Concluded
by a
Description of the City of Tombuctoo, on the River Niger,
and of another large City, far south of it, on the same
River, called Wassannah.
Description of the City of Tombuctoo, on the River Niger,
and of another large City, far south of it, on the same
River, called Wassannah.
Ricardo - On The Principles of Political Economy, and Taxation
Effects of an extension of foreign trade on profits, 146, 147.
Proofs, that the profits of the favoured trade will speedily
subside to the general level, 148-154.
And so with respect to home trade, 155-157.
Further proofs that profits depend on real wages, 173-175.
Tax on necessaries virtually a tax on profits, 269, 270.
Effects of a taxation of profits, considered, 270-284.
The profits of stock diminished by a tax on wages, 285.
Effects of accumulation on profits and interest, 398-416.
_Prohibition_ of importation of corn, effects of, considered, 437,
438.
_Provisions_, causes of the high prices of, 203.
First, a deficient supply, _ibid. _--204.
Secondly, a gradually increasing demand, ultimately attended with
an increased cost of production, 205.
Thirdly, a fall in the value of money, 209.
Fourthly, a tax on necessaries, 210.
R.
_Rent_, nature of, 49, 50, 52, 362, _note_.
Adam Smith's doctrine of rents, considered, 50, 51.
The different productive qualities of land and increase of
population, the cause of rents, 54-58.
Rise of, the _effect_ of the increasing wealth of a country,
65, 66.
Influence of the prices of corn on rent, 67-69.
Effects of agricultural improvements on rent, 70-76.
Observations on the rent of mines, 77-81.
Tax on rent falls wholly on the landlords, 220-224.
Corn-rents materially affected by tithes, 227.
Examination of Dr. Adam Smith's doctrine concerning the rent of
land, 458-475.
And of Mr. Malthus's opinions on rent, 549-566.
Increase of population is no cause of the rise of rent, 569.
Neither are agricultural improvements, 570, 571.
Loss of rent, the effect of low price of corn, 587, 588.
_Riches_, defined, 377.
Difference between value and riches, 377-386.
Means of increasing the riches of a country, 386-388.
Erroneous views of M. Say on this subject considered, 388-397.
S.
_Say_ (M. ), erroneous views of, concerning the principles of the
land-tax in Great Britain, corrected, 241-244.
Examination of some of his principles of taxation, 319-324, 330,
331, _notes_.
Remarks on his mistaken view of value and riches, 388-397.
Examination of his doctrine concerning bounties on exportation,
443-448.
And on gross and net revenue, 492-498.
Danger resulting from his recommendation respecting the charging
of seignorage for coining money, 525, 526, _notes_.
Observations on his statement of the inconveniences resulting
from payment of taxes by the producer, 538-540.
His opinion on the influence of demand and supply on prices,
considered, 544, 545.
_Scarcity_, a source of exchangeable value, 2.
_Seignorage_, effects of, on the value of money, 501, 524, 525.
_Simonde_ (M. ), remarks on the opinion of, concerning the
inconveniences resulting from the payment of taxes by the producer,
540, 541.
_Silver. _ See _Gold_ and _Silver_.
_Sinking fund_, in England, merely nominal, 340.
How conducted, 510.
_Smith_ (Dr. Adam), on the meaning of the term value, 1.
His doctrine that corn is a proper medium for fixing the varying
value of other things, examined, 7-9.
Strictures on his doctrine relative to labour being the _sole_
ultimate standard of the exchangeable value of commodities, 10,
11, 575, 576.
And on his definitions of rent, 49, 50.
His theory of productive and unproductive labour considered,
64-66, _notes_.
Correction of his erroneous view of the inequality of taxes on
land, and all other taxes, 236-238.
His opinion on the taxes upon the wages of labour, 286.
Examination thereof by Mr. Buchanan, 287-292.
Observations thereon by the author of this work, 293-306.
Correction of his mistaken view of taxes upon luxuries, 314-319.
Remarks on his doctrine concerning bounties on exportation,
420, 422-439.
Examination of his doctrine concerning the rent of land, 458-475.
And on gross and net revenue, 492-498.
Strictures on his principles of paper-currency, 503-508.
His statement respecting the advantages of the Scottish mode of
affording accommodation to trade, disproved, 515, 516-523.
Remarks on his doctrine relative to the comparative value of
gold, corn, and labour, in rich and in poor countries, 529-537.
_Spain_, commerce and manufactures of, injured by the low value of
money there, 307.
_Stamp-duty_, weight of, a bar to the transfer of landed property,
267, 268.
T.
_Taxes_, nature of, explained, 186.
Impolicy of taxes on capital, 190.
Taxes upon the transfer of property, 191.
On whom the several kinds of taxes principally fall, 192.
Objections to taxes on the transference of property, 192, 193.
Effect of taxes on raw produce, 194.
A rise of price in raw produce the only means by which
the cultivator can pay the tax, 195.
Such tax in fact paid by the consumer, 196-198.
Tax on raw produce and on the necessaries of the labourer,
raises the price of wages, 199.
Objections against the taxation of the produce of land,
considered and refuted, 201-224.
Tithes, an equal tax, 225.
Difference between them and a tax on raw produce, 226.
Objections to them, 227-231.
Tax on land, virtually a tax on rent, 232.
They ought to be clear and certain, 233, 234.
Effects of taxes on gold, considered, 247-261.
Ground rents, not a fair subject of taxation, 267. Taxes
on houses by whom ultimately borne, 266.
Taxes on necessaries, virtually a tax on profits, 269, 270.
Effects of taxation of profits considered, 270-284.
Taxes upon luxuries, 314.
Advantages and disadvantages of, 327-329.
Supposed absurdities in taxation, explained and obviated,
315-317.
Proper objects of taxation, 326.
Observations on the taxation of other commodities than raw
produce, 330.
Effect of taxes to defray the interest of loans, 332-334.
Remarks on the tax upon malt, and every other tax on raw
produce, 346-353.
Nature and operation of the poor-rate, 355-362.
Examination of the inconveniences supposed to be sustained
by the payment of taxes by the producer, 538-541.
_Tithes_, nature of, 225.
Are an equal tax, _ibid. _
Difference between tithes and a tax on raw produce, 226.
Tithes materially affect corn-rents, 227.
They act as a bounty on importation, and therefore are
injurious to landlords, 229, 230.
Do not discourage cultivation, 237, 238.
_Trade_, general causes of sudden changes in the channels of, 363-365.
More particularly the commencement of war after a long peace,
or vice versa, 365-368.
The effects of such revulsions on agriculture, considered, 369-376.
Observations on the carrying trade, 407.
See _Foreign Trade_.
U.
_Utility_, essential to exchangeable value, 2.
V.
_Value_, definition of, 1.
The distinctive properties of value and riches considered, 377-397.
See _Labour_.
Utility essential to exchangeable value, 2.
Scarcity, one source of such value, _ibid. _
The quantity of labour required to obtain commodities, the principal
source of their exchangeable value, 3-15.
The effects of accumulation of capital on relative value, 16-42.
Effects of a rise in wages, on relative value, 43, 44.
Effects of payment of rent, on value, 45, 46. Variations in
the value of money make no difference in the _rate_ of profits,
46, 47.
The value of gold and silver is in proportion to the labour
necessary to produce and bring them to market, 499, 500.
Investigation of the comparative value of gold, corn, and labour,
in rich and in poor countries, 527-537.
W.
_Wages_, effects of a rise in, on relative value, 27-33, 43, 44, 48.
Natural and market prices of labour, 90-93.
Increase of capital in quantity and value, increases the natural
price of wages, 94, 95.
Increase of capital, but not in value, augments the market price
of wages, _ibid. _
Proofs that the increasing difficulty of providing an additional
quantity of food with the same proportional quantity of labour,
will raise wages, 97-104.
A rise in wages not necessarily productive of comfort to
the labourer, 105-108.
A rise of wages not _necessarily_ productive of a rise in the prices
of commodities, 109, 110, 286-289.
Wages will be raised by a tax on necessaries, 269-270.
And by a tax on wages, 285.
Effects of a tax upon wages, considered, 297-306.
_Wealth_, causes of the increase of, 66.
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