The struggle against raw and savage natures must be a struggle with weapons which are able
to affect such natures: superstitions and such means are therefore indispensable and essential.
to affect such natures: superstitions and such means are therefore indispensable and essential.
Nietzsche - Works - v14 - Will to Power - a
to say he does not know.
A man must be very
human to be able to say: "I do not know this,"
--that is to say, to be able to admit his ignorance. Suppose he is in pain or in a good mood, he
never questions that he can find the reason of either condition if only he seeks. . . . And so he seeks for truth he cannot find the reason; for he does not even suspect where lies. What happens? He takes result his condition for its cause for instance, he should undertake some work (really undertaken because his good mood gave him the courage do so)
and carry work itself
through successfully: behold, the the reason his good mood.
fact, his success was determined by
As matter
the same cause that which brought about his
good mood--that say, the happy co-ordina tion physiological powers and functions.
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.
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? I88 THE WILL TO POWER.
He feels bad: consequently he cannot overcome
a care, a scruple, or an attitude of self-criticism.
. . . He really fancies that his disagreeable con
dition is the result of his scruple, of his "sin," or of his "self-criticism. "
But after profound exhaustion and prostration, a state of recovery sets "How possible
that can feel miracle; only
free, happy?
God could have effected this change. "--Conclusion: "He has forgiven my
sin. "
From this follow certain practices: order provoke feelings sinfulness and prepare the way for crushed spirits necessary induce
condition morbidity and nervousness
the body. The methods doing this are well known. Of course, nobody suspects the causal
? logic
interpreted religiously,
itself, whereas no more than means of bringing about that morbid state indigestion which known repentance (the "fixed idea
the fact: the maceration the flesh seems like an end
sin, the hypnotising the hen by means the chalk-line "sin").
The mishandling the body prepares the ground for the required range "guilty feelings" --that say, for that general state pain which demands an explanation.
On the other hand, the method "salvation
may also develop from the above: every dis sipation the feelings, whether prayers, move
ments, attitudes, oaths, has been provoked, and exhaustion follows; very often acute,
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to
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? CRITICISM OF RELIGION.
189
appears in the form of epilepsy. And behind this condition of deep somnolence there come signs of recovery--or, in religious parlance, "Salvation. "
23O.
Formerly, the conditions and results of physio
logical exhaustion were considered more important
than healthy conditions and their results, and this was owing to the suddenness, fearfulness, and
mysteriousness of the former. Men were terrified by themselves, and postulated the existence of a
higher world. People have ascribed the origin of the idea of two worlds--one this side of the
grave and the other beyond it--to sleep and dreams, to shadows, to night, and to the fear of
Nature: but the symptoms of physiological ex
haustion should, above all, have been considered. Ancient religions have quite special methods of disciplining the pious into states of exhaustion,
in which they must experience such things. . . . The idea was, that one entered into a new order of things, where everything ceases to be known. -- The semblance of a higher power. . . .
23 I.
Sleep is the result of every kind of exhaus
tion; exhaustion follows upon all excessive excitement. . . .
In all pessimistic religions and philosophies
there is a yearning for sleep; the very notion "sleep" is deified and worshipped.
? In this case the exhaustion is
racial; sleep
? ? ? I90
THE WILL TO POWER.
regarded psychologically is only a symbol of a much deeper and longer compulsion to rest. . . . In praxi it is death which rules here in the seductive image of its brother sleep. . . .
232.
The whole of the Christian training in repent ance and redemption may be regarded as a folie
circulaire arbitrarily produced; though, of course,
it can be produced only in people who are pre
disposed to it--that is to say, who have morbid tendencies in their constitutions.
233.
Against remorse and purely psychical treat ment. --To be unable to have done with an ex
? perience already sign
reopening old wounds, this wallowing self
contempt and depression,
additional form the soul" ever results
spiritual illness. These "conditions of salvation" of which the
Christian conscious are merely variations the same diseased state--the interpretation an attack epilepsy by means particular formula which provided, not by science, but by religious mania.
When man his very goodness sickly. By far the greatest portion the psychical
apparatus which Christianity has used, now
classed among the various forms hysteria and epilepsy.
disease;
no "salvation
from but only new kind
decadence. This
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? CRITICISM OF RELIGION,
I9I
The whole process of spiritual healing must be remodelled on a physiological basis: the "sting of conscience" as such is an obstacle in the way of recovery--as soon as possible the attempt
from the morbidness of self-torture. . . .
The purely psychical practices of the Church and
of the various sects should be decried as dangerous
to the health. No invalid is ever cured by prayers
or by the exorcising of evil spirits: the states
of "repose" which follow upon such methods of
treatment, by no means inspire confidence, in the psychological sense. . .
A man is healthy when he can laugh at the seriousness and ardour with which he has allowed
himself to be hypnotised to any extent by
detail in his life -- when his remorse seems to him like the action of a dog biting a stone--when he is ashamed of his repentance.
The purely psychological and religious practices,
which have existed hitherto, only led to an altera
tion in the symptoms: according to them a man
had recovered when he bowed before the cross,
and swore that in future he would be a good
man. . . . But a criminal, who, with a certain
gloomy seriousness cleaves to his fate and refuses
to malign his deed once it is done, has more
must be made to counterbalance
means of new actions, so that there may be an
escape
everything by
? any
spiritual
Dostoiewsky associated in prison, were all, without exception, unbroken natures,--are they not a hundred times more valuable than a "broken-spirited "Christian P
health. . . . The criminals with whom
? ? ? I92
THE WILL TO POWER.
(For the treatment of pangs of conscience recommend Mitchell's Treatment. *)
234.
A pang of conscience in a man is a sign tha his character is not yet equal to his deed. Ther is such a thing as a pang of conscience after goo
deeds: in this case it is their unfamiliarity, thei incompatibility with an old environment.
235.
Against remorse. --I do not like this form c
cowardice in regard to one's own actions, on must not leave one's self in the lurch under th
pressure of sudden shame or distress, Extrem
pride is much more fitting here. What is th
good of it all in the end| No deed get
undone because it is regretted, no more thal because it is "forgiven" or "expiated. " A man mus
be a theologian in order to believe in a power tha erases faults: we immoralists prefer to disbeliev in "faults. " We believe that all deeds, of wha kind soever, are identically of the same value a root; just as deeds which turn against us ma
*TRANSLATOR's NoTE. --In The New Sydenham Society Lexicon of Medicine and the Allied Sciences, the followin; description of Mitchell's treatment is to be found: "A method of treating cases of neurasthenia and hysteria . . by removal from home, rest in bed, massage twice a day
electrical excitation of the muscles, and excessive feeding at first with milk. "
? ? ? ? CRITICISM OF RELIGION.
I93
be useful from an economical point of view, and
even generally desirable. In certain individual
cases, we admit that we might well have been
spared a given action; the circumstances alone
predisposed us in its favour. Which of us, if
favoured by circumstances, would not already
have committed every possible crime? . . . That
is why one should never say: "Thou shouldst
never have done such and such a thing," but only:
"How strange it is that I have not done such and
such a thing hundreds of times already l"--As a
matter of fact, only a very small number of acts are typical acts and real epitomes of a personality,
and seeing what a small number of people really are personalities, a single act very rarely character
ises a man. Acts are mostly dictated by circum stances; they are superficial or merely reflex
movements performed in response to a stimulus, long before the depths of our beings are affected
? or consulted in the matter. A
temper,
gesture,
knife: how little the
these acts l--A deed very stupor feeling con
that the agent feels almost
recollection, though
blow with individual resides
often brings sort
straint its wake: spellbound
belonged
creature.
he and were not an independent
This mental disorder, which form
of hypnotism, must be resisted all costs: surely
single deed, whatever be, when compared with all one has done, nothing, and may be deducted from the sum without making the account wrong. The unfair interest which society
manifests controlling the whole our lives VOL.
? ? I.
in
a
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to
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of
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fit of
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so of in
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of
? I94
THE WILL TO POWER.
in one direction, as though the very purpose of its existence were to cultivate a certain individual
act,
unfortunately this happens almost continually.
The reason of this that every deed, followed
by unexpected consequences, leads certain mental disturbance, no matter whether the con
should not infect the man of action: but
sequences be good
bad. Behold lover who promise, poet while he
from an audience: far concerned, these men are no way different from the anarchist who
suddenly confronted by detective bearing search warrant.
There are some acts which are unworthy us: acts which, they were regarded typical, would
set down belonging lower class man.
here,
regard them typical. There another kind act which we are unworthy: exceptional acts,
born particular abundance happiness and health; they are the highest waves our spring
tides, driven an unusual height by storm --an accident: such acts and "deeds" are also
not typical. An artist should never be judged
has been given receiving applause
intellectual torpor
? The one fault that has be avoided
according
the measure his works.
236.
A. proportion Christianity seems necessary
to-day, man still wild and fatal.
another sense, not necessary, but
extremely dangerous, though captivating and
? ? B.
In In
of of
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? CRITICISM OF RELIGION.
I95
seductive, because it corresponds with the morbid character of whole classes and types of modern humanity, . . . they simply follow their inclinations when they aspire to Christianity--they are de cadents of all kinds.
A and B must be kept very sharply apart.
In the case of A, Christianity is a cure, or at least a taming process (under certain circumstances it serves the purpose of making people ill: and this is sometimes useful as a means of subduing savage and brutal natures). In the case of B, it is a symptom of illness itself, it renders the state of decadence more acute; in this case it stands opposed to a corroborating system of treatment, it
is the invalid's instinct standing against that which would be most salutary to him.
237.
On one side there are the serious, the dignified,
and reflective people: and on the other the bar barous, the unclean, and the irresponsible beasts:
it is merely a question of taming animals--and
in this case the tamer must be hard, terrible, and
awe-inspiring, at least to his beasts.
All essential requirements must be imposed upon
the unruly creatures with almost brutal distinct ness--that is to say, magnified a thousand times.
Even the fulfilment of the requirement must be presented in the coarsest way possible, so
that it may command respect, as in the case of the spiritualisation of the Brahmins.
sk
? ? ? ? 196
THE WILL TO POWER.
The struggle with the rabble and the herd. If
any degree
reached, the chasm separating these purified and
regenerated people
from the terrible remainder
of tameness and order has been
must have been bridged. . . .
This chasm is a means of increasing self-respect
in higher castes, and of confirming their belief in that which they represent--hence the Chandala. Contempt and its excess are perfectly correct psychologically -- that is to say, magnified a
hundred times, so that it may at least be felt.
238.
The struggle against brutal instincts is quite different from the struggle against morbid instincts;
it may even be a means of overcoming brutality
by making the brutes ill. The psychical treatment practised by Christianity is often nothing more
than the process of converting a brute into a sick and therefore tame animal.
The struggle against raw and savage natures must be a struggle with weapons which are able
to affect such natures: superstitions and such means are therefore indispensable and essential.
239.
Our age, in a certain sense, is mature (that is to say, decadent), just as Buddha's was. . . . That is why a sort of Christianity is possible without
all the absurd dogmas (the most repulsive offshoots of ancient hybridism).
? ? ? ? CRITICISM OF RELIGION.
24O.
I97
Supposing it were impossible to disprove Chris
tianity, Pascal thinks, in view of the terrible
possibility that it may be true, that it is in the highest degree prudent to be a Christian. As a
proof of how much Christianity has lost of its terrible nature, to-day we find that other attempt to justify which consists asserting, that even
were mistake, nevertheless provides the greatest advantages and pleasures for its adherents
? throughout
their lives:--it therefore seems that
this belief should be upheld owing the peace
and quiet ensures--not owing the terror
threatening possibility, but rather out fear
life that has lost one of its charms. This hedonistic turn thought, which uses happiness proof,
symptom decline: takes the place the proof resulting from power from that which
the Christian mind most terrible--namely, fear. With this new interpretation, Christianity
matter fact, nearing its stage
exhaustion. People are satisfied with Christianity which an opiate, because they no longer have the
strength seek, struggle, dare,
stand alone, nor take up Pascal's position and
share that gloomily brooding self-contempt, that belief human unworthiness, and that anxiety
which believes that "may be damned. " But Christianity the chief object which soothe diseased nerves, does not require the terrible solution consisting "God on the cross"; that
? ? of a
to it
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? 198
THE WILL TO POWER.
is why Buddhism is secretly gaining ground all over Europe.
24 I.
The humour of European culture: people
regard one thing as true, but do the other. For
instance, what is the use of the art reading and criticising, the ecclesiastical interpretation
the Bible, whether according Catholics Protestants, still upheld
242.
No one sufficiently aware the barbarity
the notions among which we Europeans still live. To think that men have been able to believe that
? depended upon book And am told that this still
the "Salvation the soul"
believed.
What the good all scientific education, all
criticism and all hermeneutics, such nonsense as
the Church's interpretation the Bible has not
yet turned the colours our bodies permanently into the red of shame?
243.
Subject for reflection: To what extent does the fatal belief "Divine Providence"--the most
paralysing
standing that has ever existed--continue pre vail; what extent have the Christian hypothesis and interpretation Life continued their lives
belief for both the hand and the under
? ? of
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? CRITICISM OF RELIGION.
under the cover of terms like "Nature," "Progress,"
"perfectionment," "Darwinism,"
or beneath the superstition that there is a certain relation between happiness and virtue, unhappiness and sin? That
absurd belief in the course of things, in "Life"
and in the "instinct of Life"; that foolish resig
nation which arises from the notion that if only
every one did his duty all would go well--all this
sort of thing can only have a meaning if one
assumes that there is a direction of things sub
specie boni. Even fatalism, our present form of
philosophical sensibility, is the result of a long
belief in Divine Providence, an unconscious result:
as though it were nothing to do with us how everything goes! (As though we might let things
take their own course; the individual being only a modus of the absolute reality. )
I99
? It is the
height psychological falsity
of (** on the
part of man to imagine a being according to his
own petty standard, who is a beginning, a "thing
in-itself," and who appears to him good, wise,
mighty, and precious; for thus he suppresses in
thought all the causality by means of which every
kind of goodness, wisdom, and power comes into
existence and has value. In short, elements of
the most recent and most conditional origin were regarded not as evolved, but as spontaneously
generated and "things-in-themselves," and perhaps
as the cause of all things. . . . Experience teaches us that, in every case in which a man has
? ? ? 2OO THE WILL TO POWER.
elevated himself to any great extent above the average of his fellows, every high degree of power always involves a corresponding degree of freedom from Good and Evil as also from "true" and
"false," and cannot take into account what good ness dictates: the same holds good of a high
degree of wisdom--in this case goodness is just as much suppressed as truthfulness, justice, virtue,
and other popular whims in valuations. In fact, is it not obvious that every high degree of goodness
itself presupposes a certain intellectual myopia
and obtuseness? as also an inability to dis
tinguish at a great distance between true and false, useful and harmful ? --not to mention the fact that
a high degree of power in the hands of the highest goodness might lead to the most baleful conse
quences ("the suppression of evil"). In sooth it is enough to perceive with what aspirations the
"God of Love" inspires His believers: they ruin mankind for the benefit of "good men. " In practice, this same God has shown Himself to be a God of the most acute myopia, devilry, and im potence, in the face of the actual arrangement of the universe, and from this the value of His con ception may be estimated.
Knowledge and wisdom can have no value in themselves, any more than goodness can: the goal
they are striving after must be known first, for
then only can their value or worthlessness be judged--a goal might be imagined which would
make excessive wisdom a great disadvantage (if, for instance, complete deception were a prerequisite to the enhancement of life; likewise, if goodness
? ? ? ? CRITICISM OF RELIGION. * 2OI
were able to paralyse and depress the main springs of the great passions). . . .
Taking our human life as it cannot denied that all "truth," "goodness," "holiness,"
and "Godliness" the Christian sense, have
hitherto shown themselves be great dangers--
danger perishing owing to an ideal which hostile to life.
245
Let any one think which all human
institutions suffer, when divine and transcend
even now mankind
? ental, higher sphere postulated
which must first
sanction these institutions By recognising their
worth this sanction alone (as the case
marriage, for instance) their natural dignity
reduced,
Nature spitefully misjudged the same
and under certain circumstances denied.
ratio as the anti-natural notion of God held in honour. "Nature" then comes to mean no more than "contemptible," "bad. "
The fatal nature belief God the reality of the highest moral qualities: through all real
systematically regarded as valueless. Thus Anti-Nature ascended the
throne. With relentless logic the last step was
reached, and this was the absolute demand deny Mature
246.
values were denied and
By pressing
and love into the foreground, Christianity by no
the doctrine disinterestedness
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? 2O2 THE WILL TO POWER.
means elevated the interests of the species above those of the individual. Its real historical effect,
its fatal effect, remains precisely the increase of
egotism, of individual egotism, to excess (to the extreme which consists in the belief in individual
immortality).
The individual was made so
important and so absolute, by means of Christian values, that he could no longer be sacrificed, despite
the fact that the species can only be maintained by human sacrifices. All "souls" became equal before God: but this is the most pernicious of all
valuations !
If one
regards equals, individuals as
the demands of the species are ignored, and a
process is initiated which ultimately leads to its
ruin. Christianity is the reverse of the principle of
selection. If the degenerate and sick man ("the
Christian") is to be of the same value as the
healthy man ("the pagan"), or if he is even to be
valued higher than the latter, as Pascal's view of
health and sickness would have us value him, the
natural course of evolution is thwarted and the
unnatural becomes law. . . . In practice this general love of mankind is nothing more than deliberately favouring all the suffering, the botched,
and the degenerate: it is this love that has reduced and weakened the power, responsibility, and lofty duty of sacrificing men. According to the scheme
of Christian values, all that remained was the
alternative of self-sacrifice, but this vestige of human sacrifice, which Christianity conceded and even recommended, has no meaning when regarded in the light of rearing a whole species. The pro
sperity of the species is by no means affected by
? ? ? ? CRITICISM OF RELIGION.
2O3
the sacrifice of one individual (whether in the
monastic and ascetic manner, or by means of crosses, stakes, and scaffolds, as the "martyrs" of error).
What the species requires is the suppression of the physiologically botched, the weak and the degenerate: but it was precisely to these people that Christianity appealed as a preservative force, it simply strengthened that natural and very strong
instinct of all the weak which bids them protect, maintain, and mutually support each other. What
is Christian "virtue" and "love of men," if not
precisely
survival, this solidarity of the weak, this thwarting
of selection ? What is Christian altruism, if it is
not the mob-egotism of the weak which divines
that, if everybody looks after everybody else,
every individual will be preserved for a longer period of time? . . . He who does not consider
this attitude of mind as immoral, as a crime against life, himself belongs to the sickly crowd, and also
shares their instincts. . . . Genuine love of man
kind exacts sacrifice for the good of the species --it is hard, full of self-control, because it needs
pseudo-humanity which is called Christianity, would fain establish
this mutual assistance with a view to
? human sacrifices. And this
the rule that nobody should be sacrificed.
247.
Nothing
more promotion than systematic Nihilism in action. --As I understand the phenomena of Christianity
and pessimism, this is what they say: "We are
could be more useful and deserves
? ? ? THE WILL TO POWER.
2O4
ripe for nonentity, for us it is reasonable not to be. " This hint from "reason" in this case, is simply the voice of selective Nature.
On the other hand, what deserves the most rigorous condemnation, is the ambiguous and cowardly infirmity of purpose of a religion like Christianity,--or rather like the Church,--which, instead of recommending death and self-destruction, actually protects all the botched and bungled, and encourages them to propagate their kind.
Problem: with what kind of means could one
lead up to a severe form of really contagious
Nihilism--a Nihilism which would teach and prac
tise voluntary death with scientific conscientious
ness (and not the feeble continuation of a vegetative
sort of life with false hopes of a life after death)? Christianity cannot be sufficiently condemned
for having depreciated the value of a great cleansing
Nihilistic movement (like the one which was pro bably in the process of formation), by its teaching
of the immortality of the private individual, as
also by the hopes of resurrection which it held out: that is to say, by dissuading people from perform
ing the deed of Nihilism which is suicide. . . . In the latter's place it puts lingering suicide, and
gradually a puny, meagre, but durable life; gradu ally a perfectly ordinary, bourgeois, mediocre life, etC.
248.
Christian moral quackery. --Pity and contempt
succeed each other at short intervals, and at the sight of them I feel as indignant as if I were in
? ? ? ? Proposition
IV. : Man converted into a weak
CRITICISM OF RELIGION.
2O5
the presence of the most despicable crime. Here error is made a duty--a virtue, misapprehension
has become a knack, the destructive instinct is
systematised under the name of "redemption";
here every operation becomes a wound, an amputa
tion of those very organs whose energy would be
the prerequisite to a return of health. And in the
best of cases no cure is effected; all that is done
is to exchange one set of evil symptoms for another set. . . . And this pernicious nonsense, this system
atised profanation and castration of life, passes for holy and sacred; to be in its service, to be an
instrument of this art of healing--that is to say, to be a priest, is to be rendered distinguished,
reverent, holy, and sacred. God alone could have
been the Author of this supreme art of healing; redemption is only possible as a revelation, as an
act of grace, as an unearned gift, made by the Creator Himself.
Proposition I. : Spiritual healthiness is regarded as morbid, and creates suspicion. . . .
Proposition II. : The prerequisites of a strong, exuberant life--strong desires and passions--are reckoned as objections against strong and ex uberant life.
Proposition III. : Everything which threatens
danger to man, and which can overcome and ruin him, is evil, must be rejected--and should be torn root and branch from his soul.
? creature, inoffensive to himself and others, crushed
by humilit-y and modesty, and conscious of his
weakness, fact, "sinner,"
in the --this is the
? ? ? 2O6 THE WILL TO POWER.
desirable type, and one which one can Produce by means of a little spiritual surgery. . . .
249.
What is it I protest against? That people should regard this paltry and peaceful mediocrity, this spiritual equilibrium which knows nothing of
the fine impulses of great accumulations of strength, as something high, or possibly as the standard of all things.
Bacon of Verulam says: Infimarum virtutum apud vulgus laus est, mediarum admiratio, supre
marum sensus nullus. Christianity as a religion, however, belongs to the vulgus: it has no feeling for the highest kind of virtus.
25O.
Let us see what the "genuine Christian " does with all the things which his instincts forbid:--he covers beauty, pride, riches, self-reliance, brilliancy, knowledge, and power with suspicion and mud-
in short, all culture: his object is to deprive the latter of its clean conscience.
25 I.
The attacks made upon Christianity, hitherto,
have been not only timid but false. So long as
Christian morality was not felt to be a capital crime against Life, apologists had good time.
The question concerning the mere "truth"
? ? ? of
its
a
? CRITICISM OF RELIGION.
207
Christianity--whether in regard to the existence of its God, or to the legendary history of its origin,
not to speak of its astronomy and natural science --is quite beside the point so long as no inquiry
is made into the value ofChristian morality. Are
Christian morals worth anything, or are they a profanation and an outrage, despite all the arts of
holiness and seduction with which they are en
forced? The question concerning the truth of the religion may be met by all sorts of subterfuges;
and the most fervent believers can, in the end, avail themselves of the logic used by their opponents, in order to create a right for their side to assert that certain things are irrefutable--that is to say, they transcend the means employed to refute them (nowadays this trick of dialectics is
? called "Kantian Criticism").
252.
-
Christianity should never be forgiven for having
precisely what should be combated in Christianity, namely,
ruined such men as Pascal. This is
that it has the will to break the spirit of the
strongest and noblest natures. One should take no rest until this thing is utterly destroyed:--the
ideal of mankind which Christianity advances, the demands it makes upon men, and its "Nay" and
"Yea" relative to humanity. The whole of the remaining absurdities, that is to say, Christian
fable, Christian cobweb-spinning in ideas and
principles, and Christian theology, do not concern us; they might be a thousand times more absurd
? ? ? 2O8 THE WILL TO POWER.
and we should not raise a finger to destroy them. But what we do stand up against, is that ideal which, thanks to its morbid beauty and feminine seductiveness, thanks to its insidious and slanderous eloquence, appeals
to all the cowardices and
vanities of wearied souls,--and the strongest have
their moments of fatigue,--as though all that which seems most useful and desirable at such
moments--that is to say, confidence, artlessness, modesty, patience, love of one's like, resignation, submission to God, and a sort of self-surrender-- were useful and desirable per se; as though the puny, modest abortion which in these creatures takes the place of a soul, this virtuous, mediocre
animal and sheep of the flock--which deigns to
call itself man, were not only to take precedence of the stronger, more evil, more passionate, more
defiant, and more prodigal type of man, who by virtue of these very qualities is exposed to a
hundred times more dangers than the former, but were actually to stand as an ideal for man in general, as a goal, a measure--the highest de sideratum. The creation of this ideal was the
most appalling temptation that had ever been put in the way of mankind; for, with the stronger
and more successful exceptions, the lucky cases among men, which the will power and growth leads the whole species "man" one step farther forward, this type was threatened with disaster. By means the values this ideal, the growth such higher men would be checked
the root. For these men, owing their superior demands and duties, readily accept
? ? ?
human to be able to say: "I do not know this,"
--that is to say, to be able to admit his ignorance. Suppose he is in pain or in a good mood, he
never questions that he can find the reason of either condition if only he seeks. . . . And so he seeks for truth he cannot find the reason; for he does not even suspect where lies. What happens? He takes result his condition for its cause for instance, he should undertake some work (really undertaken because his good mood gave him the courage do so)
and carry work itself
through successfully: behold, the the reason his good mood.
fact, his success was determined by
As matter
the same cause that which brought about his
good mood--that say, the happy co-ordina tion physiological powers and functions.
? ? a of
is as to
.
ofis it
it.
of
. . .
of .
if to
it
. ;
a
. .
In
? I88 THE WILL TO POWER.
He feels bad: consequently he cannot overcome
a care, a scruple, or an attitude of self-criticism.
. . . He really fancies that his disagreeable con
dition is the result of his scruple, of his "sin," or of his "self-criticism. "
But after profound exhaustion and prostration, a state of recovery sets "How possible
that can feel miracle; only
free, happy?
God could have effected this change. "--Conclusion: "He has forgiven my
sin. "
From this follow certain practices: order provoke feelings sinfulness and prepare the way for crushed spirits necessary induce
condition morbidity and nervousness
the body. The methods doing this are well known. Of course, nobody suspects the causal
? logic
interpreted religiously,
itself, whereas no more than means of bringing about that morbid state indigestion which known repentance (the "fixed idea
the fact: the maceration the flesh seems like an end
sin, the hypnotising the hen by means the chalk-line "sin").
The mishandling the body prepares the ground for the required range "guilty feelings" --that say, for that general state pain which demands an explanation.
On the other hand, the method "salvation
may also develop from the above: every dis sipation the feelings, whether prayers, move
ments, attitudes, oaths, has been provoked, and exhaustion follows; very often acute,
? ? of or
to
. it .
of
is
. of
of a of
of
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it
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.
it of a asis ofso
of
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.
It it
? CRITICISM OF RELIGION.
189
appears in the form of epilepsy. And behind this condition of deep somnolence there come signs of recovery--or, in religious parlance, "Salvation. "
23O.
Formerly, the conditions and results of physio
logical exhaustion were considered more important
than healthy conditions and their results, and this was owing to the suddenness, fearfulness, and
mysteriousness of the former. Men were terrified by themselves, and postulated the existence of a
higher world. People have ascribed the origin of the idea of two worlds--one this side of the
grave and the other beyond it--to sleep and dreams, to shadows, to night, and to the fear of
Nature: but the symptoms of physiological ex
haustion should, above all, have been considered. Ancient religions have quite special methods of disciplining the pious into states of exhaustion,
in which they must experience such things. . . . The idea was, that one entered into a new order of things, where everything ceases to be known. -- The semblance of a higher power. . . .
23 I.
Sleep is the result of every kind of exhaus
tion; exhaustion follows upon all excessive excitement. . . .
In all pessimistic religions and philosophies
there is a yearning for sleep; the very notion "sleep" is deified and worshipped.
? In this case the exhaustion is
racial; sleep
? ? ? I90
THE WILL TO POWER.
regarded psychologically is only a symbol of a much deeper and longer compulsion to rest. . . . In praxi it is death which rules here in the seductive image of its brother sleep. . . .
232.
The whole of the Christian training in repent ance and redemption may be regarded as a folie
circulaire arbitrarily produced; though, of course,
it can be produced only in people who are pre
disposed to it--that is to say, who have morbid tendencies in their constitutions.
233.
Against remorse and purely psychical treat ment. --To be unable to have done with an ex
? perience already sign
reopening old wounds, this wallowing self
contempt and depression,
additional form the soul" ever results
spiritual illness. These "conditions of salvation" of which the
Christian conscious are merely variations the same diseased state--the interpretation an attack epilepsy by means particular formula which provided, not by science, but by religious mania.
When man his very goodness sickly. By far the greatest portion the psychical
apparatus which Christianity has used, now
classed among the various forms hysteria and epilepsy.
disease;
no "salvation
from but only new kind
decadence. This
? ? of
of is is
of
. . .
a
it, of
is ill
is is
of is a
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? CRITICISM OF RELIGION,
I9I
The whole process of spiritual healing must be remodelled on a physiological basis: the "sting of conscience" as such is an obstacle in the way of recovery--as soon as possible the attempt
from the morbidness of self-torture. . . .
The purely psychical practices of the Church and
of the various sects should be decried as dangerous
to the health. No invalid is ever cured by prayers
or by the exorcising of evil spirits: the states
of "repose" which follow upon such methods of
treatment, by no means inspire confidence, in the psychological sense. . .
A man is healthy when he can laugh at the seriousness and ardour with which he has allowed
himself to be hypnotised to any extent by
detail in his life -- when his remorse seems to him like the action of a dog biting a stone--when he is ashamed of his repentance.
The purely psychological and religious practices,
which have existed hitherto, only led to an altera
tion in the symptoms: according to them a man
had recovered when he bowed before the cross,
and swore that in future he would be a good
man. . . . But a criminal, who, with a certain
gloomy seriousness cleaves to his fate and refuses
to malign his deed once it is done, has more
must be made to counterbalance
means of new actions, so that there may be an
escape
everything by
? any
spiritual
Dostoiewsky associated in prison, were all, without exception, unbroken natures,--are they not a hundred times more valuable than a "broken-spirited "Christian P
health. . . . The criminals with whom
? ? ? I92
THE WILL TO POWER.
(For the treatment of pangs of conscience recommend Mitchell's Treatment. *)
234.
A pang of conscience in a man is a sign tha his character is not yet equal to his deed. Ther is such a thing as a pang of conscience after goo
deeds: in this case it is their unfamiliarity, thei incompatibility with an old environment.
235.
Against remorse. --I do not like this form c
cowardice in regard to one's own actions, on must not leave one's self in the lurch under th
pressure of sudden shame or distress, Extrem
pride is much more fitting here. What is th
good of it all in the end| No deed get
undone because it is regretted, no more thal because it is "forgiven" or "expiated. " A man mus
be a theologian in order to believe in a power tha erases faults: we immoralists prefer to disbeliev in "faults. " We believe that all deeds, of wha kind soever, are identically of the same value a root; just as deeds which turn against us ma
*TRANSLATOR's NoTE. --In The New Sydenham Society Lexicon of Medicine and the Allied Sciences, the followin; description of Mitchell's treatment is to be found: "A method of treating cases of neurasthenia and hysteria . . by removal from home, rest in bed, massage twice a day
electrical excitation of the muscles, and excessive feeding at first with milk. "
? ? ? ? CRITICISM OF RELIGION.
I93
be useful from an economical point of view, and
even generally desirable. In certain individual
cases, we admit that we might well have been
spared a given action; the circumstances alone
predisposed us in its favour. Which of us, if
favoured by circumstances, would not already
have committed every possible crime? . . . That
is why one should never say: "Thou shouldst
never have done such and such a thing," but only:
"How strange it is that I have not done such and
such a thing hundreds of times already l"--As a
matter of fact, only a very small number of acts are typical acts and real epitomes of a personality,
and seeing what a small number of people really are personalities, a single act very rarely character
ises a man. Acts are mostly dictated by circum stances; they are superficial or merely reflex
movements performed in response to a stimulus, long before the depths of our beings are affected
? or consulted in the matter. A
temper,
gesture,
knife: how little the
these acts l--A deed very stupor feeling con
that the agent feels almost
recollection, though
blow with individual resides
often brings sort
straint its wake: spellbound
belonged
creature.
he and were not an independent
This mental disorder, which form
of hypnotism, must be resisted all costs: surely
single deed, whatever be, when compared with all one has done, nothing, and may be deducted from the sum without making the account wrong. The unfair interest which society
manifests controlling the whole our lives VOL.
? ? I.
in
a
N
is it
in
to
it, at
of
it is
as
fit of
a
at
or or
is a
of
a
its
so of in
a
a
of
? I94
THE WILL TO POWER.
in one direction, as though the very purpose of its existence were to cultivate a certain individual
act,
unfortunately this happens almost continually.
The reason of this that every deed, followed
by unexpected consequences, leads certain mental disturbance, no matter whether the con
should not infect the man of action: but
sequences be good
bad. Behold lover who promise, poet while he
from an audience: far concerned, these men are no way different from the anarchist who
suddenly confronted by detective bearing search warrant.
There are some acts which are unworthy us: acts which, they were regarded typical, would
set down belonging lower class man.
here,
regard them typical. There another kind act which we are unworthy: exceptional acts,
born particular abundance happiness and health; they are the highest waves our spring
tides, driven an unusual height by storm --an accident: such acts and "deeds" are also
not typical. An artist should never be judged
has been given receiving applause
intellectual torpor
? The one fault that has be avoided
according
the measure his works.
236.
A. proportion Christianity seems necessary
to-day, man still wild and fatal.
another sense, not necessary, but
extremely dangerous, though captivating and
? ? B.
In In
of of
is
as
to
to
as
as if
is
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it
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is
of is a . as
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? CRITICISM OF RELIGION.
I95
seductive, because it corresponds with the morbid character of whole classes and types of modern humanity, . . . they simply follow their inclinations when they aspire to Christianity--they are de cadents of all kinds.
A and B must be kept very sharply apart.
In the case of A, Christianity is a cure, or at least a taming process (under certain circumstances it serves the purpose of making people ill: and this is sometimes useful as a means of subduing savage and brutal natures). In the case of B, it is a symptom of illness itself, it renders the state of decadence more acute; in this case it stands opposed to a corroborating system of treatment, it
is the invalid's instinct standing against that which would be most salutary to him.
237.
On one side there are the serious, the dignified,
and reflective people: and on the other the bar barous, the unclean, and the irresponsible beasts:
it is merely a question of taming animals--and
in this case the tamer must be hard, terrible, and
awe-inspiring, at least to his beasts.
All essential requirements must be imposed upon
the unruly creatures with almost brutal distinct ness--that is to say, magnified a thousand times.
Even the fulfilment of the requirement must be presented in the coarsest way possible, so
that it may command respect, as in the case of the spiritualisation of the Brahmins.
sk
? ? ? ? 196
THE WILL TO POWER.
The struggle with the rabble and the herd. If
any degree
reached, the chasm separating these purified and
regenerated people
from the terrible remainder
of tameness and order has been
must have been bridged. . . .
This chasm is a means of increasing self-respect
in higher castes, and of confirming their belief in that which they represent--hence the Chandala. Contempt and its excess are perfectly correct psychologically -- that is to say, magnified a
hundred times, so that it may at least be felt.
238.
The struggle against brutal instincts is quite different from the struggle against morbid instincts;
it may even be a means of overcoming brutality
by making the brutes ill. The psychical treatment practised by Christianity is often nothing more
than the process of converting a brute into a sick and therefore tame animal.
The struggle against raw and savage natures must be a struggle with weapons which are able
to affect such natures: superstitions and such means are therefore indispensable and essential.
239.
Our age, in a certain sense, is mature (that is to say, decadent), just as Buddha's was. . . . That is why a sort of Christianity is possible without
all the absurd dogmas (the most repulsive offshoots of ancient hybridism).
? ? ? ? CRITICISM OF RELIGION.
24O.
I97
Supposing it were impossible to disprove Chris
tianity, Pascal thinks, in view of the terrible
possibility that it may be true, that it is in the highest degree prudent to be a Christian. As a
proof of how much Christianity has lost of its terrible nature, to-day we find that other attempt to justify which consists asserting, that even
were mistake, nevertheless provides the greatest advantages and pleasures for its adherents
? throughout
their lives:--it therefore seems that
this belief should be upheld owing the peace
and quiet ensures--not owing the terror
threatening possibility, but rather out fear
life that has lost one of its charms. This hedonistic turn thought, which uses happiness proof,
symptom decline: takes the place the proof resulting from power from that which
the Christian mind most terrible--namely, fear. With this new interpretation, Christianity
matter fact, nearing its stage
exhaustion. People are satisfied with Christianity which an opiate, because they no longer have the
strength seek, struggle, dare,
stand alone, nor take up Pascal's position and
share that gloomily brooding self-contempt, that belief human unworthiness, and that anxiety
which believes that "may be damned. " But Christianity the chief object which soothe diseased nerves, does not require the terrible solution consisting "God on the cross"; that
? ? of a
to it
to
of
as in isa
of of
of
to
or
is to
a to
of
to
to
a to
of
to
it
a it,
is, to
isa if a it
is
it
it
in
of
of
a of
as a
? 198
THE WILL TO POWER.
is why Buddhism is secretly gaining ground all over Europe.
24 I.
The humour of European culture: people
regard one thing as true, but do the other. For
instance, what is the use of the art reading and criticising, the ecclesiastical interpretation
the Bible, whether according Catholics Protestants, still upheld
242.
No one sufficiently aware the barbarity
the notions among which we Europeans still live. To think that men have been able to believe that
? depended upon book And am told that this still
the "Salvation the soul"
believed.
What the good all scientific education, all
criticism and all hermeneutics, such nonsense as
the Church's interpretation the Bible has not
yet turned the colours our bodies permanently into the red of shame?
243.
Subject for reflection: To what extent does the fatal belief "Divine Providence"--the most
paralysing
standing that has ever existed--continue pre vail; what extent have the Christian hypothesis and interpretation Life continued their lives
belief for both the hand and the under
? ? of
to
in
is
|
.
.
. is
to
is
a
of
of if
all
of Iof
is
if
of
to
of
or
!
of
of
? CRITICISM OF RELIGION.
under the cover of terms like "Nature," "Progress,"
"perfectionment," "Darwinism,"
or beneath the superstition that there is a certain relation between happiness and virtue, unhappiness and sin? That
absurd belief in the course of things, in "Life"
and in the "instinct of Life"; that foolish resig
nation which arises from the notion that if only
every one did his duty all would go well--all this
sort of thing can only have a meaning if one
assumes that there is a direction of things sub
specie boni. Even fatalism, our present form of
philosophical sensibility, is the result of a long
belief in Divine Providence, an unconscious result:
as though it were nothing to do with us how everything goes! (As though we might let things
take their own course; the individual being only a modus of the absolute reality. )
I99
? It is the
height psychological falsity
of (** on the
part of man to imagine a being according to his
own petty standard, who is a beginning, a "thing
in-itself," and who appears to him good, wise,
mighty, and precious; for thus he suppresses in
thought all the causality by means of which every
kind of goodness, wisdom, and power comes into
existence and has value. In short, elements of
the most recent and most conditional origin were regarded not as evolved, but as spontaneously
generated and "things-in-themselves," and perhaps
as the cause of all things. . . . Experience teaches us that, in every case in which a man has
? ? ? 2OO THE WILL TO POWER.
elevated himself to any great extent above the average of his fellows, every high degree of power always involves a corresponding degree of freedom from Good and Evil as also from "true" and
"false," and cannot take into account what good ness dictates: the same holds good of a high
degree of wisdom--in this case goodness is just as much suppressed as truthfulness, justice, virtue,
and other popular whims in valuations. In fact, is it not obvious that every high degree of goodness
itself presupposes a certain intellectual myopia
and obtuseness? as also an inability to dis
tinguish at a great distance between true and false, useful and harmful ? --not to mention the fact that
a high degree of power in the hands of the highest goodness might lead to the most baleful conse
quences ("the suppression of evil"). In sooth it is enough to perceive with what aspirations the
"God of Love" inspires His believers: they ruin mankind for the benefit of "good men. " In practice, this same God has shown Himself to be a God of the most acute myopia, devilry, and im potence, in the face of the actual arrangement of the universe, and from this the value of His con ception may be estimated.
Knowledge and wisdom can have no value in themselves, any more than goodness can: the goal
they are striving after must be known first, for
then only can their value or worthlessness be judged--a goal might be imagined which would
make excessive wisdom a great disadvantage (if, for instance, complete deception were a prerequisite to the enhancement of life; likewise, if goodness
? ? ? ? CRITICISM OF RELIGION. * 2OI
were able to paralyse and depress the main springs of the great passions). . . .
Taking our human life as it cannot denied that all "truth," "goodness," "holiness,"
and "Godliness" the Christian sense, have
hitherto shown themselves be great dangers--
danger perishing owing to an ideal which hostile to life.
245
Let any one think which all human
institutions suffer, when divine and transcend
even now mankind
? ental, higher sphere postulated
which must first
sanction these institutions By recognising their
worth this sanction alone (as the case
marriage, for instance) their natural dignity
reduced,
Nature spitefully misjudged the same
and under certain circumstances denied.
ratio as the anti-natural notion of God held in honour. "Nature" then comes to mean no more than "contemptible," "bad. "
The fatal nature belief God the reality of the highest moral qualities: through all real
systematically regarded as valueless. Thus Anti-Nature ascended the
throne. With relentless logic the last step was
reached, and this was the absolute demand deny Mature
246.
values were denied and
By pressing
and love into the foreground, Christianity by no
the doctrine disinterestedness
? ? of
of
is,
to
is
as it,
a in in
it
. in .
to
. . .
in is
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? 2O2 THE WILL TO POWER.
means elevated the interests of the species above those of the individual. Its real historical effect,
its fatal effect, remains precisely the increase of
egotism, of individual egotism, to excess (to the extreme which consists in the belief in individual
immortality).
The individual was made so
important and so absolute, by means of Christian values, that he could no longer be sacrificed, despite
the fact that the species can only be maintained by human sacrifices. All "souls" became equal before God: but this is the most pernicious of all
valuations !
If one
regards equals, individuals as
the demands of the species are ignored, and a
process is initiated which ultimately leads to its
ruin. Christianity is the reverse of the principle of
selection. If the degenerate and sick man ("the
Christian") is to be of the same value as the
healthy man ("the pagan"), or if he is even to be
valued higher than the latter, as Pascal's view of
health and sickness would have us value him, the
natural course of evolution is thwarted and the
unnatural becomes law. . . . In practice this general love of mankind is nothing more than deliberately favouring all the suffering, the botched,
and the degenerate: it is this love that has reduced and weakened the power, responsibility, and lofty duty of sacrificing men. According to the scheme
of Christian values, all that remained was the
alternative of self-sacrifice, but this vestige of human sacrifice, which Christianity conceded and even recommended, has no meaning when regarded in the light of rearing a whole species. The pro
sperity of the species is by no means affected by
? ? ? ? CRITICISM OF RELIGION.
2O3
the sacrifice of one individual (whether in the
monastic and ascetic manner, or by means of crosses, stakes, and scaffolds, as the "martyrs" of error).
What the species requires is the suppression of the physiologically botched, the weak and the degenerate: but it was precisely to these people that Christianity appealed as a preservative force, it simply strengthened that natural and very strong
instinct of all the weak which bids them protect, maintain, and mutually support each other. What
is Christian "virtue" and "love of men," if not
precisely
survival, this solidarity of the weak, this thwarting
of selection ? What is Christian altruism, if it is
not the mob-egotism of the weak which divines
that, if everybody looks after everybody else,
every individual will be preserved for a longer period of time? . . . He who does not consider
this attitude of mind as immoral, as a crime against life, himself belongs to the sickly crowd, and also
shares their instincts. . . . Genuine love of man
kind exacts sacrifice for the good of the species --it is hard, full of self-control, because it needs
pseudo-humanity which is called Christianity, would fain establish
this mutual assistance with a view to
? human sacrifices. And this
the rule that nobody should be sacrificed.
247.
Nothing
more promotion than systematic Nihilism in action. --As I understand the phenomena of Christianity
and pessimism, this is what they say: "We are
could be more useful and deserves
? ? ? THE WILL TO POWER.
2O4
ripe for nonentity, for us it is reasonable not to be. " This hint from "reason" in this case, is simply the voice of selective Nature.
On the other hand, what deserves the most rigorous condemnation, is the ambiguous and cowardly infirmity of purpose of a religion like Christianity,--or rather like the Church,--which, instead of recommending death and self-destruction, actually protects all the botched and bungled, and encourages them to propagate their kind.
Problem: with what kind of means could one
lead up to a severe form of really contagious
Nihilism--a Nihilism which would teach and prac
tise voluntary death with scientific conscientious
ness (and not the feeble continuation of a vegetative
sort of life with false hopes of a life after death)? Christianity cannot be sufficiently condemned
for having depreciated the value of a great cleansing
Nihilistic movement (like the one which was pro bably in the process of formation), by its teaching
of the immortality of the private individual, as
also by the hopes of resurrection which it held out: that is to say, by dissuading people from perform
ing the deed of Nihilism which is suicide. . . . In the latter's place it puts lingering suicide, and
gradually a puny, meagre, but durable life; gradu ally a perfectly ordinary, bourgeois, mediocre life, etC.
248.
Christian moral quackery. --Pity and contempt
succeed each other at short intervals, and at the sight of them I feel as indignant as if I were in
? ? ? ? Proposition
IV. : Man converted into a weak
CRITICISM OF RELIGION.
2O5
the presence of the most despicable crime. Here error is made a duty--a virtue, misapprehension
has become a knack, the destructive instinct is
systematised under the name of "redemption";
here every operation becomes a wound, an amputa
tion of those very organs whose energy would be
the prerequisite to a return of health. And in the
best of cases no cure is effected; all that is done
is to exchange one set of evil symptoms for another set. . . . And this pernicious nonsense, this system
atised profanation and castration of life, passes for holy and sacred; to be in its service, to be an
instrument of this art of healing--that is to say, to be a priest, is to be rendered distinguished,
reverent, holy, and sacred. God alone could have
been the Author of this supreme art of healing; redemption is only possible as a revelation, as an
act of grace, as an unearned gift, made by the Creator Himself.
Proposition I. : Spiritual healthiness is regarded as morbid, and creates suspicion. . . .
Proposition II. : The prerequisites of a strong, exuberant life--strong desires and passions--are reckoned as objections against strong and ex uberant life.
Proposition III. : Everything which threatens
danger to man, and which can overcome and ruin him, is evil, must be rejected--and should be torn root and branch from his soul.
? creature, inoffensive to himself and others, crushed
by humilit-y and modesty, and conscious of his
weakness, fact, "sinner,"
in the --this is the
? ? ? 2O6 THE WILL TO POWER.
desirable type, and one which one can Produce by means of a little spiritual surgery. . . .
249.
What is it I protest against? That people should regard this paltry and peaceful mediocrity, this spiritual equilibrium which knows nothing of
the fine impulses of great accumulations of strength, as something high, or possibly as the standard of all things.
Bacon of Verulam says: Infimarum virtutum apud vulgus laus est, mediarum admiratio, supre
marum sensus nullus. Christianity as a religion, however, belongs to the vulgus: it has no feeling for the highest kind of virtus.
25O.
Let us see what the "genuine Christian " does with all the things which his instincts forbid:--he covers beauty, pride, riches, self-reliance, brilliancy, knowledge, and power with suspicion and mud-
in short, all culture: his object is to deprive the latter of its clean conscience.
25 I.
The attacks made upon Christianity, hitherto,
have been not only timid but false. So long as
Christian morality was not felt to be a capital crime against Life, apologists had good time.
The question concerning the mere "truth"
? ? ? of
its
a
? CRITICISM OF RELIGION.
207
Christianity--whether in regard to the existence of its God, or to the legendary history of its origin,
not to speak of its astronomy and natural science --is quite beside the point so long as no inquiry
is made into the value ofChristian morality. Are
Christian morals worth anything, or are they a profanation and an outrage, despite all the arts of
holiness and seduction with which they are en
forced? The question concerning the truth of the religion may be met by all sorts of subterfuges;
and the most fervent believers can, in the end, avail themselves of the logic used by their opponents, in order to create a right for their side to assert that certain things are irrefutable--that is to say, they transcend the means employed to refute them (nowadays this trick of dialectics is
? called "Kantian Criticism").
252.
-
Christianity should never be forgiven for having
precisely what should be combated in Christianity, namely,
ruined such men as Pascal. This is
that it has the will to break the spirit of the
strongest and noblest natures. One should take no rest until this thing is utterly destroyed:--the
ideal of mankind which Christianity advances, the demands it makes upon men, and its "Nay" and
"Yea" relative to humanity. The whole of the remaining absurdities, that is to say, Christian
fable, Christian cobweb-spinning in ideas and
principles, and Christian theology, do not concern us; they might be a thousand times more absurd
? ? ? 2O8 THE WILL TO POWER.
and we should not raise a finger to destroy them. But what we do stand up against, is that ideal which, thanks to its morbid beauty and feminine seductiveness, thanks to its insidious and slanderous eloquence, appeals
to all the cowardices and
vanities of wearied souls,--and the strongest have
their moments of fatigue,--as though all that which seems most useful and desirable at such
moments--that is to say, confidence, artlessness, modesty, patience, love of one's like, resignation, submission to God, and a sort of self-surrender-- were useful and desirable per se; as though the puny, modest abortion which in these creatures takes the place of a soul, this virtuous, mediocre
animal and sheep of the flock--which deigns to
call itself man, were not only to take precedence of the stronger, more evil, more passionate, more
defiant, and more prodigal type of man, who by virtue of these very qualities is exposed to a
hundred times more dangers than the former, but were actually to stand as an ideal for man in general, as a goal, a measure--the highest de sideratum. The creation of this ideal was the
most appalling temptation that had ever been put in the way of mankind; for, with the stronger
and more successful exceptions, the lucky cases among men, which the will power and growth leads the whole species "man" one step farther forward, this type was threatened with disaster. By means the values this ideal, the growth such higher men would be checked
the root. For these men, owing their superior demands and duties, readily accept
? ? ?
