in
preference
to any other.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
Some have confined
their attention to particular words or individual sen-
tences, such as Joseph Scahger (ad fragm. Gracorum,
p. 32), Aldrcte (Antiguedades, p. 207), Selden(<fe Dis
Syris, proleg. , c. 2), Lo Moyne (Varia Sacra, p. 100,
113), Hyde (ad Pcritsol. , p. 45), Reinesius ('loropov-
teva lingua Punictz, c. 12), Tychsen (Nov. Act. Up-
sal. , vol. 7, p. 100, seq), and many others, enumera-
ted by Fabricius (Bibl. hat. , vol. 1, p. 5), and by the
Iiipont editor of Plautus (vol. 1, p. xix. ). A smaller
. lumber have undertaken to interpret all the Punic spe-
cimens contained in the three scenes alluded to. The
first of these was Petitus (Petit), who, in his work en-
titled " Miscellancorum Libri novcm" (p. 58, stqq,Par-
is, 1640, 4to), endeavoured to mould the Punic of the
three scenes into Hebrew, and gave a translation of
'. hem in Latin. Pareus, who came after, also exhibit-
ed the Punic of Plautus in a Hebrew dress, and even
added vowel points *, but the whole is done so care-
lessly and strangely, that the words resemble Chinese
and Mongol as much as they do Hebrew. This was
in the first and second editions of his Plautus. In the
third, however, he adopted the interpretation of Peti-
tus, and even enlarged upon it in a poetical paraphrase.
Many subsequent editors of Plautus have followed in
the same path, such as Doxhorn, Operarius, Gronovi-
us, and Ernesti. Sixteen years after Petitus, the learn-
ed Bochart published the result of his labours on the
Punic of the first scene, in his Sacred Geography (Ca-
naan, 2, 6), and executed the task with so much leani-
ng and ability, that, during nearly two centuries, un-
it the explanation given by Gesenius in 1837, though
there may have been some who have given more prob-
able interpretations of particular phrases and words,
lo on j was found more successful in explaining the
passage as a whole. (Gesen. , Phan. Mon. , p. 359. )
Clcricus (Le Clerc) closely follows the interpretation
of Bochart (Biblioth. Univ. ct Hist. , vol. 9, p. 256),
though be errs in thinking that each verse consists of
two hemistichs, which have a similarity of ending.
Passing over some others who have written on this
same subject, we come to the three most resent ex-
pounders of this much-contested passage; namely,
Bellermann (Versuch cincr Erklarung der Punischcn
Stcllcn im Panulus des Plautus. Stuck, 1-3, Berlin,
1806-1808, cd. 2, 1812), Count de Robiano (Etudes
sur I'ecriture, &c, suivies d'un cssai sur la languc
Puniquc, Paris, 1834, 4lo), and Gesenius (Phan.
Mon. , p. 366, seqq. ). The first two, abandoning the
true view of the subject, as taken by Bochart, regard
the whole sixteen verses as Punic, and endeavour, after
'. he example of Petitus, to adapt them, by every possi-
:j1p expedient, to the analogy of the Hebrew tongue.
Bellermann, however, in doing this, confines himself
within the regular limits of Hebraism, whereas Robi-
ano calls in to his aid, at one time the Syriac, at anoth-
er the Arabic, and discovers also many peculiarities in
the structure of the Punic language, of which no one
. dreamed before, and the sole authority for which is
found in his own imagination. The explanation of
Gesenius, as may readily he inferred from his known
? ? proficiency in Oriental scholarship, is now regarded as
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? PH(E
PHCENIX
Phoenician language may be briefly stated as follows:
1. The Phoenician agrees in most, if not all, respects
with the Hebrew, whether we regard roots, or the
mode of forming and inflecting words. --2. Wherever
the usage of the earlier writers of the Old Testament
differs from that of the later ones, the Phoenician
agrees with the latter rather than with the former. --3.
Only a few words are found that savour of Aramaeism,
nor will more Aramseisms be found in the remains of
the Phoenician language than in the books of the Old
Testament. --4. 1 here are still fewer resemblances to
Arsbism. The most remarkable of these is in the
case of the article, which on one occasion occurs under
the full form al, and often under that of a, though most
frequently it coincides with the Hebrew form. --Other
words, which now can only be explained through the
medium of the Arabic, were undoubtedly, at an earlier
period, equally with many u-n; ? . cy6ficva of the Old
Testament, not less Hebrew than Arabic. --5. Among
the peculiarities of the Phoenician and Punic tongues,
the following may be noted: (a) A defective mode of
orthography, in which the malres Icclionis are em-
ployed as sparingly as possible, (b) In pronouncing,
the Phoenicians (the Carthaginians certainly) expressed
the long o by i2; bs, tufts, lu, alonuth, &c. (c) In-
stead of Segol and Schwa mobile, they appear to have
employed an obtuse kind of sound, which the Roman
writers expressed by the vowel y; as, yth (Hebrew eth,
the mark of the accusative), ynnynu (tcce cum), Ac.
(d) The syllable al they contracted into o, analogous
somewhat to the French chctal (chevau), chevaux.
For other peculiarities consult Gesenius (Phan. Man ,
p. 33C).
Phoenicia. Vid. Phcenice.
Phoenix, I. a fabulous bird, of which Herodotus
gives the following account in that part of his work
which treats of Egypt. "The phoenix is another sa-
cred bird, which I have never seen except in effigy.
He rarely appears in Egypt; once only in five hun-
dred, years, immediately after the death of his father,
as the Heliopolitana affirm. If the painters describe
hnn truly, his feathers represent a mixture of crimson
and gold; and he resembles the eagle in outline and
size. They affirm that he contrives the following
thing, which to me is not credible. They say that he
comes from Arabia, and, bringing the body of his fa-
ther enclosed in myrrh, buries him in the temple of
the sun: and that he brings him in the following man-
ner. First he moulds as great a quantity of myrrh
into the shape of an egg as he is well able to carry;
and, after having tried the weight, he hollows out the
egg. and puts his parent into it, and stops up with
some more myrrh the hole through which he had in-
troduced the body, so that the weight is the same as
before: he then carries the whole mass to the temple
of the sun in Egypt. Such is the account they give
of the phcenii. " (Herod. , 2, 73. )--The whole of this
fable is evidently astronomical, and the following very
ingenious explanation has been given by Marcoz. He
Assumes as the basis of his remarks the fragment of
Hesiod preserved by Plutarch in his treatise De Orae-
ulorum Defectu. (Uepl ruv UteTioiir. XS"1"T---Op. ,
id. Reiske, vol. 7, p. 635. )
ivvia rot f(i<< yevtac hxKtpvCa Kopuvri
avipCiv riiuvruv ? {Aa^oc it re rerpaKopopoc ?
rpetf 6' i? . uij>ov( 6 Kopni; yijpaoKtTai ? airiif< 6 Qoivtl;
tvvla roif KopaKac: ? iota 6' i/itic rove 6oi>>iKac;
? ? vvuQai eiirrXoKa/ioi, Kovpai Aide alyiixoto.
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? PHO
PHOTR'S
unued until hii death. He was buried, according to
Strabo, near the junction of the small river Phosnix
with the Asopus, the former of these itreams having re-
ceived Us name from him. (Strait. , 428. )--III. A
i'jii of Agenor, sent, as well as his brothers Cadmus
jnd Cilix, in quest of their sister Europa. Not hav-
ing succeeded in finding her, he was fabled to have
Killed m and given name to Phoenicia. (Apollod. , 3,
1, 1. --Consult Heyne, ad toe. )
I'IIOMIK, a mountain of Elis, it the base of which
jiocxl the town of Pylos, between the heads of the
rivers Peneus and Selle'is. (Strabo, 339. )
PHOLUS, a centaur, son of Silenus and the nymph
Melia, and residing at Pholoe in Elis. In the perform-
ance of his fourth task, which was to bring the Ery-
aanthian boar alive to Eurystheus, Hercules took his
road through Pholoe, where he was hospitably enter-
tained by Pholus. The centaur set before his guest
roast meat, though he himself fared on raw. Her-
cules asking for wine, his host said he feared to open
the jar, which was the common property of the cen-
Uurs; but, when pressed by the hero, he consented to
unclose it for him. The fragrance of the wine spread
over the mountain, and soon brought all the centaurs,
armed with stones and pine sticks, to the cave of
Pholus. The first who ventured to enter were driven
back by Hercules with burning brands: he hunted the
remainder with his arrows to Males. When Hercules
returned to Pholoe from this pursuit, he found Pholus
lying dead along with several others; for, having drawn
the arrow out of the body of one of them, while he
was wondering how so small a thing could destroy
luch large beings, it dropped out of his hand and
? tuck in his foot, and he died immediately. (Apollod. ,
3, 6, 4, >>cqq. --Keightley't Mythology, p. 355, teg. )
PHORBAS, a son of Priam and Epithesia, killed du-
ring the Trojan war by Menelaus. The god Somnus
borrowed his features when he deceived Palinurus,
and hurled him into the sea from the vessel of . ? Eneas.
(IV Palinurus. )
PHORCVDCS or GRMX, the daughters of Phorcys
and Ceto. They were hoary-haired from their birth,
whence their other name of GriDffi ('? the Gray Maids'').
They were two in number, "well-robed" Pephredo
(Horrififr), and " yellow-robed" Enyo (Shaker). (He-
nod, Theop. , 370, teq. ) We find them always united
with the Gorgons, whose guards they wore, according
to iGschylus. (Eralosth. . Cat. , IZ. --Hygin. , P. A. ,
S, 12. -- Volckcr, Myth. Geog. , 41. ) This poet de-
scribed them as three long-lived maids, swan-formed,
Invinp one eye and one tooth in common, on whom
neither the sun with his beams, nor the nightly moon
ever looks. (Prom. Finer. , 800, teqq. ) Perseus, it
is said, intercepted the eye as they were handing it
from the one to the other, and, having thus blinded the
guards, was enabled to come on the Gorgons unper-
seivcd. The name of the third sister given by the
later writers is Deino (Tcrrifier). (Apollod. , 2,'4, 2.
--Kctghtlcy'i Mythology, p. 252. )
PHORONEUS, son of Inachus and the ocean-nymph
Melia, and second king of Argolis. He was the first
man, according to one tradition, while another makes
him to have collected the rude inhabitants into one
society, and to have given them fire and social institu-
tions. (Apollod. , Z 1. -- Pauianias, 2, 15, 5 ) He
also decided a dispute for the land, between Juno and
Heptune, in favour of the former, who thence became
? ? he tutelar deity of Argos. By the nymph Laodice
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? PHOTIUS
PH R
and Christian writers, ancient and modern, follow one
another as chance caused their works to fall into the
hands of the author; thus we pass from a work of an
erotic nature to one that treats ot philosophy or theology,
from an historian to an orator; the productions of the
same writer are not even considered together. en-
erally speaking, the greater number of the productions
of which Phonus gives us critical notices and extracts,
have reference to theology, to the decrees of councils,
and to religious disputes; profane literature with bim
occupies only a secondary rank. Nevertheless, among
the works of historians, philosophers, orators, gram-
marians, romancers, geographers, mathematicians, and
physicians, that Photius has read, and on which he
gives lus opinion, or from which he favours us with
extracts, there are between seventy and eighty that
are lost, and of which we would know nothing or next
to nothing without the aid of the Myriobiblon. In the
case of some works, Pholius contents himself with
giving merely a short literary notice, while from oth-
ers ho makes extracts of greater or less size. He was
,hc author, likewise, of a work called Nomocanon, or
a collection of the canons of the church. He com-
piled also a glossary or Lexicon (Aifeuv ovvayuyi/),
which has only reached us in an imperfect and muti-
lated state. The various MSS. of this work in differ-
ent libraries on the Continent are mere transcripts from
each other, and originally from one, venerable for its
antiquity, which was formerly in the possession of the
celebrated Thomas Gale, and which is now deposited
in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge. This
manuscript, which is on parchment, bears such evident
marks of great antiquity, that it may not unreasonably
be supposed to have been a transcript from the author's
copy. The various transcripts from this ancient MS.
were miserably faulty and corrupt, and it was natural
that scholars, who wished for the publication of this
lexicon, should be desirous of seeing it printed from
ffce Galean MS.
in preference to any other. Her-
mann, indeed, published an edition in 1818, from two
transcripts, but he gives merely the naked text, with
scarcely a single correction, or any attempt whatso-
ever towards the restitution of the text. At the end
of the volume, however, are some ingenious and valu-
able observations of Schneider. Porson, meanwhile,
had transcribed and corrected this lexicon for the
press, from the Galean MS. ; and when unfortunately
his copy had been destroyed by fire, had, with incred-
ible industry and patience, begun the task afresh, and
completed another transcript in his own excellent
handwriting. His death, however, for a time pre-
vented the appearance of the work, until at length his
labours were given to the world by Dobree, in 1822,
Land. , 8vo. This edition, however, notwithstanding
all the praise go justly bestowed upon it, is greatly in-
jured by watt of more editorial skill and labour, tho
Addenda and Corrigenda occupying 44 pages. Pho-
tius, who threw together his lexicon upon a much more
routined plan than Hesychius, probably brought to his
undertaking greater learning and judgment than the
latter, and seems to have given most of his authorities
from his own knowledge of the authors whom he cites.
Yet even his work is little more than a compilation, of
which many parts are copied verbatim from the scholia
on Plato, the Lexicon of Harpocration, that of Pausa-
n'as, and, in all probability, from the Atfi/ea Kbyit/cu
m! TpayiKU of Theo or Didymus, from which latter the
? ? grammarians derived most of their explanations of the
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? PHRYGIA.
PHRYGIA.
tne abode of the Phrygian Midas who was a chief sr
monarch of thia people, near Mount Bermius, iu Ma-
cedonia. {Herod. , 8, 138. -- Compare Nicand. , ap
Athcn. , 15, p. 683. --Bion, ap. cund. ,2, p. 45. ) Again,
the strong affinity which was allowed to exist between
the Phrygians, Lydians, Carians, and Mysians. who
were all supposed to have crossed from i nrace into
Asia Minor, serves to corroborate :he hypothesis
which regards the Phrygian migration in particular;
but, while there seems no reasonable doubt of the
Thracian origin of this people, it is not so easy to es-
tablish the period of their settling in Asia. Xanthus
is represented by Strabo (680) as fixing their arrival
in that country somewhat after the Trojan war; but
the geographer justly observes, that, according to
Homer, the Phrygians were already settled on the
banks of the Sangarius before that era, and were en-
gaged in a war with the Amazons (It. , 3,187); and, if
mythological accounts are to have any weight, the ex-
istence of a Midas in Asia Minor, long before the pe-
riod alluded to, would prove that there had been a
Phrygian migration in times to which authentic his-
tory does not extend. (Compare Conon, Narrat. ,
ap. Phot. , cod. 186. ) Great as was the ascendancy,
however, of the Thracian stock, produced by so many
tribes of that vast family pouring in at various times,
there must have entered into the composition of the
Phrygian nation some other element besides the one
which formed its leading feature. It has been conjec-
tured, and with great show of probability, that the
Thracian Brygcs found the country, which from them
took the name of Phrygia, occupied by some earlier
possessors, but who were too weak to resist tvis inva-
ders. What name this people bore cannot now be
ascertained; but there can be little doubt that they
were of Asiatic origin; probably Leuco-Syrians or
Cappadocians. Herodotus, indeed, has stated a cir-
cumstance, which, if true, would go far to overthrow
the theory of a Thracian origin for the Phrygian people.
In the muster which he makes of Xerxes' myriads, he
informs us that the Phrygians and Armenians were
armed alike; the latter being, aa he observes, colonists
of the former. (Herod. , 7, 73. ) Herodotus, how-
ever, is quite singular in this statement, which is,
moreover, at variance with all received notions on the
subject. The Armenians are a people of the highest
antiquity, and we must not seek for their primitive
stock beyond the upper valleys of the Tigris and Eu-
phrates; in other words, they are a purely Asiatic
people; and if there existed any resemblance between
them and the Phrygians, we ought rather to account
for it by supposing that the latter were not altogether
Europeans, but mingled with an indigenous race of
Asia,- whose stock was also common to the Arme-
nians. -- The political history of the Phrygians is
neither so brilliant nor so interesting as that of their
neighbours the Lydians. What we gather respecting
them from ancient writers is, generally, that they cross-
ed over from Europe into Asia, under the conduct of
their leader Midas, nearly a hundred years before the
Trojan war. (Conon. ap. Phot. , cod. , 186. ) That
they settled first on the shores of the Hellespont and
around Mount Ida, whence they gradually extended
themselves to the shores of the Ascanian lake and the
valley of the Sangarius. It is probable that the Doli-
ones, Mygdones, and Bobryces, who held originally the
coasts of Mysia and Bithynia, were Phrygians. The
? ? Mygdones were contiguous to the Bryges in Macedo-
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? PHR
P HV
people, named Ga itia and Galatas, or Gallo-Grseci. --
The Phrygians aio generally atigmatized by the an-
cients as a slavish nation, destitute or courage or en-
ergy, and possessing but little skill in anything save
music and dancing. (Athemtus, 1, p. 27. -- Virg. ,
&n,W,99. --Eunp. ,Aleest. ,678. --Id. , Orest. , 1447.
--Alheneeus, 14, p. 624, seqq. )--Phrygia, considered
with respect to the territory once occupied by the peo-
ple from whence it obtained its appellation, was di-
vided into the Great and Less. The latter, which was
also called the Hellespontine Phrygia, still retained
that name, even when the Phrygians had long retired
from that part of Asia Minor, to make way for the
Mysians, Teucrians, and Dardanians; and it would be
hazardoua to pronounce how much of what is included
under Mysia and Troas belonged to what was evi-
dently only a political division. Besides this ancient
classification, we find in the Lower Empire the prov-
ince divided into Phrygia Pacatiana and Phrygia
Salutaris. The name Epictetus, or " the Acquired,"
was given to that portion of the province which was
annexed by the Romans to the kingdom of Pergamua.
[Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 1, scqq. )
Phrynichus, I. an Athenian tragic poet, a scholar
of Thespis. The dates of his birth and death are alike
unknown: it aeema probable that he died in Sicily.
{Clinton, Fast. Hell. ,\o\. 2, p. xxxi. , note (t). ) He
gained a tragic victory in 511 B. C. , and another in 476,
when Themistocles was his choragus. (Plut. , Vit.
Themist. ) The play which he produced on this occasion
was probably the Phcenisse, and ^Eschylua is charged
with having made use of this tragedy in the composition
of Ins Persse, which appeared four years after (Arg. ad
Pers. ), a charge which iEschylus seems to rebut in
"the Frogs" of Aristophanes (v. 1294, seqq. ). In
494 B. C. , Miletus was taken by the Persians, and
Phrynichus, unfortunately for himself, selected the cap-
ture of that city as the subject of an historical tragedy.
The skill of the dramatist, and the recent occurrence
of the event, affected the audience even to tears, and
Phrynichus was fined 1000 drachma; for having recall-
ad so forcibly a painful recollection of the miafortunes
of an ally. (Herod. , 6, 21. ) According to Suidas,
Phrynichus was the first who introduced a female
mask on the stage, that is, who brought in female
characters; for, on the ancient stage, the characters of
females were always sustained by males in appropriate
dress. Beniley is thought to have purposely mistrans-
lated this passage of Suidas, in his Dissertation on
Phalaris (vol. I, p. 291, ed. byce--Donaldson, The-
atre of the Greeks, p. 47). Phrynichus seems to have
been chiefly remarkable for the sweetness of his melo-
dies, and the great variety and cleverness of his figure-
dances. (Aristoph , Av. , 748. --Id. , Vesp. , 269. --Id.
ib. , 219-- Plutarch, Symp. , 3, 9. ) The Aristophanic
Agathon speaks generally of the beauty a[ his dramas
(Thcsmop)<, 164, seqq. ), though, of course, they fell far
ahort of the grandeur of *Eschvlus, and the perfect art
of Sophocles. The names of seventeen tragedies at-
tributed to him have come down to us, but it is prob-
able that some of these belonged to two other writers,
who bore the same name. (Theatre of the Greeks,
td. 4, p. 69, seq. )--II. A comic poet, who must be
carefully distinguished from the tragedian of the same
name. He exhibited his first piece in the year 436
B;C, and was attacked as a plagiarist in the top/io-
<<Wpot of Hermippus, which was written before the
? ? death of Sitalce8, or, in other words, before 424 B. C.
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? PHY
PIC
? 1 Itanina. --III. A town of Thessaly, in the Mag-
nesian district, near Phthiotic Thebes, and on the river
Sperchius. It was the native place of Proteailaus,
who is hence sometimes called Phylacides. There was
a temple here consecrated to him. (Find. , Ink. , 1,
B3 -- Compare Horn. , II. , 2, 698. ) Sir W. Gell is in-
clined to place the ruins of this town near the village
el Agios Theodoros, "on a high situation, which, with
its position, as a sort of guard (0t>/U*i}) to the en-
trance of the gulf, suggests tbe probability of its being
Phylace. " (/(in. , p. 255. ) But Strabo asserts that
Phylace was near Thebes, consequently it could not
have been so much to the south as Agios Theodoros.
iCramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 407. )
Phyle, a place celebrated in the history of Athens
as the scene of Thrasybulus's first exploit in behalf of
his oppressed country. It was situate about 100 sta-
dia from Athens, to the northwest, according to Dio-
dorus (41, p. 415); but Demosthenes estimates the
distance at more than 120 stadia. (Pseph. , in Or. de
Cor. , p. 238. --Compare Xen. , Hist. Gr. , 2, 4, 2. --
Strabo, 396. ) The fortress of Phyle, sccording to Sir
W. Gell {Itin. -, p. 52), is now Bigla Castro. "It is
situated on a lofty precipice, and, though small, must
have been almost impregnable, as it can only be ap-
proached by an isthmus on the east. Hence is a
most magnificent view of the plain of Athens, with
tbe Acropolis and Hymcttus, and the sea in the dis-
tance. " Dodwell, however, maintains, that its modern
name is Argiro Castro. The town of Phyle was
placed at the foot of the castle or acropolis; some
traces of it still remain. (Tour, vol. 1, p. 502. --Cra-
mer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 405. )
Phyllis, I. daughter of Silhon, king of Threcc, and
betrothed to Demophoon, son of Theseus, who, on his
return from Troy, had stopped on the Thracian coast,
tnd there became acquainted with and enamoured of
me princess. A dsy having been fixed for their union,
Demophoon set sail for Athens, in order to arrange
affairs at home, promising to return at an appointed
time. He did not come, however, at the expiration
of the period which he had fixed, and Phyllis, fancying
herself deserted, put an end to her existence. The
trees that sprang up around her tomb were said at a
-ertain season to mourn her untimely fate, by their
leaves withering and falling to the ground.
their attention to particular words or individual sen-
tences, such as Joseph Scahger (ad fragm. Gracorum,
p. 32), Aldrcte (Antiguedades, p. 207), Selden(<fe Dis
Syris, proleg. , c. 2), Lo Moyne (Varia Sacra, p. 100,
113), Hyde (ad Pcritsol. , p. 45), Reinesius ('loropov-
teva lingua Punictz, c. 12), Tychsen (Nov. Act. Up-
sal. , vol. 7, p. 100, seq), and many others, enumera-
ted by Fabricius (Bibl. hat. , vol. 1, p. 5), and by the
Iiipont editor of Plautus (vol. 1, p. xix. ). A smaller
. lumber have undertaken to interpret all the Punic spe-
cimens contained in the three scenes alluded to. The
first of these was Petitus (Petit), who, in his work en-
titled " Miscellancorum Libri novcm" (p. 58, stqq,Par-
is, 1640, 4to), endeavoured to mould the Punic of the
three scenes into Hebrew, and gave a translation of
'. hem in Latin. Pareus, who came after, also exhibit-
ed the Punic of Plautus in a Hebrew dress, and even
added vowel points *, but the whole is done so care-
lessly and strangely, that the words resemble Chinese
and Mongol as much as they do Hebrew. This was
in the first and second editions of his Plautus. In the
third, however, he adopted the interpretation of Peti-
tus, and even enlarged upon it in a poetical paraphrase.
Many subsequent editors of Plautus have followed in
the same path, such as Doxhorn, Operarius, Gronovi-
us, and Ernesti. Sixteen years after Petitus, the learn-
ed Bochart published the result of his labours on the
Punic of the first scene, in his Sacred Geography (Ca-
naan, 2, 6), and executed the task with so much leani-
ng and ability, that, during nearly two centuries, un-
it the explanation given by Gesenius in 1837, though
there may have been some who have given more prob-
able interpretations of particular phrases and words,
lo on j was found more successful in explaining the
passage as a whole. (Gesen. , Phan. Mon. , p. 359. )
Clcricus (Le Clerc) closely follows the interpretation
of Bochart (Biblioth. Univ. ct Hist. , vol. 9, p. 256),
though be errs in thinking that each verse consists of
two hemistichs, which have a similarity of ending.
Passing over some others who have written on this
same subject, we come to the three most resent ex-
pounders of this much-contested passage; namely,
Bellermann (Versuch cincr Erklarung der Punischcn
Stcllcn im Panulus des Plautus. Stuck, 1-3, Berlin,
1806-1808, cd. 2, 1812), Count de Robiano (Etudes
sur I'ecriture, &c, suivies d'un cssai sur la languc
Puniquc, Paris, 1834, 4lo), and Gesenius (Phan.
Mon. , p. 366, seqq. ). The first two, abandoning the
true view of the subject, as taken by Bochart, regard
the whole sixteen verses as Punic, and endeavour, after
'. he example of Petitus, to adapt them, by every possi-
:j1p expedient, to the analogy of the Hebrew tongue.
Bellermann, however, in doing this, confines himself
within the regular limits of Hebraism, whereas Robi-
ano calls in to his aid, at one time the Syriac, at anoth-
er the Arabic, and discovers also many peculiarities in
the structure of the Punic language, of which no one
. dreamed before, and the sole authority for which is
found in his own imagination. The explanation of
Gesenius, as may readily he inferred from his known
? ? proficiency in Oriental scholarship, is now regarded as
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? PH(E
PHCENIX
Phoenician language may be briefly stated as follows:
1. The Phoenician agrees in most, if not all, respects
with the Hebrew, whether we regard roots, or the
mode of forming and inflecting words. --2. Wherever
the usage of the earlier writers of the Old Testament
differs from that of the later ones, the Phoenician
agrees with the latter rather than with the former. --3.
Only a few words are found that savour of Aramaeism,
nor will more Aramseisms be found in the remains of
the Phoenician language than in the books of the Old
Testament. --4. 1 here are still fewer resemblances to
Arsbism. The most remarkable of these is in the
case of the article, which on one occasion occurs under
the full form al, and often under that of a, though most
frequently it coincides with the Hebrew form. --Other
words, which now can only be explained through the
medium of the Arabic, were undoubtedly, at an earlier
period, equally with many u-n; ? . cy6ficva of the Old
Testament, not less Hebrew than Arabic. --5. Among
the peculiarities of the Phoenician and Punic tongues,
the following may be noted: (a) A defective mode of
orthography, in which the malres Icclionis are em-
ployed as sparingly as possible, (b) In pronouncing,
the Phoenicians (the Carthaginians certainly) expressed
the long o by i2; bs, tufts, lu, alonuth, &c. (c) In-
stead of Segol and Schwa mobile, they appear to have
employed an obtuse kind of sound, which the Roman
writers expressed by the vowel y; as, yth (Hebrew eth,
the mark of the accusative), ynnynu (tcce cum), Ac.
(d) The syllable al they contracted into o, analogous
somewhat to the French chctal (chevau), chevaux.
For other peculiarities consult Gesenius (Phan. Man ,
p. 33C).
Phoenicia. Vid. Phcenice.
Phoenix, I. a fabulous bird, of which Herodotus
gives the following account in that part of his work
which treats of Egypt. "The phoenix is another sa-
cred bird, which I have never seen except in effigy.
He rarely appears in Egypt; once only in five hun-
dred, years, immediately after the death of his father,
as the Heliopolitana affirm. If the painters describe
hnn truly, his feathers represent a mixture of crimson
and gold; and he resembles the eagle in outline and
size. They affirm that he contrives the following
thing, which to me is not credible. They say that he
comes from Arabia, and, bringing the body of his fa-
ther enclosed in myrrh, buries him in the temple of
the sun: and that he brings him in the following man-
ner. First he moulds as great a quantity of myrrh
into the shape of an egg as he is well able to carry;
and, after having tried the weight, he hollows out the
egg. and puts his parent into it, and stops up with
some more myrrh the hole through which he had in-
troduced the body, so that the weight is the same as
before: he then carries the whole mass to the temple
of the sun in Egypt. Such is the account they give
of the phcenii. " (Herod. , 2, 73. )--The whole of this
fable is evidently astronomical, and the following very
ingenious explanation has been given by Marcoz. He
Assumes as the basis of his remarks the fragment of
Hesiod preserved by Plutarch in his treatise De Orae-
ulorum Defectu. (Uepl ruv UteTioiir. XS"1"T---Op. ,
id. Reiske, vol. 7, p. 635. )
ivvia rot f(i<< yevtac hxKtpvCa Kopuvri
avipCiv riiuvruv ? {Aa^oc it re rerpaKopopoc ?
rpetf 6' i? . uij>ov( 6 Kopni; yijpaoKtTai ? airiif< 6 Qoivtl;
tvvla roif KopaKac: ? iota 6' i/itic rove 6oi>>iKac;
? ? vvuQai eiirrXoKa/ioi, Kovpai Aide alyiixoto.
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? PHO
PHOTR'S
unued until hii death. He was buried, according to
Strabo, near the junction of the small river Phosnix
with the Asopus, the former of these itreams having re-
ceived Us name from him. (Strait. , 428. )--III. A
i'jii of Agenor, sent, as well as his brothers Cadmus
jnd Cilix, in quest of their sister Europa. Not hav-
ing succeeded in finding her, he was fabled to have
Killed m and given name to Phoenicia. (Apollod. , 3,
1, 1. --Consult Heyne, ad toe. )
I'IIOMIK, a mountain of Elis, it the base of which
jiocxl the town of Pylos, between the heads of the
rivers Peneus and Selle'is. (Strabo, 339. )
PHOLUS, a centaur, son of Silenus and the nymph
Melia, and residing at Pholoe in Elis. In the perform-
ance of his fourth task, which was to bring the Ery-
aanthian boar alive to Eurystheus, Hercules took his
road through Pholoe, where he was hospitably enter-
tained by Pholus. The centaur set before his guest
roast meat, though he himself fared on raw. Her-
cules asking for wine, his host said he feared to open
the jar, which was the common property of the cen-
Uurs; but, when pressed by the hero, he consented to
unclose it for him. The fragrance of the wine spread
over the mountain, and soon brought all the centaurs,
armed with stones and pine sticks, to the cave of
Pholus. The first who ventured to enter were driven
back by Hercules with burning brands: he hunted the
remainder with his arrows to Males. When Hercules
returned to Pholoe from this pursuit, he found Pholus
lying dead along with several others; for, having drawn
the arrow out of the body of one of them, while he
was wondering how so small a thing could destroy
luch large beings, it dropped out of his hand and
? tuck in his foot, and he died immediately. (Apollod. ,
3, 6, 4, >>cqq. --Keightley't Mythology, p. 355, teg. )
PHORBAS, a son of Priam and Epithesia, killed du-
ring the Trojan war by Menelaus. The god Somnus
borrowed his features when he deceived Palinurus,
and hurled him into the sea from the vessel of . ? Eneas.
(IV Palinurus. )
PHORCVDCS or GRMX, the daughters of Phorcys
and Ceto. They were hoary-haired from their birth,
whence their other name of GriDffi ('? the Gray Maids'').
They were two in number, "well-robed" Pephredo
(Horrififr), and " yellow-robed" Enyo (Shaker). (He-
nod, Theop. , 370, teq. ) We find them always united
with the Gorgons, whose guards they wore, according
to iGschylus. (Eralosth. . Cat. , IZ. --Hygin. , P. A. ,
S, 12. -- Volckcr, Myth. Geog. , 41. ) This poet de-
scribed them as three long-lived maids, swan-formed,
Invinp one eye and one tooth in common, on whom
neither the sun with his beams, nor the nightly moon
ever looks. (Prom. Finer. , 800, teqq. ) Perseus, it
is said, intercepted the eye as they were handing it
from the one to the other, and, having thus blinded the
guards, was enabled to come on the Gorgons unper-
seivcd. The name of the third sister given by the
later writers is Deino (Tcrrifier). (Apollod. , 2,'4, 2.
--Kctghtlcy'i Mythology, p. 252. )
PHORONEUS, son of Inachus and the ocean-nymph
Melia, and second king of Argolis. He was the first
man, according to one tradition, while another makes
him to have collected the rude inhabitants into one
society, and to have given them fire and social institu-
tions. (Apollod. , Z 1. -- Pauianias, 2, 15, 5 ) He
also decided a dispute for the land, between Juno and
Heptune, in favour of the former, who thence became
? ? he tutelar deity of Argos. By the nymph Laodice
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? PHOTIUS
PH R
and Christian writers, ancient and modern, follow one
another as chance caused their works to fall into the
hands of the author; thus we pass from a work of an
erotic nature to one that treats ot philosophy or theology,
from an historian to an orator; the productions of the
same writer are not even considered together. en-
erally speaking, the greater number of the productions
of which Phonus gives us critical notices and extracts,
have reference to theology, to the decrees of councils,
and to religious disputes; profane literature with bim
occupies only a secondary rank. Nevertheless, among
the works of historians, philosophers, orators, gram-
marians, romancers, geographers, mathematicians, and
physicians, that Photius has read, and on which he
gives lus opinion, or from which he favours us with
extracts, there are between seventy and eighty that
are lost, and of which we would know nothing or next
to nothing without the aid of the Myriobiblon. In the
case of some works, Pholius contents himself with
giving merely a short literary notice, while from oth-
ers ho makes extracts of greater or less size. He was
,hc author, likewise, of a work called Nomocanon, or
a collection of the canons of the church. He com-
piled also a glossary or Lexicon (Aifeuv ovvayuyi/),
which has only reached us in an imperfect and muti-
lated state. The various MSS. of this work in differ-
ent libraries on the Continent are mere transcripts from
each other, and originally from one, venerable for its
antiquity, which was formerly in the possession of the
celebrated Thomas Gale, and which is now deposited
in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge. This
manuscript, which is on parchment, bears such evident
marks of great antiquity, that it may not unreasonably
be supposed to have been a transcript from the author's
copy. The various transcripts from this ancient MS.
were miserably faulty and corrupt, and it was natural
that scholars, who wished for the publication of this
lexicon, should be desirous of seeing it printed from
ffce Galean MS.
in preference to any other. Her-
mann, indeed, published an edition in 1818, from two
transcripts, but he gives merely the naked text, with
scarcely a single correction, or any attempt whatso-
ever towards the restitution of the text. At the end
of the volume, however, are some ingenious and valu-
able observations of Schneider. Porson, meanwhile,
had transcribed and corrected this lexicon for the
press, from the Galean MS. ; and when unfortunately
his copy had been destroyed by fire, had, with incred-
ible industry and patience, begun the task afresh, and
completed another transcript in his own excellent
handwriting. His death, however, for a time pre-
vented the appearance of the work, until at length his
labours were given to the world by Dobree, in 1822,
Land. , 8vo. This edition, however, notwithstanding
all the praise go justly bestowed upon it, is greatly in-
jured by watt of more editorial skill and labour, tho
Addenda and Corrigenda occupying 44 pages. Pho-
tius, who threw together his lexicon upon a much more
routined plan than Hesychius, probably brought to his
undertaking greater learning and judgment than the
latter, and seems to have given most of his authorities
from his own knowledge of the authors whom he cites.
Yet even his work is little more than a compilation, of
which many parts are copied verbatim from the scholia
on Plato, the Lexicon of Harpocration, that of Pausa-
n'as, and, in all probability, from the Atfi/ea Kbyit/cu
m! TpayiKU of Theo or Didymus, from which latter the
? ? grammarians derived most of their explanations of the
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? PHRYGIA.
PHRYGIA.
tne abode of the Phrygian Midas who was a chief sr
monarch of thia people, near Mount Bermius, iu Ma-
cedonia. {Herod. , 8, 138. -- Compare Nicand. , ap
Athcn. , 15, p. 683. --Bion, ap. cund. ,2, p. 45. ) Again,
the strong affinity which was allowed to exist between
the Phrygians, Lydians, Carians, and Mysians. who
were all supposed to have crossed from i nrace into
Asia Minor, serves to corroborate :he hypothesis
which regards the Phrygian migration in particular;
but, while there seems no reasonable doubt of the
Thracian origin of this people, it is not so easy to es-
tablish the period of their settling in Asia. Xanthus
is represented by Strabo (680) as fixing their arrival
in that country somewhat after the Trojan war; but
the geographer justly observes, that, according to
Homer, the Phrygians were already settled on the
banks of the Sangarius before that era, and were en-
gaged in a war with the Amazons (It. , 3,187); and, if
mythological accounts are to have any weight, the ex-
istence of a Midas in Asia Minor, long before the pe-
riod alluded to, would prove that there had been a
Phrygian migration in times to which authentic his-
tory does not extend. (Compare Conon, Narrat. ,
ap. Phot. , cod. 186. ) Great as was the ascendancy,
however, of the Thracian stock, produced by so many
tribes of that vast family pouring in at various times,
there must have entered into the composition of the
Phrygian nation some other element besides the one
which formed its leading feature. It has been conjec-
tured, and with great show of probability, that the
Thracian Brygcs found the country, which from them
took the name of Phrygia, occupied by some earlier
possessors, but who were too weak to resist tvis inva-
ders. What name this people bore cannot now be
ascertained; but there can be little doubt that they
were of Asiatic origin; probably Leuco-Syrians or
Cappadocians. Herodotus, indeed, has stated a cir-
cumstance, which, if true, would go far to overthrow
the theory of a Thracian origin for the Phrygian people.
In the muster which he makes of Xerxes' myriads, he
informs us that the Phrygians and Armenians were
armed alike; the latter being, aa he observes, colonists
of the former. (Herod. , 7, 73. ) Herodotus, how-
ever, is quite singular in this statement, which is,
moreover, at variance with all received notions on the
subject. The Armenians are a people of the highest
antiquity, and we must not seek for their primitive
stock beyond the upper valleys of the Tigris and Eu-
phrates; in other words, they are a purely Asiatic
people; and if there existed any resemblance between
them and the Phrygians, we ought rather to account
for it by supposing that the latter were not altogether
Europeans, but mingled with an indigenous race of
Asia,- whose stock was also common to the Arme-
nians. -- The political history of the Phrygians is
neither so brilliant nor so interesting as that of their
neighbours the Lydians. What we gather respecting
them from ancient writers is, generally, that they cross-
ed over from Europe into Asia, under the conduct of
their leader Midas, nearly a hundred years before the
Trojan war. (Conon. ap. Phot. , cod. , 186. ) That
they settled first on the shores of the Hellespont and
around Mount Ida, whence they gradually extended
themselves to the shores of the Ascanian lake and the
valley of the Sangarius. It is probable that the Doli-
ones, Mygdones, and Bobryces, who held originally the
coasts of Mysia and Bithynia, were Phrygians. The
? ? Mygdones were contiguous to the Bryges in Macedo-
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? PHR
P HV
people, named Ga itia and Galatas, or Gallo-Grseci. --
The Phrygians aio generally atigmatized by the an-
cients as a slavish nation, destitute or courage or en-
ergy, and possessing but little skill in anything save
music and dancing. (Athemtus, 1, p. 27. -- Virg. ,
&n,W,99. --Eunp. ,Aleest. ,678. --Id. , Orest. , 1447.
--Alheneeus, 14, p. 624, seqq. )--Phrygia, considered
with respect to the territory once occupied by the peo-
ple from whence it obtained its appellation, was di-
vided into the Great and Less. The latter, which was
also called the Hellespontine Phrygia, still retained
that name, even when the Phrygians had long retired
from that part of Asia Minor, to make way for the
Mysians, Teucrians, and Dardanians; and it would be
hazardoua to pronounce how much of what is included
under Mysia and Troas belonged to what was evi-
dently only a political division. Besides this ancient
classification, we find in the Lower Empire the prov-
ince divided into Phrygia Pacatiana and Phrygia
Salutaris. The name Epictetus, or " the Acquired,"
was given to that portion of the province which was
annexed by the Romans to the kingdom of Pergamua.
[Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 1, scqq. )
Phrynichus, I. an Athenian tragic poet, a scholar
of Thespis. The dates of his birth and death are alike
unknown: it aeema probable that he died in Sicily.
{Clinton, Fast. Hell. ,\o\. 2, p. xxxi. , note (t). ) He
gained a tragic victory in 511 B. C. , and another in 476,
when Themistocles was his choragus. (Plut. , Vit.
Themist. ) The play which he produced on this occasion
was probably the Phcenisse, and ^Eschylua is charged
with having made use of this tragedy in the composition
of Ins Persse, which appeared four years after (Arg. ad
Pers. ), a charge which iEschylus seems to rebut in
"the Frogs" of Aristophanes (v. 1294, seqq. ). In
494 B. C. , Miletus was taken by the Persians, and
Phrynichus, unfortunately for himself, selected the cap-
ture of that city as the subject of an historical tragedy.
The skill of the dramatist, and the recent occurrence
of the event, affected the audience even to tears, and
Phrynichus was fined 1000 drachma; for having recall-
ad so forcibly a painful recollection of the miafortunes
of an ally. (Herod. , 6, 21. ) According to Suidas,
Phrynichus was the first who introduced a female
mask on the stage, that is, who brought in female
characters; for, on the ancient stage, the characters of
females were always sustained by males in appropriate
dress. Beniley is thought to have purposely mistrans-
lated this passage of Suidas, in his Dissertation on
Phalaris (vol. I, p. 291, ed. byce--Donaldson, The-
atre of the Greeks, p. 47). Phrynichus seems to have
been chiefly remarkable for the sweetness of his melo-
dies, and the great variety and cleverness of his figure-
dances. (Aristoph , Av. , 748. --Id. , Vesp. , 269. --Id.
ib. , 219-- Plutarch, Symp. , 3, 9. ) The Aristophanic
Agathon speaks generally of the beauty a[ his dramas
(Thcsmop)<, 164, seqq. ), though, of course, they fell far
ahort of the grandeur of *Eschvlus, and the perfect art
of Sophocles. The names of seventeen tragedies at-
tributed to him have come down to us, but it is prob-
able that some of these belonged to two other writers,
who bore the same name. (Theatre of the Greeks,
td. 4, p. 69, seq. )--II. A comic poet, who must be
carefully distinguished from the tragedian of the same
name. He exhibited his first piece in the year 436
B;C, and was attacked as a plagiarist in the top/io-
<<Wpot of Hermippus, which was written before the
? ? death of Sitalce8, or, in other words, before 424 B. C.
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? PHY
PIC
? 1 Itanina. --III. A town of Thessaly, in the Mag-
nesian district, near Phthiotic Thebes, and on the river
Sperchius. It was the native place of Proteailaus,
who is hence sometimes called Phylacides. There was
a temple here consecrated to him. (Find. , Ink. , 1,
B3 -- Compare Horn. , II. , 2, 698. ) Sir W. Gell is in-
clined to place the ruins of this town near the village
el Agios Theodoros, "on a high situation, which, with
its position, as a sort of guard (0t>/U*i}) to the en-
trance of the gulf, suggests tbe probability of its being
Phylace. " (/(in. , p. 255. ) But Strabo asserts that
Phylace was near Thebes, consequently it could not
have been so much to the south as Agios Theodoros.
iCramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 407. )
Phyle, a place celebrated in the history of Athens
as the scene of Thrasybulus's first exploit in behalf of
his oppressed country. It was situate about 100 sta-
dia from Athens, to the northwest, according to Dio-
dorus (41, p. 415); but Demosthenes estimates the
distance at more than 120 stadia. (Pseph. , in Or. de
Cor. , p. 238. --Compare Xen. , Hist. Gr. , 2, 4, 2. --
Strabo, 396. ) The fortress of Phyle, sccording to Sir
W. Gell {Itin. -, p. 52), is now Bigla Castro. "It is
situated on a lofty precipice, and, though small, must
have been almost impregnable, as it can only be ap-
proached by an isthmus on the east. Hence is a
most magnificent view of the plain of Athens, with
tbe Acropolis and Hymcttus, and the sea in the dis-
tance. " Dodwell, however, maintains, that its modern
name is Argiro Castro. The town of Phyle was
placed at the foot of the castle or acropolis; some
traces of it still remain. (Tour, vol. 1, p. 502. --Cra-
mer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 405. )
Phyllis, I. daughter of Silhon, king of Threcc, and
betrothed to Demophoon, son of Theseus, who, on his
return from Troy, had stopped on the Thracian coast,
tnd there became acquainted with and enamoured of
me princess. A dsy having been fixed for their union,
Demophoon set sail for Athens, in order to arrange
affairs at home, promising to return at an appointed
time. He did not come, however, at the expiration
of the period which he had fixed, and Phyllis, fancying
herself deserted, put an end to her existence. The
trees that sprang up around her tomb were said at a
-ertain season to mourn her untimely fate, by their
leaves withering and falling to the ground.
