Hock is of opinion, that
the building described by Porter, and before him by
Moner, is the tomb of one of the Sassanian kings, the
t/r.
the building described by Porter, and before him by
Moner, is the tomb of one of the Sassanian kings, the
t/r.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
II that is exalted and essential.
He compared his three
great predecessors with one another, rejected what
was exceptionable, and adopted what was admirable
m each. The classic invention of Polygnotus, the
magic tone of Apollodorus, and the exquisite design
of Zeuxis, were all united in the works of Parrhasius;
what they had produced in practice, he reduced to
theory He so circumscribed and defined, says Quin-
tilian (12, 10), all the powers and objects of art, that
he was termed the legislator: and all contemporary
and subsequent artists adopted his standard of divine
and heroic proportions. Parrhasius gave, in fact, to
the divine and heroic character in painting what Poly-
cletus had given to the human in sculpture, by his Do-
ryphorus, namely, a canon of proportion. Phidias had
discovered in the nod of the Homeric Jupiter the char-
acteristic of majesty, inclination of the head: this hint-
ed to him a higher elevation of the neck behind, a bolder
Erotrusion of the front, and the increased perpendicu-
? ? II of the profile. To this conception Parrhasius fixed
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? PAR
PAR
taction of the co. iteat, an evil threatening the exist-
ence of (he state, no children being born to supply the
waste of war and natural decay. The Remedy aaid to
have been adopted was a strange one, eighty charac-
teristic of Lacedaemon, and such as no other people
would have used. The young men who had come to
maturity since the beginning of the war were free
fro;. -, the oath which tid been taken, and they were
cent home tc cohabit promiscuously with the marriage-
ible virgins. But even at Sparta this expedient in
some degree ran counter to the popular feelings.
When the war was ended, and the children of this ir-
regular 11 tercourse, called Partheniaa (JUit virgmum),
had attaii ed to manhood, they found themselves,
though breu in all the discipline of Lycurgus, becom-
ing every day more and more slighted. Their spirit
was high, and a conspiracy was accordingly formed by
them against the state, in conjunction with the Helots;
but the public authorities, aware of the existence of
disaffection among them, obtained information of all
their plans, by means of certain individuals whom they
had caused to join the Parthenis, and to pretend to
? w friendly to the. r views. The festival of the Hya-
cinthia was selected by the conspirators as the day for
action; and it was arranged, that when Phalanthus, their
leader, should place his felt-cap upon his head, this
was to be the signal for commencing. The appointed
irae arrived, and the festival had begun, when a pub-
ic crier coming forth, made proclamation, in the name
? f the magistrates, that "Phalanthus should not put
his felt-cap on his head" (jit/ &v irepiBcivai Kvvijv *d-
XavPov). The Partlieniie immediately perceived that
their plot was discovered, and were soon after sent off
in a colony, under the guidance of Phalanthus, and
founded the city of Tarentum in Italy. (Strab , 279. )
It is more than probable that so much of this story as
relates to the oath taken by the Spartans, and the
sending home of their young men, is a mere fiction.
On the other hand, however, it would seem that the
emergencies of the state had actually induced the
Spartans to relax the rigour of their principles, by
Gnnitting marriages between Spartan women and
iconians of inferior condition. Thcopompua (ap.
Athen. , G, p. 271) says, that certain of the Helots
were selected for this purpose, who were afterward
admitted to the franchise under a peculiar name (iirev-
vaxToi). Still, however, even supposing that the
number of the Spartans was thus increased by a con-
siderable body of new citizens, drawn from the servile
or the subject class of Laconians, or from the issue of
marriages formed between such persons and Spartan
women, it would nevertheless remain to be explain-
ed, how this act of wise liberality could be connected
with that discontent, which is uniformly mentioned,
certainly not without some historical ground, as the
occasion of the migration to Tarentum. And this
seems inexplicable, unless we suppose that a distinc-
tion was made between the new and the old citizens,
which provoked a part of the former to attempt a rev-
olution, and compelled the government to adopt one of
the usual means of getting rid of disaffected and tur-
bulent subjects. (Thirltcall's Greece, vol. I, p. 353. )
Pabth k :*Iu M Mare, a name sometimes given to
that part of the Mediterranean which lies on the right
tf Egypt. It was also called Isiacum Mare. (Amm.
MarceU. , 14, 8-- Id. , 32, 15. ) Gregory Nazianzen
? tyles the aoa around Cyprus XlapBeviKOv niXayoc.
? ? (Or. , 19. ) . .
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? PARTHENON.
PARTHENON.
ttucr IraHding* of the kind, and was constructed en-
tirely of Pentelic marble. It waa built during the
splendid era of Pericles, and the expense of its erec-
tion was estimated at six thousand talents. The ar-
chitects were Ictinus and Callistratus. and the work
was adorned with sculptures from the hand of Phidias
and his scholars. The following animated descrip-
. ion, by a modern scholar, may afford some idea of
Che appeuance presented by this splendid edifice in
the days of its glory. --"Let us here suppose our-
selves as joining that splendid procession of minstrels,
priests, and victims, of horsemen and of chariots,
wh. ch ascended the Acropolis at the quinquennial so-
lemnity of the great Panathensea. Aloft, above the
heads of the train, the sacred Peplus, raised and
stretched like a sail upon a mast, waves in the air: it
is variegated with an embroidered tissue of battles, of
giants, and of gods: it will be carried to the temple
of the Minerva Polias in the citadel, whose statue it
is intended to adorn. In the bright season of sum-
mer, on the twenty-eighth day of the Athenian month
Hecatombacon, let us mount with this procession to
the western slope of the Acropolis. Towards the ter-
mination of its course we are brought in face of a
colossal fabric of white marble, which crowns the
hrow of the steep, and stretches itself from north to
south across the whole western part of the citadel,
which is about 170 feet in breadth. The centre of
this fabric consists of a portico 60 feet broad, and
formed of six fluted columns of the Doric order, raised
upon four steps, and intersected by a road passing
through the midst of the columns, which are 30 feet in
height, and support a noble pediment. From this por-
tico two wings project about 30 feet to the west, each
having three columns on the side nearest the portico
in the centre. The architectural mouldings of the
fabric glitter in the sun with brilliant tints of red and
bine: in the centre the coffers of its soffits are span-
gled with stars, and the ants of the wings are fringed
vith an azure embroidery of ivy-leaf. We pass along
'. h? avenue lying between the two central columns of
the portico, and through a corridor leading from it, and
lormed by three Ionic columns on each hand, and are
brought ic front of five doors of bronze; the central
one, which is the loftiest and broadest, being imme-
diately before us. This structure which we are de-
scribing is the Propylaa, or vestibule of the Athenian
citadel. It is built of Pentelic marble. In the year
B. C. 437 it was commenced, and was completed by
'ho architect Mnesicles in five years from that time.
Its termination, therefore, coincides very nearly with
the commencement of the Peloponnesian war. We
will now imagine that the great bronze doors of
which we have spoken are thrown back upon their
hinges, to admit the riders and charioteers, and all
that long and magnificent array of the Panathenaic
procession, which stretches back from this spot to the
area of the Agora, at the western foot of the citadel.
We behold through this vista the Interior of the Athe-
nian Acropoli*. We pass under the gateway before
ns, and enter its precincts, surrounded on all sides by
massive walls: we tread the soil on which the great-
est mon of the ancient world have walked, and behold
buildings ever admired and imitated, but never equal-
ed in beauty. We behold before and around us al-
most a city of statues, raised upon marble pedestals,
the works of noble sculptors, of Phidias and Polycle-
? ? tu>>, >f Alcamenes, and Praxiteles, and Myron; and
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? PAR
PARTHIA.
Cm> treasury of Athens; the oaslern is the temple
properly so cillod: it contains the colossal statue of
Minerva, the work of Phidias, composed of ivory and
gold, and is peculiarly termed, from that circumstance,
the Parthenon, or Residence of the Virgin-Goddess,
a name by which, however, the whole building is more
frequently described. " (Wordsworth's Greece, p. 135,
teqq. )--The statue of Minerva, to which allusion has
just been made, was 39 feet high. It was ornamented
with gold to the amount of 40 talents according to
Thucydides, but according to Philochorus 44 talents,
or about $466,000. Of this, however, it was stripped
by Lacharcs, somewhat more than a century and a
quarter after the death of Pericles. --This magnificent
temple had resisted all the outrages of time, had been
hi turn converted into a Christian church and a Turk-
ish mosque; but still subsisted entire when Spon
and Wheeler visited Attica in 1676. It was in the
year 1687 that the Venetians besieged the citadel of
Athena, under the command of General Konigsberg.
A bomb fell most unluckily on the devoted Parthenon,
Bet fire to the powder which the Turks had made there-
in, and thus the roof was entirely destroyed, and the
whole building almost reduced to ruins. The Vene-
tian general, being afterward desirous of carrying off
the statue of Minerva, which had adorned the pedi-
ment, had it removed; thereby assisting in the deface-
ment of the place, without any good result to himself,
for the group fell to the ground and was shattered to
pieces. Since this period, every man of taste must
have deplored the demolition of this noble structure,
and the enlightened travellers who have visited the
? pot have successively published engravings of its re-
mains. One of the first of these was Le Roy, in bis
Ruins of Greece; after him came Stuart, who, pos-
sessing great pecuniary means, surpassed his prede-
cessor in producing a beautiful and interesting work on
the Athenian antiquities. Chandler, and other travel-
lers in Greece, have also described what came under
their eye of the remains of the Parthenon, of which
many models have likewise been executed. But, not
content with these arlistical labours and publications,
more recent travellers have borne away with them the
actual spoils of the Parthenon. The foremost of these
was Lord Elgin, who, about the year 1800, removed a
variety of the matchless friezes, statues, dec, which
were purchased of him by parliament on the part of
the nation, and now form the most valuable ana inter-
esting portion of the British Museum. This act of
Lord Elgin's called forth at the time severe animad-
version, though it is now well known that there was
imminent danger . of those relics of art being totally
destroyed by the wanton barbarism of the Turks and
others. (Etme's Dictionary of the Fine Arts, s. v.
Parthenon. )
ParthknopjKis, son of Milanion (according to
some, of Mars) and Atalanta. He was one of the
seven chieftains who engaged in the Theban war.
{Vid. Eleocles and Polynices. ) He was slain by Am-
pbidicus, or, as others state, by Pcriclymenus. (Apol-
kx(. , 3, 6, 8. --Consult Heyne, ad loc. )
Pabthrnope, one of the Sirens. (Vid. Neapolis. )
Parthia, called by Strabo and Arrian Parthysa
yllapOvnia), was originally a small extent of country to
the southeast of the Caspian Sea, of a mountainous and
sandy character, with here and there, however, a fruit-
ful plain, and regarded as forming, under the Persian
? ? sway, one satrapy with the province of Hyrcania, which
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? PAR
PAB
>>')d it was (be great object of Romai policy to support,
as much as possible, pretenders to the throne, and there-
by prevent alt offensive operations on the part of the Par-
tisans. The great subject of contention between the
Romans and Parthians was the kingdom of Armenia,
which had monarcha of its own, and was nominally in-
dependent; but its rulers were always appointed either
by the Parthians or the Koinans, and the attempts of
each nation to place its own dependants on the throne,
led to incessant wars between them. In the reign of
Trajan, Armenia and Mesopotamia were converted
into Roman provinces, and a new king of the Parthi-
ans was appointed by the emperor. Under Hadrian,
nowever, the conquered territory was given up, and the
Euphrates again became the boundary of Parthia.
The two nations now remained at peace with each
other until the reign of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius
V'erus. Cassius, the general of Vcrus, met with great
auccess in the war, and at length took and almost de-
stroyed the powerful city of Seleucia on the Tigris,
A. D. 1C5. Under the reign of Vologeses IV. , the
Parthian dominions were invaded by Septimius Sever-
us, who took Ctesiphon and several other important
places, A. D. 198, and annexed to the Roman empire
the important province of Osrhoene. Caracalla fol-
lowed up the successes of his father; and though Ma-
crinus, who came after him, made a disgraceful peace
with the Parthians, their power had become greatly
weakened by the conquests of Verus, Severus, and
(Jaracalla. --Artaxerxes, who had served with great
reputation in the army of Artabanus, the last king of
Parthia, took advantage of the weakened state of the
monarchy to found a new dynasty. He represented
himself as a descendant of the ancient kinga of Persia,
and called upon the Persians to recover their independ-
ence. The call was readily responded to: a large
Persian army was collected; the Parthians were de-
feated in three great battles, and Artaxerxes succeed-
ed to all the dominions of the Parthian kings, and be-
came the founder of the new Persian empire, which is
usually known as that of the Sassanida*. ( Vid. Artax-
erxes IV. --Encycl. Us. Knoiel. , vol. 17, p. 292. )
The Parthians, as we have already remarked, were of
Scythian origin; and, according to Justin (41, 1),
their namo signified, in the Scythian language, "ban-
ished" or "exiles. " Isidorus makes the samo state-
ment, and adds, that they were driven out of Scythia
by domestic atrife. (Orig. , 10, 2, 44. -- Compare
Wahl, Vorder- und Mtttel-Asien, p. 545, in notis. )
The mode of fighting adopted by their cavalry was pe-
culiar, and well calculated to annoy. When apparent-
ly in full retreat, they would turn round on their steeds
and discharge their arrows with the most unerring ac-
curacy; and hence, to borrow the language of an an-
cient writer, it was victory to them if a counterfeited
(light threw their pursuers into disorder. (Pint. , Vit.
Crass. , ti. --Horat. , Od. , 1, 19, 11. --M. ,/, . , 2, 13,
17. --Lucan, 1, 230-- Herodian. , 3, 4, 20. )
Parthyenk, the original, and subsequently the roy-
al, province of Parthia. (Vid. remarks near the com-
mencement of the preceding article. )
P. iviDEs or Paryabdks (Plol. ), a branch of Cau-
caius, running off to the southwest, and separating
Canpadocia from Armenia. On the confines of Cap?
padocia the name was changed to Scordiscus: it here
united with the chain of Antitaurus, and both stretched
onward to the west and southwest through Cappado-
? ? eii. The highest elevation in this range was Mons Ar-
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? PAS
PAT
it/, 1828), supposes that it ratbir refer? to Artsxerxes
Ocbus; and Lassen, a most compete! t authority on
. he subject, thinks it impossible to make out the name
of Cyrus in this inscription.
Hock is of opinion, that
the building described by Porter, and before him by
Moner, is the tomb of one of the Sassanian kings, the
t/r. as'. y that ruled in Persia from the third to the mid-
dle of the seventh century of our era. (Veleris Media
it Persia Monumcnta, Got/, 1818. ) Herodotus does
not speak of Pasargadse as a place, but as the noblest
of the Persian tribes, so that Cyrus must hare founded
the city of the same name in their territory. (Herod. ,
1, 125--Creuzer, ad loc. )
Pasiphae, a daughter of the Sun and of Perse'is,
ind wife of Minos, king of Crete. The ordinary le-
gend connected with her name has been given in a
different article (aid. Minotaurus), and the opinion has
there been advanced, that the whole story rests on
some astronomical basis, and that Pasiphae is identi-
cal with the moon. Thus we find the epithet llaoi-
faric (" all-illumining" or " all-bright") applied to Di-
ana in the Orphic hymns (35, 3), after having been giv-
en to the Sun in a previous effusion (7,14). The same
term, together with UaotQavf/c, is applied to Selene,
or the full moon, by a later bard. (Maximus, Philos. ,
ttpl Karapxuv, ap. Fabric. , Bibl. Gr. , vol. 8, p. 415.
--Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 4, p. 88. ) The "all-illu-
siing" Pasiphae, then, is, with every appearance of
probability, a goddess in the sphere of the Cretan lunar
worship. With regard to Pasiphae, considered as a
divinity, we have no direct proof from the island of
Crete itself: in Laconia, however, which derived so
many of its institutions from Crete, several confirma-
tory circumstances do not fail to present themselves.
Tertullian mentions the ora lc of Pasiphae in I. aconia
ai one of the most celebrated in that country (de Ani-
ta, c. 46. --Op. , vol. 4, p. 311, ed. Semi). Plutarch
also speaks of a temple and oracle of Pasiphae at
Tbalama? , though he leaves it undecided what partic-
ular deity is meant by the name. (Vit. Agid. , c. 9. )
ft would seem, however, to have been an orade of one
of their most ancient and revered deities, and there-
fore, in all likelihood, a Cretan one, since it was con-
sulted on all great political occasions by the Spartan
Ephori (Compare Cic. , dt Divin. , 1, 43. --Pint. ,
Vtt. Cieom. , c. 7. ) -- Pausanias mentions this same
sanctuary (3, 26). He calls it, indeed, the temple and
oracle of I no: and yet he informs us that without was
a statue of Pasiphae, and another of the sun. We
must here read llamtba? '/c with Sylburgius and Meur-
jius. in place of the common lection Tlaejir/e. (Con-
Liilt, in relation to the I. aconian Pasiphae, Meursius,
Mtte. Lacon. , 1,4; and, on the subject of Pasiphae
generally. Hock, Krcla, vol. 2, Vorredc, p. xxix. --Id.
iii , vol. 2, p. 49, seqq. )
PasitIo<<iis. Vid. Tigris.
Passaron, a town of Epirus, the capital of the Mo-
lossi. Here, according . o Plutarch (Vit. Pyrrh), the
kings of Epirus convened the solemn assembly of the
whole nation, when, after having performed the cus-
tomary sacrifices, they took an oath that they would
govern according to the established laws, and the peo-
ple, in return, swore to maintain the constitution and
defend the kingdom. After the termination of the war
between the Romans and Perseus, king of Macedon,
Passaron did not escape the sentence which doomed
to destruction so many of the unfortunate cities of
? ? Epirus that had shown an inclination to favour the
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? PAT
PAD
Mid anchored at the mouth of the Meduacus Majtr,
and near the present villages of Chiosza and Fusina.
A party of these adventurers, having advanced up the
river in some light vessels, effected a landing, and
proceeded to burn and plunder the defenceless villa-
ges or. its banks. The alarm of this unexpected at-
tack soon reached Patavium, whose inhabitants were
kept continually on the alert and in arms, from fear
of the neighbouring Gauls. A force was instantly
despatched to repel the invaders; and such was the
? kill and promptitude with which the service was per-
formed, that the marauders were surprised and their
Teasels taken before the news of this reverse could
K ich the fleet at the mouth of the river. Attacked
at his moorings, it was not without great Ios3, both in
? hips and men, that the Spartan commander effected
his escape. The shields of the Greeks and the beaks
of their galleys were suspended in the temple of Juno,
and an annual mock-fight on the Meduacus served to
perpetuate the memory of so proud a day in the an-
nals of Patavium. This event is placed by the Ro-
man historian in the 450th year of Rome. Strabo
speaks of Patavium as the greatest and most flourish-
ng city in the north of Italy; and states that it count-
ed in his time 500 Roman knights among its citizens,
and could at one period send 20,000 men into the
field. Its manufactures of cloth and woollen stuffs
wore renowned throughout Italy, and, together with
its traffic in various commodities, sufficiently attested
the great wealth and prosperity of its inhabitants.
(Slrab. , 213. --Compare Martial, 14, 141. ) Vessels
could come up to Patavium from the sea, a distance
of 250 stadia, by the Meduacus. About six miles to
the south of the city were the celebrated Palavins
Aquas. (Ptin. , 2, 103-- Id. , 31, 6. ) The principal
source was distinguished by the name of Aponus
Fons, from whence that of Bagni d'Abano, by which
these waters are at present known, has evidently been
formed--The modern Padua (in Italian Padova) oc-
cupies the site uf the ancient Patavium. (Cramer'*
Ant. Italy, vol. 1, p. 120, seqq. )
Patrrculos. an historian. (Vid. Velleius Pater-
eulus. )
Pathos, a small rocky island in the ^Cgean, south
of Icaria, and southwest of Samos. It belonged to
the group of the Sporades. This island appears to
have had no place which deserved the name of a city.
It became a spot of some consequence, however, in
the early history of the church, from St. John's having
been banished to it, and having here written his Apoc-
alypse. It is the general opinion of commentators on
Scripture, that St. John was banished to Patmos to-
wards the close of the reign of Domitian. It is not
known how long his captivity lasted, but it is thought
that he was released on the death of Domitian, which
happened A. D. 96, when he retired to Ephesus.
(Iren, 2, 22, b. --Euseb. ,Hist. Eccles. , 3, 18--Dio
Com. , 68, 1. ) A small bay on the east side, and two
others on the western shore, divide Patmos into two
portions, of which the southern is the more considers-
Vie. The modern name of the island is Patmo or
Palmosa. It contains several churches and convents;
the principal one is dedicated to the apostle. There
are also the ruins of an ancient fortress, and some
other remains. (Wkiltington, in WalpoWs Memoirs
<</" Turkey, vol. 2, p. 43. ) Dr. Clarke, in speaking of
Pttmos, declares that there is not a spot in the Archi-
? ? pelago with more of the semblance of a volcanic origin
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? PAULUS.
PAULUS.
rained to LI. : highest honours of his country. His sis-
ter ? . 'Emilia was married to P. Cornelius Scipio, the
conqueror of Hannibal, who was consul for the second
time B. C. 1S4; and this very year . 'Emiliu3, though he
had held no public office, was appointed one of three
commissioners to conduct a colony to Crotona, in the
south of Italy, a city with which he might claim some
connexion on the ground of his descent from Mamer-
coa, the son of Pythagoras. Two years after, at the
age ef about 36, he was elected a curule aedile in pref-
erence, if we may believe Plutarch, to twelve candi-
dates of such merit that every one of them became
afterward consuls. His aedileship was distinguished
by many improvements in the city and neighbourhood
of Rome. The following year (191 B. C. ) he held the
office of praetor, and in that capacity was governor of
the southwestern part of the Spanish peninsula, with a
considerable force under hia command. The appoint-
ment was renewed the following year, but with en-
larged powers, for he now bore the title of proconsul,
and was accompanied by double the usual number of
lictors. In an engagement, however, with the Lusi-
tani, 6000 of his men were cut to pieces, and the rest
only saved behind the works of trie camp. But this
disgrace was retrieved in the third year of his govern-
ment, by a signal defeat of '. he enemy, in which 18,000
of their men were left upo. i the field. For this auccess
a public thanksgiving was voted by the senate in hon-
our of JIl. milius. Soon after he returned to Rome,
and found that he had been appointed, in his absence,
one of the ten commissioners for regulating affairs in
that part of Western Asia which had lately been wrest-
ed by the two Scipios from Antiochus the Great.
. lE. nilius waa a member also of the college of augurs
from an early age, but we do not find any means of
fixing the period of his election. A3 a candidate for
the consulship he met with repeated repulses, and only
attained that honour in 182 B. C. , nine years after hold-
ing the office of praetor. During this and the following
tear he commanded an army in Liguria, and succeeded
in the complete reduction of a powerful people called
the Ingauni (who have left their name in the maritime
town of Albenga, formerly Albium Ingaunum). A
public thanksgiving of three days was immediately
voted, and, on hia return to Rome, he had the honour
jf a triumph. For the next ten years we lose sight of
. Emilius, and at the end of this period he is only men-
tioned as being selected by the inhabitants of farther
Spain to protect their interests at Rome, an honour
which at once proved and added to his influence. It
was at this period (B. C. 171) that the last Macedo-
nian war commenced; and though the Romans could
scarcely have anticipated a struggle from Perseus, who
inherited from his father only the shattered remains of
the great Macedonian monarchy, yet three consuls, in
three successive years, were more than baffled by his
arms. In B. C. 168 a second consulship, and with it
the command againat Perseus, was intrusted to -Emil-
ius. He was now at least 60 years of age, but he was
supported by two sons and two sons-in-law, who pos-
sessed both vigour and ability. By Papiria, a lady be-
longing to one of the first families in Rome, he had two
sons and three daughters. Of the sons, the elder had
been adopted into the house of the Fabii by the cele-
brated opponent of Hannibal, and consequently bore the
name of Quintus Fabius Maximus, with the addition of
. Emilianus, to mark his original connexion with the
? ? house of the . /Emilii. The younger, only seventeen
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? PAD
PAUSANIAS.
ter, eq aally unknown, by the name of Heiiodorus, is
the author of a Commentary on this same work, in 53
chapters, which still remains in MS. There are two
editions of the work of Paulus: one by Schalon,
Witeb. , 1586, 8vo, and the other in 1588, Witeb. ,
4to. (Sckbll, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol.
great predecessors with one another, rejected what
was exceptionable, and adopted what was admirable
m each. The classic invention of Polygnotus, the
magic tone of Apollodorus, and the exquisite design
of Zeuxis, were all united in the works of Parrhasius;
what they had produced in practice, he reduced to
theory He so circumscribed and defined, says Quin-
tilian (12, 10), all the powers and objects of art, that
he was termed the legislator: and all contemporary
and subsequent artists adopted his standard of divine
and heroic proportions. Parrhasius gave, in fact, to
the divine and heroic character in painting what Poly-
cletus had given to the human in sculpture, by his Do-
ryphorus, namely, a canon of proportion. Phidias had
discovered in the nod of the Homeric Jupiter the char-
acteristic of majesty, inclination of the head: this hint-
ed to him a higher elevation of the neck behind, a bolder
Erotrusion of the front, and the increased perpendicu-
? ? II of the profile. To this conception Parrhasius fixed
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? PAR
PAR
taction of the co. iteat, an evil threatening the exist-
ence of (he state, no children being born to supply the
waste of war and natural decay. The Remedy aaid to
have been adopted was a strange one, eighty charac-
teristic of Lacedaemon, and such as no other people
would have used. The young men who had come to
maturity since the beginning of the war were free
fro;. -, the oath which tid been taken, and they were
cent home tc cohabit promiscuously with the marriage-
ible virgins. But even at Sparta this expedient in
some degree ran counter to the popular feelings.
When the war was ended, and the children of this ir-
regular 11 tercourse, called Partheniaa (JUit virgmum),
had attaii ed to manhood, they found themselves,
though breu in all the discipline of Lycurgus, becom-
ing every day more and more slighted. Their spirit
was high, and a conspiracy was accordingly formed by
them against the state, in conjunction with the Helots;
but the public authorities, aware of the existence of
disaffection among them, obtained information of all
their plans, by means of certain individuals whom they
had caused to join the Parthenis, and to pretend to
? w friendly to the. r views. The festival of the Hya-
cinthia was selected by the conspirators as the day for
action; and it was arranged, that when Phalanthus, their
leader, should place his felt-cap upon his head, this
was to be the signal for commencing. The appointed
irae arrived, and the festival had begun, when a pub-
ic crier coming forth, made proclamation, in the name
? f the magistrates, that "Phalanthus should not put
his felt-cap on his head" (jit/ &v irepiBcivai Kvvijv *d-
XavPov). The Partlieniie immediately perceived that
their plot was discovered, and were soon after sent off
in a colony, under the guidance of Phalanthus, and
founded the city of Tarentum in Italy. (Strab , 279. )
It is more than probable that so much of this story as
relates to the oath taken by the Spartans, and the
sending home of their young men, is a mere fiction.
On the other hand, however, it would seem that the
emergencies of the state had actually induced the
Spartans to relax the rigour of their principles, by
Gnnitting marriages between Spartan women and
iconians of inferior condition. Thcopompua (ap.
Athen. , G, p. 271) says, that certain of the Helots
were selected for this purpose, who were afterward
admitted to the franchise under a peculiar name (iirev-
vaxToi). Still, however, even supposing that the
number of the Spartans was thus increased by a con-
siderable body of new citizens, drawn from the servile
or the subject class of Laconians, or from the issue of
marriages formed between such persons and Spartan
women, it would nevertheless remain to be explain-
ed, how this act of wise liberality could be connected
with that discontent, which is uniformly mentioned,
certainly not without some historical ground, as the
occasion of the migration to Tarentum. And this
seems inexplicable, unless we suppose that a distinc-
tion was made between the new and the old citizens,
which provoked a part of the former to attempt a rev-
olution, and compelled the government to adopt one of
the usual means of getting rid of disaffected and tur-
bulent subjects. (Thirltcall's Greece, vol. I, p. 353. )
Pabth k :*Iu M Mare, a name sometimes given to
that part of the Mediterranean which lies on the right
tf Egypt. It was also called Isiacum Mare. (Amm.
MarceU. , 14, 8-- Id. , 32, 15. ) Gregory Nazianzen
? tyles the aoa around Cyprus XlapBeviKOv niXayoc.
? ? (Or. , 19. ) . .
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? PARTHENON.
PARTHENON.
ttucr IraHding* of the kind, and was constructed en-
tirely of Pentelic marble. It waa built during the
splendid era of Pericles, and the expense of its erec-
tion was estimated at six thousand talents. The ar-
chitects were Ictinus and Callistratus. and the work
was adorned with sculptures from the hand of Phidias
and his scholars. The following animated descrip-
. ion, by a modern scholar, may afford some idea of
Che appeuance presented by this splendid edifice in
the days of its glory. --"Let us here suppose our-
selves as joining that splendid procession of minstrels,
priests, and victims, of horsemen and of chariots,
wh. ch ascended the Acropolis at the quinquennial so-
lemnity of the great Panathensea. Aloft, above the
heads of the train, the sacred Peplus, raised and
stretched like a sail upon a mast, waves in the air: it
is variegated with an embroidered tissue of battles, of
giants, and of gods: it will be carried to the temple
of the Minerva Polias in the citadel, whose statue it
is intended to adorn. In the bright season of sum-
mer, on the twenty-eighth day of the Athenian month
Hecatombacon, let us mount with this procession to
the western slope of the Acropolis. Towards the ter-
mination of its course we are brought in face of a
colossal fabric of white marble, which crowns the
hrow of the steep, and stretches itself from north to
south across the whole western part of the citadel,
which is about 170 feet in breadth. The centre of
this fabric consists of a portico 60 feet broad, and
formed of six fluted columns of the Doric order, raised
upon four steps, and intersected by a road passing
through the midst of the columns, which are 30 feet in
height, and support a noble pediment. From this por-
tico two wings project about 30 feet to the west, each
having three columns on the side nearest the portico
in the centre. The architectural mouldings of the
fabric glitter in the sun with brilliant tints of red and
bine: in the centre the coffers of its soffits are span-
gled with stars, and the ants of the wings are fringed
vith an azure embroidery of ivy-leaf. We pass along
'. h? avenue lying between the two central columns of
the portico, and through a corridor leading from it, and
lormed by three Ionic columns on each hand, and are
brought ic front of five doors of bronze; the central
one, which is the loftiest and broadest, being imme-
diately before us. This structure which we are de-
scribing is the Propylaa, or vestibule of the Athenian
citadel. It is built of Pentelic marble. In the year
B. C. 437 it was commenced, and was completed by
'ho architect Mnesicles in five years from that time.
Its termination, therefore, coincides very nearly with
the commencement of the Peloponnesian war. We
will now imagine that the great bronze doors of
which we have spoken are thrown back upon their
hinges, to admit the riders and charioteers, and all
that long and magnificent array of the Panathenaic
procession, which stretches back from this spot to the
area of the Agora, at the western foot of the citadel.
We behold through this vista the Interior of the Athe-
nian Acropoli*. We pass under the gateway before
ns, and enter its precincts, surrounded on all sides by
massive walls: we tread the soil on which the great-
est mon of the ancient world have walked, and behold
buildings ever admired and imitated, but never equal-
ed in beauty. We behold before and around us al-
most a city of statues, raised upon marble pedestals,
the works of noble sculptors, of Phidias and Polycle-
? ? tu>>, >f Alcamenes, and Praxiteles, and Myron; and
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? PAR
PARTHIA.
Cm> treasury of Athens; the oaslern is the temple
properly so cillod: it contains the colossal statue of
Minerva, the work of Phidias, composed of ivory and
gold, and is peculiarly termed, from that circumstance,
the Parthenon, or Residence of the Virgin-Goddess,
a name by which, however, the whole building is more
frequently described. " (Wordsworth's Greece, p. 135,
teqq. )--The statue of Minerva, to which allusion has
just been made, was 39 feet high. It was ornamented
with gold to the amount of 40 talents according to
Thucydides, but according to Philochorus 44 talents,
or about $466,000. Of this, however, it was stripped
by Lacharcs, somewhat more than a century and a
quarter after the death of Pericles. --This magnificent
temple had resisted all the outrages of time, had been
hi turn converted into a Christian church and a Turk-
ish mosque; but still subsisted entire when Spon
and Wheeler visited Attica in 1676. It was in the
year 1687 that the Venetians besieged the citadel of
Athena, under the command of General Konigsberg.
A bomb fell most unluckily on the devoted Parthenon,
Bet fire to the powder which the Turks had made there-
in, and thus the roof was entirely destroyed, and the
whole building almost reduced to ruins. The Vene-
tian general, being afterward desirous of carrying off
the statue of Minerva, which had adorned the pedi-
ment, had it removed; thereby assisting in the deface-
ment of the place, without any good result to himself,
for the group fell to the ground and was shattered to
pieces. Since this period, every man of taste must
have deplored the demolition of this noble structure,
and the enlightened travellers who have visited the
? pot have successively published engravings of its re-
mains. One of the first of these was Le Roy, in bis
Ruins of Greece; after him came Stuart, who, pos-
sessing great pecuniary means, surpassed his prede-
cessor in producing a beautiful and interesting work on
the Athenian antiquities. Chandler, and other travel-
lers in Greece, have also described what came under
their eye of the remains of the Parthenon, of which
many models have likewise been executed. But, not
content with these arlistical labours and publications,
more recent travellers have borne away with them the
actual spoils of the Parthenon. The foremost of these
was Lord Elgin, who, about the year 1800, removed a
variety of the matchless friezes, statues, dec, which
were purchased of him by parliament on the part of
the nation, and now form the most valuable ana inter-
esting portion of the British Museum. This act of
Lord Elgin's called forth at the time severe animad-
version, though it is now well known that there was
imminent danger . of those relics of art being totally
destroyed by the wanton barbarism of the Turks and
others. (Etme's Dictionary of the Fine Arts, s. v.
Parthenon. )
ParthknopjKis, son of Milanion (according to
some, of Mars) and Atalanta. He was one of the
seven chieftains who engaged in the Theban war.
{Vid. Eleocles and Polynices. ) He was slain by Am-
pbidicus, or, as others state, by Pcriclymenus. (Apol-
kx(. , 3, 6, 8. --Consult Heyne, ad loc. )
Pabthrnope, one of the Sirens. (Vid. Neapolis. )
Parthia, called by Strabo and Arrian Parthysa
yllapOvnia), was originally a small extent of country to
the southeast of the Caspian Sea, of a mountainous and
sandy character, with here and there, however, a fruit-
ful plain, and regarded as forming, under the Persian
? ? sway, one satrapy with the province of Hyrcania, which
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? PAR
PAB
>>')d it was (be great object of Romai policy to support,
as much as possible, pretenders to the throne, and there-
by prevent alt offensive operations on the part of the Par-
tisans. The great subject of contention between the
Romans and Parthians was the kingdom of Armenia,
which had monarcha of its own, and was nominally in-
dependent; but its rulers were always appointed either
by the Parthians or the Koinans, and the attempts of
each nation to place its own dependants on the throne,
led to incessant wars between them. In the reign of
Trajan, Armenia and Mesopotamia were converted
into Roman provinces, and a new king of the Parthi-
ans was appointed by the emperor. Under Hadrian,
nowever, the conquered territory was given up, and the
Euphrates again became the boundary of Parthia.
The two nations now remained at peace with each
other until the reign of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius
V'erus. Cassius, the general of Vcrus, met with great
auccess in the war, and at length took and almost de-
stroyed the powerful city of Seleucia on the Tigris,
A. D. 1C5. Under the reign of Vologeses IV. , the
Parthian dominions were invaded by Septimius Sever-
us, who took Ctesiphon and several other important
places, A. D. 198, and annexed to the Roman empire
the important province of Osrhoene. Caracalla fol-
lowed up the successes of his father; and though Ma-
crinus, who came after him, made a disgraceful peace
with the Parthians, their power had become greatly
weakened by the conquests of Verus, Severus, and
(Jaracalla. --Artaxerxes, who had served with great
reputation in the army of Artabanus, the last king of
Parthia, took advantage of the weakened state of the
monarchy to found a new dynasty. He represented
himself as a descendant of the ancient kinga of Persia,
and called upon the Persians to recover their independ-
ence. The call was readily responded to: a large
Persian army was collected; the Parthians were de-
feated in three great battles, and Artaxerxes succeed-
ed to all the dominions of the Parthian kings, and be-
came the founder of the new Persian empire, which is
usually known as that of the Sassanida*. ( Vid. Artax-
erxes IV. --Encycl. Us. Knoiel. , vol. 17, p. 292. )
The Parthians, as we have already remarked, were of
Scythian origin; and, according to Justin (41, 1),
their namo signified, in the Scythian language, "ban-
ished" or "exiles. " Isidorus makes the samo state-
ment, and adds, that they were driven out of Scythia
by domestic atrife. (Orig. , 10, 2, 44. -- Compare
Wahl, Vorder- und Mtttel-Asien, p. 545, in notis. )
The mode of fighting adopted by their cavalry was pe-
culiar, and well calculated to annoy. When apparent-
ly in full retreat, they would turn round on their steeds
and discharge their arrows with the most unerring ac-
curacy; and hence, to borrow the language of an an-
cient writer, it was victory to them if a counterfeited
(light threw their pursuers into disorder. (Pint. , Vit.
Crass. , ti. --Horat. , Od. , 1, 19, 11. --M. ,/, . , 2, 13,
17. --Lucan, 1, 230-- Herodian. , 3, 4, 20. )
Parthyenk, the original, and subsequently the roy-
al, province of Parthia. (Vid. remarks near the com-
mencement of the preceding article. )
P. iviDEs or Paryabdks (Plol. ), a branch of Cau-
caius, running off to the southwest, and separating
Canpadocia from Armenia. On the confines of Cap?
padocia the name was changed to Scordiscus: it here
united with the chain of Antitaurus, and both stretched
onward to the west and southwest through Cappado-
? ? eii. The highest elevation in this range was Mons Ar-
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? PAS
PAT
it/, 1828), supposes that it ratbir refer? to Artsxerxes
Ocbus; and Lassen, a most compete! t authority on
. he subject, thinks it impossible to make out the name
of Cyrus in this inscription.
Hock is of opinion, that
the building described by Porter, and before him by
Moner, is the tomb of one of the Sassanian kings, the
t/r. as'. y that ruled in Persia from the third to the mid-
dle of the seventh century of our era. (Veleris Media
it Persia Monumcnta, Got/, 1818. ) Herodotus does
not speak of Pasargadse as a place, but as the noblest
of the Persian tribes, so that Cyrus must hare founded
the city of the same name in their territory. (Herod. ,
1, 125--Creuzer, ad loc. )
Pasiphae, a daughter of the Sun and of Perse'is,
ind wife of Minos, king of Crete. The ordinary le-
gend connected with her name has been given in a
different article (aid. Minotaurus), and the opinion has
there been advanced, that the whole story rests on
some astronomical basis, and that Pasiphae is identi-
cal with the moon. Thus we find the epithet llaoi-
faric (" all-illumining" or " all-bright") applied to Di-
ana in the Orphic hymns (35, 3), after having been giv-
en to the Sun in a previous effusion (7,14). The same
term, together with UaotQavf/c, is applied to Selene,
or the full moon, by a later bard. (Maximus, Philos. ,
ttpl Karapxuv, ap. Fabric. , Bibl. Gr. , vol. 8, p. 415.
--Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 4, p. 88. ) The "all-illu-
siing" Pasiphae, then, is, with every appearance of
probability, a goddess in the sphere of the Cretan lunar
worship. With regard to Pasiphae, considered as a
divinity, we have no direct proof from the island of
Crete itself: in Laconia, however, which derived so
many of its institutions from Crete, several confirma-
tory circumstances do not fail to present themselves.
Tertullian mentions the ora lc of Pasiphae in I. aconia
ai one of the most celebrated in that country (de Ani-
ta, c. 46. --Op. , vol. 4, p. 311, ed. Semi). Plutarch
also speaks of a temple and oracle of Pasiphae at
Tbalama? , though he leaves it undecided what partic-
ular deity is meant by the name. (Vit. Agid. , c. 9. )
ft would seem, however, to have been an orade of one
of their most ancient and revered deities, and there-
fore, in all likelihood, a Cretan one, since it was con-
sulted on all great political occasions by the Spartan
Ephori (Compare Cic. , dt Divin. , 1, 43. --Pint. ,
Vtt. Cieom. , c. 7. ) -- Pausanias mentions this same
sanctuary (3, 26). He calls it, indeed, the temple and
oracle of I no: and yet he informs us that without was
a statue of Pasiphae, and another of the sun. We
must here read llamtba? '/c with Sylburgius and Meur-
jius. in place of the common lection Tlaejir/e. (Con-
Liilt, in relation to the I. aconian Pasiphae, Meursius,
Mtte. Lacon. , 1,4; and, on the subject of Pasiphae
generally. Hock, Krcla, vol. 2, Vorredc, p. xxix. --Id.
iii , vol. 2, p. 49, seqq. )
PasitIo<<iis. Vid. Tigris.
Passaron, a town of Epirus, the capital of the Mo-
lossi. Here, according . o Plutarch (Vit. Pyrrh), the
kings of Epirus convened the solemn assembly of the
whole nation, when, after having performed the cus-
tomary sacrifices, they took an oath that they would
govern according to the established laws, and the peo-
ple, in return, swore to maintain the constitution and
defend the kingdom. After the termination of the war
between the Romans and Perseus, king of Macedon,
Passaron did not escape the sentence which doomed
to destruction so many of the unfortunate cities of
? ? Epirus that had shown an inclination to favour the
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? PAT
PAD
Mid anchored at the mouth of the Meduacus Majtr,
and near the present villages of Chiosza and Fusina.
A party of these adventurers, having advanced up the
river in some light vessels, effected a landing, and
proceeded to burn and plunder the defenceless villa-
ges or. its banks. The alarm of this unexpected at-
tack soon reached Patavium, whose inhabitants were
kept continually on the alert and in arms, from fear
of the neighbouring Gauls. A force was instantly
despatched to repel the invaders; and such was the
? kill and promptitude with which the service was per-
formed, that the marauders were surprised and their
Teasels taken before the news of this reverse could
K ich the fleet at the mouth of the river. Attacked
at his moorings, it was not without great Ios3, both in
? hips and men, that the Spartan commander effected
his escape. The shields of the Greeks and the beaks
of their galleys were suspended in the temple of Juno,
and an annual mock-fight on the Meduacus served to
perpetuate the memory of so proud a day in the an-
nals of Patavium. This event is placed by the Ro-
man historian in the 450th year of Rome. Strabo
speaks of Patavium as the greatest and most flourish-
ng city in the north of Italy; and states that it count-
ed in his time 500 Roman knights among its citizens,
and could at one period send 20,000 men into the
field. Its manufactures of cloth and woollen stuffs
wore renowned throughout Italy, and, together with
its traffic in various commodities, sufficiently attested
the great wealth and prosperity of its inhabitants.
(Slrab. , 213. --Compare Martial, 14, 141. ) Vessels
could come up to Patavium from the sea, a distance
of 250 stadia, by the Meduacus. About six miles to
the south of the city were the celebrated Palavins
Aquas. (Ptin. , 2, 103-- Id. , 31, 6. ) The principal
source was distinguished by the name of Aponus
Fons, from whence that of Bagni d'Abano, by which
these waters are at present known, has evidently been
formed--The modern Padua (in Italian Padova) oc-
cupies the site uf the ancient Patavium. (Cramer'*
Ant. Italy, vol. 1, p. 120, seqq. )
Patrrculos. an historian. (Vid. Velleius Pater-
eulus. )
Pathos, a small rocky island in the ^Cgean, south
of Icaria, and southwest of Samos. It belonged to
the group of the Sporades. This island appears to
have had no place which deserved the name of a city.
It became a spot of some consequence, however, in
the early history of the church, from St. John's having
been banished to it, and having here written his Apoc-
alypse. It is the general opinion of commentators on
Scripture, that St. John was banished to Patmos to-
wards the close of the reign of Domitian. It is not
known how long his captivity lasted, but it is thought
that he was released on the death of Domitian, which
happened A. D. 96, when he retired to Ephesus.
(Iren, 2, 22, b. --Euseb. ,Hist. Eccles. , 3, 18--Dio
Com. , 68, 1. ) A small bay on the east side, and two
others on the western shore, divide Patmos into two
portions, of which the southern is the more considers-
Vie. The modern name of the island is Patmo or
Palmosa. It contains several churches and convents;
the principal one is dedicated to the apostle. There
are also the ruins of an ancient fortress, and some
other remains. (Wkiltington, in WalpoWs Memoirs
<</" Turkey, vol. 2, p. 43. ) Dr. Clarke, in speaking of
Pttmos, declares that there is not a spot in the Archi-
? ? pelago with more of the semblance of a volcanic origin
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? PAULUS.
PAULUS.
rained to LI. : highest honours of his country. His sis-
ter ? . 'Emilia was married to P. Cornelius Scipio, the
conqueror of Hannibal, who was consul for the second
time B. C. 1S4; and this very year . 'Emiliu3, though he
had held no public office, was appointed one of three
commissioners to conduct a colony to Crotona, in the
south of Italy, a city with which he might claim some
connexion on the ground of his descent from Mamer-
coa, the son of Pythagoras. Two years after, at the
age ef about 36, he was elected a curule aedile in pref-
erence, if we may believe Plutarch, to twelve candi-
dates of such merit that every one of them became
afterward consuls. His aedileship was distinguished
by many improvements in the city and neighbourhood
of Rome. The following year (191 B. C. ) he held the
office of praetor, and in that capacity was governor of
the southwestern part of the Spanish peninsula, with a
considerable force under hia command. The appoint-
ment was renewed the following year, but with en-
larged powers, for he now bore the title of proconsul,
and was accompanied by double the usual number of
lictors. In an engagement, however, with the Lusi-
tani, 6000 of his men were cut to pieces, and the rest
only saved behind the works of trie camp. But this
disgrace was retrieved in the third year of his govern-
ment, by a signal defeat of '. he enemy, in which 18,000
of their men were left upo. i the field. For this auccess
a public thanksgiving was voted by the senate in hon-
our of JIl. milius. Soon after he returned to Rome,
and found that he had been appointed, in his absence,
one of the ten commissioners for regulating affairs in
that part of Western Asia which had lately been wrest-
ed by the two Scipios from Antiochus the Great.
. lE. nilius waa a member also of the college of augurs
from an early age, but we do not find any means of
fixing the period of his election. A3 a candidate for
the consulship he met with repeated repulses, and only
attained that honour in 182 B. C. , nine years after hold-
ing the office of praetor. During this and the following
tear he commanded an army in Liguria, and succeeded
in the complete reduction of a powerful people called
the Ingauni (who have left their name in the maritime
town of Albenga, formerly Albium Ingaunum). A
public thanksgiving of three days was immediately
voted, and, on hia return to Rome, he had the honour
jf a triumph. For the next ten years we lose sight of
. Emilius, and at the end of this period he is only men-
tioned as being selected by the inhabitants of farther
Spain to protect their interests at Rome, an honour
which at once proved and added to his influence. It
was at this period (B. C. 171) that the last Macedo-
nian war commenced; and though the Romans could
scarcely have anticipated a struggle from Perseus, who
inherited from his father only the shattered remains of
the great Macedonian monarchy, yet three consuls, in
three successive years, were more than baffled by his
arms. In B. C. 168 a second consulship, and with it
the command againat Perseus, was intrusted to -Emil-
ius. He was now at least 60 years of age, but he was
supported by two sons and two sons-in-law, who pos-
sessed both vigour and ability. By Papiria, a lady be-
longing to one of the first families in Rome, he had two
sons and three daughters. Of the sons, the elder had
been adopted into the house of the Fabii by the cele-
brated opponent of Hannibal, and consequently bore the
name of Quintus Fabius Maximus, with the addition of
. Emilianus, to mark his original connexion with the
? ? house of the . /Emilii. The younger, only seventeen
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? PAD
PAUSANIAS.
ter, eq aally unknown, by the name of Heiiodorus, is
the author of a Commentary on this same work, in 53
chapters, which still remains in MS. There are two
editions of the work of Paulus: one by Schalon,
Witeb. , 1586, 8vo, and the other in 1588, Witeb. ,
4to. (Sckbll, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol.
