THE
enerta, in fict, though arrayed in female attire, was the
only individual among the deaccndants of Theodoaiue
who exhibited any tokens of his manly spirit.
enerta, in fict, though arrayed in female attire, was the
only individual among the deaccndants of Theodoaiue
who exhibited any tokens of his manly spirit.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
handle.
net/2027/uva.
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hathitrust.
org/access_use#pd-google
? THEMISTOCLES.
Themiatocles now urged the commanders to remain,
both on account of the advantage which the narrow
? traits of Salamis gave to the Greeks, inferior as well
:n the speed as in the number of their ships, and also
because, by so doing, they would preserve Megara,
Salamis, and JCgina, with the Athenian women and
children deposited in the latter places. When he
found them still obstinate, he declared that the Athe-
nians, if their feelings atid interests, after all they had
done, were so little regarded, would abandon the arma-
ment, and, taking on board their families, would seek
a settlement elsewhere. This threat prevailed, and it
was agreed to remain; but at the approach of the en-
emy the Peloponnesians again were eager to depart and
provide for the defence of their own territories; on
which Themistocles, to prevent the mischiefs he fore-
saw, and partly, also, with the double policy which
marked his character, to secure to himself, in case of
defeat, an interest with the conquerors, sent private
information to the Persian admiral of the flight which
was meditated by the Greeks, and advised him to
guard against it by occupying both ends of the strait
between Salamis and the main-land. After the glori-
ous day of Salamis, when the remnant of the Persian
fleet had been pursued as far as the island of Andros,
Themistocles proposed to continue the chase, and then
to sail to the Hellespont and break down the bridge.
Eurybiades opposed him, on the ground that there was
danger lest the Persians, being rendered desperate,
might yet be successful; and the Peloponnesians gen-
erally agreeing with Eurybiades, the proposal was re-
'ected. On this, Themistocles persuaded the Atheni-
ans, who had been most eager for pursuit, to acqui-
esce; while, if we believe in the motives commonly
ascribed to him, he took advantage of the incident to
secure for himself, in case of banishment, a refuge in
Persia, by sending a secret messenger to Xerxes, to
inform him of the plan which had been proposed, and
? ay that Themistocles, through friendship to him, had
procured its rejection. This view of the case, howev-
er, can hardly be the correct one. It may be easily
conceived that a man like Themistocles loved the arts
in which, he excelled for their own sake, and might ex-
ercise the faculties with which In- was pre-eminently
gifted upon very slight occasions. In devising a plan,
conducting an intrigue, surmounting a difficulty, in
leading men to his ends without their knowledge and
against their will, he might find a delight which might
often be in itself a sufficient motive of action. We
should be led, therefore, to suppose that this was the
inducement which caused him to send this other secret
message to Xerxes. For that, in the very moment of
victory, when he had just risen to the highest degree
of reputation and influence among his countrymen, he
should have foreseen the changes which fortune had in
store for him, and have conceived the thought of pro-
viding a place of refuge among the barbarians, to which
he might fly if he should be driven out of Greece, is a
conjeclure that might very naturally be formed after
the event, but would scarcely have been thought prob-
able before it. --All Greece now resounded with the
fame of Themistocles. The deliverance just effected
was universally ascribed, next to the favour of the
gods, to his foresight and presence of mind; and when
tho Grecian commanders met in the temple of Neptune
on tho Isthmus, to award the palm of individual merit,
ii i one was generous enough to resign the first place
te another, but most were just enough to award the
? ? tecond to Themistocles. Still higher honours, how-
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? THEMISTOCLES.
THEMISTOCLES.
was predominant, and his power consequi ntly great
wherever the ascendancy of Athens was acknowledg-
ed: and he did not always scrapie to convert the glory
with which he ought to have been satisfied into a
lource of petty profit. Immediately after iho retreat
J( Xerxes, he exacted contributions from the islanders
who had sided with the barbarians, as the price of di-
verting from them the resentment of the Greeks. An-
other opportunity for enriching himself he found in the
tactions by which many of the maritime states were
divided. Almost everywhere there was a party or in-
dividuals who needed the aid of his authority, and were
willing to purchase his mediation. Thetnistocles, in
short, accumulated extraordinary wealth on a less than
moderate fortune. When his troubles had commen-
ced, a great part of his property was secretly conveyed
into Asia by his friends; but that part which was dis-
tovered and confiscated is estimated by Theopompus
it a hundred talents, by Theophrastus at eighty;
? hough, before he engaged in public affairs, all he pos-
sessed did not amount to so much as three talents.
(Plut. , Vit. Themitt. ,0. 25. )--But if he made some
enemies by his selfishness, he provoked others, whose
resentment proved more formidable, by his firm and
enlightened patriotism. Sparta never forgave him the
shame he brought upon her by thwarting her insidious
attempt to suppress the independence of her rival, and
he farther exasperated her animosity by detecting and
baffling another stroke of her artful policy. The Spar-
tans proposed to punish the states which had aided the
barbarians, or had abandoned the cause of Greece, by
depriving them of the right of being represented in the
Atnphictyonic congress. By this measure, Argos,
Thebes, and the northern states, which had hitherto
ebmposed the majority in that assembly, would have
been excluded from it, and the effect would probably
have been that Spartan influence would have prepon-
derated there. Thetnistocles frustrated this attempt
by throwing the weight of Athens into the opposite
scale, and by pointing out the danger of reducing the
council to an instrument in the hands of two or three
of its most powerful members. The enmity which he
thus drew upon himself would have been less honour-
able to him, if there had been any ground for a story,
which apparently was never heard of till it became
current among some late collectors of anecdotes,
from whom Plutarch received it: it has been popular
because it seemed to illustrate the contrast between
the characters of Themistocles and Arislides, and to
display the magnanimity of the Athenians. Themis-
tocles is made to tell the Athenians that he has some-
thing to propose which will be highly beneficial to the
commonwealth, but which must not be divulged. The
people depute Aristides to hear the secret, and to judge
of the merit of the proposal. Themistocles discloses
a plan for firing the allied fleet at Pagasae, or, accord-
ing to another form of the story adopted by Cicero
(Off. , 3, 11), the Lacedaemonian fleet at Gythium.
Upon this, Aristides reports to the assembled people
that nothing could be mora advantageous to Athens
than the counsel of Themistocles, but nothing more
dishonourable and unjust. The generous people re-
ject the proffered advantage, without even being
tempted to inquire *in what it consisted. --Themisto-
cles was gradually supplanted in public favour by men
worthy indeed to be his rivals, but who owed their
victory less to their own merit than to the towering
? ? pre-eminence of his deserts. He himself, as we have
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? THEMISTOCLES.
THE
made himself known to Artaxerxes, who was then on
the Persian throne. In his communication he ac-
knowledged the evil he had inflicted on the royal house
en me defence of his country, but claimed the merit of
having sent the timely warning by which Xerxes was
enabled to effect his retreat from Salamia in safety,
and of having diverted the Greeks from the design of
intercepting him. He ventured to add, that his perse-
cution and exile were owing to his zeal for the inter-
eats of the King of Persia, and that he had the power
ot proving his attachment by still greater services; but
he desired that a year might be allowed him to acquire
! he means of disclosing his plans in person. His re-
quest was granted, and he assiduously applied himself
to study the language and manners ot the country, with
which he became sufficiently familiar to conciliate the
favour of Artaxerxes by his conversation and address,
ro less than by the promises which he held out, and
the prudence of which he gave proofs. If we may be-
lieve Plutarch, he even excited the jealousy of the
Persian courtiers by the superior success with which
he cultivated their arts: he was continually by the
king's side at the chase and in the palace, and was ad-
mitted to the presence of the king's mother, who hon-
oured him wiih especial marks of condescension. He
was at length sent down to the maritime provinces,
perhaps to wait for an opportunity of striking the blow,
by which he was to raise the power of Persia upon the
ruin of his country. In the mean time, a pension was
conferred upon him in the Oriental form; three flour-
ishing towns were assigned to him for his maintenance,
of which Magnesia was to supply him with bread, Myus
with viands, and Lampsacus with the growth of her
celebrated vineyards. He fixed his residence at Mag-
nesia, in the vale of the Maeander, where the royal
grant invested him with a kind of princely rank.
There death overtook him, hastened, as it was com-
monly supposed, by his consciousness of being unable
to perform the promises which he had made to the
iiiug. Thucydides, however, evidently did not believe
the story that he put an end to his own life by poison.
That ftiar of disappointing the Persian king should
have urged him to such an act is indeed scarcely cred-
ible. Yet we can easily conceive that the man who
had been kept awake by the trophies of Miltiades,
must have felt some bitter pangs when he heard of the
rising glory of Gimon. Though his character was not
so strong as his mind, it was great enough to be above
the wretched satisfaction implied in one of Plutarch's
anecdotes: that, amid the splendour of his luxurious
table, he one day exclaimed, " How much we should
have lost, my children, if we had not been ruined. "
It must have been with a far different feeling that he
desired his bones to be secretly conveyed to Attica,
though the uncertainly which hangs over so many ac-
tions of his life extends to the fate of his remains. A
splendid monument was raised to him in the public
place at Magnesia; but a tomb was also pointed out
by the seaside, within the port of Piraeus, which was
generally believed to contain his bones. His descend-
ants continued to enjoy some peculiar privileges at
Magnesia in the time of Plutarch; but neither they
nor his posterity at Athens ever revived the lustre of
his name. Themistocles died In his 65th year, about
449 B. C. (ThirlwoWt Hitlory of Greece, vol. 2, p.
265, acqq )--There are certain letters which go under
the name of Themistocles, and which have come down
? ? lo our times. These letters have been ascribed to the
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? THE
richness and e. egance of bis fancy. While some have
made coarseness an objection to Theocritus, others
have affected to talk of his assigning to his goatherds
? entiments above their station; as if Theocritus were
not the best judge of the manners of his own country-
men. If the allusion to tales of mythology be meant,
. hese were doubtless familiar in the mouths, and cur-
rent in the improviti songs, of the peasants of Sicily.
They who, in conformity with the mawkish modern
theory of pastorals, sit in judgment to decide what idyls
are, and what arc not. legiiimate pastorals, may be told,
in the words of Pope on his own pastorals, while iron-
ically depreciating them in comparison of those of
Philips, to which they are, in fact, inferior, that if cer-
tain idyls be not pastorals, they are something better.
But the term idyl, among the Greeks, was miscella-
neous and general. It designated what we call Fugi-
tive Poetry: and such also among the Latins are the
Eidyllia of Claudian and Ausonius. Thus, in Theocri-
tus, besides the country eclogue, we find under tho title
of idyl the dramatic town-eclogue, the epilhalami-
um, the panegyric, and the tale of heroic mythology.
The coarse indecency of allusion in some passages
may be objected to with better reason; not as unsuit-
able to that innocence of an ideal golden age which
has been foolishly thought essential to pastoral; for
the only pastoral that has either value or intelligible
meaning is, properly, a representation of common life,
rural manners, and rural scenes as they are; but these
passages are objectionablo in every sense. They show
character, indeed; but it is character that were better
hidden: the depraved grossness of manners corrupted,
and of human nature degenerated. " (Specimens of
the Classic Poets, vol. 1, p. 241. )--The best editions
of Theocritus arc, that of Wharton, Oxon. , 1770, 2
vols. 4to; that of Valckenaer, L. Bat. , 1773, dec, 8vo;
that of Gaisford, in the Poet* Minorca (Oxon. , 1818-
20, i vols. 8vo), and that of Kiessling, Lips. , 1819,
8v l, republished, along with Heindorf 's Bion and Mos-
chus, by Valpy, Land. , 1829, 2 vols. 8vo. -- II. An
epigrammatic poet, a native of Chios, who flourished
in the time of Alexander. (Consult Alkcncrus, 6, p.
231, ed. Schweigh, vol. 2, p. 386, and Schbll, Hist.
Lit. Gr. , vol. 3, p. 125. )
Thiodectks, I. a Greek orator and poet of Phase-
lis in Pamphylia, son of Aristander, and disciple of
Isocrates. He wrote 50 tragedies, besides other works,
of which some fragments exist. He was one of those
selected by Queen Artemisia to deliver funeral eulo-
gies on her deceased husband Mausolus; and, accord-
ing to one account, he gained the prize in a dramatic
contest connected with the funeral obsequies of the
prince. He died at Athens, at the age of 41. (Suid. ,
s v. QtoiexTTjc. )--II. A son of the preceding, and a
rhetorician. He wrote a eulogy on Alexander of Epi-
rus, and also historical commentaries, as well as other
works. (Suid. , s. v. )
Theodora, wife of the Emperor Justinian. (Vid.
'ustinianus. )
Theodobetus, one of the Greek fathers, a native
of Antioch, and a disciple of Chrysoslom. He was
made bishop of Cyrrhus, in Syria, A. D. 420, and, after
having favoured the opinions of Nestorius, he wrote
against that heresiarch. Hiazeal for the Catholic faith
rendered him obnoxious to the Eutychians, by whom
lie was deposed in the synod which they held at Ephe-
sus; but he was restored to his diocese by the council
of Chalccdon, A. D 421. Nothing is known of hie
? ? farther history,except that he was alive till after A. D
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? THE0D0SIU9.
iputis, in which the Emperor Valeria and almost two
thirds of hia army were alain by the Golha, that The-
odosius did not deem it prudent to hazard a general
engagement with the same foe; but, like another Fa-
bius, he saved his own forces, harassed the enemy,
taught his men that the Goths were not invincible, and
gradually restored to them their courage, perfected by
improved discipline and temperate caution. At length
Fritigern, the hostile leader, died, and the Goths, hav-
ing no longer a chief capable of controlling the haugh-
ty subordinate leaders of their ill-compacted confeder-
acy, became disunited, and one by one submitted to
the superior skill, policy, and authority of Theodosius.
Great numbers of them received the pay and wore in-
corporated into the armies of that empire which they
had recently been on the brink of destroying, and the
remainder voluntarily engaged to defend the Danube
against the Huns. Thus, in about four years, the
Eastern Empire was rescued from the most formida-
ble danger by which it had ever been assailed, and
seemed once more in a state of security. While The-
odosius was thus employed, another calamity befell the
Western Empire. Maximus revolted against Gratian,
and the latter, who was then in Gaul, having fled to-
wards Italy, was overtaken and put death at Lugdu-
num. The death of this prince left his young brother,
Valeiitiman II. , nominal emperor of the West, though
the usurper Maximus assumed that title. Theodosius
was obliged to conceal his resentment against the
murderer of his benefactor, not being yet in a condition
to quit his own dominions; and he even entered into a
treaty with him, leaving him in undisputed possession
of Gaul and Britain. But Maximus, encouraged by
the success with which his rebellion had been attended,
resolved to deprive Valentinian of even the nominal
fewer which he enjoyed in Italy. Unable to defend
his territories, the latter tied to Theodosius and be-
? ought his aid. Theodosius, thereupon, having com-
p! e:cd the pacification of his own dominions, immedi-
ately marched against the usurper, defeated him in two
successive engagements, and, his own troops having
yielded him up, put him to death. Valentinian II.
was thus restored to the throne of the Western empire;
a throne which his weak character did not enable him
to till and to defend. Theodosius, after his triumph
over Maximus, resolved to visit Rome, and aid his im-
perial pupil in reforming the abuses prevalent in that
city. This visit is mentioned on account of the de-
crees published by Theodosius for the complete sup-
pression of idolatrous worship at Rome. All sacrifices
were prohibited under heavy penalties, the idols were
defaced, and the temples of the gods were abandoned
to ruin and contempt. These decrees met but a fee-
ble resistance, and from that time may be dated the
complete and final overthrow of pagan idolatry in
Rome. Having thus completed the triumph of Chris-
tianity over paganism, Theodosius returned to the
East, and employed himself in the kindred task of put-
ting an end to the heresies of the Church, and estab-
lishing the predominance of the orthodox over the Arian
party. Valentinian II. had but a short time recovered
possession of the empire of the West, when he was
murdered by Arbogastes, a Frank of a bold and war-
like character, who had obtained a great ascendancy
over him. Arbogastes did not himself assume the
purple, but gave it to Eugenius, deeming it more safe
to possess the power than the name of emperor. The-
odosius once more prepared to avenge the murder of a
? ? colleague. He raised a powerful army, forced the
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? THe.
THE
enerta, in fict, though arrayed in female attire, was the
only individual among the deaccndants of Theodoaiue
who exhibited any tokens of his manly spirit. She su-
perintended at the same time the education of her
brother, whose mind she soon discovered to be inca-
pable of rising above the mere forms of polished life;
and for this reason alone, it has been candidly supposed,
she limited her instructions to those external observ-
ances which might qualify him to represent the ma-
jesty of the East, while the real authority and patron-
age of office might jtill be retained in her own hands.
She even chose a wife for him in the person of Eudo-
cia, an Athenian maid, who first presented herself at
court as a suppliant, and who, as the consort of The-
odosius, was destined to experience a great variety of
fortune. (Vid. Eudocia I. ) The reign of Theodo-
sius, therefore, was virtually that of Anthemius and
Pulcheria. The principal event during its continu-
ance was the invasion of the Huns under the cele-
brated Attila, who carried fire and sword to the very
gates of Constantinople, and only granted peace on
conditions most favourable to himself and humilia-
ting to the empire. --Theodosius met his death by a
fall from his horse in hunting, AD. 450. In the
reign of this emperor was compiled the Theodosian
Code, consisting of all the constitutions of the Chris-
tian emperors, from Constantine the Great to his own
lime. (Hcinecc. , Anliq. Rom. , praam. 22. )--IV. A
mathematician of Tripolis, in Lydia, who flourished
probably under the Emperor Trajan, about A. D. 100.
He wrote three hooks on the doctrine of the sphere, of
which Ptolemy and succeeding writers availed them-
selves. They were translated by the Arabians into
their language from the Greek, and afterward trans-
lated from the Arabic into Latin. The best edition is
that of Hunt, Svo, Oxon. , 1707.
Thkoonis, a native of Megara, in Greece, born B. C.
583, and who attained to the age of eighty-eight years.
He is one of the Greek Gnomic poets. Theognis was
exiled from Megara for his political sentiments, and re-
? ired in consequence to Thebes, where he took up bis
abode. Ho was a considerable traveller for those days,
a warm politician, a man of the world, and, as it should
seem, of pleasure too; and his pithy maxims upon pub-
lic factions and private quarrels, debtors and creditors,
drinking, dressing, and spending, seem the fruits of per-
sonal experience, the details of which other parts of his
poetry very sufficiently celebrate. If we understand
Suidas correctly, there existed in his time three col-
lections ol Thcognidean verse: 1. Miscellaneous Gno-
mic elegies, to the number of 2S00 lines. 2. A li Ho-
mology of the sime sort, addressed to Cyrnus. 3.
Other didactic and admonitory poems. --The total
number of lines constituting the mixed mass which
we now have under the name of Theognis, inclusive of
the 159 new verses discovered by Bekker, in 1815, in
a Modcna manuscript, amounts to 1392 or thereabout.
They are all exclusively in elegiac metre, but are evi-
dently a farrago huddled together from the voluminous
originals anciently existing, and also, in numerous in-
stances, ignorantly interpolated with passages from the
elegies of Solon and Mimnermus. It must, indeed,
be immediately obvious to the reader, that poems, or,
rather, verses consisting of so many hundreds of gno-
mic couplets like these, could no more be expected to
go down the stream of time entire than a ship without
bolts; quotation alone would infallibly break the con-
? ? tinuity, or, rather, collocation of the lines; and inten-
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? TH<<
Pkiia willi a Lati? Torsion, ane* 'he no. 'ea of F Gear,
under the care of Comberis, in \6f? 5, fol.
Theophilus, I. the associate of Tribonun and Do-
rotheus in compiling the Institutes, of which work he
has left a Paraphrase in Greek, a production of great
utility for tho knowledge of Roman law. He also
wrote a commentary, in the same language, on the
Pandects, of which some fragments remain. The best
edition of Theophilus is that of Reitz, Hag. Com. ,
1751, 4lo. -- II. A physician who flourished under
Iieraclius about A. D. 630. He wrote a treatise jrepi
vi'puv (De Vrinit), the best edition of which is that
of Guidot, Lugd. Bat. , 1703, 8vo, and 1731. The
best edition of another work of his, on the Human
Frame, is that of Morell, Paris, 1556, 8vo--III. A
bishop of Antioch, ordained to that ace in 168 or 170
A. D. In his zeal for orthodoxy, he wrote against
Marcion, and also against Hermogcncs, and he com-
posed other tracts, some of which are preserved.
We have extant also three books against Autolycus.
These works 'isplay, it is said, the earliest example
of the use ol the term " Trinity," as applied to the
three persons of the Godhead. His work against Au-
tolycus was published by Conrad Gesner, at Zurich,
in 1546. It was annexed, also, to the Supplement of
the Bibliotheca Patrum in 1624.
Theophkastcs, a Greek philosopher, a native cf
Eresos in the island of Lesbos. He was born B. C.
382, and received the first rudiments of education un-
der Alcippus, in his own country, after which he was
sent by his father, who was a wealthy man, to Athens,
and there became a disciple of Plato, and, after bis
death, of Aristotle. Under these eminent masters,
blessed by nature with a genius capable of excelling in
every liberal accomplishment, he made great progress
both in philosophy and eloquence. It was on account
of his high attainments in the latter that, instead of
Tjrrtamus, his original name, he was called, as some
say, by his master, but more probably by his own fol-
lowers, Euphrastus (" the fine speaker"), and subse-
quently Theophrastus (" the divine speaker"). When
be undertook the charge of the Peripatetic school, he
conducted it with such high reputation that he had
abcut two thousand scholars; among whom were
Nicomachns, the son of Aristotle, whom his father had
intrusted hy will to his charge; Erasistratus, a cele-
brated physician; and Demetrius Phalercus, who re-
sided with hirn in the same house. His erudition and
eloquence, united with engaging manners, recom-
mended him to the notice of Cassander, and also of
Ptolemy, who invited him to visit Egypt. So great a
favourite was he among the Athenians, that, when one
of his enemies accused him of teaching impious doc-
trines, the accuser himself escaped with difficulty the
punishment which he endeavoured to bring upon Theo-
phrastus. --Under tho archonship of Xenippus, B. C.
305, Sophocles, the son of Amphiclidcs, obtained a
decree (upon what grounds we are not informed), ma-
king it a capital offence for any philosopher to open a
public school without an express license from the sen-
ate. Upon this all the philosophers left the city. But
the next year, the person who had proposed the law-
was himself lined five talents, and the philosophers re-
turned with great public applause to their respective
schools. Theophrastus, who had suffered, with his
brethren, the persecution inflicted by this oppressive
decree, shared the honour of the restoration, and con-
tinued his debates and instructions in the Lyceum. --
? ? Theophrastus is highly celebrated for his industry,
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? THE
THEOrOMPUS.
I" Twenty four looks oj Laws, in Alphabetical or-
der")-; and the third, Tleol No/iofleruv (" Of Legisla-
tors"), in four books. Slobaeus cites a fragment of
the first work. Athenseus mentions other works also
of Theophrastus, 01 Flattery, Pleasure, Happiness,
&c, which are now lost. --Independently, however,
of hi* metaphysical, ethical, and political speculations,
Theophrastus also turned hia attention to Mineralogy
and Botany. As the philosopher of Stagira is the
father of Zoology, so is TheophraBtus to bo regarded
as the parent of Botany. His vegetable physiology
contains some very just arrangements: he had even a
glimpse of the sexual system in plants. --Of the nu-
merous works on natural history written by Theophras-
tus, the following alone remain: 1. Ilepl fvruv ioro-
piac (" On the History of Plants"), in ten, or, rather,
in nine books, for the ancients knew only nine, and the
pretended fragment of a tenth book, as found in the
manuscripts, is only a repetition of a passage in the
ninth. This history of plants is a complete system of
ancient botany. --2. llepi Qvtlkuv airtuv (" Of the
causes of Plants"), in ten books, of which only six
have come down to us. ft is a system of botanical
physiology. -- 3. Iltpt AiBuv {"Of Stones"). This
work proves that, after the time of Theophrastus,
mineralogy retrograded. --We have also other treatises
of his, on Odours, Winds, Prognostics of the Weather,
<kc, and various fragments of works in natural his-
tory, on Animals that change Colour, on Bees, dec.
All these fragments have been preserved for us by
Photius. --The best edition of the works of Theo-
phrastus is that of Schneider, Lips. , 1818-1821, 5
vols. 8vo. The treatise on Stones has been translated
into English by Sir John Hill, and is accompanied by
very useful notes, Lond , 1777, 8vo. The best edi-
tions of the "Characters" are, that of Casaubon, L.
Bat. , 1592, 8vo; that of Fischer, Coburg, 1763, 8vo;
and that of Ast, Lips. , 1816, 8vo. This last, criti-
cally speaking, is perhaps the best.
Tiibophylactus, I. Siiiocatta, a Byzantine histo-
rian. His history of the reign of the Emperor Mau-
rice is comprehended in eight books, and terminates
with the massacre of this prince and his children by
Phocas. Casaubon considers this writer one of the
best of the later Greek historians. He wrote also
other works, some of which have reached us. The
i. i -i edition nf his history is that of Fabrotti, Paris,
1648, fol. The best edition or his Physical Questions
and Epistles is that of Boissonade, Paris, 1835, 8vo.
--II. One of the Greek fathers, who flourished AD.
1070. Dupin observes that his Commentaries are
Tery useful for the literal explanation of the Scrip-
tures; and Dr. Larduer remarks that he quotes no
forged writings or apocryphal books of the New Tes-
tament, many of which he excludes by his observa-
tions on John, 1, 31-34, that Christ wrought no mira-
cle in his infancy, or before the time of his public
ministry. His works were edited at Venice, 4 vols. ,
175410 1763.
TitEoi'di. is, a name given to Antioch because the
Christians first received their name there.
Theopompus, I. a king of Sparta, of the family of the
Proclidae, who distinguished himself by the many new
regulations he introduced. He died after a long and
peaceful reign, B. C. 723. --II. A Greek historian, a na-
ive of Chios, born about B. C. 360. His father, Dam-
>>istratU3, became an object of strong dislike to his fel-
? ? low-citizens on account of his attachment to Sparta,
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? THE
TH E
vol. 3, p. 135-170. In 1829, the first comp ele edi-
tion of ill the fragments appeared from the Leyden
press, with notes, a life of Theopompus, &c, by
Wichers, 8vo. (SchSU, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 2, p. 179.
--Hoffmann, Lex. Bibliograph. , vol. 3, p. 743. )
Thera, the most celebrated of the Sporades, situ-
ate, according to Strabo, about seven hundred stadia
from the Cretan coast, in a northeast direction, and
nearly two hundred stadia in circumference. (Strab. ,
484. ) The modern name is Santorin. This island
was said by mycologists to have been formed in the
sea by a clod of earth thrown from the ship Argo, and
on its first appearance obtained the name of Calliste.
{Plin. , 4, 12. ) It was first occupied by some Phoeni-
cians, but subsequently colonized by the Lacedaemo-
nians, who settled there the descendants of the Minyae,
after they had been expelled from Lcmnos by the Pe-
lasgi. The colony was headed by Thcras, a descend-
ant of Cadmus, and maternal uncle of Eurysthcnes
and Proclus; he gave his name to the island. (He-
rod, 4, 147. -- Pausan. , 3, 1. -- Callim. , ap. Strab. ,
347. ) Several generations after this event, a colony
was led into Africa by Battus, a descendant of the
Minyae, who there founded the city of Cyrene. (He-
rod. , 4, 150. --Pind. , Pyth. , 4, 10. ) Thera appears
to have been produced by the action of submarine
fires. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 412, seqq. )
"Abundant proofs are not wanting," observes Malte-
Brun, " as to the existence of an ancient volcano, the
crater of which occupied all the basin between Santo-
rin and the smaller islands of the group: the mouth
of the crater has been partly overthrown, and the aper-
ture enclosed by the accumulation of dust and ashes.
The lava, the ashes, and pumice-stone discharged
from that volcano have covered part of Thera (Mem.
de Trctoux, 1715), but the greater portion, which con-
sists of a large bed of fine marble, has never been in
any way changed by the action of volcanic fire. (Tour-
tufort, vol.
? THEMISTOCLES.
Themiatocles now urged the commanders to remain,
both on account of the advantage which the narrow
? traits of Salamis gave to the Greeks, inferior as well
:n the speed as in the number of their ships, and also
because, by so doing, they would preserve Megara,
Salamis, and JCgina, with the Athenian women and
children deposited in the latter places. When he
found them still obstinate, he declared that the Athe-
nians, if their feelings atid interests, after all they had
done, were so little regarded, would abandon the arma-
ment, and, taking on board their families, would seek
a settlement elsewhere. This threat prevailed, and it
was agreed to remain; but at the approach of the en-
emy the Peloponnesians again were eager to depart and
provide for the defence of their own territories; on
which Themistocles, to prevent the mischiefs he fore-
saw, and partly, also, with the double policy which
marked his character, to secure to himself, in case of
defeat, an interest with the conquerors, sent private
information to the Persian admiral of the flight which
was meditated by the Greeks, and advised him to
guard against it by occupying both ends of the strait
between Salamis and the main-land. After the glori-
ous day of Salamis, when the remnant of the Persian
fleet had been pursued as far as the island of Andros,
Themistocles proposed to continue the chase, and then
to sail to the Hellespont and break down the bridge.
Eurybiades opposed him, on the ground that there was
danger lest the Persians, being rendered desperate,
might yet be successful; and the Peloponnesians gen-
erally agreeing with Eurybiades, the proposal was re-
'ected. On this, Themistocles persuaded the Atheni-
ans, who had been most eager for pursuit, to acqui-
esce; while, if we believe in the motives commonly
ascribed to him, he took advantage of the incident to
secure for himself, in case of banishment, a refuge in
Persia, by sending a secret messenger to Xerxes, to
inform him of the plan which had been proposed, and
? ay that Themistocles, through friendship to him, had
procured its rejection. This view of the case, howev-
er, can hardly be the correct one. It may be easily
conceived that a man like Themistocles loved the arts
in which, he excelled for their own sake, and might ex-
ercise the faculties with which In- was pre-eminently
gifted upon very slight occasions. In devising a plan,
conducting an intrigue, surmounting a difficulty, in
leading men to his ends without their knowledge and
against their will, he might find a delight which might
often be in itself a sufficient motive of action. We
should be led, therefore, to suppose that this was the
inducement which caused him to send this other secret
message to Xerxes. For that, in the very moment of
victory, when he had just risen to the highest degree
of reputation and influence among his countrymen, he
should have foreseen the changes which fortune had in
store for him, and have conceived the thought of pro-
viding a place of refuge among the barbarians, to which
he might fly if he should be driven out of Greece, is a
conjeclure that might very naturally be formed after
the event, but would scarcely have been thought prob-
able before it. --All Greece now resounded with the
fame of Themistocles. The deliverance just effected
was universally ascribed, next to the favour of the
gods, to his foresight and presence of mind; and when
tho Grecian commanders met in the temple of Neptune
on tho Isthmus, to award the palm of individual merit,
ii i one was generous enough to resign the first place
te another, but most were just enough to award the
? ? tecond to Themistocles. Still higher honours, how-
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? THEMISTOCLES.
THEMISTOCLES.
was predominant, and his power consequi ntly great
wherever the ascendancy of Athens was acknowledg-
ed: and he did not always scrapie to convert the glory
with which he ought to have been satisfied into a
lource of petty profit. Immediately after iho retreat
J( Xerxes, he exacted contributions from the islanders
who had sided with the barbarians, as the price of di-
verting from them the resentment of the Greeks. An-
other opportunity for enriching himself he found in the
tactions by which many of the maritime states were
divided. Almost everywhere there was a party or in-
dividuals who needed the aid of his authority, and were
willing to purchase his mediation. Thetnistocles, in
short, accumulated extraordinary wealth on a less than
moderate fortune. When his troubles had commen-
ced, a great part of his property was secretly conveyed
into Asia by his friends; but that part which was dis-
tovered and confiscated is estimated by Theopompus
it a hundred talents, by Theophrastus at eighty;
? hough, before he engaged in public affairs, all he pos-
sessed did not amount to so much as three talents.
(Plut. , Vit. Themitt. ,0. 25. )--But if he made some
enemies by his selfishness, he provoked others, whose
resentment proved more formidable, by his firm and
enlightened patriotism. Sparta never forgave him the
shame he brought upon her by thwarting her insidious
attempt to suppress the independence of her rival, and
he farther exasperated her animosity by detecting and
baffling another stroke of her artful policy. The Spar-
tans proposed to punish the states which had aided the
barbarians, or had abandoned the cause of Greece, by
depriving them of the right of being represented in the
Atnphictyonic congress. By this measure, Argos,
Thebes, and the northern states, which had hitherto
ebmposed the majority in that assembly, would have
been excluded from it, and the effect would probably
have been that Spartan influence would have prepon-
derated there. Thetnistocles frustrated this attempt
by throwing the weight of Athens into the opposite
scale, and by pointing out the danger of reducing the
council to an instrument in the hands of two or three
of its most powerful members. The enmity which he
thus drew upon himself would have been less honour-
able to him, if there had been any ground for a story,
which apparently was never heard of till it became
current among some late collectors of anecdotes,
from whom Plutarch received it: it has been popular
because it seemed to illustrate the contrast between
the characters of Themistocles and Arislides, and to
display the magnanimity of the Athenians. Themis-
tocles is made to tell the Athenians that he has some-
thing to propose which will be highly beneficial to the
commonwealth, but which must not be divulged. The
people depute Aristides to hear the secret, and to judge
of the merit of the proposal. Themistocles discloses
a plan for firing the allied fleet at Pagasae, or, accord-
ing to another form of the story adopted by Cicero
(Off. , 3, 11), the Lacedaemonian fleet at Gythium.
Upon this, Aristides reports to the assembled people
that nothing could be mora advantageous to Athens
than the counsel of Themistocles, but nothing more
dishonourable and unjust. The generous people re-
ject the proffered advantage, without even being
tempted to inquire *in what it consisted. --Themisto-
cles was gradually supplanted in public favour by men
worthy indeed to be his rivals, but who owed their
victory less to their own merit than to the towering
? ? pre-eminence of his deserts. He himself, as we have
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? THEMISTOCLES.
THE
made himself known to Artaxerxes, who was then on
the Persian throne. In his communication he ac-
knowledged the evil he had inflicted on the royal house
en me defence of his country, but claimed the merit of
having sent the timely warning by which Xerxes was
enabled to effect his retreat from Salamia in safety,
and of having diverted the Greeks from the design of
intercepting him. He ventured to add, that his perse-
cution and exile were owing to his zeal for the inter-
eats of the King of Persia, and that he had the power
ot proving his attachment by still greater services; but
he desired that a year might be allowed him to acquire
! he means of disclosing his plans in person. His re-
quest was granted, and he assiduously applied himself
to study the language and manners ot the country, with
which he became sufficiently familiar to conciliate the
favour of Artaxerxes by his conversation and address,
ro less than by the promises which he held out, and
the prudence of which he gave proofs. If we may be-
lieve Plutarch, he even excited the jealousy of the
Persian courtiers by the superior success with which
he cultivated their arts: he was continually by the
king's side at the chase and in the palace, and was ad-
mitted to the presence of the king's mother, who hon-
oured him wiih especial marks of condescension. He
was at length sent down to the maritime provinces,
perhaps to wait for an opportunity of striking the blow,
by which he was to raise the power of Persia upon the
ruin of his country. In the mean time, a pension was
conferred upon him in the Oriental form; three flour-
ishing towns were assigned to him for his maintenance,
of which Magnesia was to supply him with bread, Myus
with viands, and Lampsacus with the growth of her
celebrated vineyards. He fixed his residence at Mag-
nesia, in the vale of the Maeander, where the royal
grant invested him with a kind of princely rank.
There death overtook him, hastened, as it was com-
monly supposed, by his consciousness of being unable
to perform the promises which he had made to the
iiiug. Thucydides, however, evidently did not believe
the story that he put an end to his own life by poison.
That ftiar of disappointing the Persian king should
have urged him to such an act is indeed scarcely cred-
ible. Yet we can easily conceive that the man who
had been kept awake by the trophies of Miltiades,
must have felt some bitter pangs when he heard of the
rising glory of Gimon. Though his character was not
so strong as his mind, it was great enough to be above
the wretched satisfaction implied in one of Plutarch's
anecdotes: that, amid the splendour of his luxurious
table, he one day exclaimed, " How much we should
have lost, my children, if we had not been ruined. "
It must have been with a far different feeling that he
desired his bones to be secretly conveyed to Attica,
though the uncertainly which hangs over so many ac-
tions of his life extends to the fate of his remains. A
splendid monument was raised to him in the public
place at Magnesia; but a tomb was also pointed out
by the seaside, within the port of Piraeus, which was
generally believed to contain his bones. His descend-
ants continued to enjoy some peculiar privileges at
Magnesia in the time of Plutarch; but neither they
nor his posterity at Athens ever revived the lustre of
his name. Themistocles died In his 65th year, about
449 B. C. (ThirlwoWt Hitlory of Greece, vol. 2, p.
265, acqq )--There are certain letters which go under
the name of Themistocles, and which have come down
? ? lo our times. These letters have been ascribed to the
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? THE
richness and e. egance of bis fancy. While some have
made coarseness an objection to Theocritus, others
have affected to talk of his assigning to his goatherds
? entiments above their station; as if Theocritus were
not the best judge of the manners of his own country-
men. If the allusion to tales of mythology be meant,
. hese were doubtless familiar in the mouths, and cur-
rent in the improviti songs, of the peasants of Sicily.
They who, in conformity with the mawkish modern
theory of pastorals, sit in judgment to decide what idyls
are, and what arc not. legiiimate pastorals, may be told,
in the words of Pope on his own pastorals, while iron-
ically depreciating them in comparison of those of
Philips, to which they are, in fact, inferior, that if cer-
tain idyls be not pastorals, they are something better.
But the term idyl, among the Greeks, was miscella-
neous and general. It designated what we call Fugi-
tive Poetry: and such also among the Latins are the
Eidyllia of Claudian and Ausonius. Thus, in Theocri-
tus, besides the country eclogue, we find under tho title
of idyl the dramatic town-eclogue, the epilhalami-
um, the panegyric, and the tale of heroic mythology.
The coarse indecency of allusion in some passages
may be objected to with better reason; not as unsuit-
able to that innocence of an ideal golden age which
has been foolishly thought essential to pastoral; for
the only pastoral that has either value or intelligible
meaning is, properly, a representation of common life,
rural manners, and rural scenes as they are; but these
passages are objectionablo in every sense. They show
character, indeed; but it is character that were better
hidden: the depraved grossness of manners corrupted,
and of human nature degenerated. " (Specimens of
the Classic Poets, vol. 1, p. 241. )--The best editions
of Theocritus arc, that of Wharton, Oxon. , 1770, 2
vols. 4to; that of Valckenaer, L. Bat. , 1773, dec, 8vo;
that of Gaisford, in the Poet* Minorca (Oxon. , 1818-
20, i vols. 8vo), and that of Kiessling, Lips. , 1819,
8v l, republished, along with Heindorf 's Bion and Mos-
chus, by Valpy, Land. , 1829, 2 vols. 8vo. -- II. An
epigrammatic poet, a native of Chios, who flourished
in the time of Alexander. (Consult Alkcncrus, 6, p.
231, ed. Schweigh, vol. 2, p. 386, and Schbll, Hist.
Lit. Gr. , vol. 3, p. 125. )
Thiodectks, I. a Greek orator and poet of Phase-
lis in Pamphylia, son of Aristander, and disciple of
Isocrates. He wrote 50 tragedies, besides other works,
of which some fragments exist. He was one of those
selected by Queen Artemisia to deliver funeral eulo-
gies on her deceased husband Mausolus; and, accord-
ing to one account, he gained the prize in a dramatic
contest connected with the funeral obsequies of the
prince. He died at Athens, at the age of 41. (Suid. ,
s v. QtoiexTTjc. )--II. A son of the preceding, and a
rhetorician. He wrote a eulogy on Alexander of Epi-
rus, and also historical commentaries, as well as other
works. (Suid. , s. v. )
Theodora, wife of the Emperor Justinian. (Vid.
'ustinianus. )
Theodobetus, one of the Greek fathers, a native
of Antioch, and a disciple of Chrysoslom. He was
made bishop of Cyrrhus, in Syria, A. D. 420, and, after
having favoured the opinions of Nestorius, he wrote
against that heresiarch. Hiazeal for the Catholic faith
rendered him obnoxious to the Eutychians, by whom
lie was deposed in the synod which they held at Ephe-
sus; but he was restored to his diocese by the council
of Chalccdon, A. D 421. Nothing is known of hie
? ? farther history,except that he was alive till after A. D
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? THE0D0SIU9.
iputis, in which the Emperor Valeria and almost two
thirds of hia army were alain by the Golha, that The-
odosius did not deem it prudent to hazard a general
engagement with the same foe; but, like another Fa-
bius, he saved his own forces, harassed the enemy,
taught his men that the Goths were not invincible, and
gradually restored to them their courage, perfected by
improved discipline and temperate caution. At length
Fritigern, the hostile leader, died, and the Goths, hav-
ing no longer a chief capable of controlling the haugh-
ty subordinate leaders of their ill-compacted confeder-
acy, became disunited, and one by one submitted to
the superior skill, policy, and authority of Theodosius.
Great numbers of them received the pay and wore in-
corporated into the armies of that empire which they
had recently been on the brink of destroying, and the
remainder voluntarily engaged to defend the Danube
against the Huns. Thus, in about four years, the
Eastern Empire was rescued from the most formida-
ble danger by which it had ever been assailed, and
seemed once more in a state of security. While The-
odosius was thus employed, another calamity befell the
Western Empire. Maximus revolted against Gratian,
and the latter, who was then in Gaul, having fled to-
wards Italy, was overtaken and put death at Lugdu-
num. The death of this prince left his young brother,
Valeiitiman II. , nominal emperor of the West, though
the usurper Maximus assumed that title. Theodosius
was obliged to conceal his resentment against the
murderer of his benefactor, not being yet in a condition
to quit his own dominions; and he even entered into a
treaty with him, leaving him in undisputed possession
of Gaul and Britain. But Maximus, encouraged by
the success with which his rebellion had been attended,
resolved to deprive Valentinian of even the nominal
fewer which he enjoyed in Italy. Unable to defend
his territories, the latter tied to Theodosius and be-
? ought his aid. Theodosius, thereupon, having com-
p! e:cd the pacification of his own dominions, immedi-
ately marched against the usurper, defeated him in two
successive engagements, and, his own troops having
yielded him up, put him to death. Valentinian II.
was thus restored to the throne of the Western empire;
a throne which his weak character did not enable him
to till and to defend. Theodosius, after his triumph
over Maximus, resolved to visit Rome, and aid his im-
perial pupil in reforming the abuses prevalent in that
city. This visit is mentioned on account of the de-
crees published by Theodosius for the complete sup-
pression of idolatrous worship at Rome. All sacrifices
were prohibited under heavy penalties, the idols were
defaced, and the temples of the gods were abandoned
to ruin and contempt. These decrees met but a fee-
ble resistance, and from that time may be dated the
complete and final overthrow of pagan idolatry in
Rome. Having thus completed the triumph of Chris-
tianity over paganism, Theodosius returned to the
East, and employed himself in the kindred task of put-
ting an end to the heresies of the Church, and estab-
lishing the predominance of the orthodox over the Arian
party. Valentinian II. had but a short time recovered
possession of the empire of the West, when he was
murdered by Arbogastes, a Frank of a bold and war-
like character, who had obtained a great ascendancy
over him. Arbogastes did not himself assume the
purple, but gave it to Eugenius, deeming it more safe
to possess the power than the name of emperor. The-
odosius once more prepared to avenge the murder of a
? ? colleague. He raised a powerful army, forced the
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? THe.
THE
enerta, in fict, though arrayed in female attire, was the
only individual among the deaccndants of Theodoaiue
who exhibited any tokens of his manly spirit. She su-
perintended at the same time the education of her
brother, whose mind she soon discovered to be inca-
pable of rising above the mere forms of polished life;
and for this reason alone, it has been candidly supposed,
she limited her instructions to those external observ-
ances which might qualify him to represent the ma-
jesty of the East, while the real authority and patron-
age of office might jtill be retained in her own hands.
She even chose a wife for him in the person of Eudo-
cia, an Athenian maid, who first presented herself at
court as a suppliant, and who, as the consort of The-
odosius, was destined to experience a great variety of
fortune. (Vid. Eudocia I. ) The reign of Theodo-
sius, therefore, was virtually that of Anthemius and
Pulcheria. The principal event during its continu-
ance was the invasion of the Huns under the cele-
brated Attila, who carried fire and sword to the very
gates of Constantinople, and only granted peace on
conditions most favourable to himself and humilia-
ting to the empire. --Theodosius met his death by a
fall from his horse in hunting, AD. 450. In the
reign of this emperor was compiled the Theodosian
Code, consisting of all the constitutions of the Chris-
tian emperors, from Constantine the Great to his own
lime. (Hcinecc. , Anliq. Rom. , praam. 22. )--IV. A
mathematician of Tripolis, in Lydia, who flourished
probably under the Emperor Trajan, about A. D. 100.
He wrote three hooks on the doctrine of the sphere, of
which Ptolemy and succeeding writers availed them-
selves. They were translated by the Arabians into
their language from the Greek, and afterward trans-
lated from the Arabic into Latin. The best edition is
that of Hunt, Svo, Oxon. , 1707.
Thkoonis, a native of Megara, in Greece, born B. C.
583, and who attained to the age of eighty-eight years.
He is one of the Greek Gnomic poets. Theognis was
exiled from Megara for his political sentiments, and re-
? ired in consequence to Thebes, where he took up bis
abode. Ho was a considerable traveller for those days,
a warm politician, a man of the world, and, as it should
seem, of pleasure too; and his pithy maxims upon pub-
lic factions and private quarrels, debtors and creditors,
drinking, dressing, and spending, seem the fruits of per-
sonal experience, the details of which other parts of his
poetry very sufficiently celebrate. If we understand
Suidas correctly, there existed in his time three col-
lections ol Thcognidean verse: 1. Miscellaneous Gno-
mic elegies, to the number of 2S00 lines. 2. A li Ho-
mology of the sime sort, addressed to Cyrnus. 3.
Other didactic and admonitory poems. --The total
number of lines constituting the mixed mass which
we now have under the name of Theognis, inclusive of
the 159 new verses discovered by Bekker, in 1815, in
a Modcna manuscript, amounts to 1392 or thereabout.
They are all exclusively in elegiac metre, but are evi-
dently a farrago huddled together from the voluminous
originals anciently existing, and also, in numerous in-
stances, ignorantly interpolated with passages from the
elegies of Solon and Mimnermus. It must, indeed,
be immediately obvious to the reader, that poems, or,
rather, verses consisting of so many hundreds of gno-
mic couplets like these, could no more be expected to
go down the stream of time entire than a ship without
bolts; quotation alone would infallibly break the con-
? ? tinuity, or, rather, collocation of the lines; and inten-
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? TH<<
Pkiia willi a Lati? Torsion, ane* 'he no. 'ea of F Gear,
under the care of Comberis, in \6f? 5, fol.
Theophilus, I. the associate of Tribonun and Do-
rotheus in compiling the Institutes, of which work he
has left a Paraphrase in Greek, a production of great
utility for tho knowledge of Roman law. He also
wrote a commentary, in the same language, on the
Pandects, of which some fragments remain. The best
edition of Theophilus is that of Reitz, Hag. Com. ,
1751, 4lo. -- II. A physician who flourished under
Iieraclius about A. D. 630. He wrote a treatise jrepi
vi'puv (De Vrinit), the best edition of which is that
of Guidot, Lugd. Bat. , 1703, 8vo, and 1731. The
best edition of another work of his, on the Human
Frame, is that of Morell, Paris, 1556, 8vo--III. A
bishop of Antioch, ordained to that ace in 168 or 170
A. D. In his zeal for orthodoxy, he wrote against
Marcion, and also against Hermogcncs, and he com-
posed other tracts, some of which are preserved.
We have extant also three books against Autolycus.
These works 'isplay, it is said, the earliest example
of the use ol the term " Trinity," as applied to the
three persons of the Godhead. His work against Au-
tolycus was published by Conrad Gesner, at Zurich,
in 1546. It was annexed, also, to the Supplement of
the Bibliotheca Patrum in 1624.
Theophkastcs, a Greek philosopher, a native cf
Eresos in the island of Lesbos. He was born B. C.
382, and received the first rudiments of education un-
der Alcippus, in his own country, after which he was
sent by his father, who was a wealthy man, to Athens,
and there became a disciple of Plato, and, after bis
death, of Aristotle. Under these eminent masters,
blessed by nature with a genius capable of excelling in
every liberal accomplishment, he made great progress
both in philosophy and eloquence. It was on account
of his high attainments in the latter that, instead of
Tjrrtamus, his original name, he was called, as some
say, by his master, but more probably by his own fol-
lowers, Euphrastus (" the fine speaker"), and subse-
quently Theophrastus (" the divine speaker"). When
be undertook the charge of the Peripatetic school, he
conducted it with such high reputation that he had
abcut two thousand scholars; among whom were
Nicomachns, the son of Aristotle, whom his father had
intrusted hy will to his charge; Erasistratus, a cele-
brated physician; and Demetrius Phalercus, who re-
sided with hirn in the same house. His erudition and
eloquence, united with engaging manners, recom-
mended him to the notice of Cassander, and also of
Ptolemy, who invited him to visit Egypt. So great a
favourite was he among the Athenians, that, when one
of his enemies accused him of teaching impious doc-
trines, the accuser himself escaped with difficulty the
punishment which he endeavoured to bring upon Theo-
phrastus. --Under tho archonship of Xenippus, B. C.
305, Sophocles, the son of Amphiclidcs, obtained a
decree (upon what grounds we are not informed), ma-
king it a capital offence for any philosopher to open a
public school without an express license from the sen-
ate. Upon this all the philosophers left the city. But
the next year, the person who had proposed the law-
was himself lined five talents, and the philosophers re-
turned with great public applause to their respective
schools. Theophrastus, who had suffered, with his
brethren, the persecution inflicted by this oppressive
decree, shared the honour of the restoration, and con-
tinued his debates and instructions in the Lyceum. --
? ? Theophrastus is highly celebrated for his industry,
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? THE
THEOrOMPUS.
I" Twenty four looks oj Laws, in Alphabetical or-
der")-; and the third, Tleol No/iofleruv (" Of Legisla-
tors"), in four books. Slobaeus cites a fragment of
the first work. Athenseus mentions other works also
of Theophrastus, 01 Flattery, Pleasure, Happiness,
&c, which are now lost. --Independently, however,
of hi* metaphysical, ethical, and political speculations,
Theophrastus also turned hia attention to Mineralogy
and Botany. As the philosopher of Stagira is the
father of Zoology, so is TheophraBtus to bo regarded
as the parent of Botany. His vegetable physiology
contains some very just arrangements: he had even a
glimpse of the sexual system in plants. --Of the nu-
merous works on natural history written by Theophras-
tus, the following alone remain: 1. Ilepl fvruv ioro-
piac (" On the History of Plants"), in ten, or, rather,
in nine books, for the ancients knew only nine, and the
pretended fragment of a tenth book, as found in the
manuscripts, is only a repetition of a passage in the
ninth. This history of plants is a complete system of
ancient botany. --2. llepi Qvtlkuv airtuv (" Of the
causes of Plants"), in ten books, of which only six
have come down to us. ft is a system of botanical
physiology. -- 3. Iltpt AiBuv {"Of Stones"). This
work proves that, after the time of Theophrastus,
mineralogy retrograded. --We have also other treatises
of his, on Odours, Winds, Prognostics of the Weather,
<kc, and various fragments of works in natural his-
tory, on Animals that change Colour, on Bees, dec.
All these fragments have been preserved for us by
Photius. --The best edition of the works of Theo-
phrastus is that of Schneider, Lips. , 1818-1821, 5
vols. 8vo. The treatise on Stones has been translated
into English by Sir John Hill, and is accompanied by
very useful notes, Lond , 1777, 8vo. The best edi-
tions of the "Characters" are, that of Casaubon, L.
Bat. , 1592, 8vo; that of Fischer, Coburg, 1763, 8vo;
and that of Ast, Lips. , 1816, 8vo. This last, criti-
cally speaking, is perhaps the best.
Tiibophylactus, I. Siiiocatta, a Byzantine histo-
rian. His history of the reign of the Emperor Mau-
rice is comprehended in eight books, and terminates
with the massacre of this prince and his children by
Phocas. Casaubon considers this writer one of the
best of the later Greek historians. He wrote also
other works, some of which have reached us. The
i. i -i edition nf his history is that of Fabrotti, Paris,
1648, fol. The best edition or his Physical Questions
and Epistles is that of Boissonade, Paris, 1835, 8vo.
--II. One of the Greek fathers, who flourished AD.
1070. Dupin observes that his Commentaries are
Tery useful for the literal explanation of the Scrip-
tures; and Dr. Larduer remarks that he quotes no
forged writings or apocryphal books of the New Tes-
tament, many of which he excludes by his observa-
tions on John, 1, 31-34, that Christ wrought no mira-
cle in his infancy, or before the time of his public
ministry. His works were edited at Venice, 4 vols. ,
175410 1763.
TitEoi'di. is, a name given to Antioch because the
Christians first received their name there.
Theopompus, I. a king of Sparta, of the family of the
Proclidae, who distinguished himself by the many new
regulations he introduced. He died after a long and
peaceful reign, B. C. 723. --II. A Greek historian, a na-
ive of Chios, born about B. C. 360. His father, Dam-
>>istratU3, became an object of strong dislike to his fel-
? ? low-citizens on account of his attachment to Sparta,
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? THE
TH E
vol. 3, p. 135-170. In 1829, the first comp ele edi-
tion of ill the fragments appeared from the Leyden
press, with notes, a life of Theopompus, &c, by
Wichers, 8vo. (SchSU, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 2, p. 179.
--Hoffmann, Lex. Bibliograph. , vol. 3, p. 743. )
Thera, the most celebrated of the Sporades, situ-
ate, according to Strabo, about seven hundred stadia
from the Cretan coast, in a northeast direction, and
nearly two hundred stadia in circumference. (Strab. ,
484. ) The modern name is Santorin. This island
was said by mycologists to have been formed in the
sea by a clod of earth thrown from the ship Argo, and
on its first appearance obtained the name of Calliste.
{Plin. , 4, 12. ) It was first occupied by some Phoeni-
cians, but subsequently colonized by the Lacedaemo-
nians, who settled there the descendants of the Minyae,
after they had been expelled from Lcmnos by the Pe-
lasgi. The colony was headed by Thcras, a descend-
ant of Cadmus, and maternal uncle of Eurysthcnes
and Proclus; he gave his name to the island. (He-
rod, 4, 147. -- Pausan. , 3, 1. -- Callim. , ap. Strab. ,
347. ) Several generations after this event, a colony
was led into Africa by Battus, a descendant of the
Minyae, who there founded the city of Cyrene. (He-
rod. , 4, 150. --Pind. , Pyth. , 4, 10. ) Thera appears
to have been produced by the action of submarine
fires. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 412, seqq. )
"Abundant proofs are not wanting," observes Malte-
Brun, " as to the existence of an ancient volcano, the
crater of which occupied all the basin between Santo-
rin and the smaller islands of the group: the mouth
of the crater has been partly overthrown, and the aper-
ture enclosed by the accumulation of dust and ashes.
The lava, the ashes, and pumice-stone discharged
from that volcano have covered part of Thera (Mem.
de Trctoux, 1715), but the greater portion, which con-
sists of a large bed of fine marble, has never been in
any way changed by the action of volcanic fire. (Tour-
tufort, vol.
