Show in any graphic form the following
increase
of
cotton acreage in the U.
cotton acreage in the U.
Soviet Union - 1944 - Meet the Soviet Russians
is rich in inland waterways.
Its half a million
rivers, large and small, have played an important part in the trans-
portation and communication systems of the nation. Many of the
rivers have unusual length, breadth, and depth, among the most
important being the Volga, the Don, the Dniester, and the
Dnieper in Soviet Europe, and the Ob, the Yenisei, and the Lena
in Soviet Asia. Geographic obstacles to Russia's development
and trade which have affected her history have been her lack
of ice-free seaports, and the position and flow of her rivers into
inland seas or into the icebound Arctic. The Volga empties into
the Caspian Sea, the Don into the Sea of Azov, the Dniester
and the Dnieper into the Black Sea; the Ob, Yenisei, and Lena
flow northward into the icy Arctic. Murmansk, on the north-
west tip of the Kola Peninsula is, due to a warm current, ice
free the year around; this is true also of Petropavlovsk in the far
east on the Kamchatka Peninsula; Vladivostok on the Sea of
Japan is kept open by means of icebreakers. All other ports
are on inland seas or are icebound for part of the year.
C. Variations of Climate
Although the United States has great variations in climate,
they are not so extreme as those to be found in the Soviet Union.
The coldest locality in the world is in northeastern Siberia,
where the temperature falls to 960 below zero; there are sub-
tropical regions in the Crimea, where olive trees grow in abun-
dance, and desert lands of extreme heat in the Trans-Caucasus
and central Asiatic section. Eighty per cent of the area of the
U. S. S. R. is in the temperate zone, 16% in the Arctic zone, and
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? MEET THE SOVIET RUSSIANS g
4% in the subtropical zone; however, because of its continental
position, away from the tempering influence of oceans, the
winters are colder and the summers hotter than those of western
Europe in the same latitudes. The Black and Caspian Seas are
in the latitude of the Great Lakes; the climate of the U. S. S. R.
is more comparable to the climate of Canada than of the United
States. The winter temperatures for nearly all the country are
well below freezing, the snowfalls heavy, and many of the north-
ern rivers, lakes, swamps and seacoasts are frozen for months at a
time.
The rainfall over the continental plain is slight and irregular;
heavy rains are unknown except in the region of the Black Sea.
The climate, except in the south, is such as to restrict agricul-
ture to hardy and quickly maturing crops. However, much is
being done by way of experimentation to extend northward
grain and other crop growing, and by irrigation to develop cot-
ton cultivation in the desert-like areas of central Soviet Asia
and the Transcaucasus.
D. Natural Resources
Like the United States, the U. S. S. R. is potentially almost a
self-sufficient nation, due to the wealth of her natural resources,
most of which, as yet, have only begun to be known and de-
veloped. Scientific prospecting parties conducting researches as
part of the nation's plan for self-development are still discovering
sources of all kinds of raw materials for the country's future
use. Her arable land is estimated at more than a billion acres,
an eighth of which is under cultivation. One-fourth of the
world's forests, three-fifths of the phosphorites, three-fourths of
the peat, and four-fifths of the potassium salts are in the U. S. S. R.
It is estimated that her coal reserves are ample for centuries
to come and her oil production is second only to that of the
United States. Reserves of water power, gold, copper, iron ore,
manganese, chrome, nickel, lead, and apatites are abundant.
Like the United States, the U. S. S. R. has had to import tin,
rubber, coffee, cocoa, and palm oil. Rubber substitutes, both
synthetically manufactured and made from the kok-sagyz plant,
are being developed. No vital resource is totally lacking.
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? io MEET THE SOVIET RUSSIANS
E. Suggested Geographic Divisions of the U. S. S. R.
For convenience in studying the geography and resources of
this vast land, it might be helpful to divide the country into six
general areas, which, of course, might again be subdivided for
more specialized study:
1. Soviet Europe, as far south as the Caucasus: the territory
from the European borders of the U. S. S. R. west to the Ural
mountains, northward to the Arctic Circle, and southward to the
North Caucasus. Within this territorial division are the Volga
River area, and the industrial, railway, and population centers
of first importance in the country; it includes such important
cities as Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Kharkov, Gorki, Odessa,
Rostov-on-Don, and Stalingrad; the Ukraine contains the rich-
est soil and some of the most productive mines in the entire
Soviet Union.
2. The Caucasus and Transcaucasus: the area south of the
Maikop and Grozny oil fields, between the Black and Caspian
Seas, and bordered on the south by Turkey and Iran. This area
is the principal region of subtropical crops in the U. S. S. R. Tea,
citrus fruits, cotton, grapes, and tobacco are abundant. Import-
ant minerals are manganese, coal, and copper; the area supplies
75% of the oil produced in the Soviet Union. Population cen-
ters include Baku, oil production city on the Caspian Sea, from
which oil is piped to Batumi, oil port on the Black Sea, and
Tbilisi, where one of the Soviet Union's large hydraulic electric
plants is located.
3. Soviet Central Asia: the area stretching from the Caspian
Sea to the Pamirs, and including the Turkmen, Uzbek, Tadzhik,
Kazakh and Kirgiz Republics. On account of its dry and semi-
desert climate, it has presented a challenge to the Soviet nation
in making the land useful; this challenge is being met, and,
through irrigation, it has become an important cotton growing
area. Other products are wheat, sugar beets and kok-sagyz, the
rubber plant. Representing the plan of the government to de-
centralize industry and encourage its expansion eastward, Tash-
kent is a center of manufacture of the large tractors and com-
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? MEET THE SOVIET RUSSIANS n
bines which have been so vital in the mechanization of agri-
culture.
4. Soviet Siberia: the area north of the Kazakh Republic, east
of the Urals, northward to the Arctic Circle and eastward to
Lake Baikal and to the border of the Yakut Autonomous Re-
public. This area has dairying, lumbering, mining, and agri-
culture, as well as many new industries in the Ural mountain
region and in the Kuznetsk Basin. Omsk, on the Irtish River,
and Novosibirsk, on the southern Ob, are important industrial
centers.
5. The Far East: the area, traditionally part of Siberia, from
Lake Baikal to the Pacific, and bounded on the south by
Manchukuo and Outer Mongolia. The fur industry, mining,
cattle breeding, lumbering, and fishing are important in the
Republic of Yakutia; Yakutsk, on the River Lena, is a transpor-
tation and industrial center of this Republic. The far eastern
area includes the strategic Kamchatka Peninsula, as well as
the vital port of Vladivostok. On the northeast, the territory is
only fifty-six miles from Alaska, across the Bering Strait. Recog-
nizing the difficulty of defense of this distant section from the
west, the Soviet government has undertaken to increase its self-
sufficiency in manufacturing as well as in agriculture, and a grow-
ing industrial center north of Vladivostok is considered one of
the most important in the country.
6. The Soviet Arctic: all land north of the Arctic Circle; it
is suggested that the northerly port of Archangel, though slight-
ly south of the Arctic Circle, be included in a consideration of
this area. Far from disregarding this territory as useless or un-
inhabitable, the Soviets know it to be a vital section of their land.
In 1935, after much exploration and the establishment of
numerous weather and radio outposts, a summer sea route, navi-
gable from July to October, was opened across the Arctic Ocean
from Vladivostok to Archangel and Murmansk. The new route
will be important in the transportation of lumber, fish, min-
erals, and furs, which constitute the wealth of this Arctic area.
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? 2 MEET THE SOVIET RUSSIANS
References on Geography:
Cressey, George B. , Asia's Land and Peoples, Chapter XV-XXI.
Goodall, Soviet Russia in Maps.
Mikhailov, Nicholas, Land of the Soviets.
Stembridge, Jasper H. , An Atlas of the USS. R.
Williams, Albert Rhys, The Soviets, pp. 3-4; pp. 115-134.
Some Suggested Activities on Geography:
1. "So extensive is the Soviet Union that many of its citizens live farther
away from Moscow than do the people of New York. "
Using a globe, find the distance between Moscow and:
1. New York 6. Tashkent
2. Vladivostok 7. Helsinki
3. London 8. Petropavlovsk
4. Novosibirsk 9. Berlin
5. Warsaw 10. Alma-Ata
On a world map, place these cities, connecting each to Moscow with a
line on which the mileage of each distance is given.
2. A friend has written to you saying, "I think Russia's wealth is exag-
gerated; after all, most of it is Siberian waste land, isn't it? " On the
other hand, Stalin has said that the Soviet Union "has ample resources
for building an abundant, well-rounded economy. " Try to find the
facts about this matter, and write a reply to your friend.
See Mikhailov, Land of the Soviets, pp. 20-25.
Williams, The Soviets, pp. 115-134.
Hindus, Russia and Japan, Chapters VIII, IX, and X.
Pares, Russia and the Peace, Chapter XX, '"The Russian Middle
West. "
3. The distance from Leningrad to Vladivostok via the Suez or Panama
Canal is approximately 14,500 miles; along the northern sea route,
the distance between these two points is only 9,950 miles. Explorers,
since the fifteenth century, have searched for the "Northeast Passage"
around Asia. In 1935, this sea route, through the Bering Strait, past
Alaska, and west through the Arctic Ocean, was opened by the Soviets
for commercial traffic. Prepare to tell the class the story of the "North-
east Passage" and to describe the advantages of sailing from Leningrad
to Vladivostok via the Suez, via the Panama, and via the northern
route. Be prepared to use a wall map in describing the three possible
routes.
See Cressey, Asia's Land and Peoples, p. 363.
"Neighbors Across the Arctic," in Survey Graphic, February, 1944.
Mikhailov, Land of the Soviets, pp. 176-179.
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? MEET THE SOVIET RUSSIANS 13
(a) Using any type of graph which seems suitable, show the following
statistics of the U. S. A. and the U. S. S. R. :
Acres of land devoted to wheat growing in 1937:
U. S. A. 64,422,000 U. S. S. R. 102,258,000
Bushels of wheat produced in 1937:
U. S. A. 875,676,000 U. S. S. R. 1,633,333,333
(Figures for U. S. A. from World Almanac; for U. S. S. R. , from Mikhailov,
Land of the Soviets. )
(b) Why may a comparison of a country's recent production figures with
those of former years be more significant than a comparison with an-
other country?
Show in any graphic form the following increase of
cotton acreage in the U. S. S. R. :
Acres devoted to cotton, 1913: 1,729,000
Acres devoted to cotton, 1937: 5,187,000
Many people think of the Soviet Union as being only a cold country.
Take an imaginary trip in July and August through subtropical parts
of the U. S. S. R. Write a story of your imaginary trip, telling what you
saw in the way of vegetation and agricultural crops, the dress of the
people, and any other effects of the climate.
See Cressey, Asia's Land and Peoples, climate maps; also pp. 275-278.
Mikhailov, Land of the Soviets, for descriptions of special sec-
tions of the country.
The following is suggested as a possible class project: one class member
might draw a large blackboard map of the U. S. S. R. Groups might
then assume responsibiilty to insert:
industrial centers (pictures, as
of oil derricks, factory build-
ings, might be sketched)
important inland cities
important seaports
islands
Two board maps might well be used, either to create a friendly rivalry,
thus having more individual members participating in the map work,
or two maps might be used to depict different information. A symbol
map is shown on inside covers of Williams, The Soviets.
On a map of the U. S. S. R. , superimpose a map of the U. S. A. , being sure
that they have been made on a comparable scale. To the left, place
significant statistics of the U. S. S. R. , to the right, those of the U. S. A. ,
concerning:
a. land area d. oil production, 1938
b. population e. wheat production, 1938
c. coal production, 1938 f. cotton production, 1938
a.
rivers
e.
b.
mountains
c.
seas
d.
agricultural areas (pic-
tures, as of wheat, might
be used)
f.
g-
h.
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? 14 MEET THE SOVIET RUSSIANS
Information concerning the Soviet Union may be found in:
Mikhailov, Land of the Soviets.
Goodall, Soviet Russia in Maps
Stembridge, An Atlas of the U. S. S. R.
8. At one point in the Bering Strait, the Diomede Islands, one of which
is United States territory, and one, a part of the U. S. S. R. , are only about
three miles apart. "The Little Diomede belongs to the U. S. A. , Big
Diomede to the U. S. S. R. ; the islanders are Eskimos . . . who . . . speak
the same language, attend each other's movies and dances, intermarry.
. . . Today and tomorrow meet in the narrow boundary between the
islands. . . . Winter ice . . . links the two islands like a paved road. . . .
An American islander may leave Little Diomede on Wednesday, reach
Big Diomede an hour or two later on Thursday . . . eat some muktuk
and seal oil, laugh and 'chase around' (a favorite expression) and return
home to Wednesday again . . . but those on one island pay allegiance
to the Stars and Stripes, those of the other to the Hammer and Sickle. "
Read "Neighbors Across the Arctic" by Ruth Gruber, Survey Graphic,
February, 1944. Can you imagine what island visitors might say to one
another? Write an exchange of conversation among imaginary U. S. S. R.
and U. S. A. islanders. Perhaps the class may produce a skit based on
the various conversations written by members of the class.
9. After reading "Neighbors Across the Arctic," Survey Graphic, February,
1944, draw a cartoon illustrating the neighborliness of the inhabitants
of the two Diomede Islands.
10. What has happened to U. S. S. R. resources during World War II? Read
"Wartime Changes in the Use of and Search for Soviet Natural Re-
sources" by Andrew Steiger in The U. S. S. R. in Reconstruction. Make
a report to the class.
11. You have heard and read of the Russian steppes. What and where are
they? For what purposes are they usable? Indicate their location on
a map, and below the map, show the use of these areas.
References: Cressey, Asia's Land and Peoples, p. 283.
Goodall, Soviet Russia in Maps.
Stembridge, An Atlas of the U. S. S. R.
12. Find a map which, like "The World News of the Week Map" (News
Map of the Week, Inc. , 1512 Orleans St. , Chicago, Illinois), gives the
time belts around the world. Make a circle chart, like a clock. Place
Leningrad at twelve noon, and another Soviet Union locality at every
hour possible. Below your chart, tell what time it is at the different
hours in:
Boston Chicago Los Angeles Honolulu Melbourne Hong Kong
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? MEET THE SOVIET RUSSIANS 15
II. Peoples and Population
A. Composition and Distribution
The peoples of the U. S. S. R. present a complex pattern of cul-
tural progress and ethnic strains. Within the Soviet Union are
some 189 national groups, of which about fifty comprise 995%
of the total population of approximately 202,000,000. (Popula-
tion statistics given are based on estimates made in 1941 and in-
clude persons in regions annexed in 1939 and 1940. ) Predomi-
nant ethnic strains are the Slavs (about 151,000,000), the Turco-
Tatars (about 21,000,000), the Japhetic groups (about 6,000,000),
the Jews (about 5,200,000), and the Finno-Ugrians (about 4,-
600,000). Scattered over the vast expanse of the world's largest
land mass in one political unit, these nationalities have been
organized into political subdivisions, each bearing the name of
its major racial stock. There are sixteen Union Republics, and
within these are Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Regions,
and National Districts. All these groups are permitted many
privileges and rights as a part of the minority policy of the
Soviet Union.
The Slavs form the chief ethnic strain and number about
three-fourths of the total population. The Great Russians, the
largest Slavic unit, live chiefly within the Russian Soviet Fed-
erated Socialist Republic (Russia proper). This is the most
heavily populated of the Union Republics, covering an area of
6,322,350 square miles from western Soviet Europe across Siberia
to the Pacific, and holding an estimated total of 114,000,000
persons. This Slavic group first pushed Tsarist power to the
Trans-Caucasus, to Central Asia, and to the Pacific, assimilating
and conquering the minorities they encountered. Pan-Slavism,
the movement to unite all Slavs whether in western Russia,
eastern Europe, or the Balkans, was pursued tirelessly by the
Great Russians, who advanced steadily for over three centuries,
spreading over areas at an estimated daily rate of about sixty
square miles. Carrying the Greek Orthodox faith and Tsarist
tyranny with them, this people established a huge empire whose
nationality policy was based upon oppression of all minority
groups.
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? 16 MEET THE SOVIET RUSSIANS
Today, in contrast to this repression, the U. S. S. R. encourages
nationalities to follow their own customs and to maintain their
own institutions; thus the peoples of the Soviet Union present
many interesting traits and varying degrees of cultural develop-
ment. Illustrative of this are the minorities of the Russian
Union Republic, which contains the greatest number of political
subdivisions of any Republic in the U. S. S. R. The Komi (mean-
ing "We, the people") live in the northwest. Surrounded by
mountains and influenced by the cold climate, this nationality
has progressed rapidly under the Soviets. In the Volga basin are
six Autonomous Republics, the Mordovian, Chuvash, Mari,
Tatar, Bashkir, and Udmurt. The hospitable Bashkirs, the Chu-
vash, who although of Turkic origin use many Finnish words,
and the Mordovians have all developed their own unique cul-
tures. The Tatars of Kazan, skilled leather workers, Moslem in
belief and custom, are considered the most advanced of the
descendants of the Asiatic hordes which swept into Russia from
the East, under Tamerlane and Genghis Khan.
Other widely scattered groups in the Russian Republic range
from the horse-breeding Kalmyks of the southern Caucasus and
the metal-working mountaineers of Daghestan, to the backward
tribe of Chukchis (meaning "rich in reindeer") in the far north-
east of Siberia and the highly developed Jewish Autonomous
Region of the southeast. Some additional minorities are the
vigorous Yakuts of the largest Autonomous Republic of the
U. S. S. R. , the Oirots, who closely resemble the American Indian,
and, near Lake Baikal, the Buriat-Mongolians, whose priests
follow many ideas common to Buddhism.
Next to the Russian Republic on the west, from north to
south, are seven republics. The Karelo-Finnish, predominantly
of Finno-Ugrian stock, and from whose ballads in the Kalevala
Longfellow took his rhythm for Hiawatha, and the Moldavian
are two examples of progress from the status of an Autonomous
Republic to that of a Union Republic.
rivers, large and small, have played an important part in the trans-
portation and communication systems of the nation. Many of the
rivers have unusual length, breadth, and depth, among the most
important being the Volga, the Don, the Dniester, and the
Dnieper in Soviet Europe, and the Ob, the Yenisei, and the Lena
in Soviet Asia. Geographic obstacles to Russia's development
and trade which have affected her history have been her lack
of ice-free seaports, and the position and flow of her rivers into
inland seas or into the icebound Arctic. The Volga empties into
the Caspian Sea, the Don into the Sea of Azov, the Dniester
and the Dnieper into the Black Sea; the Ob, Yenisei, and Lena
flow northward into the icy Arctic. Murmansk, on the north-
west tip of the Kola Peninsula is, due to a warm current, ice
free the year around; this is true also of Petropavlovsk in the far
east on the Kamchatka Peninsula; Vladivostok on the Sea of
Japan is kept open by means of icebreakers. All other ports
are on inland seas or are icebound for part of the year.
C. Variations of Climate
Although the United States has great variations in climate,
they are not so extreme as those to be found in the Soviet Union.
The coldest locality in the world is in northeastern Siberia,
where the temperature falls to 960 below zero; there are sub-
tropical regions in the Crimea, where olive trees grow in abun-
dance, and desert lands of extreme heat in the Trans-Caucasus
and central Asiatic section. Eighty per cent of the area of the
U. S. S. R. is in the temperate zone, 16% in the Arctic zone, and
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? MEET THE SOVIET RUSSIANS g
4% in the subtropical zone; however, because of its continental
position, away from the tempering influence of oceans, the
winters are colder and the summers hotter than those of western
Europe in the same latitudes. The Black and Caspian Seas are
in the latitude of the Great Lakes; the climate of the U. S. S. R.
is more comparable to the climate of Canada than of the United
States. The winter temperatures for nearly all the country are
well below freezing, the snowfalls heavy, and many of the north-
ern rivers, lakes, swamps and seacoasts are frozen for months at a
time.
The rainfall over the continental plain is slight and irregular;
heavy rains are unknown except in the region of the Black Sea.
The climate, except in the south, is such as to restrict agricul-
ture to hardy and quickly maturing crops. However, much is
being done by way of experimentation to extend northward
grain and other crop growing, and by irrigation to develop cot-
ton cultivation in the desert-like areas of central Soviet Asia
and the Transcaucasus.
D. Natural Resources
Like the United States, the U. S. S. R. is potentially almost a
self-sufficient nation, due to the wealth of her natural resources,
most of which, as yet, have only begun to be known and de-
veloped. Scientific prospecting parties conducting researches as
part of the nation's plan for self-development are still discovering
sources of all kinds of raw materials for the country's future
use. Her arable land is estimated at more than a billion acres,
an eighth of which is under cultivation. One-fourth of the
world's forests, three-fifths of the phosphorites, three-fourths of
the peat, and four-fifths of the potassium salts are in the U. S. S. R.
It is estimated that her coal reserves are ample for centuries
to come and her oil production is second only to that of the
United States. Reserves of water power, gold, copper, iron ore,
manganese, chrome, nickel, lead, and apatites are abundant.
Like the United States, the U. S. S. R. has had to import tin,
rubber, coffee, cocoa, and palm oil. Rubber substitutes, both
synthetically manufactured and made from the kok-sagyz plant,
are being developed. No vital resource is totally lacking.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:24 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89096252051 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? io MEET THE SOVIET RUSSIANS
E. Suggested Geographic Divisions of the U. S. S. R.
For convenience in studying the geography and resources of
this vast land, it might be helpful to divide the country into six
general areas, which, of course, might again be subdivided for
more specialized study:
1. Soviet Europe, as far south as the Caucasus: the territory
from the European borders of the U. S. S. R. west to the Ural
mountains, northward to the Arctic Circle, and southward to the
North Caucasus. Within this territorial division are the Volga
River area, and the industrial, railway, and population centers
of first importance in the country; it includes such important
cities as Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Kharkov, Gorki, Odessa,
Rostov-on-Don, and Stalingrad; the Ukraine contains the rich-
est soil and some of the most productive mines in the entire
Soviet Union.
2. The Caucasus and Transcaucasus: the area south of the
Maikop and Grozny oil fields, between the Black and Caspian
Seas, and bordered on the south by Turkey and Iran. This area
is the principal region of subtropical crops in the U. S. S. R. Tea,
citrus fruits, cotton, grapes, and tobacco are abundant. Import-
ant minerals are manganese, coal, and copper; the area supplies
75% of the oil produced in the Soviet Union. Population cen-
ters include Baku, oil production city on the Caspian Sea, from
which oil is piped to Batumi, oil port on the Black Sea, and
Tbilisi, where one of the Soviet Union's large hydraulic electric
plants is located.
3. Soviet Central Asia: the area stretching from the Caspian
Sea to the Pamirs, and including the Turkmen, Uzbek, Tadzhik,
Kazakh and Kirgiz Republics. On account of its dry and semi-
desert climate, it has presented a challenge to the Soviet nation
in making the land useful; this challenge is being met, and,
through irrigation, it has become an important cotton growing
area. Other products are wheat, sugar beets and kok-sagyz, the
rubber plant. Representing the plan of the government to de-
centralize industry and encourage its expansion eastward, Tash-
kent is a center of manufacture of the large tractors and com-
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:24 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/wu. 89096252051 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? MEET THE SOVIET RUSSIANS n
bines which have been so vital in the mechanization of agri-
culture.
4. Soviet Siberia: the area north of the Kazakh Republic, east
of the Urals, northward to the Arctic Circle and eastward to
Lake Baikal and to the border of the Yakut Autonomous Re-
public. This area has dairying, lumbering, mining, and agri-
culture, as well as many new industries in the Ural mountain
region and in the Kuznetsk Basin. Omsk, on the Irtish River,
and Novosibirsk, on the southern Ob, are important industrial
centers.
5. The Far East: the area, traditionally part of Siberia, from
Lake Baikal to the Pacific, and bounded on the south by
Manchukuo and Outer Mongolia. The fur industry, mining,
cattle breeding, lumbering, and fishing are important in the
Republic of Yakutia; Yakutsk, on the River Lena, is a transpor-
tation and industrial center of this Republic. The far eastern
area includes the strategic Kamchatka Peninsula, as well as
the vital port of Vladivostok. On the northeast, the territory is
only fifty-six miles from Alaska, across the Bering Strait. Recog-
nizing the difficulty of defense of this distant section from the
west, the Soviet government has undertaken to increase its self-
sufficiency in manufacturing as well as in agriculture, and a grow-
ing industrial center north of Vladivostok is considered one of
the most important in the country.
6. The Soviet Arctic: all land north of the Arctic Circle; it
is suggested that the northerly port of Archangel, though slight-
ly south of the Arctic Circle, be included in a consideration of
this area. Far from disregarding this territory as useless or un-
inhabitable, the Soviets know it to be a vital section of their land.
In 1935, after much exploration and the establishment of
numerous weather and radio outposts, a summer sea route, navi-
gable from July to October, was opened across the Arctic Ocean
from Vladivostok to Archangel and Murmansk. The new route
will be important in the transportation of lumber, fish, min-
erals, and furs, which constitute the wealth of this Arctic area.
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? 2 MEET THE SOVIET RUSSIANS
References on Geography:
Cressey, George B. , Asia's Land and Peoples, Chapter XV-XXI.
Goodall, Soviet Russia in Maps.
Mikhailov, Nicholas, Land of the Soviets.
Stembridge, Jasper H. , An Atlas of the USS. R.
Williams, Albert Rhys, The Soviets, pp. 3-4; pp. 115-134.
Some Suggested Activities on Geography:
1. "So extensive is the Soviet Union that many of its citizens live farther
away from Moscow than do the people of New York. "
Using a globe, find the distance between Moscow and:
1. New York 6. Tashkent
2. Vladivostok 7. Helsinki
3. London 8. Petropavlovsk
4. Novosibirsk 9. Berlin
5. Warsaw 10. Alma-Ata
On a world map, place these cities, connecting each to Moscow with a
line on which the mileage of each distance is given.
2. A friend has written to you saying, "I think Russia's wealth is exag-
gerated; after all, most of it is Siberian waste land, isn't it? " On the
other hand, Stalin has said that the Soviet Union "has ample resources
for building an abundant, well-rounded economy. " Try to find the
facts about this matter, and write a reply to your friend.
See Mikhailov, Land of the Soviets, pp. 20-25.
Williams, The Soviets, pp. 115-134.
Hindus, Russia and Japan, Chapters VIII, IX, and X.
Pares, Russia and the Peace, Chapter XX, '"The Russian Middle
West. "
3. The distance from Leningrad to Vladivostok via the Suez or Panama
Canal is approximately 14,500 miles; along the northern sea route,
the distance between these two points is only 9,950 miles. Explorers,
since the fifteenth century, have searched for the "Northeast Passage"
around Asia. In 1935, this sea route, through the Bering Strait, past
Alaska, and west through the Arctic Ocean, was opened by the Soviets
for commercial traffic. Prepare to tell the class the story of the "North-
east Passage" and to describe the advantages of sailing from Leningrad
to Vladivostok via the Suez, via the Panama, and via the northern
route. Be prepared to use a wall map in describing the three possible
routes.
See Cressey, Asia's Land and Peoples, p. 363.
"Neighbors Across the Arctic," in Survey Graphic, February, 1944.
Mikhailov, Land of the Soviets, pp. 176-179.
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? MEET THE SOVIET RUSSIANS 13
(a) Using any type of graph which seems suitable, show the following
statistics of the U. S. A. and the U. S. S. R. :
Acres of land devoted to wheat growing in 1937:
U. S. A. 64,422,000 U. S. S. R. 102,258,000
Bushels of wheat produced in 1937:
U. S. A. 875,676,000 U. S. S. R. 1,633,333,333
(Figures for U. S. A. from World Almanac; for U. S. S. R. , from Mikhailov,
Land of the Soviets. )
(b) Why may a comparison of a country's recent production figures with
those of former years be more significant than a comparison with an-
other country?
Show in any graphic form the following increase of
cotton acreage in the U. S. S. R. :
Acres devoted to cotton, 1913: 1,729,000
Acres devoted to cotton, 1937: 5,187,000
Many people think of the Soviet Union as being only a cold country.
Take an imaginary trip in July and August through subtropical parts
of the U. S. S. R. Write a story of your imaginary trip, telling what you
saw in the way of vegetation and agricultural crops, the dress of the
people, and any other effects of the climate.
See Cressey, Asia's Land and Peoples, climate maps; also pp. 275-278.
Mikhailov, Land of the Soviets, for descriptions of special sec-
tions of the country.
The following is suggested as a possible class project: one class member
might draw a large blackboard map of the U. S. S. R. Groups might
then assume responsibiilty to insert:
industrial centers (pictures, as
of oil derricks, factory build-
ings, might be sketched)
important inland cities
important seaports
islands
Two board maps might well be used, either to create a friendly rivalry,
thus having more individual members participating in the map work,
or two maps might be used to depict different information. A symbol
map is shown on inside covers of Williams, The Soviets.
On a map of the U. S. S. R. , superimpose a map of the U. S. A. , being sure
that they have been made on a comparable scale. To the left, place
significant statistics of the U. S. S. R. , to the right, those of the U. S. A. ,
concerning:
a. land area d. oil production, 1938
b. population e. wheat production, 1938
c. coal production, 1938 f. cotton production, 1938
a.
rivers
e.
b.
mountains
c.
seas
d.
agricultural areas (pic-
tures, as of wheat, might
be used)
f.
g-
h.
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? 14 MEET THE SOVIET RUSSIANS
Information concerning the Soviet Union may be found in:
Mikhailov, Land of the Soviets.
Goodall, Soviet Russia in Maps
Stembridge, An Atlas of the U. S. S. R.
8. At one point in the Bering Strait, the Diomede Islands, one of which
is United States territory, and one, a part of the U. S. S. R. , are only about
three miles apart. "The Little Diomede belongs to the U. S. A. , Big
Diomede to the U. S. S. R. ; the islanders are Eskimos . . . who . . . speak
the same language, attend each other's movies and dances, intermarry.
. . . Today and tomorrow meet in the narrow boundary between the
islands. . . . Winter ice . . . links the two islands like a paved road. . . .
An American islander may leave Little Diomede on Wednesday, reach
Big Diomede an hour or two later on Thursday . . . eat some muktuk
and seal oil, laugh and 'chase around' (a favorite expression) and return
home to Wednesday again . . . but those on one island pay allegiance
to the Stars and Stripes, those of the other to the Hammer and Sickle. "
Read "Neighbors Across the Arctic" by Ruth Gruber, Survey Graphic,
February, 1944. Can you imagine what island visitors might say to one
another? Write an exchange of conversation among imaginary U. S. S. R.
and U. S. A. islanders. Perhaps the class may produce a skit based on
the various conversations written by members of the class.
9. After reading "Neighbors Across the Arctic," Survey Graphic, February,
1944, draw a cartoon illustrating the neighborliness of the inhabitants
of the two Diomede Islands.
10. What has happened to U. S. S. R. resources during World War II? Read
"Wartime Changes in the Use of and Search for Soviet Natural Re-
sources" by Andrew Steiger in The U. S. S. R. in Reconstruction. Make
a report to the class.
11. You have heard and read of the Russian steppes. What and where are
they? For what purposes are they usable? Indicate their location on
a map, and below the map, show the use of these areas.
References: Cressey, Asia's Land and Peoples, p. 283.
Goodall, Soviet Russia in Maps.
Stembridge, An Atlas of the U. S. S. R.
12. Find a map which, like "The World News of the Week Map" (News
Map of the Week, Inc. , 1512 Orleans St. , Chicago, Illinois), gives the
time belts around the world. Make a circle chart, like a clock. Place
Leningrad at twelve noon, and another Soviet Union locality at every
hour possible. Below your chart, tell what time it is at the different
hours in:
Boston Chicago Los Angeles Honolulu Melbourne Hong Kong
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? MEET THE SOVIET RUSSIANS 15
II. Peoples and Population
A. Composition and Distribution
The peoples of the U. S. S. R. present a complex pattern of cul-
tural progress and ethnic strains. Within the Soviet Union are
some 189 national groups, of which about fifty comprise 995%
of the total population of approximately 202,000,000. (Popula-
tion statistics given are based on estimates made in 1941 and in-
clude persons in regions annexed in 1939 and 1940. ) Predomi-
nant ethnic strains are the Slavs (about 151,000,000), the Turco-
Tatars (about 21,000,000), the Japhetic groups (about 6,000,000),
the Jews (about 5,200,000), and the Finno-Ugrians (about 4,-
600,000). Scattered over the vast expanse of the world's largest
land mass in one political unit, these nationalities have been
organized into political subdivisions, each bearing the name of
its major racial stock. There are sixteen Union Republics, and
within these are Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Regions,
and National Districts. All these groups are permitted many
privileges and rights as a part of the minority policy of the
Soviet Union.
The Slavs form the chief ethnic strain and number about
three-fourths of the total population. The Great Russians, the
largest Slavic unit, live chiefly within the Russian Soviet Fed-
erated Socialist Republic (Russia proper). This is the most
heavily populated of the Union Republics, covering an area of
6,322,350 square miles from western Soviet Europe across Siberia
to the Pacific, and holding an estimated total of 114,000,000
persons. This Slavic group first pushed Tsarist power to the
Trans-Caucasus, to Central Asia, and to the Pacific, assimilating
and conquering the minorities they encountered. Pan-Slavism,
the movement to unite all Slavs whether in western Russia,
eastern Europe, or the Balkans, was pursued tirelessly by the
Great Russians, who advanced steadily for over three centuries,
spreading over areas at an estimated daily rate of about sixty
square miles. Carrying the Greek Orthodox faith and Tsarist
tyranny with them, this people established a huge empire whose
nationality policy was based upon oppression of all minority
groups.
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? 16 MEET THE SOVIET RUSSIANS
Today, in contrast to this repression, the U. S. S. R. encourages
nationalities to follow their own customs and to maintain their
own institutions; thus the peoples of the Soviet Union present
many interesting traits and varying degrees of cultural develop-
ment. Illustrative of this are the minorities of the Russian
Union Republic, which contains the greatest number of political
subdivisions of any Republic in the U. S. S. R. The Komi (mean-
ing "We, the people") live in the northwest. Surrounded by
mountains and influenced by the cold climate, this nationality
has progressed rapidly under the Soviets. In the Volga basin are
six Autonomous Republics, the Mordovian, Chuvash, Mari,
Tatar, Bashkir, and Udmurt. The hospitable Bashkirs, the Chu-
vash, who although of Turkic origin use many Finnish words,
and the Mordovians have all developed their own unique cul-
tures. The Tatars of Kazan, skilled leather workers, Moslem in
belief and custom, are considered the most advanced of the
descendants of the Asiatic hordes which swept into Russia from
the East, under Tamerlane and Genghis Khan.
Other widely scattered groups in the Russian Republic range
from the horse-breeding Kalmyks of the southern Caucasus and
the metal-working mountaineers of Daghestan, to the backward
tribe of Chukchis (meaning "rich in reindeer") in the far north-
east of Siberia and the highly developed Jewish Autonomous
Region of the southeast. Some additional minorities are the
vigorous Yakuts of the largest Autonomous Republic of the
U. S. S. R. , the Oirots, who closely resemble the American Indian,
and, near Lake Baikal, the Buriat-Mongolians, whose priests
follow many ideas common to Buddhism.
Next to the Russian Republic on the west, from north to
south, are seven republics. The Karelo-Finnish, predominantly
of Finno-Ugrian stock, and from whose ballads in the Kalevala
Longfellow took his rhythm for Hiawatha, and the Moldavian
are two examples of progress from the status of an Autonomous
Republic to that of a Union Republic.
