By
preventing
entry
1 Mass.
1 Mass.
Arthur Schlesinger - Colonial Merchants and the American Revolution
org/access_use#pd-google
? STRUGGLE WITH THE EAST INDIA COMPANY
285
Roxbury, Brookline and Cambridge, representing a largely
rural and therefore less conservative constituency than the
Boston committee alone. This new body, meeting on No-
vember 22, resolved unanimously " to use their Joint influ-
ence to prevent the Landing and Sale of the Teas . . . ,"
and the Boston committee was instructed to arouse all the
towns to an " immediate and effectual opposition. "
The first tea ship, the Dartmouth, made its appearance
in the harbor on Saturday, November 27, the other two
arriving some days later. This was the signal for the next
progressive step in the development of the radical organ-
ization-- a meeting of all the inhabitants of the towns
represented in the joint committee. It was this irrespon-
sible mass-gathering of inhabitants of Boston and the
nearby towns that now assumed direction of events, the
town meeting being entirely superseded. 1 The mass meet-
ing sat th1oug'fl Monday and Tllfgdayand, because of great
numbers, adjourned from Faneuil Hall to Old South Meet-
ing House. 2 One of the very first votes was a unanimous
resolution fh^t the tea, shipped by the East India Company
"shall nn^ only h<. spnf back but that no duty shall be paid
thereon," and this was later supplemented by a vote apply-
1 " Massachusettensis," writing in the Mass. Gas. & Post-Boy, Jan. 2,
I775. remarked on this supplanting of the town meeting, observing
that: "A body meeting has great advantages over a town-meeting, as
no law has yet ascertained the qualification of the voters; each person
present, of whatever age, estate or country, may . . . speak or vote at
such an assembly; and that might serve as a skreen to the town where
it originated, in case of any disastrous consequence. "
* " A more determined spirit was conspicuous in this body than in
any of the former assemblies of the people. It was composed of the
lowest as well, and probably in as great proportions, as of the superior
ranks and orders, and all had an equal voice. No eccentric or irreg-
ular motions, however, were suffered to take place. All seemed to
T1ave been the plan of but few, it may be, of a single person. " Hutch-
inson, Mass. Bay, vol. iii, p. 433.
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? 286 THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
ing the same principles to private shipments of tea. These
r,esolye^*? Q? ^lit1it^ ti1c t1ltiimituiii of tl1p ra. dica. ls. who
were_now clearly in the ascendant: the town meeting-
never gone bevond the f^anH ^f- ffrf tr>
turned unladen. Henceforth the destruction of the tea was
1nevitable, unless Hutchinson should weaken. The gover-
nor gave no indications of a faltering resolution, for the
sheriff in his name confronted the assemblage with a proc-
lamation commanding them "to disperse and to surcease
all further unlawful proceedings;" but the only effect was
to arouse "a loud and very general hiss. " The meeting
carried on negotiations with the consignees, and with Rotch,
owner of the Dartmouth, but failed to secure satisfactory
concessions. The meeting adjourned after establishing
watches for th^Dartmouth and the other tea ships as they
should arrive. Copies of the transactions were sent to
Philadelphia and New York.
The excitement at Boston prompted the committees of
correspondence in other towns of the province to secure the
passage of resolutions, pledging their support to Boston and
decreeing the non-importation of dutied teas. 1
Monday, December 1 3, arrived -- the seventeenth day
after the arrival of the Dartmouth; and Rotch still lin-
gered in his preparations to send the vessel to sea. The
situation had become somewhat complicated through the
fact that the vessel had been entered at the custom house in
order to unload drygoods and other merchandise belonging
to the merchants. 2 Under a statute of William III, this
entry made the vessel liable to seizure at the end of twenty
1 From Nov. 26 to Dec. 16, the following towns acted, in the order
named: Cambridge, Brookline, Roxbury, Charlestown, Marblehead,
Plymouth, Ma1den, Gloucester, Lexington, Groton, Newburyport, Lynn.
and Mcdford. Bos. Com. Cor. Mss. , vols. vi and vii, passim.
1 Hutchinson, op. cit. , voL iii, p. 430 n. ; Pa. Mag. , vol. xiv, p. 36.
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? STRUGGLE WITH THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 387
days by the customs officers for the non-payment of duties.
Affairs had reached a critical stage. On Tuesday afternoon
the mass meeting again assembled and "enjoined" Rotch
to demand a clearance for his ship at the custom house.
The plan was that, in case of refusal, he should enter a pro-
test, and then, securing a permit from the governor, pro-
ceed to sea. Accompanied by a committee of ten, Rotch
made the demand, but the customs collector refused an
answer until he had had time to consult with his colleagues.
Thursday was the last of the twenty-day period; and early
in the morning the country people began to pour into town
by the fifties and the hundreds. Almost eight thousand
people attended the meeting which was to hear the outcome
of the conference. Greatest impatience was manifested
when they were told that a clearance had been refused while
the dutiable articles remained on board. Rotch was or-
dered upon his peril to enter a protest and to demand of the
governor a permit for his ship to pass the Castle.
Hutchinson, meantime, had not been idle. 1 He had re-
newed in writing the orders which used to be given to the
commander of the Castle to allow no vessel to pass the
fortress without a permit; and a number of guns were
loaded in anticipation of trouble. Fearing that the vessel
might try to escape through a different channel, two war-
ships, which had been laid up for the winter, were, at his
request, sent to guard the passages out of the harbor. Was
it a portent that, on the very day the storm broke, the
armed brig Gaspee should arrive from Rhode Island for
action? When Rotch made his request of Hutchinson, the
governor, feeling his mastery of the situation, replied that
he " could not give a pass till the ship was cleared by the
1 Hutchinson's own account to Hillsborough; Mass. Arch. , vol. xxvii,
pp. 586-587.
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? 288 THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
Custom-House. " l The waiting assemblage learned the
news with greatest exasperation. There were angry
speeches in the flickering candle-light. Then Sam Adams
arose to his feet and pronounced clearly the talismanic
words: "This meeting can do nothing more to save the
country. " There was an answering war-whoop out of
doors; and a disciplined mob, disguised as Mohawk In-
dians, hastened to the wharf, and with great expedition
dumped into the harbor not only the tea on board the Dart-
mouth but also that on board the other two ships. No
other property was injured; no person was harmed; no tea
was allowed to be carried away; and a great crowd on the
shore looked quietly on.
The mob that worked silently and systematically that
night was evidently no ordinary one. Exhaustive research
many years later brought forth a list of participants; but.
as very few of the men ever cared to avow their connection
with the lawless undertaking, the identity of the persons
will never definitely be known. 2 However, it is evident that
1 " His granting a pass to a vessel which had not been cleared at the
custom-house, would have been a direct violation of his oath, by mak-
ing himself an accessary in the breach of those laws which he had
sworn to observe. " Hutchinson, op. cit. , vol. iii, pp. 436-437. This is
the best defense of Hutchinson's action. Vide also Hutchinson, Diary
and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson, vol. i, pp. 103-104; Maw. Arch. ,
vol. xxvii, p. 611. Nevertheless, in the preliminary weeks Hutchinson
had every opportunity, through his personal relations with the tea
consignees, to prevent the situation from reaching such an acute
stage. Had the public mind been less inflamed, the merchants as a
class would never have lent their support to the act of destruction. In
view of the dire consequences, which Hutchinson might very well have
foreseen, it would appear that he should have stretched his discretion-
ary powers to the point of permitting Rotch to depart without clear-
ance. In this connection it is worth noting that Lord Mahon in his
History of England (Boston, 1853-1854), vol. vi, p. 2, thought that
Hutchinson was "perhaps unwise" in refusing the permit.
1 Vide Drake, Tea Leaves. Cf. Pierce, E. L. , "Recollections as a
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? STRUGGLE WITH THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 2
the better class of citizens toiM fjjfjr h
ters, masons, farmers, blacksmith^ qnd harpers- T^kp names
of fifteen merchants, pf the more radical stamp, including
William Molineux and Henry Bass, have been included in
the list; and it is known that Lendall Pitts, brother to John
Pitts, the selectman, had charge of one portion of the mob.
John Hancock was probably speaking the truth when he
disclaimed all knowledge of any detail of the tea destruc-
tion. 1 But it is clear that many merchants, who went into
the movement against the East India Company with the in-
tention of resorting only to peaceful opposition, were swept
by the surge of popular feeling into measures of which
their best judgment disapproved. 2 Two days after the tea
affair, Governor Hutchinson described in some amazement
the apparent callousness of the public toward the destruc-
tion of ? 15,000 of property belonging to the English com-
pany. The Stamp Act riots had excited horror and pity,
he declared, because the great loss fell upon two or three
individuals; but now no pity was expressed for " so great
Source of History," 2 M. H. S. Procs. , vol. x, pp. 473-480. Drake's list
includes 11 1 names. Contemporary accounts fixed the number of par-
ticipants variously from 50 to 200. Hutchinson said: "So many of the
actors and abettors were universally known, that a proclamation, with
a reward for discovery, would have been ridiculed. " Mass. Bay, vol.
iii, p. 439. Edes, at whose house the "Indians" rested in waiting, was,
according to his son, the only person who had a complete list of par-
ticipants; and after his death the list was taken, it would appear, by
the merchant, Benjamin Austin, as a paper whose contents he wished
not to be publicly known. Thereafter it disappeared. 1 M. H. S. Procs. ,
vol. xii, pp. 174-176.
1 Brown, John Hancock His Book, p. 178. Loyalist contemporaries
claimed insistently that he was one of the mob.
1 Hutchinson wrote shortly after the tea destruction: "All this time
nobody suspected they would suffer the tea to be destroyed, there being
so many men of property active at their meetings, as Hancock, Phillips,
Rowe, Dennie, and others, besides the selectmen and the town clerk
who was clerk of all the meetings. " / M. H. S. Procs. , vol. xiii, p. 170.
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? 290
THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
a body as the East India Company; it is said to be a loss
which will never be felt. " *
At Philadelphia, the eventful day arrived some days later
than at Boston. In the weeks following the public resolu-
tions of October 16 there had, seemed for a time serious
danger that the workingrnpfl of Philadelphia would Sep-
arate thetncglwc frnm faf. ftppo^tirm tn, th>> Fagt JnrHa
because of the unreasonablv high prices which
demandfT frr *u" gtnnt;c1~< *"" Early
in December, however, a committee of investigation was
appointed by the inhabitants; and, after some difficulty,
they succeeded in forcing the price of tea down to a level
of six shillings a pound. 2 This allayed the mutterings. On
Saturday evening, December 25, it was learned that the
tea ship, commanded by Captain Ayres, had arrived at
Chester; and armed by this forewarning, the vessel was
stopped the next day at Gloucester Point, about four miles
from the city. 8 Captain Ayres, being brought ashore, was
made acquainted with the feeling of the townsmen; and he
promised that he would go to sea when the people had so
expressed themselves in public meeting. Upon Monday,
eight thousand people of all ranks assembled in the Square,
and in spirited resolutions directed Captain Ayres not to
enter the vessel at the custom house but to depart imme-
diately for England. So it came about that, within six days
after the tea ship entered the Capes, she was on her way
out again with her cargo undisturbed.
By preventing entry
1 Mass. Arch. , voL xxvii, p. 594. A fourth tea-ship, not yet arrived,
was cast ashore on the back of Cape Cod by a storm about this time.
Ibid. , p. 587.
? Fa. Gas. , Dec. 8, 1773; also Pa. Chron. , Dec 13.
* The principal documents relative to the tea episode in Philadelphia
may be found in Pa. Mag. , vol. xv, pp. 385-30^.
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? STRUGGLE WITH THE EAST INDIA COMPANY
291
at the custom house, the Philadelphians succeeded in avoid-
ing the difficulties which the Bostonians had faced, although
thereby Thomas Wharton found himself deprived tempo-
rarily of the use of a fine chariot which was consigned to
him, and other rrifrrhpnrg had tn ^o without their winter
The public meeting, after voting instructions for Ayres's
guidance, resolved their hearty approval of the destruction
of the tea at Boston. The passage of this resolve awoke
the only discord at the meeting, for the committee, which
had prepared the other resolutions in advance, had rejected
this one by a vote of ten to two. The tenor of the resolu-
tion was contrary to the sentiments of "the substantial
thinking part," and had been carried in open meeting only
through the eloquence of the two advocates and the un-
thinking enthusiasm of the crowd. *
At Ne^y York, as elsewhere, the merchants were active
in stirring up opposition to the East India Company's ship-
ments; but the development of events revealed, more
clearly than elsewhere, th<>
merchants and rafjjrak as to the proper mode of procedure. *
Preparations for the arrival began on November 10, when
a printed notice, signed by " Legion," directed the pilots to
refuse to guide the tea ship into the harbor. As the vessel
was expected sometime in December, a committee of citi-
zens exerted pressure upon the consignees to resign their
1 Pa. Mag. , vol. xiv, pp. 78-79.
1 Wharton to Walpole; Wharton, Letter-Book (Hist. Soc. of Pa. ), pp.
33-34-
* The best accounts of these events are: the narrative by "Brutus"
in N. Y. Gasetteer, May 12, 1774, reprinted in 4 Am. Arch. , vol. i, pp.
251-258 n. ; and the modern treatment of Becker, N. Y. Parties, 1760-
1776, pp. IO2-H1. Vide also the New York newspapers during this
period.
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? 292
THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
commissions; and this they cheerfully did on December 1,
although meantime an open threat of violence had been
made against them in a broadside issued by the "Mo-
hawks. " It was clearly necessary to reach an agreement as
to the nature of the opposition which should be directed
against the expected tea ship; and for this purpose a docu-
ment, entitled the "Association of the Sons of Liberty,"
was prepared as a common platform for all classes. This
paper denounced all persons who should aid in the intro-
duction of dutied teas as enemies to their country and de-
clared a boycott against them. As an onlooker of the
event put it, this document embodied " the strongest terms
of opposition, without actual violence . . . , leaving [by
implication] the use of force . . . to be resolved in some
future time in case any emergency might thereafter render
the measure necessary. " l The association was general
enough in its terms to be signed by a great number of in-
habitants, including "most of the principal lawyers, mer-
chants, landholders, masters of ships, and mechanics. "
The radicals were content with the association as a be-
ginning; and one of the ultra-radicals, Alexander McDou-
gall, assured Sam Adams in a letter of December 13 that:
"The worst that can or will happen here is the landing of
the Tea and storing it in the Fort. " 2 The boldness of the
people grew with the news of the early transactions at Bos-
ton; and in order to capitalize the excitement, the Sons of
Liberty and "every other Friend to the Liberties and
Trade of America" were summoned to a mass meeting on
December 16. Two thousand were present notwithstand-
ing the inclement weather, and they readily agreed to the
suggestion of the radical, John Lamb, that a committee of
1" Brutus," loc. eit.
1 Hos. Com. Cor. Mss. , vol. vi, pp. 472-473.
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? STRUGGLE WITH THE EAST INDIA COMPANY
293
correspondence be appointed to communicate with the other
provinces. The assemblage formally ratified the associa-
tion; and when the mayor appeared with a proposition from
the governor that the tea upon its arrival should be stored
in the Fort and not be removed except at noonday, the offer
was greeted with a thrice-repeated negative and indications
of intense indignation. The radicals had advanced beyond
the stage of halfway measures.
Thisjneeting alarmed the more conservative merchants,
Who saw plainly tha{ affairs wprp drifting in the directTon
of niftk rr>"1T7? Four days later, a few persons, among
whom Isaac Low and Jacob Walton were most active, cir-
culated a paper, the avowed purpose of which was to pledge
the signer<<t not jo rpsnrt to inrre. in opposing the introduc-
tion of the tea. The project made some headway, but was
abandoned on the next day because of the excitement
aroused by the receipt of news of the Boston Tea Party.
From that moment, as Governor Tryon informed Dart-
mouth, all hope of a temperate opposition was gone. 1 The
consignees felt no uncertainty as to the peril, and on De-
cember 27 wrote to Captain Lockyer, of the tea-ship, a
letter to be delivered upon his arrival at Sandy Hook,
notifying him of their resignation and advising him to re-
turn to sea " for the safety of your cargo, your vessel, and
your person . . . " * But the master of the tea ship had
already heard echoes of the clamor at Boston and elsewhere
in far-off Antigua, whither adverse winds had driven him
while making for New York. * When he arrived at Sandy
1 " The landing, storing and safe keeping of the Tea when stored
could be accomplished, but only under the protection of the Point of
the Bayonet and Muzle of the Cannon . . . ," wrote Tryon. N. Y. Col^
Docs. , vol. viii, pp. 407-408.
? Drake, op. cit. , p. 358.
1 Mass. Spy, Apr. 7, 1774.
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? 294
THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
Hook on Monday, April 18, 1774, he pursued a most cir-
cumspect course, refusing to betake himself personally to
the city without permission of the committee of correspond-
ence, and promising not to make entry at the custom house
and to continue speedily on his way.
Capain Lockyer saved the property of the East India
Company by his caution; for the populace were alert and
ready for violent measures. This was shown by an inci-
dent which occurred before Lockyer returned to sea. On
Friday of this week Captain Chambers arrived in the Lon-
don with a personal consignment of eighteen chests of tea,
whose presence on board he attempted in vain to conceal.
The facts were laid before a meeting of citizens and the
"Mohawks" were prepared for action at a concerted
signal, when some impatient souls thronged on board the
vessel, stove in the chests, and cast the tea into the waters. 1
The New Yorkers had now surpassed the Bostonians in
their radicalism, for the latter had exhausted all other ex-
pedients before employing force. The New Yorkers acted
in resentment of the glaring duplicity of Captain Chambers,
who only six months before had received the gratitude
of a New York meeting for having been one of the first
captains to refuse a tea consignment of the East India
Company.
The course of opposition in the commercial centers of the
North thus took the form of an uncompromising refusal to
permit the tea to be landed. In every instance, the move-
ment was crowned with success, because it was engineered
by an alliance of radicals and the generality of thejjjer-
1jumts. The fourth port to which the tea was consigned
1"Several persons of reputation were placed below to keep tally and
about the companion to prevent ill-disposed persons from going below
the deck. " "Brutus," loc. cit.
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? STRUGGLE WITH THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 295
presented a fjjfnatmn in whirh such a union of forces was
difficult to accomplish: and therefore the resistance to the
East India Company yielded results only partially sur-
cessful.
"When news of the new commercial advantages granted
to the East India Company reached Charleston, the news-
papers hardly did more than to reprint some of the more
trenchant pieces from the northern newspapers. The
Charlestonians in general experienced considerable difficulty
in discovering why they should be alarmed at receiving
dutied tea directly from the East India Company when they
had complaisantly accepted it from merchants who had
themselves bought it of the company. It was some of the
pla"*flrc who began to propagate the doctrine
of an active resistance to the East India Company and in-
vented the pleasant fiction that the private orders of cus-
tomed tea had been imported in the belief that the duty
would soon be repealed by Parliament. 1 The merchants
were loath to take any part in the movement, many of them
being factors and thus bearing a relationship to their Eng-
lish firms not unlike that of the tea consignees to the East
India Company. Furthermore, a non-importation of dutied
teas would inure to the benefit of a very small smuggling
class, and the merchants bad r? "Mis'""1 f^ pTM**"- +Vjr w/'1-
fare to that of a legitimate trading company. The mer-
chants also had large quantities of dutied teas in their stores
and, in any event, desired to dispose of this stock before
opposing the East India Company. The problem of the
radicals was to secure the backing of the mercantile ele-
ment, and to accomplish this end by making as few conces-
sions as possible.
On Thursday morning, December 2, the tea ship London
1 " Junius Brutus" in S. C. Gas. , Nov. 29, 1773.
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? 2g6 THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763. 1776
came to anchor before the town, containing the consign-
ment of the East India Company as well as several tea con-
signments to private merchants. At once handbills were
distributed about the streets inviting all inhabitants and
particularly the landholders to assemble at the Exchange
the next day. 1 The people responded in such numbers as to
cause the main beams of the structure to give way. In the
heated debates, it was urged that the East India Company
had the same right to import dutied teas as the private mer-
chants had been enjoying; but the greater number held
otherwise. They prevailed upon the tea consignees to re-
sign their commissions, and framed an agreement, pledging
the merchants who should sign it to a non-importation of
dutied teas. Captain Curling, of the tea ship, being present,
^'3*1 rgtr'1ptn'H *" r>>tnrn tn RtiplIflH w1'th thp tpa; but n? _
action was foken with reference to the private tea orders
on board, which were publicly landed by their owners.
The committee entrusted with the circulation of the
agreement, headed by Chris Gadsden and composed mostly
of planters, met with little success. Even the appearance
of a new agreement, signed by the " principal planters and
landholders" and threatening boycott against dealers in
dutied teas, had no visible effect on the merchants. Their
objection was that the proposed agreement was aimed
against dutied teas only and would directly enrich and en-
large the smuggling class. 2 The cause of the merchants
was suffering from lack of organization; and in order to
secure a greater solidarity, they established, on December 9,
the "Charles-Town Chamber of Commerce. " which there-
after devoted itself to promoting mercant1le interests, polit-
1 For the events of Dec. 2 and 3, vide S. C. Gas. , Dec. 6, 1773; N. Y.
Gasetteer, Dec. 23; Drayton, Memoirs, vol. i, pp. 97-98.
1Two letters of the Charleston consignees; Pub. Rec. Off. , C. O. 5,
no.
? STRUGGLE WITH THE EAST INDIA COMPANY
285
Roxbury, Brookline and Cambridge, representing a largely
rural and therefore less conservative constituency than the
Boston committee alone. This new body, meeting on No-
vember 22, resolved unanimously " to use their Joint influ-
ence to prevent the Landing and Sale of the Teas . . . ,"
and the Boston committee was instructed to arouse all the
towns to an " immediate and effectual opposition. "
The first tea ship, the Dartmouth, made its appearance
in the harbor on Saturday, November 27, the other two
arriving some days later. This was the signal for the next
progressive step in the development of the radical organ-
ization-- a meeting of all the inhabitants of the towns
represented in the joint committee. It was this irrespon-
sible mass-gathering of inhabitants of Boston and the
nearby towns that now assumed direction of events, the
town meeting being entirely superseded. 1 The mass meet-
ing sat th1oug'fl Monday and Tllfgdayand, because of great
numbers, adjourned from Faneuil Hall to Old South Meet-
ing House. 2 One of the very first votes was a unanimous
resolution fh^t the tea, shipped by the East India Company
"shall nn^ only h<. spnf back but that no duty shall be paid
thereon," and this was later supplemented by a vote apply-
1 " Massachusettensis," writing in the Mass. Gas. & Post-Boy, Jan. 2,
I775. remarked on this supplanting of the town meeting, observing
that: "A body meeting has great advantages over a town-meeting, as
no law has yet ascertained the qualification of the voters; each person
present, of whatever age, estate or country, may . . . speak or vote at
such an assembly; and that might serve as a skreen to the town where
it originated, in case of any disastrous consequence. "
* " A more determined spirit was conspicuous in this body than in
any of the former assemblies of the people. It was composed of the
lowest as well, and probably in as great proportions, as of the superior
ranks and orders, and all had an equal voice. No eccentric or irreg-
ular motions, however, were suffered to take place. All seemed to
T1ave been the plan of but few, it may be, of a single person. " Hutch-
inson, Mass. Bay, vol. iii, p. 433.
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? 286 THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
ing the same principles to private shipments of tea. These
r,esolye^*? Q? ^lit1it^ ti1c t1ltiimituiii of tl1p ra. dica. ls. who
were_now clearly in the ascendant: the town meeting-
never gone bevond the f^anH ^f- ffrf tr>
turned unladen. Henceforth the destruction of the tea was
1nevitable, unless Hutchinson should weaken. The gover-
nor gave no indications of a faltering resolution, for the
sheriff in his name confronted the assemblage with a proc-
lamation commanding them "to disperse and to surcease
all further unlawful proceedings;" but the only effect was
to arouse "a loud and very general hiss. " The meeting
carried on negotiations with the consignees, and with Rotch,
owner of the Dartmouth, but failed to secure satisfactory
concessions. The meeting adjourned after establishing
watches for th^Dartmouth and the other tea ships as they
should arrive. Copies of the transactions were sent to
Philadelphia and New York.
The excitement at Boston prompted the committees of
correspondence in other towns of the province to secure the
passage of resolutions, pledging their support to Boston and
decreeing the non-importation of dutied teas. 1
Monday, December 1 3, arrived -- the seventeenth day
after the arrival of the Dartmouth; and Rotch still lin-
gered in his preparations to send the vessel to sea. The
situation had become somewhat complicated through the
fact that the vessel had been entered at the custom house in
order to unload drygoods and other merchandise belonging
to the merchants. 2 Under a statute of William III, this
entry made the vessel liable to seizure at the end of twenty
1 From Nov. 26 to Dec. 16, the following towns acted, in the order
named: Cambridge, Brookline, Roxbury, Charlestown, Marblehead,
Plymouth, Ma1den, Gloucester, Lexington, Groton, Newburyport, Lynn.
and Mcdford. Bos. Com. Cor. Mss. , vols. vi and vii, passim.
1 Hutchinson, op. cit. , voL iii, p. 430 n. ; Pa. Mag. , vol. xiv, p. 36.
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? STRUGGLE WITH THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 387
days by the customs officers for the non-payment of duties.
Affairs had reached a critical stage. On Tuesday afternoon
the mass meeting again assembled and "enjoined" Rotch
to demand a clearance for his ship at the custom house.
The plan was that, in case of refusal, he should enter a pro-
test, and then, securing a permit from the governor, pro-
ceed to sea. Accompanied by a committee of ten, Rotch
made the demand, but the customs collector refused an
answer until he had had time to consult with his colleagues.
Thursday was the last of the twenty-day period; and early
in the morning the country people began to pour into town
by the fifties and the hundreds. Almost eight thousand
people attended the meeting which was to hear the outcome
of the conference. Greatest impatience was manifested
when they were told that a clearance had been refused while
the dutiable articles remained on board. Rotch was or-
dered upon his peril to enter a protest and to demand of the
governor a permit for his ship to pass the Castle.
Hutchinson, meantime, had not been idle. 1 He had re-
newed in writing the orders which used to be given to the
commander of the Castle to allow no vessel to pass the
fortress without a permit; and a number of guns were
loaded in anticipation of trouble. Fearing that the vessel
might try to escape through a different channel, two war-
ships, which had been laid up for the winter, were, at his
request, sent to guard the passages out of the harbor. Was
it a portent that, on the very day the storm broke, the
armed brig Gaspee should arrive from Rhode Island for
action? When Rotch made his request of Hutchinson, the
governor, feeling his mastery of the situation, replied that
he " could not give a pass till the ship was cleared by the
1 Hutchinson's own account to Hillsborough; Mass. Arch. , vol. xxvii,
pp. 586-587.
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? 288 THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
Custom-House. " l The waiting assemblage learned the
news with greatest exasperation. There were angry
speeches in the flickering candle-light. Then Sam Adams
arose to his feet and pronounced clearly the talismanic
words: "This meeting can do nothing more to save the
country. " There was an answering war-whoop out of
doors; and a disciplined mob, disguised as Mohawk In-
dians, hastened to the wharf, and with great expedition
dumped into the harbor not only the tea on board the Dart-
mouth but also that on board the other two ships. No
other property was injured; no person was harmed; no tea
was allowed to be carried away; and a great crowd on the
shore looked quietly on.
The mob that worked silently and systematically that
night was evidently no ordinary one. Exhaustive research
many years later brought forth a list of participants; but.
as very few of the men ever cared to avow their connection
with the lawless undertaking, the identity of the persons
will never definitely be known. 2 However, it is evident that
1 " His granting a pass to a vessel which had not been cleared at the
custom-house, would have been a direct violation of his oath, by mak-
ing himself an accessary in the breach of those laws which he had
sworn to observe. " Hutchinson, op. cit. , vol. iii, pp. 436-437. This is
the best defense of Hutchinson's action. Vide also Hutchinson, Diary
and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson, vol. i, pp. 103-104; Maw. Arch. ,
vol. xxvii, p. 611. Nevertheless, in the preliminary weeks Hutchinson
had every opportunity, through his personal relations with the tea
consignees, to prevent the situation from reaching such an acute
stage. Had the public mind been less inflamed, the merchants as a
class would never have lent their support to the act of destruction. In
view of the dire consequences, which Hutchinson might very well have
foreseen, it would appear that he should have stretched his discretion-
ary powers to the point of permitting Rotch to depart without clear-
ance. In this connection it is worth noting that Lord Mahon in his
History of England (Boston, 1853-1854), vol. vi, p. 2, thought that
Hutchinson was "perhaps unwise" in refusing the permit.
1 Vide Drake, Tea Leaves. Cf. Pierce, E. L. , "Recollections as a
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? STRUGGLE WITH THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 2
the better class of citizens toiM fjjfjr h
ters, masons, farmers, blacksmith^ qnd harpers- T^kp names
of fifteen merchants, pf the more radical stamp, including
William Molineux and Henry Bass, have been included in
the list; and it is known that Lendall Pitts, brother to John
Pitts, the selectman, had charge of one portion of the mob.
John Hancock was probably speaking the truth when he
disclaimed all knowledge of any detail of the tea destruc-
tion. 1 But it is clear that many merchants, who went into
the movement against the East India Company with the in-
tention of resorting only to peaceful opposition, were swept
by the surge of popular feeling into measures of which
their best judgment disapproved. 2 Two days after the tea
affair, Governor Hutchinson described in some amazement
the apparent callousness of the public toward the destruc-
tion of ? 15,000 of property belonging to the English com-
pany. The Stamp Act riots had excited horror and pity,
he declared, because the great loss fell upon two or three
individuals; but now no pity was expressed for " so great
Source of History," 2 M. H. S. Procs. , vol. x, pp. 473-480. Drake's list
includes 11 1 names. Contemporary accounts fixed the number of par-
ticipants variously from 50 to 200. Hutchinson said: "So many of the
actors and abettors were universally known, that a proclamation, with
a reward for discovery, would have been ridiculed. " Mass. Bay, vol.
iii, p. 439. Edes, at whose house the "Indians" rested in waiting, was,
according to his son, the only person who had a complete list of par-
ticipants; and after his death the list was taken, it would appear, by
the merchant, Benjamin Austin, as a paper whose contents he wished
not to be publicly known. Thereafter it disappeared. 1 M. H. S. Procs. ,
vol. xii, pp. 174-176.
1 Brown, John Hancock His Book, p. 178. Loyalist contemporaries
claimed insistently that he was one of the mob.
1 Hutchinson wrote shortly after the tea destruction: "All this time
nobody suspected they would suffer the tea to be destroyed, there being
so many men of property active at their meetings, as Hancock, Phillips,
Rowe, Dennie, and others, besides the selectmen and the town clerk
who was clerk of all the meetings. " / M. H. S. Procs. , vol. xiii, p. 170.
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? 290
THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
a body as the East India Company; it is said to be a loss
which will never be felt. " *
At Philadelphia, the eventful day arrived some days later
than at Boston. In the weeks following the public resolu-
tions of October 16 there had, seemed for a time serious
danger that the workingrnpfl of Philadelphia would Sep-
arate thetncglwc frnm faf. ftppo^tirm tn, th>> Fagt JnrHa
because of the unreasonablv high prices which
demandfT frr *u" gtnnt;c1~< *"" Early
in December, however, a committee of investigation was
appointed by the inhabitants; and, after some difficulty,
they succeeded in forcing the price of tea down to a level
of six shillings a pound. 2 This allayed the mutterings. On
Saturday evening, December 25, it was learned that the
tea ship, commanded by Captain Ayres, had arrived at
Chester; and armed by this forewarning, the vessel was
stopped the next day at Gloucester Point, about four miles
from the city. 8 Captain Ayres, being brought ashore, was
made acquainted with the feeling of the townsmen; and he
promised that he would go to sea when the people had so
expressed themselves in public meeting. Upon Monday,
eight thousand people of all ranks assembled in the Square,
and in spirited resolutions directed Captain Ayres not to
enter the vessel at the custom house but to depart imme-
diately for England. So it came about that, within six days
after the tea ship entered the Capes, she was on her way
out again with her cargo undisturbed.
By preventing entry
1 Mass. Arch. , voL xxvii, p. 594. A fourth tea-ship, not yet arrived,
was cast ashore on the back of Cape Cod by a storm about this time.
Ibid. , p. 587.
? Fa. Gas. , Dec. 8, 1773; also Pa. Chron. , Dec 13.
* The principal documents relative to the tea episode in Philadelphia
may be found in Pa. Mag. , vol. xv, pp. 385-30^.
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? STRUGGLE WITH THE EAST INDIA COMPANY
291
at the custom house, the Philadelphians succeeded in avoid-
ing the difficulties which the Bostonians had faced, although
thereby Thomas Wharton found himself deprived tempo-
rarily of the use of a fine chariot which was consigned to
him, and other rrifrrhpnrg had tn ^o without their winter
The public meeting, after voting instructions for Ayres's
guidance, resolved their hearty approval of the destruction
of the tea at Boston. The passage of this resolve awoke
the only discord at the meeting, for the committee, which
had prepared the other resolutions in advance, had rejected
this one by a vote of ten to two. The tenor of the resolu-
tion was contrary to the sentiments of "the substantial
thinking part," and had been carried in open meeting only
through the eloquence of the two advocates and the un-
thinking enthusiasm of the crowd. *
At Ne^y York, as elsewhere, the merchants were active
in stirring up opposition to the East India Company's ship-
ments; but the development of events revealed, more
clearly than elsewhere, th<>
merchants and rafjjrak as to the proper mode of procedure. *
Preparations for the arrival began on November 10, when
a printed notice, signed by " Legion," directed the pilots to
refuse to guide the tea ship into the harbor. As the vessel
was expected sometime in December, a committee of citi-
zens exerted pressure upon the consignees to resign their
1 Pa. Mag. , vol. xiv, pp. 78-79.
1 Wharton to Walpole; Wharton, Letter-Book (Hist. Soc. of Pa. ), pp.
33-34-
* The best accounts of these events are: the narrative by "Brutus"
in N. Y. Gasetteer, May 12, 1774, reprinted in 4 Am. Arch. , vol. i, pp.
251-258 n. ; and the modern treatment of Becker, N. Y. Parties, 1760-
1776, pp. IO2-H1. Vide also the New York newspapers during this
period.
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? 292
THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
commissions; and this they cheerfully did on December 1,
although meantime an open threat of violence had been
made against them in a broadside issued by the "Mo-
hawks. " It was clearly necessary to reach an agreement as
to the nature of the opposition which should be directed
against the expected tea ship; and for this purpose a docu-
ment, entitled the "Association of the Sons of Liberty,"
was prepared as a common platform for all classes. This
paper denounced all persons who should aid in the intro-
duction of dutied teas as enemies to their country and de-
clared a boycott against them. As an onlooker of the
event put it, this document embodied " the strongest terms
of opposition, without actual violence . . . , leaving [by
implication] the use of force . . . to be resolved in some
future time in case any emergency might thereafter render
the measure necessary. " l The association was general
enough in its terms to be signed by a great number of in-
habitants, including "most of the principal lawyers, mer-
chants, landholders, masters of ships, and mechanics. "
The radicals were content with the association as a be-
ginning; and one of the ultra-radicals, Alexander McDou-
gall, assured Sam Adams in a letter of December 13 that:
"The worst that can or will happen here is the landing of
the Tea and storing it in the Fort. " 2 The boldness of the
people grew with the news of the early transactions at Bos-
ton; and in order to capitalize the excitement, the Sons of
Liberty and "every other Friend to the Liberties and
Trade of America" were summoned to a mass meeting on
December 16. Two thousand were present notwithstand-
ing the inclement weather, and they readily agreed to the
suggestion of the radical, John Lamb, that a committee of
1" Brutus," loc. eit.
1 Hos. Com. Cor. Mss. , vol. vi, pp. 472-473.
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? STRUGGLE WITH THE EAST INDIA COMPANY
293
correspondence be appointed to communicate with the other
provinces. The assemblage formally ratified the associa-
tion; and when the mayor appeared with a proposition from
the governor that the tea upon its arrival should be stored
in the Fort and not be removed except at noonday, the offer
was greeted with a thrice-repeated negative and indications
of intense indignation. The radicals had advanced beyond
the stage of halfway measures.
Thisjneeting alarmed the more conservative merchants,
Who saw plainly tha{ affairs wprp drifting in the directTon
of niftk rr>"1T7? Four days later, a few persons, among
whom Isaac Low and Jacob Walton were most active, cir-
culated a paper, the avowed purpose of which was to pledge
the signer<<t not jo rpsnrt to inrre. in opposing the introduc-
tion of the tea. The project made some headway, but was
abandoned on the next day because of the excitement
aroused by the receipt of news of the Boston Tea Party.
From that moment, as Governor Tryon informed Dart-
mouth, all hope of a temperate opposition was gone. 1 The
consignees felt no uncertainty as to the peril, and on De-
cember 27 wrote to Captain Lockyer, of the tea-ship, a
letter to be delivered upon his arrival at Sandy Hook,
notifying him of their resignation and advising him to re-
turn to sea " for the safety of your cargo, your vessel, and
your person . . . " * But the master of the tea ship had
already heard echoes of the clamor at Boston and elsewhere
in far-off Antigua, whither adverse winds had driven him
while making for New York. * When he arrived at Sandy
1 " The landing, storing and safe keeping of the Tea when stored
could be accomplished, but only under the protection of the Point of
the Bayonet and Muzle of the Cannon . . . ," wrote Tryon. N. Y. Col^
Docs. , vol. viii, pp. 407-408.
? Drake, op. cit. , p. 358.
1 Mass. Spy, Apr. 7, 1774.
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? 294
THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763-1776
Hook on Monday, April 18, 1774, he pursued a most cir-
cumspect course, refusing to betake himself personally to
the city without permission of the committee of correspond-
ence, and promising not to make entry at the custom house
and to continue speedily on his way.
Capain Lockyer saved the property of the East India
Company by his caution; for the populace were alert and
ready for violent measures. This was shown by an inci-
dent which occurred before Lockyer returned to sea. On
Friday of this week Captain Chambers arrived in the Lon-
don with a personal consignment of eighteen chests of tea,
whose presence on board he attempted in vain to conceal.
The facts were laid before a meeting of citizens and the
"Mohawks" were prepared for action at a concerted
signal, when some impatient souls thronged on board the
vessel, stove in the chests, and cast the tea into the waters. 1
The New Yorkers had now surpassed the Bostonians in
their radicalism, for the latter had exhausted all other ex-
pedients before employing force. The New Yorkers acted
in resentment of the glaring duplicity of Captain Chambers,
who only six months before had received the gratitude
of a New York meeting for having been one of the first
captains to refuse a tea consignment of the East India
Company.
The course of opposition in the commercial centers of the
North thus took the form of an uncompromising refusal to
permit the tea to be landed. In every instance, the move-
ment was crowned with success, because it was engineered
by an alliance of radicals and the generality of thejjjer-
1jumts. The fourth port to which the tea was consigned
1"Several persons of reputation were placed below to keep tally and
about the companion to prevent ill-disposed persons from going below
the deck. " "Brutus," loc. cit.
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? STRUGGLE WITH THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 295
presented a fjjfnatmn in whirh such a union of forces was
difficult to accomplish: and therefore the resistance to the
East India Company yielded results only partially sur-
cessful.
"When news of the new commercial advantages granted
to the East India Company reached Charleston, the news-
papers hardly did more than to reprint some of the more
trenchant pieces from the northern newspapers. The
Charlestonians in general experienced considerable difficulty
in discovering why they should be alarmed at receiving
dutied tea directly from the East India Company when they
had complaisantly accepted it from merchants who had
themselves bought it of the company. It was some of the
pla"*flrc who began to propagate the doctrine
of an active resistance to the East India Company and in-
vented the pleasant fiction that the private orders of cus-
tomed tea had been imported in the belief that the duty
would soon be repealed by Parliament. 1 The merchants
were loath to take any part in the movement, many of them
being factors and thus bearing a relationship to their Eng-
lish firms not unlike that of the tea consignees to the East
India Company. Furthermore, a non-importation of dutied
teas would inure to the benefit of a very small smuggling
class, and the merchants bad r? "Mis'""1 f^ pTM**"- +Vjr w/'1-
fare to that of a legitimate trading company. The mer-
chants also had large quantities of dutied teas in their stores
and, in any event, desired to dispose of this stock before
opposing the East India Company. The problem of the
radicals was to secure the backing of the mercantile ele-
ment, and to accomplish this end by making as few conces-
sions as possible.
On Thursday morning, December 2, the tea ship London
1 " Junius Brutus" in S. C. Gas. , Nov. 29, 1773.
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? 2g6 THE COLONIAL MERCHANTS: 1763. 1776
came to anchor before the town, containing the consign-
ment of the East India Company as well as several tea con-
signments to private merchants. At once handbills were
distributed about the streets inviting all inhabitants and
particularly the landholders to assemble at the Exchange
the next day. 1 The people responded in such numbers as to
cause the main beams of the structure to give way. In the
heated debates, it was urged that the East India Company
had the same right to import dutied teas as the private mer-
chants had been enjoying; but the greater number held
otherwise. They prevailed upon the tea consignees to re-
sign their commissions, and framed an agreement, pledging
the merchants who should sign it to a non-importation of
dutied teas. Captain Curling, of the tea ship, being present,
^'3*1 rgtr'1ptn'H *" r>>tnrn tn RtiplIflH w1'th thp tpa; but n? _
action was foken with reference to the private tea orders
on board, which were publicly landed by their owners.
The committee entrusted with the circulation of the
agreement, headed by Chris Gadsden and composed mostly
of planters, met with little success. Even the appearance
of a new agreement, signed by the " principal planters and
landholders" and threatening boycott against dealers in
dutied teas, had no visible effect on the merchants. Their
objection was that the proposed agreement was aimed
against dutied teas only and would directly enrich and en-
large the smuggling class. 2 The cause of the merchants
was suffering from lack of organization; and in order to
secure a greater solidarity, they established, on December 9,
the "Charles-Town Chamber of Commerce. " which there-
after devoted itself to promoting mercant1le interests, polit-
1 For the events of Dec. 2 and 3, vide S. C. Gas. , Dec. 6, 1773; N. Y.
Gasetteer, Dec. 23; Drayton, Memoirs, vol. i, pp. 97-98.
1Two letters of the Charleston consignees; Pub. Rec. Off. , C. O. 5,
no.
