Once did She hold the gorgeous east in fee;
And was the safeguard of the west: the worth
Of Venice did not fall below her birth,
Venice, the eldest Child of Liberty.
And was the safeguard of the west: the worth
Of Venice did not fall below her birth,
Venice, the eldest Child of Liberty.
William Wordsworth
1807.
]
This sonnet, and the seven that follow it, were written during
Wordsworth's residence at Calais, in the month of August, 1802. The
following extract from his sister's Journal illustrates it:
"We arrived at _Calais_ at four o'clock on Sunday morning the 31st of
July. We had delightful walks after the heat of the day was
passed--seeing far off in the west the coast of England, like a cloud,
crested with Dover Castle, the evening Star, and the glory of the sky;
the reflections in the water were more beautiful than the sky itself;
purple waves brighter than precious stones, for ever melting away upon
the sands. "
Ed.
* * * * *
CALAIS, AUGUST, 1802
Composed August 7, 1802--Published 1807 [A]
One of the "Sonnets dedicated to Liberty"; re-named in 1845, "Poems
dedicated to National Independence and Liberty. "--Ed.
Is it a reed that's shaken by the wind,
Or what is it that ye go forth to see?
Lords, lawyers, statesmen, squires of low degree,
Men known, and men unknown, sick, lame, and blind,
Post forward all, like creatures of one kind, 5
With first-fruit offerings crowd to bend the knee
In France, before the new-born Majesty.
'Tis ever thus. Ye men of prostrate mind, [1]
A seemly reverence may be paid to power;
But that's a loyal virtue, never sown 10
In haste, nor springing with a transient shower:
When truth, when sense, when liberty were flown,
What hardship had it been to wait an hour?
Shame on you, feeble Heads, to slavery prone!
* * * * *
VARIANTS ON THE TEXT
[Variant 1:
1807.
Thus fares it ever. Men of prostrate mind! 1803. ]
* * * * *
FOOTNOTE ON THE TEXT
[Footnote A: This sonnet was first published in 'The Morning Post', Jan.
29, 1803, under the signature W. L. D. , along with the one beginning, "I
grieved for Buonaparte, with a vain," and was afterwards printed in the
1807 edition of the Poems. Mr. T. Hutchinson (Dublin) suggests that the
W. L. D. stood either for _Wordsworthius Libertatis Defensor_, or (more
likely) _Wordsworthii Libertati Dedicatunt_ (carmen). --Ed. ]
* * * * *
COMPOSED NEAR CALAIS, ON THE ROAD LEADING TO ARDRES, AUGUST 7, 1802 [A]
Composed August, 1802. --Published 1807
One of the "Sonnets dedicated to Liberty"; re-named in 1845, "Poems
dedicated to National Independence and Liberty. "--Ed.
Jones! as [1] from Calais southward you and I
Went pacing side by side, this public Way
Streamed with the pomp of a too-credulous day, [B]
When faith was pledged to new-born Liberty: [2]
A homeless sound of joy was in the sky: 5
From hour to hour the antiquated Earth, [3]
Beat like the heart of Man: songs, garlands, mirth, [4]
Banners, and happy faces, far and nigh!
And now, sole register that these things were,
Two solitary greetings have I heard, 10
"_Good morrow, Citizen! _" a hollow word,
As if a dead man spake it! Yet despair
Touches me not, though pensive as a bird
Whose vernal coverts winter hath laid bare. [5]
* * * * *
VARIANTS ON THE TEXT
[Variant 1:
1837.
. . . when . . . 1807.
. . . while . . . 1820. ]
[Variant 2:
1837.
Travell'd on foot together; then this Way,
Which I am pacing now, was like the May
With festivals of new-born Liberty: 1807.
Where I am walking now . . . MS.
Urged our accordant steps, this public Way
Streamed with the pomp of a too-credulous day,
When faith was pledged to new-born Liberty: 1820. ]
[Variant 3:
1845.
The antiquated Earth, as one might say, 1807.
The antiquated Earth, hopeful and gay, 1837. ]
[Variant 4:
1845.
. . . garlands, play, 1807. ]
[Variant 5:
1827.
I feel not: happy am I as a Bird:
Fair seasons yet will come, and hopes as fair. 1807.
I feel not: jocund as a warbling Bird; 1820. ]
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES ON THE TEXT
[Footnote A: In the editions of 1807 to 1837 this is a sub-title, the
chief title being 'To a Friend'. In the editions of 1840-1843, the chief
title is retained in the Table of Contents, but is erased in the
text. --Ed. ]
[Footnote B: 14th July 1790. --W. W. 1820. ]
This sonnet, originally entitled 'To a Friend, composed near Calais, on
the Road leading to Ardres, August 7th, 1802', was addressed to Robert
Jones, of Plas-yn-llan, near Ruthin, Denbighshire, a brother collegian
at Cambridge, and afterwards a fellow of St. John's College, and
incumbent of Soulderne, near Deddington, in Oxfordshire. It was to him
that Wordsworth dedicated his 'Descriptive Sketches', which record their
wanderings together in Switzerland; and it is to the pedestrian tour,
undertaken by the two friends in the long vacation of 1790, that he
refers in the above sonnet. The character of Jones is sketched in the
poem written in 1800, beginning:
'I marvel how Nature could ever find space,' [A]
and his parsonage in Oxfordshire is described in the sonnet--
'Where holy ground begins, unhallowed ends,
Is marked by no distinguishable line. '
The following note on Jones was appended to the edition of
1837:
"This excellent Person, one of my earliest and dearest friends, died
in the year 1835. We were under-graduates together of the same year,
at the same college; and companions in many a delightful ramble
through his own romantic Country of North Wales. Much of the latter
part of his life he passed in comparative solitude; which I know was
often cheered by remembrance of our youthful adventures, and of the
beautiful regions which, at home and abroad, we had visited together.
Our long friendship was never subject to a moment's
interruption,--and, while revising these volumes for the last time, I
have been so often reminded of my loss, with a not unpleasing sadness,
that I trust the Reader will excuse this passing mention of a Man who
well deserves from me something more than so brief a notice. Let me
only add, that during the middle part of his life he resided many
years (as Incumbent of the Living) at a Parsonage in Oxfordshire,
which is the subject of one of the 'Miscellaneous Sonnets. '"
Ed.
[Footnote A: See p. 208 ['A Character']. --Ed. ]
* * * * *
CALAIS, AUGUST 15, 1802
Composed August 15, 1802. --Published 1807 [A]
One of the "Sonnets dedicated to Liberty"; re-named in 1845, "Poems
dedicated to National Independence and Liberty. "--Ed.
Festivals have I seen that were not names:
This is young Buonaparte's natal day,
And his is henceforth an established sway--
Consul for life. With worship France proclaims
Her approbation, and with pomps and games. 5
Heaven grant that other Cities may be gay!
Calais is not: and I have bent my way
To the [1] sea-coast, noting that each man frames
His business as he likes. Far other show
My youth here witnessed, in a prouder time; [2] 10
The senselessness of joy was then sublime!
Happy is he, who, caring not for Pope,
Consul, or King, can sound himself to know
The destiny of Man, and live in hope.
* * * * *
VARIANTS ON THE TEXT
[Variant 1:
1807.
. . . this . . . 1803. ]
[Variant 2:
1827.
. . . Another time
That was, when I was here twelve years ago. 1803.
. . . long years ago: 1807.
. . . Far different time
That was, which here I witnessed, long ago; 1820. ]
* * * * *
FOOTNOTE ON THE TEXT
[Footnote A: It had appeared in 'The Morning Post', February 26, 1803,
under the initials W. L. D. --Ed. ]
* * * * *
"IT IS A BEAUTEOUS EVENING, CALM AND FREE"
Composed August, 1802. --Published 1807
[This was composed on the beach near Calais, in the autumn of 1802. --I.
F. ]
One of the "Miscellaneous Sonnets. " In 1807 it was No. 19 of that
series. --Ed.
It is a beauteous evening, calm and free, [1]
The holy time is quiet as a Nun
Breathless with adoration; the broad sun
Is sinking down in its tranquillity;
The gentleness of heaven broods o'er the Sea: [2] 5
Listen! [3] the mighty Being is awake,
And doth with his eternal motion make
A sound like thunder--everlastingly.
Dear Child! dear Girl! that walkest with me here, [A]
If thou appear untouched by solemn thought, [4] 10
Thy nature is not therefore less divine:
Thou liest in Abraham's bosom all the year;
And worshipp'st at the Temple's inner shrine,
God being with thee when we know it not. [B]
* * * * *
VARIANTS ON THE TEXT
[Variant 1:
1807.
Air sleeps,--from strife or stir the clouds are free; 1837.
A fairer face of evening cannot be; 1840.
The text of 1845 returns to that of 1807. ]
[Variant 2:
1837.
. . . is on the Sea: 1807. ]
[Variant 3:
1807.
But list! . . . 1837.
The text of 1840 returns to that of 1807. ]
[Variant 4:
1845.
Dear Child! dear Girl! that walkest with me here,
If thou appear'st untouch'd by solemn thought, 1807.
Dear Child! dear happy Girl! if thou appear
Heedless--untouched with awe or serious thought, 1837.
Heedless-unawed, untouched with serious thought, 1838.
The text of 1840 returns to that of 1807. ]
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES ON THE TEXT
[Footnote A: I thought, for some time, that the "girl" referred to was
Dorothy Wordsworth. Her brother used to speak, and to write, of her
under many names, "Emily," "Louisa," etc. ; and to call her a "child" in
1802--a "child of Nature" she was to the end of her days--or a "girl,"
seemed quite natural. However, a more probable suggestion was made by
Mr. T. Hutchinson to Professor Dowden, that it refers to the girl
Caroline mentioned in Dorothy Wordsworth's Journal.
"We arrived at Calais at four o'clock on Sunday morning, the 3rd of
July. . . . We found out Annette and C. , chez Madame Avril dans la rue de
la Tete d'or. The weather was very hot. We walked by the shore almost
every evening with Annette and Caroline, or William and I alone. . . . It
was beautiful on the calm hot night to see the little boats row out of
harbour with wings of fire, and the sail-boats with the fiery track
which they cut as they went along, and which closed up after them with
a hundred thousand sparkles and streams of glowworm light. Caroline
was delighted. "
I have been unable to discover who Annette and Caroline were. Dorothy
Wordsworth frequently records in her Grasmere Journal that either
William, or she, "wrote to Annette," but who she was is unknown to
either the Wordsworth or the Hutchinson family. --Ed. ]
[Footnote B: Compare:
'The Child is father of the Man, etc. '
p. 292.
Also S. T. C. in 'The Friend', iii. p. 46:
'The sacred light of childhood,'
and 'The Prelude', book v. l. 507. Ed. ]
* * * * *
ON THE EXTINCTION OF THE VENETIAN REPUBLIC
Composed August, 1802. --Published 1807
This and the following ten sonnets were included among the "Sonnets
dedicated to Liberty"; re-named in 1845, "Poems dedicated to National
Independence and Liberty. "--Ed.
Once did She hold the gorgeous east in fee;
And was the safeguard of the west: the worth
Of Venice did not fall below her birth,
Venice, the eldest Child of Liberty.
She was a maiden City, bright and free; 5
No guile seduced, no force could violate;
And, when she took unto herself a Mate,
She must espouse the everlasting Sea. [A]
And what if she had seen those glories fade,
Those titles vanish, and that strength decay; 10
Yet shall some tribute of regret be paid
When her long life hath reached its final day:
Men are we, and must grieve when even the Shade
Of that which once was great, is passed away.
* * * * *
FOOTNOTE ON THE TEXT
[Footnote A: Compare 'Childe Harold's Pilgrimage' (canto iv. II):
'The spouseless Adriatic mourns her lord. '
Ed. ]
"Once did She hold the gorgeous east in fee. "
The special glory of Venice dates from the conquest of Constantinople by
the Latins in 1202. The fourth Crusade--in which the French and
Venetians alone took part--started from Venice, in October 1202, under
the command of the Doge, Henry Dandolo. Its aim, however, was not the
recovery of Palestine, but the conquest of Constantinople. At the close
of the crusade, Venice received the Morea, part of Thessaly, the
Cyclades, many of the Byzantine cities, and the coasts of the
Hellespont, with three-eighths of the city of Constantinople itself, the
Doge taking the curious title of Duke of three-eighths of the Roman
Empire.
"And was the safeguard of the west. "
This may refer to the prominent part which Venice took in the Crusades,
or to the development of her naval power, which made her mistress of the
Mediterranean for many years, and an effective bulwark against invasions
from the East.
"The eldest Child of Liberty. "
The origin of the Venetian State was the flight of many of
the inhabitants of the mainland--on the invasion of Italy by
Attila--to the chain of islands that lie at the head of the
Adriatic.
"In the midst of the waters, free, indigent, laborious, and
inaccessible, they gradually coalesced into a republic: the first
foundations of Venice were laid in the island of Rialto. . . . On the
verge of the two empires the Venetians exult in the belief of
primitive and perpetual independence. "
Gibbon's 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire', chap. lx.
"And, when she took unto herself a Mate,
She must espouse the everlasting Sea. "
In 1177, Pope Alexander III. appealed to the Venetian Republic for
protection against the German Emperor. The Venetians were successful in
a naval battle at Saboro, against Otho, the son of Frederick Barbarossa.
In return, the Pope presented the Doge Liani with a ring, with which he
told him to wed the Adriatic, that posterity might know that the sea was
subject to Venice, "as a bride is to her husband. "
In September 1796, nearly six years before this sonnet was written, the
fate of the old Venetian Republic was sealed by the treaty of Campo
Formio. The French army under Napoleon had subdued Italy, and, having
crossed the Alps, threatened Vienna. To avert impending disaster, the
Emperor Francis arranged a treaty which extinguished the Venetian
Republic. He divided its territory between himself and Napoleon, Austria
retaining Istria, Dalmatia, and the left bank of the Adige in the
Venetian State, with the "maiden city" itself; France receiving the rest
of the territory and the Ionian Islands. Since the date of that treaty
the city has twice been annexed to Italy. --Ed.
* * * * *
THE KING OF SWEDEN
Composed August, 1802. --Published 1807
The Voice of song from distant lands shall call
To that great [1] King; shall hail the crowned Youth
Who, taking counsel of unbending Truth,
By one example hath set forth to all
How they with dignity may stand; or fall, 5
If fall they must. Now, whither doth it tend?
And what to him and his shall be the end?
That thought is one which neither can appal
Nor cheer him; for the illustrious Swede hath done
The thing which ought to be; is raised _above_ [2] 10
All consequences: work he hath begun
Of fortitude, and piety, and love,
Which all his glorious ancestors approve:
The heroes bless him, him their rightful son.
* * * * *
VARIANTS ON THE TEXT
[Variant 1:
1807.
. . . bold . . . In 1838 only. ]
[Variant 2:
1845.
. . . He stands _above_ 1807. ]
The following is Wordsworth's note to this sonnet, added in 1837:
"In this and a succeeding Sonnet on the same subject, let me be
understood as a Poet availing himself of the situation which the King
of Sweden occupied, and of the principles AVOWED IN HIS MANIFESTOS; as
laying hold of these advantages for the purpose of embodying moral
truths. This remark might, perhaps, as well have been suppressed; for
to those who may be in sympathy with the course of these Poems, it
will be superfluous; and will, I fear, be thrown away upon that other
class, whose besotted admiration of the intoxicated despot hereafter
placed [A] in contrast with him, is the most melancholy evidence of
degradation in British feeling and intellect which the times have
furnished. "
The king referred to is Gustavus IV. , who was born in 1778, proclaimed
king in 1792, and died in 1837. His first public act after his accession
was to join in the coalition against Napoleon, and dislike of Napoleon
was the main-spring of his policy. It is to this that Wordsworth refers
in the sonnet:
'. . . the illustrious Swede hath done
The thing which ought to be . . . '
It made him unpopular, however, and gave rise to a conspiracy against
him, and to his consequent abdication in 1809. He "died forgotten and in
poverty. "--Ed.
[Footnote A: See the sonnet beginning "Call not the royal Swede
unfortunate," vol. iv. p. 224. --Ed. ]
* * * * *
TO TOUSSAINT L'OUVERTURE
Composed August, 1802. --Published 1807 [A]
Toussaint, the most unhappy man of men! [B]
Whether the whistling Rustic tend his plough
Within thy hearing, or thy head be now
Pillowed in some deep dungeon's earless den;--[1]
O miserable Chieftain! where and when 5
Wilt thou find patience? Yet die not; do thou
Wear rather in thy bonds a cheerful brow:
Though fallen thyself, never to rise again,
Live, and take comfort. [2] Thou hast left behind
Powers that will work for thee; air, earth, and skies; 10
There's not a breathing of the common wind
That will forget thee; thou hast great allies;
Thy friends are exultations, agonies,
And love, and man's unconquerable mind. [C]
* * * * *
VARIANTS ON THE TEXT
[Variant 1:
1827.
Whether the rural milk-maid by her cow
Sing in thy hearing, or thou liest now
Alone in some deep dungeon's earless den, 1803.
Whether the all-cheering sun be free to shed
His beams around thee, or thou rest thy head
Pillowed in some dark dungeon's noisome den, 1815.
Whether the whistling Rustic tend his plough
Within thy hearing, or Thou liest now
Buried in some deep dungeon's earless den;--1820. ]
[Variant 2:
1807.
. . . Yet die not; be thou
Life to thyself in death; with chearful brow
Live, loving death, nor let one thought in ten
Be painful to thee . . . 1803. ]
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES ON THE TEXT
[Footnote A: But previously printed in 'The Morning Post' of February 2,
1803, under the signature W. L. D. --Ed. ]
[Footnote B: Compare Massinger, 'The Bondman', act I. scene iii. l. 8:
'Her man of men, Timoleon. '
Ed. ]
[Footnote B: Compare Rowe's 'Tamerlane', iii. 2:
'But to subdue the unconquerable mind. '
Also Gray's poem 'The Progress of Poesy', ii. 2, l. 10:
'Th' unconquerable Mind, and Freedom's holy flame. '
Ed. ]
Francois Dominique Toussaint (who was surnamed L'Ouverture), the child
of African slaves, was born at St. Domingo in 1743. He was a Royalist in
political sympathy till 1794, when the decree of the French convention,
giving liberty to the slaves, brought him over to the side of the
Republic. He was made a general of division by Laveux, and succeeded in
taking the whole of the north of the island from the English. In 1796 he
was made chief of the French army of St. Domingo, and first the British
commander, and next the Spanish, surrendered everything to him. He
became governor of the island, which prospered under his rule. Napoleon,
however, in 1801, issued an edict re-establishing slavery in St.
Domingo. Toussaint professed obedience, but showed that he meant to
resist the edict. A fleet of fifty-four vessels was sent from France to
enforce it. Toussaint was proclaimed an outlaw. He surrendered, and was
received with military honours, but was treacherously arrested and sent
to Paris in June 1802, where he died, in April 1803, after ten months'
hardship in prison. He had been two months in prison when Wordsworth
addressed this sonnet to him. --Ed.
* * * * *
COMPOSED IN THE VALLEY NEAR DOVER, ON THE DAY OF LANDING
Composed August 30, 1802. --Published 1807
Here, on our native soil, we breathe once more. [1]
The cock that crows, the smoke that curls, that sound
Of bells;--those boys who [2] in yon meadow-ground
In white-sleeved shirts are playing; [A] and the roar
Of the waves breaking on the chalky shore;--[3] 5
All, all are English. Oft have I looked round
With joy in Kent's green vales; but never found
Myself so satisfied in heart before.
Europe is yet in bonds; but let that pass,
Thought for another moment. Thou art free, 10
My Country! and 'tis joy enough and pride
For one hour's perfect bliss, to tread the grass
Of England once again, and hear and see,
With such a dear Companion at my side.
* * * * *
VARIANTS ON THE TEXT
[Variant 1:
1827.
Dear fellow Traveller! here we are once more. 1807. ]
[Variant 2:
1820.
. . . that . . . 1807. ]
[Variant 3:
1815.
In white sleev'd shirts are playing by the score,
And even this little River's gentle roar, 1807. ]
* * * * *
FOOTNOTE ON THE TEXT
[Footnote A: At the beginning of Dorothy Wordsworth's 'Journal of a Tour
on the Continent' in 1820, she writes (July 10, 1820):
"When within a mile of Dover saw crowds of people at a cricket match,
the numerous combatants dressed in 'white-sleeved shirts;' and it was
in the very same field, where, when we 'trod the grass of England once
again,' twenty years ago, we had seen an assemblage of youths, engaged
in the same sport, so very like the present that all might have been
the same. (See my brother's sonnet. )"
Ed. ]
Dorothy Wordsworth writes in her Journal,
"On Sunday, the 29th of August, we left Calais, at twelve o'clock in
the morning, and landed at Dover at one on Monday the 30th. It was
very pleasant to me, when we were in the harbour at Dover, to breathe
the fresh air, and to look up and see the stars among the ropes of the
vessel. The next day was very hot, we bathed, and sat upon the Dover
Cliffs, and looked upon France with many a melancholy and tender
thought. We could see the shores almost as plain as if it were but an
English lake. We mounted the coach, and arrived in London at six, the
30th August. "
Ed.
* * * * *
SEPTEMBER 1, 1802
Composed September 1, 1802. --Published 1807 [A]
Among the capricious acts of Tyranny that disgraced these times, was the
chasing of all Negroes from France by decree of the Government: we had a
Fellow-passenger who was one of the expelled. --W. W. 1827.
We had a female Passenger who came [1]
From Calais with us, spotless [2] in array,
A white-robed Negro, [3] like a lady gay,
Yet downcast [4] as a woman fearing blame;
Meek, destitute, as seemed, of hope or aim [5] 5
She sate, from notice turning not away,
But on all proffered intercourse did lay [6]
A weight of languid speech, or to the same
No sign of answer made by word or face:
Yet still her eyes retained their tropic fire, 10
That, burning independent of the mind,
Joined with the lustre of her rich attire
To mock the Outcast--O ye Heavens, be kind!
And feel, thou Earth, for this afflicted Race! [7]
* * * * *
VARIANTS ON THE TEXT
[Variant 1:
1845.
We had a fellow-passenger that came 1803.
. . . who . . . 1807.
Driven from the soil of France, a Female came 1827.
The edition of 1838 returns to the text of 1807, but the edition of 1840
reverts to that of 1827. ]
[Variant 2:
1845.
. . . gaudy . . . 1803.
. . . brilliant . . . 1827. ]
[Variant 3:
1845.
A negro woman, . . . 1803. ]
[Variant 4:
1827.
Yet silent . . . 1803. ]
[Variant 5:
1827.
Dejected, downcast, meek, and more than tame: 1803.
Dejected, meek, yea pitiably tame, 1807. ]
[Variant 6:
1827.
But on our proffer'd kindness still did lay 1803. ]
[Variant 7:
1845.
. . . or at the same
Was silent, motionless in eyes and face.
This sonnet, and the seven that follow it, were written during
Wordsworth's residence at Calais, in the month of August, 1802. The
following extract from his sister's Journal illustrates it:
"We arrived at _Calais_ at four o'clock on Sunday morning the 31st of
July. We had delightful walks after the heat of the day was
passed--seeing far off in the west the coast of England, like a cloud,
crested with Dover Castle, the evening Star, and the glory of the sky;
the reflections in the water were more beautiful than the sky itself;
purple waves brighter than precious stones, for ever melting away upon
the sands. "
Ed.
* * * * *
CALAIS, AUGUST, 1802
Composed August 7, 1802--Published 1807 [A]
One of the "Sonnets dedicated to Liberty"; re-named in 1845, "Poems
dedicated to National Independence and Liberty. "--Ed.
Is it a reed that's shaken by the wind,
Or what is it that ye go forth to see?
Lords, lawyers, statesmen, squires of low degree,
Men known, and men unknown, sick, lame, and blind,
Post forward all, like creatures of one kind, 5
With first-fruit offerings crowd to bend the knee
In France, before the new-born Majesty.
'Tis ever thus. Ye men of prostrate mind, [1]
A seemly reverence may be paid to power;
But that's a loyal virtue, never sown 10
In haste, nor springing with a transient shower:
When truth, when sense, when liberty were flown,
What hardship had it been to wait an hour?
Shame on you, feeble Heads, to slavery prone!
* * * * *
VARIANTS ON THE TEXT
[Variant 1:
1807.
Thus fares it ever. Men of prostrate mind! 1803. ]
* * * * *
FOOTNOTE ON THE TEXT
[Footnote A: This sonnet was first published in 'The Morning Post', Jan.
29, 1803, under the signature W. L. D. , along with the one beginning, "I
grieved for Buonaparte, with a vain," and was afterwards printed in the
1807 edition of the Poems. Mr. T. Hutchinson (Dublin) suggests that the
W. L. D. stood either for _Wordsworthius Libertatis Defensor_, or (more
likely) _Wordsworthii Libertati Dedicatunt_ (carmen). --Ed. ]
* * * * *
COMPOSED NEAR CALAIS, ON THE ROAD LEADING TO ARDRES, AUGUST 7, 1802 [A]
Composed August, 1802. --Published 1807
One of the "Sonnets dedicated to Liberty"; re-named in 1845, "Poems
dedicated to National Independence and Liberty. "--Ed.
Jones! as [1] from Calais southward you and I
Went pacing side by side, this public Way
Streamed with the pomp of a too-credulous day, [B]
When faith was pledged to new-born Liberty: [2]
A homeless sound of joy was in the sky: 5
From hour to hour the antiquated Earth, [3]
Beat like the heart of Man: songs, garlands, mirth, [4]
Banners, and happy faces, far and nigh!
And now, sole register that these things were,
Two solitary greetings have I heard, 10
"_Good morrow, Citizen! _" a hollow word,
As if a dead man spake it! Yet despair
Touches me not, though pensive as a bird
Whose vernal coverts winter hath laid bare. [5]
* * * * *
VARIANTS ON THE TEXT
[Variant 1:
1837.
. . . when . . . 1807.
. . . while . . . 1820. ]
[Variant 2:
1837.
Travell'd on foot together; then this Way,
Which I am pacing now, was like the May
With festivals of new-born Liberty: 1807.
Where I am walking now . . . MS.
Urged our accordant steps, this public Way
Streamed with the pomp of a too-credulous day,
When faith was pledged to new-born Liberty: 1820. ]
[Variant 3:
1845.
The antiquated Earth, as one might say, 1807.
The antiquated Earth, hopeful and gay, 1837. ]
[Variant 4:
1845.
. . . garlands, play, 1807. ]
[Variant 5:
1827.
I feel not: happy am I as a Bird:
Fair seasons yet will come, and hopes as fair. 1807.
I feel not: jocund as a warbling Bird; 1820. ]
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES ON THE TEXT
[Footnote A: In the editions of 1807 to 1837 this is a sub-title, the
chief title being 'To a Friend'. In the editions of 1840-1843, the chief
title is retained in the Table of Contents, but is erased in the
text. --Ed. ]
[Footnote B: 14th July 1790. --W. W. 1820. ]
This sonnet, originally entitled 'To a Friend, composed near Calais, on
the Road leading to Ardres, August 7th, 1802', was addressed to Robert
Jones, of Plas-yn-llan, near Ruthin, Denbighshire, a brother collegian
at Cambridge, and afterwards a fellow of St. John's College, and
incumbent of Soulderne, near Deddington, in Oxfordshire. It was to him
that Wordsworth dedicated his 'Descriptive Sketches', which record their
wanderings together in Switzerland; and it is to the pedestrian tour,
undertaken by the two friends in the long vacation of 1790, that he
refers in the above sonnet. The character of Jones is sketched in the
poem written in 1800, beginning:
'I marvel how Nature could ever find space,' [A]
and his parsonage in Oxfordshire is described in the sonnet--
'Where holy ground begins, unhallowed ends,
Is marked by no distinguishable line. '
The following note on Jones was appended to the edition of
1837:
"This excellent Person, one of my earliest and dearest friends, died
in the year 1835. We were under-graduates together of the same year,
at the same college; and companions in many a delightful ramble
through his own romantic Country of North Wales. Much of the latter
part of his life he passed in comparative solitude; which I know was
often cheered by remembrance of our youthful adventures, and of the
beautiful regions which, at home and abroad, we had visited together.
Our long friendship was never subject to a moment's
interruption,--and, while revising these volumes for the last time, I
have been so often reminded of my loss, with a not unpleasing sadness,
that I trust the Reader will excuse this passing mention of a Man who
well deserves from me something more than so brief a notice. Let me
only add, that during the middle part of his life he resided many
years (as Incumbent of the Living) at a Parsonage in Oxfordshire,
which is the subject of one of the 'Miscellaneous Sonnets. '"
Ed.
[Footnote A: See p. 208 ['A Character']. --Ed. ]
* * * * *
CALAIS, AUGUST 15, 1802
Composed August 15, 1802. --Published 1807 [A]
One of the "Sonnets dedicated to Liberty"; re-named in 1845, "Poems
dedicated to National Independence and Liberty. "--Ed.
Festivals have I seen that were not names:
This is young Buonaparte's natal day,
And his is henceforth an established sway--
Consul for life. With worship France proclaims
Her approbation, and with pomps and games. 5
Heaven grant that other Cities may be gay!
Calais is not: and I have bent my way
To the [1] sea-coast, noting that each man frames
His business as he likes. Far other show
My youth here witnessed, in a prouder time; [2] 10
The senselessness of joy was then sublime!
Happy is he, who, caring not for Pope,
Consul, or King, can sound himself to know
The destiny of Man, and live in hope.
* * * * *
VARIANTS ON THE TEXT
[Variant 1:
1807.
. . . this . . . 1803. ]
[Variant 2:
1827.
. . . Another time
That was, when I was here twelve years ago. 1803.
. . . long years ago: 1807.
. . . Far different time
That was, which here I witnessed, long ago; 1820. ]
* * * * *
FOOTNOTE ON THE TEXT
[Footnote A: It had appeared in 'The Morning Post', February 26, 1803,
under the initials W. L. D. --Ed. ]
* * * * *
"IT IS A BEAUTEOUS EVENING, CALM AND FREE"
Composed August, 1802. --Published 1807
[This was composed on the beach near Calais, in the autumn of 1802. --I.
F. ]
One of the "Miscellaneous Sonnets. " In 1807 it was No. 19 of that
series. --Ed.
It is a beauteous evening, calm and free, [1]
The holy time is quiet as a Nun
Breathless with adoration; the broad sun
Is sinking down in its tranquillity;
The gentleness of heaven broods o'er the Sea: [2] 5
Listen! [3] the mighty Being is awake,
And doth with his eternal motion make
A sound like thunder--everlastingly.
Dear Child! dear Girl! that walkest with me here, [A]
If thou appear untouched by solemn thought, [4] 10
Thy nature is not therefore less divine:
Thou liest in Abraham's bosom all the year;
And worshipp'st at the Temple's inner shrine,
God being with thee when we know it not. [B]
* * * * *
VARIANTS ON THE TEXT
[Variant 1:
1807.
Air sleeps,--from strife or stir the clouds are free; 1837.
A fairer face of evening cannot be; 1840.
The text of 1845 returns to that of 1807. ]
[Variant 2:
1837.
. . . is on the Sea: 1807. ]
[Variant 3:
1807.
But list! . . . 1837.
The text of 1840 returns to that of 1807. ]
[Variant 4:
1845.
Dear Child! dear Girl! that walkest with me here,
If thou appear'st untouch'd by solemn thought, 1807.
Dear Child! dear happy Girl! if thou appear
Heedless--untouched with awe or serious thought, 1837.
Heedless-unawed, untouched with serious thought, 1838.
The text of 1840 returns to that of 1807. ]
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES ON THE TEXT
[Footnote A: I thought, for some time, that the "girl" referred to was
Dorothy Wordsworth. Her brother used to speak, and to write, of her
under many names, "Emily," "Louisa," etc. ; and to call her a "child" in
1802--a "child of Nature" she was to the end of her days--or a "girl,"
seemed quite natural. However, a more probable suggestion was made by
Mr. T. Hutchinson to Professor Dowden, that it refers to the girl
Caroline mentioned in Dorothy Wordsworth's Journal.
"We arrived at Calais at four o'clock on Sunday morning, the 3rd of
July. . . . We found out Annette and C. , chez Madame Avril dans la rue de
la Tete d'or. The weather was very hot. We walked by the shore almost
every evening with Annette and Caroline, or William and I alone. . . . It
was beautiful on the calm hot night to see the little boats row out of
harbour with wings of fire, and the sail-boats with the fiery track
which they cut as they went along, and which closed up after them with
a hundred thousand sparkles and streams of glowworm light. Caroline
was delighted. "
I have been unable to discover who Annette and Caroline were. Dorothy
Wordsworth frequently records in her Grasmere Journal that either
William, or she, "wrote to Annette," but who she was is unknown to
either the Wordsworth or the Hutchinson family. --Ed. ]
[Footnote B: Compare:
'The Child is father of the Man, etc. '
p. 292.
Also S. T. C. in 'The Friend', iii. p. 46:
'The sacred light of childhood,'
and 'The Prelude', book v. l. 507. Ed. ]
* * * * *
ON THE EXTINCTION OF THE VENETIAN REPUBLIC
Composed August, 1802. --Published 1807
This and the following ten sonnets were included among the "Sonnets
dedicated to Liberty"; re-named in 1845, "Poems dedicated to National
Independence and Liberty. "--Ed.
Once did She hold the gorgeous east in fee;
And was the safeguard of the west: the worth
Of Venice did not fall below her birth,
Venice, the eldest Child of Liberty.
She was a maiden City, bright and free; 5
No guile seduced, no force could violate;
And, when she took unto herself a Mate,
She must espouse the everlasting Sea. [A]
And what if she had seen those glories fade,
Those titles vanish, and that strength decay; 10
Yet shall some tribute of regret be paid
When her long life hath reached its final day:
Men are we, and must grieve when even the Shade
Of that which once was great, is passed away.
* * * * *
FOOTNOTE ON THE TEXT
[Footnote A: Compare 'Childe Harold's Pilgrimage' (canto iv. II):
'The spouseless Adriatic mourns her lord. '
Ed. ]
"Once did She hold the gorgeous east in fee. "
The special glory of Venice dates from the conquest of Constantinople by
the Latins in 1202. The fourth Crusade--in which the French and
Venetians alone took part--started from Venice, in October 1202, under
the command of the Doge, Henry Dandolo. Its aim, however, was not the
recovery of Palestine, but the conquest of Constantinople. At the close
of the crusade, Venice received the Morea, part of Thessaly, the
Cyclades, many of the Byzantine cities, and the coasts of the
Hellespont, with three-eighths of the city of Constantinople itself, the
Doge taking the curious title of Duke of three-eighths of the Roman
Empire.
"And was the safeguard of the west. "
This may refer to the prominent part which Venice took in the Crusades,
or to the development of her naval power, which made her mistress of the
Mediterranean for many years, and an effective bulwark against invasions
from the East.
"The eldest Child of Liberty. "
The origin of the Venetian State was the flight of many of
the inhabitants of the mainland--on the invasion of Italy by
Attila--to the chain of islands that lie at the head of the
Adriatic.
"In the midst of the waters, free, indigent, laborious, and
inaccessible, they gradually coalesced into a republic: the first
foundations of Venice were laid in the island of Rialto. . . . On the
verge of the two empires the Venetians exult in the belief of
primitive and perpetual independence. "
Gibbon's 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire', chap. lx.
"And, when she took unto herself a Mate,
She must espouse the everlasting Sea. "
In 1177, Pope Alexander III. appealed to the Venetian Republic for
protection against the German Emperor. The Venetians were successful in
a naval battle at Saboro, against Otho, the son of Frederick Barbarossa.
In return, the Pope presented the Doge Liani with a ring, with which he
told him to wed the Adriatic, that posterity might know that the sea was
subject to Venice, "as a bride is to her husband. "
In September 1796, nearly six years before this sonnet was written, the
fate of the old Venetian Republic was sealed by the treaty of Campo
Formio. The French army under Napoleon had subdued Italy, and, having
crossed the Alps, threatened Vienna. To avert impending disaster, the
Emperor Francis arranged a treaty which extinguished the Venetian
Republic. He divided its territory between himself and Napoleon, Austria
retaining Istria, Dalmatia, and the left bank of the Adige in the
Venetian State, with the "maiden city" itself; France receiving the rest
of the territory and the Ionian Islands. Since the date of that treaty
the city has twice been annexed to Italy. --Ed.
* * * * *
THE KING OF SWEDEN
Composed August, 1802. --Published 1807
The Voice of song from distant lands shall call
To that great [1] King; shall hail the crowned Youth
Who, taking counsel of unbending Truth,
By one example hath set forth to all
How they with dignity may stand; or fall, 5
If fall they must. Now, whither doth it tend?
And what to him and his shall be the end?
That thought is one which neither can appal
Nor cheer him; for the illustrious Swede hath done
The thing which ought to be; is raised _above_ [2] 10
All consequences: work he hath begun
Of fortitude, and piety, and love,
Which all his glorious ancestors approve:
The heroes bless him, him their rightful son.
* * * * *
VARIANTS ON THE TEXT
[Variant 1:
1807.
. . . bold . . . In 1838 only. ]
[Variant 2:
1845.
. . . He stands _above_ 1807. ]
The following is Wordsworth's note to this sonnet, added in 1837:
"In this and a succeeding Sonnet on the same subject, let me be
understood as a Poet availing himself of the situation which the King
of Sweden occupied, and of the principles AVOWED IN HIS MANIFESTOS; as
laying hold of these advantages for the purpose of embodying moral
truths. This remark might, perhaps, as well have been suppressed; for
to those who may be in sympathy with the course of these Poems, it
will be superfluous; and will, I fear, be thrown away upon that other
class, whose besotted admiration of the intoxicated despot hereafter
placed [A] in contrast with him, is the most melancholy evidence of
degradation in British feeling and intellect which the times have
furnished. "
The king referred to is Gustavus IV. , who was born in 1778, proclaimed
king in 1792, and died in 1837. His first public act after his accession
was to join in the coalition against Napoleon, and dislike of Napoleon
was the main-spring of his policy. It is to this that Wordsworth refers
in the sonnet:
'. . . the illustrious Swede hath done
The thing which ought to be . . . '
It made him unpopular, however, and gave rise to a conspiracy against
him, and to his consequent abdication in 1809. He "died forgotten and in
poverty. "--Ed.
[Footnote A: See the sonnet beginning "Call not the royal Swede
unfortunate," vol. iv. p. 224. --Ed. ]
* * * * *
TO TOUSSAINT L'OUVERTURE
Composed August, 1802. --Published 1807 [A]
Toussaint, the most unhappy man of men! [B]
Whether the whistling Rustic tend his plough
Within thy hearing, or thy head be now
Pillowed in some deep dungeon's earless den;--[1]
O miserable Chieftain! where and when 5
Wilt thou find patience? Yet die not; do thou
Wear rather in thy bonds a cheerful brow:
Though fallen thyself, never to rise again,
Live, and take comfort. [2] Thou hast left behind
Powers that will work for thee; air, earth, and skies; 10
There's not a breathing of the common wind
That will forget thee; thou hast great allies;
Thy friends are exultations, agonies,
And love, and man's unconquerable mind. [C]
* * * * *
VARIANTS ON THE TEXT
[Variant 1:
1827.
Whether the rural milk-maid by her cow
Sing in thy hearing, or thou liest now
Alone in some deep dungeon's earless den, 1803.
Whether the all-cheering sun be free to shed
His beams around thee, or thou rest thy head
Pillowed in some dark dungeon's noisome den, 1815.
Whether the whistling Rustic tend his plough
Within thy hearing, or Thou liest now
Buried in some deep dungeon's earless den;--1820. ]
[Variant 2:
1807.
. . . Yet die not; be thou
Life to thyself in death; with chearful brow
Live, loving death, nor let one thought in ten
Be painful to thee . . . 1803. ]
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES ON THE TEXT
[Footnote A: But previously printed in 'The Morning Post' of February 2,
1803, under the signature W. L. D. --Ed. ]
[Footnote B: Compare Massinger, 'The Bondman', act I. scene iii. l. 8:
'Her man of men, Timoleon. '
Ed. ]
[Footnote B: Compare Rowe's 'Tamerlane', iii. 2:
'But to subdue the unconquerable mind. '
Also Gray's poem 'The Progress of Poesy', ii. 2, l. 10:
'Th' unconquerable Mind, and Freedom's holy flame. '
Ed. ]
Francois Dominique Toussaint (who was surnamed L'Ouverture), the child
of African slaves, was born at St. Domingo in 1743. He was a Royalist in
political sympathy till 1794, when the decree of the French convention,
giving liberty to the slaves, brought him over to the side of the
Republic. He was made a general of division by Laveux, and succeeded in
taking the whole of the north of the island from the English. In 1796 he
was made chief of the French army of St. Domingo, and first the British
commander, and next the Spanish, surrendered everything to him. He
became governor of the island, which prospered under his rule. Napoleon,
however, in 1801, issued an edict re-establishing slavery in St.
Domingo. Toussaint professed obedience, but showed that he meant to
resist the edict. A fleet of fifty-four vessels was sent from France to
enforce it. Toussaint was proclaimed an outlaw. He surrendered, and was
received with military honours, but was treacherously arrested and sent
to Paris in June 1802, where he died, in April 1803, after ten months'
hardship in prison. He had been two months in prison when Wordsworth
addressed this sonnet to him. --Ed.
* * * * *
COMPOSED IN THE VALLEY NEAR DOVER, ON THE DAY OF LANDING
Composed August 30, 1802. --Published 1807
Here, on our native soil, we breathe once more. [1]
The cock that crows, the smoke that curls, that sound
Of bells;--those boys who [2] in yon meadow-ground
In white-sleeved shirts are playing; [A] and the roar
Of the waves breaking on the chalky shore;--[3] 5
All, all are English. Oft have I looked round
With joy in Kent's green vales; but never found
Myself so satisfied in heart before.
Europe is yet in bonds; but let that pass,
Thought for another moment. Thou art free, 10
My Country! and 'tis joy enough and pride
For one hour's perfect bliss, to tread the grass
Of England once again, and hear and see,
With such a dear Companion at my side.
* * * * *
VARIANTS ON THE TEXT
[Variant 1:
1827.
Dear fellow Traveller! here we are once more. 1807. ]
[Variant 2:
1820.
. . . that . . . 1807. ]
[Variant 3:
1815.
In white sleev'd shirts are playing by the score,
And even this little River's gentle roar, 1807. ]
* * * * *
FOOTNOTE ON THE TEXT
[Footnote A: At the beginning of Dorothy Wordsworth's 'Journal of a Tour
on the Continent' in 1820, she writes (July 10, 1820):
"When within a mile of Dover saw crowds of people at a cricket match,
the numerous combatants dressed in 'white-sleeved shirts;' and it was
in the very same field, where, when we 'trod the grass of England once
again,' twenty years ago, we had seen an assemblage of youths, engaged
in the same sport, so very like the present that all might have been
the same. (See my brother's sonnet. )"
Ed. ]
Dorothy Wordsworth writes in her Journal,
"On Sunday, the 29th of August, we left Calais, at twelve o'clock in
the morning, and landed at Dover at one on Monday the 30th. It was
very pleasant to me, when we were in the harbour at Dover, to breathe
the fresh air, and to look up and see the stars among the ropes of the
vessel. The next day was very hot, we bathed, and sat upon the Dover
Cliffs, and looked upon France with many a melancholy and tender
thought. We could see the shores almost as plain as if it were but an
English lake. We mounted the coach, and arrived in London at six, the
30th August. "
Ed.
* * * * *
SEPTEMBER 1, 1802
Composed September 1, 1802. --Published 1807 [A]
Among the capricious acts of Tyranny that disgraced these times, was the
chasing of all Negroes from France by decree of the Government: we had a
Fellow-passenger who was one of the expelled. --W. W. 1827.
We had a female Passenger who came [1]
From Calais with us, spotless [2] in array,
A white-robed Negro, [3] like a lady gay,
Yet downcast [4] as a woman fearing blame;
Meek, destitute, as seemed, of hope or aim [5] 5
She sate, from notice turning not away,
But on all proffered intercourse did lay [6]
A weight of languid speech, or to the same
No sign of answer made by word or face:
Yet still her eyes retained their tropic fire, 10
That, burning independent of the mind,
Joined with the lustre of her rich attire
To mock the Outcast--O ye Heavens, be kind!
And feel, thou Earth, for this afflicted Race! [7]
* * * * *
VARIANTS ON THE TEXT
[Variant 1:
1845.
We had a fellow-passenger that came 1803.
. . . who . . . 1807.
Driven from the soil of France, a Female came 1827.
The edition of 1838 returns to the text of 1807, but the edition of 1840
reverts to that of 1827. ]
[Variant 2:
1845.
. . . gaudy . . . 1803.
. . . brilliant . . . 1827. ]
[Variant 3:
1845.
A negro woman, . . . 1803. ]
[Variant 4:
1827.
Yet silent . . . 1803. ]
[Variant 5:
1827.
Dejected, downcast, meek, and more than tame: 1803.
Dejected, meek, yea pitiably tame, 1807. ]
[Variant 6:
1827.
But on our proffer'd kindness still did lay 1803. ]
[Variant 7:
1845.
. . . or at the same
Was silent, motionless in eyes and face.
