the past, and the
ture is based on that of Emile Brehier, Theorie des inco orels dans l'ancien stoi isme (Paris, I9623), pp. 58-59.
9. Goldschmidt, Systeme stoi ien, p. I95·
IO. Pace E. R. Dodds, Pagans and Christians in an Age ofAnxiety (New York,
I970), p. 9, and Rist, in Meyer and Sanders, eds.
,Jewish and Christian Se -Def i tion, pp. 38-39.
I I . Homer, Iliad, XX, I27; XXIV, 209, 525; Odyssey, VII, I97-
I2. C Pierre Boyance, "Remarques sur le Papyrus de Derveni," Revue des Etudes Grecques, 87 (I974): 95.
I3. Plato, Republic, 6I7b
I4. SVF II, 9I3 [= Stobaeus, Eclogae, I, 79, I Wachsmuth -Trans. ].
I5. SVF II, 9I4 [= Diogenianus in Eusebius, Evangelical Preparation, VI, 8, 9,
I-IO, 5 Mras. -Trans. ].
I 6. Good accounts ofthis theory are contained in E. Brehier, Ch sippe (Paris,
I95I), pp. II4-I27; S. Sambursky, The Physi of the Stoics (London, I959), pp. II-I7. C Stoi iens, pp. I67-I69 (= Plutarch, On Common Notions, 37, I077-I078).
I7. Stoi iens, p. I69 [= Plutarch, On Common Notions I078D-E -Trans. ]. I8. Hubert Reeves, Patience dans l'azur (Paris, I988), p. 259.
Notes to Pages 141-152 329
19. Francis Thompson, The Mistress sion (Ayles rd: St. Albert's Press, 1966).
20. Euripides, . 898, in A. Nauck, ed. , Tragicorum Graecorum agmenta (Leipzig: Teubner, 1889; repr. Hildesheim: Olms, 1964).
2 I . Nietzsche, E e homo. y I am so Intell ent, I O [= Friedrich Nietzsche: S mtliche Werke, Kritische Studienausgabe herausgegeben von Giorgio Colli und Mazzino Montinari (Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1988), vol. 6, p. 297, 24-29; cf Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy Morals and Ecce Homo, ed. and trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage Books, 1967), p. 258 - Trans. ].
22. Nietzsche, Nietzsche Contra Wagner, Epilogue, I [= vol. 6, p. 436, 1 5-19 Colli/Montinari; c The Portable Nietzsche, selected and translated by Walter Kaufmann (New York: Viking Press, 1954), p. 680 -Trans. ].
23. Nietzsche, Posthumous Fragments, late 1886-Spring 1887, 7 (38) [= vol. 12, pp. 307-308 Colli/Montinari; c Friedrich Nietzsche, The Will to Power, translated by Walter Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale, edited by Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage Books, 1968), pp. 532-533 (no. ro32) -Trans. ].
24. Nietzsche, Posthumous Fragments, Spring-Summer 1888, 16 (32) [= vol. 13, p. 492, 3l-493, 7 Colli/Montinari; cf Kaufmann/Hollingdale, pp. 536-537
(no. ro41) -Trans. ].
25. William Blake, "Auguries oflnnocence," in G. Keynes, ed. , Blake, Com-
plete Writings (London, 1966), p. 43I.
26. Seneca, On Bene ts, VII, 3 .
27. Stoi iens, p. 140 (= Plutarch, On Common Notions, VIII, ro62a).
28. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 74, 27.
29. On these notions, see P. Hadot, "Only the Present," in Philosophy as a
Way ofL e, pp. 63-75.
30. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 6. 43l I.
3 I. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, l6, 4.
32. This has been the view ofscholars om Renan toJ. M. Rist (in Meyer
and Sanders, eds. ,Jewish and Christian Se -De nition, p. 29).
3 3 . Here I am llowing the text of Theiler.
34. Aristotle, Protrepticus, . 2, pp. 27-28 in W. D. Ross, ed. , Aristotelis F g
menta Selecta (Ox rd, 1955).
35. Seneca,LetterstoLucilius, 16,4. Inthispassage,wecanrecognizeseveralof
Marcus Aurelius' hypotheses: an impersonal providence (= hypothesis 4 in our diagram); a personal providence (= hypothesis 5); and chance (= hypothesis l). On these various hypotheses, c W. Theiler, "Tacitus und die antike Schicksal slehre,"inPhylloboliaf rPetervonderMiihll(Basel, 1945), pp. 35-90 [reprintedin Theiler's Forschungen zum Neuplatonismus (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1966) - Trans. ].
36. C M. Frede, Die Stoische Logik (Gottingen, 1974), pp. 98-roo; Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, XVI, 8, 14.
3 30 Notes to Pages l 53-171
37. Chrysippus,inAulusGellius,AtticNights,VII,l, 7-13.
38. Cicero, On the Nature ofthe Gods, III, 35, 86. See also II, 66, 167: the gods are concerned about great things, and neglect the minor ones. Cf Philo of Alexandria, On Providence, II, § r o2 : the cataclysms brought about by the natural trans rmation ofthe elements are only accidental consequences of ndamental natural processes.
39. Cf Marcus Aurelius' use ofthe word toioutos in Meditations, V, 8, 4, where the cosmos is described as "such-and-such" a body, and destiny as "such-and such" a cause. See also IV, 33, 3.
40. Pascal, Pensees, §77, trans. W. F. Trotter (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1958), no. 77, p. 23.
4r. [The word translated here as "reasons" is the Greek logos, which has a wide variety ofmeanings, including " rmula," "de nition," "proposition," and "account," to name but a w. -Trans. ]
42. Stoidens, p. 59 (§§135-136); SVF vol. II, §ro27 [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, 135-136; cf Long and Sedley no. 46B, vol. I, p. 275 (translation); vol. II, p. 272 (Greek text and commentary) -Trans. ] .
43 . Seneca, Natural Questions, I, Pre ce, 3 .
44. Cleanthes, Hymn to Zeus, translation by A. -J. Festugiere, La Revelation d'Hermes Trismegiste, vol. 2 (Paris, 1949), p. 313; see also Stoidens, p. 8.
45. Seneca, Natural Questions, II, 45, r.
46. Ibid. , II, 45, 2-3.
47. Ibid. , II, 46.
48. Epictetus, Discourses, I, 12, 8; I, 20, l 5; Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, III,
16,3;X,ll, 4;XII,27,2;XII,3l, 2(ontheidentityof llowingReasonand llowing God) .
49. Cf. P. Hadot, "Introduction" to Plotin, Traite 50 (Paris, 1990), p. 68.
50. Origen, Against Celsus, IV, 74; cf S , vol. II, §§u56-u57.
5l. H. Bergson,LesDeuxSourcesdelamo leetdelareligion,p. 343(thephrase
quoted is the last sentence of this work) .
52. Cicero, On the Nature ofthe Gods, II, 66, 165-166.
53. On this passage om Marcus Aurelius, see the remarkable article by
Andre-Jean Voelke, "Sante du monde et sante de l'individu: Marc Aurele V, 8," Revue inte ationale de philosophie, 1991, pp. 322-335. These pages are all the more moving in that, as he was writing them, the author was quite aware of his own imminent death.
54. Kaiser Marc Aurel und seine Zeit, ed. Klaus Stemmer (Berlin, 1988), p. xii. 55. R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, p. 68.
56. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, ro7, 2.
57. Plotinus, Enneads, Treatise 38 (VI, 7), 22, 3r.
5 8 . I n Nietzsche Contra Wagner, " Epilogue , " I .
59. Jou al de l'abbe Mugnier (Paris: Mercure de France, 1985), p. 221 [= the diaries of the French clergyman Arthur Mugnier (1853-1944); the princess in
Notes to Pages I72-I89 33I
question is Mugnier's Romanian correspondent Martha Bibesco (c.
