INDIAN NATIVE STATES AFTER THE PERIOD
OF THE MAURYA EMPIRE
By Professor E.
OF THE MAURYA EMPIRE
By Professor E.
Cambridge History of India - v1
India :
The later Nandas, Mauryas, Çungas, Kanvas and Andhras
CHAPTER XIV
THE PERSIAN DOMINIONS IN NORTHERN INDIA DOWN
TO THE TIME OF ALEXANDER'S INVASION
By A. V. WILLIAMS JACKSON, Ph. D. , LL. D. , Professor of
Indo-Irānian Languages in Columbia University
Prehistoric connexions between Persia and India
Common Indo-Irānian domains
Evidence of the Veda and the Avesta
Avestan, Old Persian, Greek, and modern designations of Persian provinces
south of the Hindu Kush
Early commerce between India and Babylon
The eastern campaigns of Cyrus
Cambyses
Darius
Xerxes
Decadence of the Achaemenian empire
The conquest of Persia by Alexander
Extent of Persian influence in India
: : :
285
287
288
. . .
: : : :
; :
. . .
: : : : :
: : : :
292
294
295
298
299
304
305
305
306
: : : : : :
NOTE TO CHAPTER XIV
ANCIENT PERSIAN COINS IN INDIA
By Dr. GEORGE MACDONALD
The rarity of Persian gold coins in India explained by the low ratio of gold to
silver
Tho attribution of punch-marked Persian silver coins to India doubtful
CHAPTER XV
306
308
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
By E. R. BEVAN, M. A. , Hon. Fellow of New College, Oxford
The Kābu) valley and the Punjab in the fourth century B. C.
Alexander's conquest of the Persian empire ; settlements in Seistān, Kandahār,
and the upper Kābul valley ; invasion of Bactria
The rāja of Takshaçilā and the Paurava king (Porus)
309
. . .
311
312
## p. xvii (#21) ############################################
CONTENTS
XVII
. . .
: :
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
: :
. . .
. . . . . .
PAGE
314
• 315
318
319
320
321
322,330,343
323
330
331
333
333
334
335
336
338
340
340
341
342
344
345
. . .
Invasion of India from the upper Kābul valley
Hill tribes beyond the N. W. frontier
Occupation of the lower Kābul valley
Siege and capture of Aornus
The crossing of the Indus
Reception at Taksha çilā
The Paurava king
The battle of the Hydaspes
Foundation of Nicaea and Bucephala
Fight of the second Paurava king, and occupation of his kingdom
Capture of Sangala
Saubhūti (Sophytes)
The Hyphasis, the eastern limit of Alexander's conquests
Return to the Hydaspes ; expedition to the Indus delta . . .
Defeat of the Mālavas
Musicanus
Return of Craterus through Kandahār and Seistān
Pattala . . .
Return of Alexander through Gedrosia
Return of Nearchus by sea
Alexander's Indian satrapies
Consequences of the invasion
NOTE TO CHAPTER XV
. . .
: :
. . . . . .
: :
: :
i
: :
. . .
.
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
Ancient Greek Coins in India
By Dr GEORGE MACDONALD
Athenian and Macedonian types
Sophytes
Coins attributed to Alexander
Double darics . . .
CHAPTER XVI
346
318
348
349
351
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
INDIA IN EARLY GREEK AND LATIN LITERATURE
By E. R. BEVAN, M. A.
The early sources of information
Scylax of Caryanda ; Hecataeus of Miletus; Herodotus : Ctesias of
Cnidus
Nearchus; Onesicritus ; Clitarchus
Magasthenes ; Daimachus ; Patrocles
Geography and physical phenomena
The mineral, vegetable and animal world
Ethnology and mythology
Social divisions according to Megasthenes
His description of Pāțaliputra
Manners and customs ; laws
Marriage ; suttee ; disposal of the dead ; slavery
The king ; royal festivals ; government officials
Industries
Brāhmans; ascetics ; philosophers
. . .
. . .
. . .
353
357-8
358-9
359
362
365
367
369
370
372
373
375
376
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
: : :
: : : :
. . .
: :
: :
## p. xviii (#22) ###########################################
XVIII
CONTENTS
. . .
: : :
. . .
: :
.
. . .
>
. . .
PAGE
Deities
379
Fabulous creatures
379
Pearls ; Southern India and Ceylon
380
Later sources of information-Apollodorus of Arternita ; Erastosthenes ;
Alexander Polyhistor ; Strabo ; Pliny ; Arrian ; Aelian
;
382
Greek merchantmen
382
CHAPTER XVII
THE HELLENIC KINGDOMS OF SYRIA, BACTRIA,
AND PARTHIA
By GEORGE MACDONALD, C. B. , LL. D. , F. B. A. , First Assistant
Secretary Scottish Education Department, formerly Scholar
of Balliol College, Oxford
Greek and native rulers of the Kābul valley and N. W. India after Alexander 384
Chandragupta
386
The Indian expedition of Seleucus
387
Relations of Syria with the Maurya empiro
389
Foundation of the kingdoms of Bactria and Parthia
390
Diodotus
392
Arsaces
394
Euthydemus
395,397
Invasion of India by Antiochus III
397
Sophagasenus
398
Demetrius
399
Eucratides
401,408
Euthydemus II ; Demetrius II ; Agathocles ; Pantaleon ; Antimachus
402
Heliocles and Laodice . . .
407
Plato
410
Parthian invasion of Bactria
411
Scythian invasion of Bactria
412
Heliocles
413
Key to Plates 1-IV
416
CHAPTER XVIII
: : :
: : :
. . .
; : :
: : : : : :
: : :
)
CHANDRAGUPTA, THE FOUNDER OF THE MAURYA EMPIRE
By F. W. THOMAS, M. A. , Ph. D. , Librarian of the India Office,
formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge
Characteristics of the Maurya period and authorities for its history
N. W. India before and after Alexander
Agrammos, Xandrames, or Dhana-Nanda
Nanda and Chandragupta
Date of the overthrow of Nanda
Plot of the Mudrārākshasa
Chandragupta and Seleucus
Megasthenes
Rule of Chandragupta and extent of his dominions
420
421
422
423
424
424
424
425
426
: : : : : : : : :
: : : : :
: : : :
. . .
## p. xix (#23) #############################################
CONTENTS
XIX
CHAPTER XIX
POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ORGANISATION
OF THE MAURYA EMPIRE
By Dr F. W. THOMAS
PAGE
. . .
. . .
: : : :
: : : : : : : : : :
: : : : : : :
Internal conditions :
The land . . .
Towns and fortifications
The imperial capital
The people
Trade
State of society
Literature
Language
Religion
Law
Government and administration :
Civil administration founded on village autonomy
The army . . .
Foreign policy
Tribal oligarchies
Monarchies
CHAPTER XX
A ÇOKA, THE IMPERIAL PATRON OF BUDDHISM
By Dr. F. W. THOMAS
: : : : : :
: : : : : : : : : :
427
428
429
430
431
432
434
435
436
437
: : :
: : :
: : :
: : :
. . .
. . .
: : : :
: : : : :
: : : : :
438
441
442
442
443
. . .
: : : :
Bindusāra
Events and principal enactments in Açoka's reign
Religious and other foundations
Buddhist Council of Pāțaliputra and religious missions
Duration of AÇoka's reign and his family history
Chronology
Açoka's principles and personal action
His admonitions
His ordinances and institutions
The personality of Açoka as revealed in his edicts
His successors
Probable division of the empire after the reign of Samprati
CHAPTER XXI
: : : : : : : : : : :
: : : : : : : : : : :
446
446
448,451
449
450
452
454
457
458
459
461
461
. . .
INDIAN NATIVE STATES AFTER THE PERIOD
OF THE MAURYA EMPIRE
By Professor E. J. RAPSON
The peoples of India in the inseriptions of Açoka
Internal strife and foreign invasions the result of the downfall of imperial rule
Routes connecting Pāțaliputra with the north-western and western frontiers
463
465
465
## p. xx (#24) ##############################################
XX
CONTENTS
: : : :
. . .
: : : : : :
: : : : : , : : : :
: : : : : :
. . .
: : :
: : :
. . .
. . .
. . .
PAGE
Kingdoms on the central route
466
The Cungas
466
Feudatories of the Çungas
471
Kosala and Magadha
475
Indep:ndent states
475
Rise of the Andhras
477
Conquest of Ujjain
478
Conquest of Vidică
480
The Kalingas
481
Key to Plate V
485
CHAPTER XXII
THE SUCCESSOR OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT
By Professor E. J. RAPSON
The Yavana invasions
487
Extension of Yavana power along the routes from Kābul
489
Stages on the route leading to Pāļaliputra
490
Yavana invasion of the Midland Country
490
Bactrian and Indian coins
492
The houso of Euthydemus :
Demetrius ; Pantaleon and Agathocles ; Antimachus
494
Apollodotus; Menander
495
The kingdom of Çakala
496
Dominions of this house after the conquests of Eucratides and Heliocles 498
The families of Menander and Apollodotus . . .
498
The Çaka conquests completed in the reign of Azes I
499
The house of Eucratides :
Eucratides
;
500
The kingdom of Kāpiça
501
Heliocles
502
His successors at (Pushkalāvati)
503
Antialcidas
504
Archebius his successor at Takshacilā
505
Çaka conquest of pushkalāvati and Takshaçilā in the reign of Maues 505
Successors of Eucratides in the upper Kabul valley
505
Hermaeus the last Yavana king
505
Pahlava conquest of the upper Kābul valley
506
CHAPTER XXIII
THE SCYTHIAN AND PARTHIAN INVADERS
By Professor E. J. RAPSON
The Çaka invaders came from Seistān and Kandahār in the country of the lower
Indus
508
Çakas in the inscriptions of Darius
509
Migration of the Yueh-chi
510
Bactria overwhelmed and Parthia invaded by Cakas
511
Being checked by Parthia the Cakas invaded India
511
The title “Great King of Kings'
512
. . .
. . .
. . .
::
i :
: : : :
::
. . .
. . .
:: : :
. . .
## p. xxi (#25) #############################################
; CONTENTS
XXI
Pahlava and Çaka suzerains in eastern Irān and India
The date of Maues, the conqueror of Pushkalāvati and Takshaçilā
Extension of his conquests by Azes I, who may be the founder of the Vikrama
PAGE
513
514
era
. . .
Azilises ; Azes II ; Vonones,
The family of Vonones
Çaka satraps
The strategoi
Gondopharnes
Pacores
The transition from Pahlava to Kushāņa rule in Takshaç
V’ima Kadphises
The date of Kanishka
Summary of numismatic evidence for the history of the Yavana Çaka, and
Pahlava invaders of India
515
516
517
518
521
521
523
524
525
526
::
529
CHAPTER XXIV
537
538
542
545
546
THE EARLY HISTORY OF SOUTHERN INDIA
By L. D. BARNETT, M. A. Litt. D. , Keeper of the Department of
Oriental Printed Books and MSS, in the British Museum, formerly
Scholar of Trinity College. Cambridge
The Dravidian peoples
The Tamil kingdoms
The Andhras or Telugus
The Kaliň gas,
Mahārāshtra etc.
CHAPTER XXVI
THE EARLY HISTORY OF CEYLON
By Dr. L. D. BARNETT
Sources of history
The Vaddas
Other races in Ceylon
Earliest colonisation
History from Vijaya to the advent of Buddhism
From Devānampiya Tissa to Kuțakaņņa Tissa
CHAPTER XXV
THE MONUMENTS OF ANCIENT INDIA
By Sir J. H. MARSHALL, K. C. I. E. , Litt D. , Director General
of Archaeology in India, formerly Scholar of King's College,
: :
547
547
548
548
550
551
. . .
:
Cambridge
Prehistoric antiquities
The age of iron
The mounds at Lauriyā Nandangarh ; the walls of the old city of Rājagriha
The earliest buildings
Monuments of the Maurya epoch
555
558
558
5:9
560
## p. xxii (#26) ############################################
XXII
CONTENTS
. . . . . .
PAGE
563
564
565
566
567
567
568
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
:
. . .
570
. .
. .
. . .
. . .
. .
:
. . .
Persian influence
Contrast between Indian and foreign workmanship also seen in the minor arts
Development of art in the Çunga period
Bhārhut
Besnagar
More advanced style in the railing at Buddh Gayā
Sānchi
Interpretation of the reliefs
varieties of style
The pre-Kushāņa sculptures at Mathurā
Decadence of art
Chaityas
Bhājā; Kondāne; Pitalkhorā ; A janta ; Bedsă ; Nāsik ; Kārli
Vihāras
The caves of Orissa
Sculptures in the caves
Painting of the Early Indian school
Terracottas
Foreign influence in Indian art
Coins
Architectures
Minor arts
The Gandhāra School
Greek and Indian ideals
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
CHRONOLOGY
INDEX
PLATES I-XXXIV
. .
:
571
573
574
574
576
578
578
580
582
582
583
584
585
585
587
587
589
591
640
647
. . . . . .
. .
. . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . . . . .
. . .
. . . at end
LIST OF MAPS
1. Physical Map of the Indian Empire
2. Physical Map of N. W. India and the Adjacent Countries
3. The Kābul Valley and the Punjab
4. Baluchistan and the country of the Lower Indus
before p. 1
between pp. 22 and 23
between pp. 308 and 309
between pr. 336 and 337
## p. xxii (#27) ############################################
LIST OF PLATES
1. Persian, Athenian, and Macedonian Coins in India.
II. Coins of the Seleucid Kings and their Successors.
III,IV.
The later Nandas, Mauryas, Çungas, Kanvas and Andhras
CHAPTER XIV
THE PERSIAN DOMINIONS IN NORTHERN INDIA DOWN
TO THE TIME OF ALEXANDER'S INVASION
By A. V. WILLIAMS JACKSON, Ph. D. , LL. D. , Professor of
Indo-Irānian Languages in Columbia University
Prehistoric connexions between Persia and India
Common Indo-Irānian domains
Evidence of the Veda and the Avesta
Avestan, Old Persian, Greek, and modern designations of Persian provinces
south of the Hindu Kush
Early commerce between India and Babylon
The eastern campaigns of Cyrus
Cambyses
Darius
Xerxes
Decadence of the Achaemenian empire
The conquest of Persia by Alexander
Extent of Persian influence in India
: : :
285
287
288
. . .
: : : :
; :
. . .
: : : : :
: : : :
292
294
295
298
299
304
305
305
306
: : : : : :
NOTE TO CHAPTER XIV
ANCIENT PERSIAN COINS IN INDIA
By Dr. GEORGE MACDONALD
The rarity of Persian gold coins in India explained by the low ratio of gold to
silver
Tho attribution of punch-marked Persian silver coins to India doubtful
CHAPTER XV
306
308
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
By E. R. BEVAN, M. A. , Hon. Fellow of New College, Oxford
The Kābu) valley and the Punjab in the fourth century B. C.
Alexander's conquest of the Persian empire ; settlements in Seistān, Kandahār,
and the upper Kābul valley ; invasion of Bactria
The rāja of Takshaçilā and the Paurava king (Porus)
309
. . .
311
312
## p. xvii (#21) ############################################
CONTENTS
XVII
. . .
: :
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
: :
. . .
. . . . . .
PAGE
314
• 315
318
319
320
321
322,330,343
323
330
331
333
333
334
335
336
338
340
340
341
342
344
345
. . .
Invasion of India from the upper Kābul valley
Hill tribes beyond the N. W. frontier
Occupation of the lower Kābul valley
Siege and capture of Aornus
The crossing of the Indus
Reception at Taksha çilā
The Paurava king
The battle of the Hydaspes
Foundation of Nicaea and Bucephala
Fight of the second Paurava king, and occupation of his kingdom
Capture of Sangala
Saubhūti (Sophytes)
The Hyphasis, the eastern limit of Alexander's conquests
Return to the Hydaspes ; expedition to the Indus delta . . .
Defeat of the Mālavas
Musicanus
Return of Craterus through Kandahār and Seistān
Pattala . . .
Return of Alexander through Gedrosia
Return of Nearchus by sea
Alexander's Indian satrapies
Consequences of the invasion
NOTE TO CHAPTER XV
. . .
: :
. . . . . .
: :
: :
i
: :
. . .
.
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
Ancient Greek Coins in India
By Dr GEORGE MACDONALD
Athenian and Macedonian types
Sophytes
Coins attributed to Alexander
Double darics . . .
CHAPTER XVI
346
318
348
349
351
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
INDIA IN EARLY GREEK AND LATIN LITERATURE
By E. R. BEVAN, M. A.
The early sources of information
Scylax of Caryanda ; Hecataeus of Miletus; Herodotus : Ctesias of
Cnidus
Nearchus; Onesicritus ; Clitarchus
Magasthenes ; Daimachus ; Patrocles
Geography and physical phenomena
The mineral, vegetable and animal world
Ethnology and mythology
Social divisions according to Megasthenes
His description of Pāțaliputra
Manners and customs ; laws
Marriage ; suttee ; disposal of the dead ; slavery
The king ; royal festivals ; government officials
Industries
Brāhmans; ascetics ; philosophers
. . .
. . .
. . .
353
357-8
358-9
359
362
365
367
369
370
372
373
375
376
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
: : :
: : : :
. . .
: :
: :
## p. xviii (#22) ###########################################
XVIII
CONTENTS
. . .
: : :
. . .
: :
.
. . .
>
. . .
PAGE
Deities
379
Fabulous creatures
379
Pearls ; Southern India and Ceylon
380
Later sources of information-Apollodorus of Arternita ; Erastosthenes ;
Alexander Polyhistor ; Strabo ; Pliny ; Arrian ; Aelian
;
382
Greek merchantmen
382
CHAPTER XVII
THE HELLENIC KINGDOMS OF SYRIA, BACTRIA,
AND PARTHIA
By GEORGE MACDONALD, C. B. , LL. D. , F. B. A. , First Assistant
Secretary Scottish Education Department, formerly Scholar
of Balliol College, Oxford
Greek and native rulers of the Kābul valley and N. W. India after Alexander 384
Chandragupta
386
The Indian expedition of Seleucus
387
Relations of Syria with the Maurya empiro
389
Foundation of the kingdoms of Bactria and Parthia
390
Diodotus
392
Arsaces
394
Euthydemus
395,397
Invasion of India by Antiochus III
397
Sophagasenus
398
Demetrius
399
Eucratides
401,408
Euthydemus II ; Demetrius II ; Agathocles ; Pantaleon ; Antimachus
402
Heliocles and Laodice . . .
407
Plato
410
Parthian invasion of Bactria
411
Scythian invasion of Bactria
412
Heliocles
413
Key to Plates 1-IV
416
CHAPTER XVIII
: : :
: : :
. . .
; : :
: : : : : :
: : :
)
CHANDRAGUPTA, THE FOUNDER OF THE MAURYA EMPIRE
By F. W. THOMAS, M. A. , Ph. D. , Librarian of the India Office,
formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge
Characteristics of the Maurya period and authorities for its history
N. W. India before and after Alexander
Agrammos, Xandrames, or Dhana-Nanda
Nanda and Chandragupta
Date of the overthrow of Nanda
Plot of the Mudrārākshasa
Chandragupta and Seleucus
Megasthenes
Rule of Chandragupta and extent of his dominions
420
421
422
423
424
424
424
425
426
: : : : : : : : :
: : : : :
: : : :
. . .
## p. xix (#23) #############################################
CONTENTS
XIX
CHAPTER XIX
POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ORGANISATION
OF THE MAURYA EMPIRE
By Dr F. W. THOMAS
PAGE
. . .
. . .
: : : :
: : : : : : : : : :
: : : : : : :
Internal conditions :
The land . . .
Towns and fortifications
The imperial capital
The people
Trade
State of society
Literature
Language
Religion
Law
Government and administration :
Civil administration founded on village autonomy
The army . . .
Foreign policy
Tribal oligarchies
Monarchies
CHAPTER XX
A ÇOKA, THE IMPERIAL PATRON OF BUDDHISM
By Dr. F. W. THOMAS
: : : : : :
: : : : : : : : : :
427
428
429
430
431
432
434
435
436
437
: : :
: : :
: : :
: : :
. . .
. . .
: : : :
: : : : :
: : : : :
438
441
442
442
443
. . .
: : : :
Bindusāra
Events and principal enactments in Açoka's reign
Religious and other foundations
Buddhist Council of Pāțaliputra and religious missions
Duration of AÇoka's reign and his family history
Chronology
Açoka's principles and personal action
His admonitions
His ordinances and institutions
The personality of Açoka as revealed in his edicts
His successors
Probable division of the empire after the reign of Samprati
CHAPTER XXI
: : : : : : : : : : :
: : : : : : : : : : :
446
446
448,451
449
450
452
454
457
458
459
461
461
. . .
INDIAN NATIVE STATES AFTER THE PERIOD
OF THE MAURYA EMPIRE
By Professor E. J. RAPSON
The peoples of India in the inseriptions of Açoka
Internal strife and foreign invasions the result of the downfall of imperial rule
Routes connecting Pāțaliputra with the north-western and western frontiers
463
465
465
## p. xx (#24) ##############################################
XX
CONTENTS
: : : :
. . .
: : : : : :
: : : : : , : : : :
: : : : : :
. . .
: : :
: : :
. . .
. . .
. . .
PAGE
Kingdoms on the central route
466
The Cungas
466
Feudatories of the Çungas
471
Kosala and Magadha
475
Indep:ndent states
475
Rise of the Andhras
477
Conquest of Ujjain
478
Conquest of Vidică
480
The Kalingas
481
Key to Plate V
485
CHAPTER XXII
THE SUCCESSOR OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT
By Professor E. J. RAPSON
The Yavana invasions
487
Extension of Yavana power along the routes from Kābul
489
Stages on the route leading to Pāļaliputra
490
Yavana invasion of the Midland Country
490
Bactrian and Indian coins
492
The houso of Euthydemus :
Demetrius ; Pantaleon and Agathocles ; Antimachus
494
Apollodotus; Menander
495
The kingdom of Çakala
496
Dominions of this house after the conquests of Eucratides and Heliocles 498
The families of Menander and Apollodotus . . .
498
The Çaka conquests completed in the reign of Azes I
499
The house of Eucratides :
Eucratides
;
500
The kingdom of Kāpiça
501
Heliocles
502
His successors at (Pushkalāvati)
503
Antialcidas
504
Archebius his successor at Takshacilā
505
Çaka conquest of pushkalāvati and Takshaçilā in the reign of Maues 505
Successors of Eucratides in the upper Kabul valley
505
Hermaeus the last Yavana king
505
Pahlava conquest of the upper Kābul valley
506
CHAPTER XXIII
THE SCYTHIAN AND PARTHIAN INVADERS
By Professor E. J. RAPSON
The Çaka invaders came from Seistān and Kandahār in the country of the lower
Indus
508
Çakas in the inscriptions of Darius
509
Migration of the Yueh-chi
510
Bactria overwhelmed and Parthia invaded by Cakas
511
Being checked by Parthia the Cakas invaded India
511
The title “Great King of Kings'
512
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i :
: : : :
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## p. xxi (#25) #############################################
; CONTENTS
XXI
Pahlava and Çaka suzerains in eastern Irān and India
The date of Maues, the conqueror of Pushkalāvati and Takshaçilā
Extension of his conquests by Azes I, who may be the founder of the Vikrama
PAGE
513
514
era
. . .
Azilises ; Azes II ; Vonones,
The family of Vonones
Çaka satraps
The strategoi
Gondopharnes
Pacores
The transition from Pahlava to Kushāņa rule in Takshaç
V’ima Kadphises
The date of Kanishka
Summary of numismatic evidence for the history of the Yavana Çaka, and
Pahlava invaders of India
515
516
517
518
521
521
523
524
525
526
::
529
CHAPTER XXIV
537
538
542
545
546
THE EARLY HISTORY OF SOUTHERN INDIA
By L. D. BARNETT, M. A. Litt. D. , Keeper of the Department of
Oriental Printed Books and MSS, in the British Museum, formerly
Scholar of Trinity College. Cambridge
The Dravidian peoples
The Tamil kingdoms
The Andhras or Telugus
The Kaliň gas,
Mahārāshtra etc.
CHAPTER XXVI
THE EARLY HISTORY OF CEYLON
By Dr. L. D. BARNETT
Sources of history
The Vaddas
Other races in Ceylon
Earliest colonisation
History from Vijaya to the advent of Buddhism
From Devānampiya Tissa to Kuțakaņņa Tissa
CHAPTER XXV
THE MONUMENTS OF ANCIENT INDIA
By Sir J. H. MARSHALL, K. C. I. E. , Litt D. , Director General
of Archaeology in India, formerly Scholar of King's College,
: :
547
547
548
548
550
551
. . .
:
Cambridge
Prehistoric antiquities
The age of iron
The mounds at Lauriyā Nandangarh ; the walls of the old city of Rājagriha
The earliest buildings
Monuments of the Maurya epoch
555
558
558
5:9
560
## p. xxii (#26) ############################################
XXII
CONTENTS
. . . . . .
PAGE
563
564
565
566
567
567
568
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
:
. . .
570
. .
. .
. . .
. . .
. .
:
. . .
Persian influence
Contrast between Indian and foreign workmanship also seen in the minor arts
Development of art in the Çunga period
Bhārhut
Besnagar
More advanced style in the railing at Buddh Gayā
Sānchi
Interpretation of the reliefs
varieties of style
The pre-Kushāņa sculptures at Mathurā
Decadence of art
Chaityas
Bhājā; Kondāne; Pitalkhorā ; A janta ; Bedsă ; Nāsik ; Kārli
Vihāras
The caves of Orissa
Sculptures in the caves
Painting of the Early Indian school
Terracottas
Foreign influence in Indian art
Coins
Architectures
Minor arts
The Gandhāra School
Greek and Indian ideals
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
CHRONOLOGY
INDEX
PLATES I-XXXIV
. .
:
571
573
574
574
576
578
578
580
582
582
583
584
585
585
587
587
589
591
640
647
. . . . . .
. .
. . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . . . . .
. . .
. . . at end
LIST OF MAPS
1. Physical Map of the Indian Empire
2. Physical Map of N. W. India and the Adjacent Countries
3. The Kābul Valley and the Punjab
4. Baluchistan and the country of the Lower Indus
before p. 1
between pp. 22 and 23
between pp. 308 and 309
between pr. 336 and 337
## p. xxii (#27) ############################################
LIST OF PLATES
1. Persian, Athenian, and Macedonian Coins in India.
II. Coins of the Seleucid Kings and their Successors.
III,IV.
