Of what am I
accused?
Hunt - Fourth Estate - History of Newspapers and Liberty of Press - v1
Prynn.
You all at this present see there be no degrees of men exempted from suffering Here reverend Divine for the soul, a Physician for the body, and Lawyer for the estate.
*
Bastwick, will be seen, longed for the time when
* The Archbishop of Canterbury being informed by his spies what Mr. Prynn said, moved the lords then sitting in the Star Chamber that he might be gagged, and have some further censure presently executed upon him; but that motion did not succeed. State Trials, Vol. III. , p. 749.
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68 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
the presses should be as open to them as it was to
their opponents. That time was approaching, and these cruelties hastened it. But the pillory was gaping for its victims :—
Now the Executioner being come to sear him, and cut off his ears, Mr. Prynn spake these words to him : Come, friend, come, burn me, cut me, I fear not. I have learned to fear the Fire of Hell, and not what man can do unto me : come sear me, sear me, I shall bear in my body the marks of the Lord Jesus : Which the Executioner performed with extraordinary cruelty, heating his iron twice to burn one cheek : and cut one of his ears so close, that he cut off a piece of his cheek. He said, The more I am beaten down, the more am I lift up.
Upon the day for Execution, Mr. Burton being brought into the Palace-yard, unto a chamber that looked into the yard, where he viewed three pillories there set up : Methinks (said he) I see Mount Calvary, where the three crosses (one for Christ, and the other two for the two Thieves) were pitched : and if Christ were numbered among thieves, shall a Christian (for Christ's cause) think much to be numbered amongst rogues, such as we are condemned to be? Surely, if I be a rogue, I am Christ's rogue, and no man's. And a little after, looking out at the casement towards the pillory, he said, I see no difference be tween looking out of this square window and yonder round hole. Pointing towards the pillory, he said, It is no matter of differ ence to an honest man. And a little after that, looking some what wistfully upon his wife, to see how she did take she seemed to him to be something sad to whom he thus spake Wife, why art thou so sad? To whom she made answer, Sweetheart, am not sad. No, said he See thou be not, for
would not have thee to dishonour the day, by shedding one tear, or fetching one sigh for behold there, for thy comfort, my triumphant chariot, on which must ride for the honour of my Lord and Master and never was wedding day so welcome and
joyful day as this day and so much the more, because have such noble captain and leader, who hath gone before me with such undauntedness of spirit, that he saith of himself, gave
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A. PILLORY SCENE. G9
my back to the smiters, my cheeks to the nippers, they plucked off the hair, I hid not my face from shame and spitting, for the Lord God will help me, therefore shall I not be confounded : therefore have I set my face like a flint, and I know I shall not be ashamed. At length being carried toward the pillory, he met Dr. Bastwick at the foot of the pillory, where they lovingly saluted and embraced each other ; and parting a little from him, he returned and most affectionately embraced him the second time, being heartily sorry he missed Mr. Prynn, who was not yet come, before he was gone up to his pillory, which stood alone next the Star Chamber, and about half a stone's cast from the other double pillory, wherein the other two stood ; so as all their faces looked southward, the bright sun all the while, for the space of two hours, shining upon them. Being ready to be put into the pillory, standing upon the scaffold, he spied Mr. Prynn new come to the pillory, and Dr. Bastwick in the pillory who then hasted off his band, and called for a handkerchief, saying, What ! shall I be last, or shall I be ashamed of a pillory for Christ, who was not ashamed of a cross for me ? Then be ing put into the pillory, he said, Good people, I am brought hither to be a spectacle to the world, to angels and men ; and howsoever I stand here to undergo the punishment of a rogue, yet except to be a faithful servant to Christ, and a loyal subject to the King, be the property of a rogue, I am no rogue. But yet if to be Christ's faithful servant, and the King's loyal subject deserve the punishment of a rogue, I glory in and bless my God, my conscience clear, and not stained with the guilt of any such crime as have been charged with, though otherwise
confess myself to be a man subject to many frailties and hu man infirmities. Indeed that Book intitled, " An Apology for an Appeal, with sundry Epistles and two Sermons, for God and the king," charged against me in the Information, have and do acknowledge (the misprinting excepted) to be mine, and will by God's grace never disclaim whilst have breath within me. After a while, he having nosegay, in his hand, bee came and pitched on the nosegay, and began to suck the flowers, which he beholding, and well observing, said, Do ye not see this poor bee? she hath found out this very place to suck sweet from
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70 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
these flowers ; and cannot I suck sweetness in this very place from Christ?
With other such devout remarks, this reverend author of an open-speaking book endeavoured to lighten the sufferings of the pillory.
When the Executioner had cut off one ear, which he had cut deep and close to the head in an extraordinary cruel man ner ; yet he never once moved and stirred for though he had cut an artery, so as the blood ran streaming down upon the scaffold, which divers persons standing about the pillory seeing, dipped their handkerchiefs in, as thing most precious, the people giving a mournful shout, and crying for the surgeon, whom the croud and other impediments for a time kept off, so that he could not come to stop the blood he all the while held up his hands, said, Be content, well, blessed be God. The other ear being cut no less deep, he then was freed from the pillory, and came down, where the surgeon waiting for him, presently applied remedy for stopping the blood after large effusion thereof, yet for all this he fainted not in the least manner, though through expense of much blood he waxed pale. And one offering him a little wormwood-water, he said, It needs not yet through importunity he only tasted of
and no more, saying, His master, Christ, was not so well used, for they gave him gall and vinegar, but you give me good strong water to refresh me, blessed be God. His head being bound up, two friends led him away to an house provided him in King- street, where being set down, and bid to speak little, yet he said after pause, This too hot to hold long Now lest they in the room, or his wife should mistake, and think he spake of himself concerning his pain, he said, speak not this of myself; for that which have suffered nothing to that my Saviour suffered for me, who had his hands and feet nailed to the cross and lying still while, he took Mr. Prynn's sufferings much to heart, and asked the people how he did, for, said he, his sufferings have been great. He asked also how Dr. Bastwick did, with much compassion and grief, that himself (being the first that was executed) could not stay to see how they two fared after him.
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FORBIDDEN BOOKS IMPORTED. 71
When all the ingenuities of cruelty had been thus tried upon Prynn, Bastwick, and Burton, they were securely locked up in prison;* but the key of the gaoler could not confine the thoughts that had escaped them at the pillory in Westminster, or obliterate from the minds of the spectators the recollection of the shameful exhibition. "The people," says Carte, "listened greedily to their speech. Notes were taken of them, and in written copies spread about the city. "t Another Royalist recorder of these events, Clarendon, dilates upon the fact that their dangerous opinions " had been faithfully dispersed by their proselytes in London. " These opinions, however, no man dared reprint in Eng land, and recourse was had to presses abroad. Books, which it was found impossible to complete in this country, were produced in Holland and elsewhere, and secretly imported. The rule of the political economists that demand will create supply held good, and the very persecution of the offending writers having assisted in spreading their fame, the demand for copies of their books, unsatisfied by English publishers, was fed by the presses of Holland. As an additional punishment to Prynn, his volumes (and they were by no means small ones) were burnt by the hangman, so close under his nose as he stood in the pillory that he was nearly
* Prynn was taken to the Tower by water ; and, on his passage in the boat, composed the following Latin verses on the two letters S. L. , which had been branded on his cheek, to signify Schismatical Libeller, but which he chose to translate "Stigmata Laudes," the stigmas of his enemy, Archbishop Laud —
" Stigmata maxillis referens insignia Laudis Exultans remeo, victima grata Deo. "
tCarte's History of England, Vol. IV. , p. 236.
72 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
choked by the flames and smoke ; yet from the ashes of their destruction they rose again Phoenix-like, more vigorous in their power to offend the authorities. Various modes were adopted to stay this invasion of foreign reprints of distasteful opinions. On the 1st of July, 1637, a Star Chamber decree was issued, "for reducing the number of master printers, and punishing all others that should follow the trade, and for prohibit ing as well the impression of all new books without licence, and of such as had been licensed
formerly without a new one, as the importation of all books in the English tongue, printed abroad, and of all foreign
books whatever, till a true catalogue thereof had been presented to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishop of London, and the books themselves had been received by their chaplains, or other learned men of their appointment, together with the masters and war dens of the Stationers' Company. " Carte, who recites this order in his history, adds — " Care was taken to have this decree duly executed, and to procure from the States General of the United Provinces a procla mation against the printers and dispersers of seditious books and libels injurious to the Church and Bishops of England. The magistrates of Amsterdam and Rotterdam were likewise engaged to apprehend and punish such Englishmen as had printed any unlicensed pamphlets. "
These measures were so stringently acted upon, that for a time they seemed to have the intended effect, but the difficulties of the King's government were in creasing, and as the attention of his officers was called to other affairs, means were adopted for smuggling the
THE LAWS AFFECTING BOOKS. 73
forbidden publications into London. To stop this, the Star Chamber was once more brought into play.
It was an old law—a law enacted in the reign of Richard the Third, who, though the villain of Shaks- pear's play and of history, was yet in many things a
prudent and talented king— that foreigners might import any books, and sell them, by retail or otherwise, in England. * Henry the Eighth repealed this law
(in the 25th year of his reign), when books from foreign countries were likely to tell against his kingly views, t and imposed a fine on those who offended the new rule. A few years afterwards, the same monarch procured the passing of an act directing that any person printing opinions contrary to the six articles should be burnt alive. J His more benevolent son, the friend of education, Edward the Sixth, repealed this sangui nary decree : but the edict against imported books remained in force, was aided by the proclamations of Elizabeth,|| and was further strengthened by the
* 1st Richard ILL, c. 9, § 12. 1 25th Henry VIII. , c. 15, { 1,
% 31st Henry VIII. , c. 14.
|| Queen Elizabeth seems to have been very fond of meddling with
the spread of written opinion, as the following list of proclamations will testify :—
11th Eliz. —A proclamation was issued against "bringing into the realm unlawful books. "
12th Eliz. — A proclamation against "Seditious and traitorous books, bills, and writings. " 1st July.
15th Eliz. —A proclamation " prohibiting the having or selling of a book called The Admonition to the Parliament, made against the book of Common Prayer. " 11th June. In the same year another proclama tion against slanderous and seditious books and libels. 28th September.
18th Eliz. — A proclamation "for the discovery of the authors of certain seditious and infamous libels. " 26th March.
21st Eliz. —Aproclamation " against such as speak evil of Monsieur
74 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
obedient Parliament of James the First, who passed an act* prohibiting altogether the importation of Popish" books in any language, and imposing a fine on all who imported Superstitious Books in English. " Superstition in Latin, therefore, might be dealt in; and such a statute emanating from the author of a work on witchcraft is very amusing to us who live in days when witchcraft no longer obtains belief. Sanctioned by these laws, and by their own decree, the Star Chamber determined upon making another example that should cast terror upon the minds of the people.
selected two victims, — one a man in his eighty-fifth year, but whose character and exertions had strengthened the popular cause ; the other a youth of twenty, who had newly arrived from a visit to Holland, the country whence the hated books were
This selection was most unfortunate for those who made it ; for the old man, John Wharton, became in the eyes of the people a venerable martyr ; whilst the injustice and cruelty of the Star Chamber goaded the youth to a heroism of puritanical furor and soldierly zeal which bore bitter fruits to his op pressors, when Cavalier met Roundhead at Edgehill and Marston Moor.
the French King's brother, and against a book seditiously published against him by Stubs, called the Gaping Gulfe. " 27th September.
25th Eliz. A proclamation "against seditious and schismatical books and libels. " June.
26th Eliz. — A similar proclamation.
31st Eliz. —Another repetition of the same.
43rd Eliz. —A proclamation offering a reward of £100 (a very
large sum in these days) to such as shall discover any authors or wri ters of such libels as were scattered abroad in London. 5th April.
* 3rd James c. 25.
They
brought.
I. ,
5, §
THE SEIZURE OF LILBURN. 76
The manner of Lilburn's seizure, and the treacher ous civilities of Mr. Cockshey, the Attorney General's clerk, cannot be better told than in the words of the
chief actor in the scenes: —
Upon Tuesday the 11th or 12th Dec. 1637, I was treacher
ously and Judasly betrayed (by one that I supposed to be my friend) into the hands of the pursuivant, with four of his assist ants, as I was walking in Soperlane with one John Chilburne, servant to old Mr. John Wharton, in Bow-lane, a hot-presser. And about twelve of the clock the next day, I was committed to the Gate-house, by sir John Lamb, the prelate of Canterbury's chancellor, with others, without any examination at all, for send ing of factious and scandalous Books out of Holland into England. And having not been at the foresaid prison above three
days, I was removed, by a warrant from the Lords of the Coun cil, to the Fleet, where I now remain. And after my being there some time, I drew a Petition to the Lords of the Council for my liberty ; and their Answer to it was, that I should be ex amined before sir John Banks, the king's Attorney : The copy of which examination thus follows.
Upon Tuesday the 14th Jan. 1637, I was had to sir John Banks the Attorney General's chamber, and was referred to be examined by Mr. Cockshey his chief clerk; and at our first coming together, he did kindly intreat me, and made me sit down by him, and put on my hat, and began with me after this manner; Mr. Lilburn, what is your Christian name? I said John. —Did you live in London before you went into Holland ? Yes, that I did. —Where? Near London-stone. —With whom there? With Mr. Thomas Hewson. —What trade is he? A dealer in cloth, I told him. —How long did you serve him? About five years. —How came you to part ? After this manner : I perceiving my master had an intention to leave off his trade, I often moved him that I might have my liberty, to provide for myself, and at the last he condescended unto it : and so I went into the country, to have the consent of my friends ; and after
that went into Holland. — Where were
dam. — And from thence you went to Amsterdam ? yes I was
you there ? At Rotter
76 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
at Amsterdam. —What books did you see in Holland ? Great store of books, for in every bookseller's shop as I came in, there were great store of books. —I know that, but I ask you if you did see Dr. Bastwick's Answer to my master's Information, and a Book called his Litany ? Yes, I saw them there ; and if you please to go thither, you may buy an hundred of them at the booksellers, if you have a mind to them. — Have you seen the "Unbishoping of Timothy and Titus," the "Looking-glass," and a "Breviate of the Bishop's late Proceedings"? Yes I have, and those also you may have there, ifyou please to send for them. —
Who printed all those books ?
the charges of printing them ? Of that I am ignorant. —But
I sent not any of them over. —Do you know one Hargust there ? Yes, I did see
did you not send over some of these books ?
Imet with him one day accidentally at Amsterdam. —How oft did you see him there ? Twice upon one day. —But did not he send over books ? If he did, it is nothing to me, for his doings are unknown to
such a man. —Where did you see him ?
me. — But he wrote a letter, by your directions, did he not? What he writ over I know no more than you. —But did you see him no where else there? Yes, I saw him at Rotterdam. — What conference had you with him ? Very little ; but why do you ask me all these questions ; these are beside the matter of
I do not know.
—
Who was at
I pray come to the thing for which I am
my imprisonment ; —
accused and imprisoned.
but do belong to the thing for which you are imprisoned.
— had you with Chillington since you came to town ?
you. —How long do you think ?
What speeches I am not
No, these are not beside the business,
But do you know of any that sent over any books ? What other men did, doth not belong to me to know or search into ; sufficient it is for me to look well to my own occasions. —Well, here is the Examination of one Edmund Chillington, do you know such a one ? Yes. —How long have you been acquainted with him ? A little before I went away, but how long I do not certainly know. —Do you know one John Wharton ? No. —Do you not ? he is a hot-presser. I know him, but I do not well remember his other name. —How long have you been acquainted
I cannot well tell
with him, and how came you acquainted ?
I do not know.
A STAK CHAMBER EXAMINATION. 77
bound to tell you : but sir (as I said before) why do you ask me all these questions ? these are nothing pertinent to my imprison ment, for I am not imprisoned for knowing and talking with such and such men, but for sending over Books ; and therefore I am not willing to answer you to any more of these questions
because I
for seeing the things for which I am imprisoned cannot be proved against me, you will get other matter out of my exami nation : and therefore if you will not ask me about the thing laid to my charge, I shall answer no more: but if you will ask of that, I shall then answer you, and do answer that for the thing for which I am imprisoned, which is for sending over books, I am clear, for I sent none ; and of any other matter you have to accuse me of, I know it is warrantable by the law of
see you go about by this Examination to ensnare me :
God, and I think by the law of the land, that I may stand upon myjust defence, and not answer to your interrogatories; and
that my accusers ought to be brought face to face, to justify what they accuse me of. And this is all the answer that for the present I am willing to make: and if you ask me of any more things, I shall answer you with silence. —At this he was exceeding angry, and said, there would be a course taken with me to make me answer. I told him, I did not regard what course they would take with me; only this I desire you to take notice of, that I do not refuse to answer out of any contempt, but only because I am ignorant of what belongs to an Examination, (for this is the first time that ever I was examined ;) and therefore I am unwilling to answer to any impertinent questions, for fear that with my answer I may do myself hurt. — This is not the way to get liberty: I had thought you would have answered punctually, that so you might have been dis
patched as shortly as might be. I have answered punctually to the thing for which I was imprisoned and more I am not bound to answer, and for my liberty I must wait God's time. —You had better answer, for I have two Examinations wherein you are accused.
Of what am I accused? —Chillington hath accused you for printing ten or twelve thousand of books in Holland, and that they stand you in about 80/. , and that you had a cham ber at Mr, John Foot's at Delf, where he thinks the books were
78 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
kept, and that you would have printed the " Unmasking of the Mystery of Iniquity," if you could have got a true copy of it. I do not believe that Chillington said any such things; and if he did, I know and am sure, that they are all of them lies. — You received money of Mr. Wharton since you came to town,
I do not say I do not say it was for any, and I have already answered all that for the present I have to answer; and if that will give you content well and good; if not do what you please. —If you will not answer no more (here I
did you not ? What if I did ? —It was for books ?
so. —For what sort of books was it ?
told him, if I had thought he would have insisted upon such im pertinent questions, I would not have given him so many answers) we have power to send you to the place from whence you came. You may do your pleasure, said I. —So he called in anger for my keeper, and gave him a strict charge to look well to me. I said, they should not fear my running away.
And so I was sent down to sir John Banks himself. And after he had read over what his man had writ, he called me in, and said, I perceive you are unwilling to confess the truth.
Lilburn. No sir, I have spoken the truth.
Sir John Banks. This is your Examination is it not? What your man hath writ, I do not know. —Come near, and see that I read it right. Sir, I do not own it for my Examination, your man hath writ what it pleased him, and hath not writ my answer; for my answer was to him, and so it is to you, that for the thing for which I am imprisoned (which is for sending over Books) I am clear, for I did not send any, and for any other matter that is laid to my charge, I know it is warrantable by the law of God, and I think by the law of the land, for me to stand upon my just defence, and that my accusers ought to be brought face to face, to justify what they accuse me of: and this is all that I have to say for the present. —You must set your hand to this your Examination. I beseech you, sir, pardon me, I will set my hand to nothing but what I have now said. — So he took the pen and writ, ' The examined is unwilling to ' to answer to any thing but that for which he is imprisoned. '
Now you will set your hand to it; I am not willing, in regard I do not own that which your man hath writ ; but if it please
ANOTHER STAR CHAMBER SCENE. 79
you to lend me the pen, I will write my answer, and set my hand to it. So he gave me the pen and I begun to write thus: ' The Answer of me, John Lilburn, is,' and here he took the pen from me, and said he could not stay, that was sufficient. Then one of my keepers asked him if they might have me back again? And he said yea; for he had no order for my enlargement.
And about ten or twelve days after, I was had forth to Grays-Inn again; and when I came there, I was had to the Star Chamber office; and being there, as the order is, I must enter my appearance, they told me. I said, To what ? For I was never served with any subpoena; neither was there any bill preferred against me, that I did hear of. One of the clerks told me, I must first be examined, and then sir John would make the bill. It seems they had no grounded matter against me for to write a bill, and therefore they went about to make me betray my own innocency, that so they might ground the bill upon my own words: and at the entrance of my appearance, the clerk and I had a deal of discoure,(the particulars whereof for brevity sake I now omit;) but in the conclusion he de manded money of me, for entering of my appearance: and I told him I was but a young man, and a prisoner, and money was not very plentiful with me, and therefore I would not part with any money upon such terms. Well (said he) if you will not pay your fee, I will dash out your name again. Do what you please
(said I) I care not if you do; so he made complaint to Mr. Goad, the master of the office, that I refused to enter my appearance. And then I was brought before him, and he demanded of me
I told him, I had no business with him, but I was a prisoner in the Fleet, and was sent for, but to whom and to what end I do not know, and therefore if he had nothing
to say to me, I had no business with him. And then one of the clerks said, I was to be examined. Then Mr. Goad said, tender him the book: so I looked another way, as though I did not give ear to what he said; and then he bid me pull off my glove, and lay my hand upon the book. What to do sir P said I. You must swear, said he. To what ? ' That you shall make true ' answer to all things that are asked you. ' 'Must I so, sir ? but before I swear, I will know to what I must swear.
what my business was ?
80 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
As soon as you have sworn, you shall, but not before. —To that I answered sir, I am but a young man, and do not well know what belongs to the nature of an oath, and therefore before I swear, I will be better advised. — Saith he, how old are you ? About 20 years old, I told him. —You have received the Sacra ment, have you not ? Yes, that I have. — And you have heard
the ministers deliver God's word, have you not ?
sermons. Well then, you know the holy Evangelists ? Yes, that I do. — But, sir, though I have received the Sacrament, and have heard sermons, yet it doth not therefore follow that I am bound to take an oath, which I doubt of the lawfulness of. — Look you here, said he (and with that he opened the book), we desire you to swear by no foreign thing, but to swear by the
I ques tion how lawful it is for me to swear to I do not know what.
So some of the clerks began to reason with me, and told me every one took that oath : and would I be wiser than all other
I told them, it made no matter to me what other men
men ?
do ; but before I swear, I will know better grounds and reasons than other men's practices, to convince me of the lawfulness of such an oath, to swear I do not know to what. — So Mr. Goad bid them hold their peace, he was not to convince any man's conscience of the lawfulness of but only to offer and tender it. Will you take or no, saith he Sir, will be better ad vised first Whereupon there was messenger sent to sir John Banks, to certify him, that would not take the Star Chamber oath and also to know of him what should be done with me. So looked should be committed close prisoner, or worse. And about an hour after came Mr. Cockshey, Sir John's chief clerk What, said he, Mr. Lilburn, seems you will not take your Oath, to make true answer told him, would be better advised before took such an oath. Well then, saith he, you must go from whence you came.
Upon Friday the 9th of February, in the morning, one of the officers of the Fleet came to my chamber, and bid me get up and make me ready to go to the Star Chamber Bar forthwith.
having no time to fit myself, made me ready in all haste to go.
I have heard
holy Evangelists. —Sir, I do not doubt or question that ; —
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lilburn's defence. 81
To detail the proceedings before the Star Chamber would only be to repeat again the scene of intolerant and glaring injustice enacted in the case of Prynn,
and others. Lilburn refused to be sworn ; he loudly protested his innocence of the offence charged against him, and there is every reason to believe that he spoke the truth. When heard in his defence, he said :—
It seems there were divers Books sent out of Holland, which came to the hands of one Edmund Chillington, who made this Affidavit against us ; and as I understand, he delivered divers of these Books unto one John Chilburne, servant to this old man Mr. Wharton; and his master being in prison, he dispersed divers of them for the foresaid Chillington's use ; whereupon the Books were taken in his custody : he being found dispersing of them, goes to one Smith, a taylor, in Bridewell, (as I am in formed) and desires him to get his peace made with the bishops. Whereupon he covenants with some of the bishops' creatures to betray me into their hands, being newly come out of Holland, which, (as he said,) did send over these Books. So, my Lords, he having purchased his own liberty, lays the plot for betraying
me, and I was taken by a pursuivant and four others of his as sistants, walking in the streets with the foresaid John Chilburne, who had laid and contrived the plot before (as I am able to to make good. )
The sentence of the Court was, that Wharton should be fined £500, be pilloried, and imprisoned ; whilst Lilburn, "being a young man, for example sake, should have some corporal punishment" inflicted upon him. It was ordered, therefore, that he should be whipped before he was put into the pillory; and that, like his fellow-sufferer, he should be fined £500, and imprisoned.
The orders of the Court were rigorously obeyed.
Lilburn was whipped through the streets from the VOL. I. G
82 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
Fleet Prison, along the Strand to the pillory, which had been set up between Westminster Hall gate and the Star Chamber close by. As the cart drew him along he repeated Scripture texts, and talked enthusi astically to the people. * When the flogging was over, and he was untied from the cart at Westminster, he was taken into a tavern to await the remainder of the punishment : and here let him again tell his own
tale :—
I was cruelly whipped through the streets to Westminster,
and at the last came to the pillory, where I was unloosed from the cart, and having put on some of my clothes, went to the tavern, where I staid a pretty while waiting for my surgeon, who was not yet come to dress me ; where were many of my friends, who exceedingly rejoiced to see my courage, that the Lord had enabled me to undergo my punishment so willingly.
I had a desire to retire into a private room from the multi tude of people that were about me, which made me like to faint; I had not been there long, but Mr. Lightbourne, the tipstaff of the Star Chamber, came unto me, saying, the Lords sent him to me to know if I would acknowledge myself to be in fault, and then he knew what to say unto me. To whom I replied, Have their honours caused me to be whipped from the Fleet to West minster, and do they now send to know if I will acknowledge a fault ? They should have done this before I had been whipped ; for now, seeing I have undergone the greatest part of my punishment, I hope the Lord will assist me to go through it all : and beside, if I would have done this at the first, I needed not to have come to this : but as I told the Lords when I was before them at the bar, so I desire you to tell them again, that I am
not conscious to myself of doing any thing that deserves a sub mission, but yet I do willingly submit to their Lordships' plea sures in my censure. He told me, if I would confess my fault, it would save me a standing in the pillory : otherwise, I must undergo the burthen of it.
•State Trials, Vol. III. , p. 1328.
LILBURN IN THE PILLORY. S3 Well, said I, I regard not a little outward disgrace for the
I have found already that sweetness in him
cause of my God ;
in whom I have believed, that through his strength I am able to undergo any thing that shall be inflicted on me : but me- thinks that I had very hard measure, that I should be con demned and thus punished upon two oaths, in which the party has most falsely forsworn himself ; and because I would not take an oath to betray mine own innocence. Why, Paul found more mercy from the heathen Roman Governors, for they would not put him to an oath to accuse himself, but suffered him to make the best defence he could for himself: neither would they con demn him, before his accusers and he were brought face to face, to justify, and fully to prove their accusation : but the Lords have not dealt so with me, for my accusers and I were never brought face to face, to justify their accusation against me. It is true, two false oaths were sworn against me, and I was thereupon condemned ; and because I would not accuse myself. And so he went away, and I prepared myself for the pillory, to which I went with a joyful courage ; and when I was upon it, I made obeisance to the Lords, some of them, as I suppose, look ing out at the Star Chamber window towards me. And so I put my neck into the hole, which being a great deal too low for me, it was very painful to me, in regard of continuance of the time that I stood on the pillory, which was about two hours ; my back being also very sore, and the sun shining so exceed ing hot, and the tipstaff-man not suffering me to keep on my hat to defend my head from the heat of the sun, so that I stood there in great pain : yet through the strength of my God I underwent it with courage, to the very last minute.
When in the pillory he addressed the people, affirm ing his innocence; pointing out how his accuser had committed perjury; and then went on to denounce the Bishops, and to applaud Prynn, Bastwick, and Burton, as martyrs who had suffered on the same spot. He described the Church as descended from that of
Rome, and interwove his speech with texts and Scrip G2
84 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
tural allusions, which met hearty sympathy from many of the assembled multitude gathered near the spot. Gradually his discourse grew into a complete sermon on the times :—
It is true I am a young man, and no scholar, according to that which the world counts scholarship, yet I have obtained mercy of the Lord to be faithful, and he, by a Divine Provi dence, hath brought me hither this day ; and I speak to you in the name of the Lord, being assisted with the spirit and power of the God of heaven and earth : and I speak not the words of rashness or inconsiderateness, but the words of soberness and mature deliberation ; for I did consult with my God, before I came hither, and desired him that he would direct and enable me to speak that which might be for his glory and the good of his people. And as I am a soldier, fighting under the banner of the great and mighty Captain the Lord Jesus Christ ; and so I look for that crown of immortality, which one day I know shall be set upon my temples, being in the condition that I am in, I dare not hold my peace, but speak unto you with boldness in the might and strength of my God, the things which the Lord in mercy hath made known unto my soul, come life, come death.
This mode of speech found more favour with the crowd than with those who had ordered Lilburn's
punishment, and at this point he was interrupted in a way he himself thus describes : —
When I was hereabout, there came a fat lawyer, I do not know his name, and commanded me to hold my peace, and leave my preaching. To whom I replied and said, Sir, I will not hold my peace, but speak my mind freely, though I be hanged at Tyburn for my pains. It seems he himself was galled and touched, as the lawyers were in Christ's time, when he spake against the Scribes and Pharisees, which made them say, " Master, in saying thus thou revilestus also. " So he went his way, and I think complained to the Lords.
THE OPEN-SPEAKER GAGGED. S5
Lilburn went on with his discourse for a while, and scattered some forbidden books among the people. The effect upon the throng was evident. He was gain ing applause instead of derision. The Star Chamber was being bearded on its own portal, and a messenger came a second time to command him to be silent. " I will speak and declare my cause and mind, though I be hanged at that gate for speaking. " He was threatened with a second flogging as he stood in the pillory, but he was not to be daunted.
So the Warden of the Fleet caused proclamation to be made
upon the pillory, for bringing to him the Books : so then he
commanded me to be gagged, and if I spake any more, that
then Ishould be whipt again upon the pillory. —So Iremained
about an hour and a half gagged, being intercepted of much
matter, which by God's assistance Iintended to have spoken.
And when I was to come down, having taken my head out of the pillory, I looked about me upon the people, and said, ' I am more than a conqueror through him that hath loved ' me. ' * * And so Icame down and was had back again to the tavern, where I, together with Mr. Wharton, staid a while, till one went to the Warden to know what should be done with me, who gave order we should be carried back again to the Fleet. —After I came back to the prison, none were suffered to come to me, but the surgeon.
A cruel imprisonment of more than two years fol lowed. He was laid in irons, was kept almost without food, and, when suffering from a fever thus induced, was refused the succour of friends or the help of ser vants, "so that if he had not been relieved by stealth of his fellow-prisoners," he must have died. *
* Lilburn afterwards became an enthusiastic republican, and dis played an unconquerable spirit that bore him through the difficulties of a chequered and adventurous life. He fought on the side of the
**
80 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
Whilst Lilburn lay in gaol, great changes were in progress throughout the country. King Charles had by this time embroiled himself to a most dangerous extent on all sides. In Scotland he had attempted
to coerce the people into an unpopular religious ob servance, and had found, when it was too late, that the people of that country, when they came to a mental resolve, were not to be deluded by regal cajolery, or to be frightened by a display of regal anger. To them the question of a liturgy was a question of duty to their God, which they dared to think more important than fealty to an earthly King. The popular feeling could find no expression and no safety-valve in a Newspaper, and could be shown through the press only in a book. Such publications did not fail to appear, and to be read. The arm of authority was stretched out to stay the printed thoughts, —three proclamations were issued,* all of an unpopular character, the third being directed against a certain "seditious book," which was ordered to be suppressed. This brought affairs to a crisis. A tumult arose in Edinburgh ; three hundred women, attended, says Carte, by " a rabble of men," sought to tear the authors of the obnoxious ordinances
Parliament in the chief battles of the Civil War ; at Brentford he was taken prisoner, and narrowly escaped the gallows; at Marston Moor he led a regiment of dragoons very gallantly, and at the conclu sion of the strife of the sword he wielded a pen. His opinions sub sequently got him into gaol on a charge of contempt, and he was brought before the House of Lords for that offence. He contrived, even whilst in gaol, to publish a pamphlet. The courage that availed him in the pillory did not fail him afterwards. He was tried for accus ing Cromwell and Ireton of treason ; but his defence was so clever, that he obtained an acquittal. He died in 1657.
* Oct. 17. See Carte's History of England, p. 141-2.
PUBLIC SYMPATHY AND EXCITEMENT. 87
to pieces, and the noblemen and priests who assembled in the Scottish city to suppress the people's thirst for freedom of conscience and thought, had a narrow
escape for their lives.
The friends of Prynn, Bastwick, and Burton were
also active, though not so violent as their Scottish brethren. These writers had been confined in prisons in this country, but the number of their sympathizers increased so rapidly that the King's advisers thought it best to remove them to more distant places of security ; and they were accordingly taken to gaols across the sea.
Prynn was sent to a castle in Jersey, and Burton to Guernsey, but their absence did not effect the pur pose the king had in view, for the obnoxious opinions were nourished in silence only to display their real strength when a favourable opportunity arose. The wives and other relatives of the condemned writers led the van of those who sought their emancipation. The power of the supreme court—the Star Chamber— no man, however bold, had yet ventured to impeach;* but the sentence of that authority, it was urged, had
consigned Prynn and his companions to some prison in England or Wales; it was the Lords of the Council who had selected more distant places of incarceration. This change in the mode of carrying out the Star Chamber decision was declared to be a violation of it. Meanwhile, the King's difficulties in Scotland compelled him to be more conciliating towards the Parliament ; and he promised, if they agreed to his demands for
money to help him against the Scotch, he would give * Clarendon, Hist, of Rebellion, Vol. 159.
I. , p.
88 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
the Commons of England satisfaction in their just demands. All this was thought to augur well; but a hasty and ill-advised dissolution of the Parliament soon made affairs worse than ever. Troubles grew on all sides, and murmurs were rising audibly in all parts of the kingdom. Money was the Monarch's great want, and, in the hope of getting he summoned the memorable Parliament that met on the 3rd of Nov.
1640—as proved, to sit so long and to do so much. Soon after they assembled, the friends of Prynn, aided the pressure from without, induced the speaker to
issue his warrant " to the Governors and Captains of the several Castles, to bring their prisoners in safe custody to London. "
Now the feelings of the people were displayed, as Clarendon bears witness and such witness, hating Prynn and his opinions, may well be relied on not to exaggerate the favour shown to the released writers. " Prynn and Burton," says the Chancellor, " being neighbours, though in distinct islands, landed at the same time at Southampton, where they were received, and entertained with extraordinary demonstrations of affection and esteem attended marvellous conflux of company; and their charges not only borne with great magnificence, but liberal presents given to them.
And this method and ceremony kept them company
all their journey; great herds of people meeting them at their entrance into all towns, and waiting upon them out, with wonderful acclamations of joy. When they came near London multitudes of people of several conditions, some on horseback, others on foot, met them some miles from the town, very many having
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TRIUMPHANT RETURN OF PRYNN. 89
been a day's journey; and they were brought, about two of the clock in the afternoon, in at Charing Cross, and carried into the City by above ten thousand persons with boughs and flowers in their hands, the common people strewing flowers and herbs in the ways as they passed, making great noise and expressions of joy for their deliverance and return, and in those acclamations mingling loud and virulent exclamations against the Bishops who had so cruelly prosecuted such godly men. In the same manner, within five or six days after, and in like triumph, Dr. Bastwick returned from Silley, landing at Dover, and from thence, bringing the same testimonies of the affections and zeal of Kent as the others had done from Hampshire and Surrey, was met before he came to Southwark by the good people of London, and so conducted to his lodging likewise in the City. "*
This great and unmistakeable demonstration of
wide-spread sympathy for men who had been im prisoned because they were popular writers, was not without further results. Prynn was elected a Member of Parliament for Newport ; the abuses of the irrespon sible Court that had condemned him were again brought prominently forward; and when the King, humbled by the difficulties which his mode of govern ment had accumulated about him, came again to the
* Prynn, like Lilburn and Knightley, when opportunity offered, returned good for evil, by an exhibition of tolerance when their enemies required it. Prynn spoke in the House of Commons in favour of Charles the First, when such a course was eminently dangerous. After the Restoration, the author of the philippic against plays and players was made keeper of the records by the very King who was so great a patron of the stage and its immoralities. He died in 1669.
90 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
Parliament for aid, that Parliament gave in a list of grievances for redress. Prominent in the catalogue was the obnoxious tribunal that had done so much injustice ; the King yielded ; and in February 1641 the Star Chamber, to the great joy of all good men, was abolished !
This was the first great step tOIS'jdg. lhsJ-'^ty^L- t^fiJJflS^ in England, and no sooner had it been taken than the Newspapers began to print English News and to discuss English affairs. But the Parliament did not content themselves with abolishing the Star
Chamber: they openly placed their legislative con- ductLififbie the people for scrutiny, by allowing the publication of reports of their proceedings. These
were first issued under the title of T) turn at. Occurrences In Parliament, and were continued from November the 3rd, 1641, tffl'fhe Restoration put an end, for a time, to a custom so dangerous to despotism.
In the British Museum Collection we find the pro ceedings of the earlier days of the Long Parliament printed in a volume; but numbers of the separate pamphlets and Newspapers may be seen. Here is the title page of one :—
Diurnal Occurrences, or the heads of several proceedings in both Houses of Parliament, from the 13th of December to the 20th of the same, 1641. Wherein they concluded what English and Scottish forces, both of horse and foot, shall speedily be sent for Ireland &c.
This early Newspaper report of Parliamentary pro ceedings contains six small quarto pages, besides the title, and has for imprint the royal arms, with the
reports
OLD NEWSPAPERS IN THE MUSEUM. 91
initials C. 11. Subsequent publications are to be seen with the heading " Speeches and passages of this great and happy Parliament.
Bastwick, will be seen, longed for the time when
* The Archbishop of Canterbury being informed by his spies what Mr. Prynn said, moved the lords then sitting in the Star Chamber that he might be gagged, and have some further censure presently executed upon him; but that motion did not succeed. State Trials, Vol. III. , p. 749.
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68 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
the presses should be as open to them as it was to
their opponents. That time was approaching, and these cruelties hastened it. But the pillory was gaping for its victims :—
Now the Executioner being come to sear him, and cut off his ears, Mr. Prynn spake these words to him : Come, friend, come, burn me, cut me, I fear not. I have learned to fear the Fire of Hell, and not what man can do unto me : come sear me, sear me, I shall bear in my body the marks of the Lord Jesus : Which the Executioner performed with extraordinary cruelty, heating his iron twice to burn one cheek : and cut one of his ears so close, that he cut off a piece of his cheek. He said, The more I am beaten down, the more am I lift up.
Upon the day for Execution, Mr. Burton being brought into the Palace-yard, unto a chamber that looked into the yard, where he viewed three pillories there set up : Methinks (said he) I see Mount Calvary, where the three crosses (one for Christ, and the other two for the two Thieves) were pitched : and if Christ were numbered among thieves, shall a Christian (for Christ's cause) think much to be numbered amongst rogues, such as we are condemned to be? Surely, if I be a rogue, I am Christ's rogue, and no man's. And a little after, looking out at the casement towards the pillory, he said, I see no difference be tween looking out of this square window and yonder round hole. Pointing towards the pillory, he said, It is no matter of differ ence to an honest man. And a little after that, looking some what wistfully upon his wife, to see how she did take she seemed to him to be something sad to whom he thus spake Wife, why art thou so sad? To whom she made answer, Sweetheart, am not sad. No, said he See thou be not, for
would not have thee to dishonour the day, by shedding one tear, or fetching one sigh for behold there, for thy comfort, my triumphant chariot, on which must ride for the honour of my Lord and Master and never was wedding day so welcome and
joyful day as this day and so much the more, because have such noble captain and leader, who hath gone before me with such undauntedness of spirit, that he saith of himself, gave
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A. PILLORY SCENE. G9
my back to the smiters, my cheeks to the nippers, they plucked off the hair, I hid not my face from shame and spitting, for the Lord God will help me, therefore shall I not be confounded : therefore have I set my face like a flint, and I know I shall not be ashamed. At length being carried toward the pillory, he met Dr. Bastwick at the foot of the pillory, where they lovingly saluted and embraced each other ; and parting a little from him, he returned and most affectionately embraced him the second time, being heartily sorry he missed Mr. Prynn, who was not yet come, before he was gone up to his pillory, which stood alone next the Star Chamber, and about half a stone's cast from the other double pillory, wherein the other two stood ; so as all their faces looked southward, the bright sun all the while, for the space of two hours, shining upon them. Being ready to be put into the pillory, standing upon the scaffold, he spied Mr. Prynn new come to the pillory, and Dr. Bastwick in the pillory who then hasted off his band, and called for a handkerchief, saying, What ! shall I be last, or shall I be ashamed of a pillory for Christ, who was not ashamed of a cross for me ? Then be ing put into the pillory, he said, Good people, I am brought hither to be a spectacle to the world, to angels and men ; and howsoever I stand here to undergo the punishment of a rogue, yet except to be a faithful servant to Christ, and a loyal subject to the King, be the property of a rogue, I am no rogue. But yet if to be Christ's faithful servant, and the King's loyal subject deserve the punishment of a rogue, I glory in and bless my God, my conscience clear, and not stained with the guilt of any such crime as have been charged with, though otherwise
confess myself to be a man subject to many frailties and hu man infirmities. Indeed that Book intitled, " An Apology for an Appeal, with sundry Epistles and two Sermons, for God and the king," charged against me in the Information, have and do acknowledge (the misprinting excepted) to be mine, and will by God's grace never disclaim whilst have breath within me. After a while, he having nosegay, in his hand, bee came and pitched on the nosegay, and began to suck the flowers, which he beholding, and well observing, said, Do ye not see this poor bee? she hath found out this very place to suck sweet from
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70 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
these flowers ; and cannot I suck sweetness in this very place from Christ?
With other such devout remarks, this reverend author of an open-speaking book endeavoured to lighten the sufferings of the pillory.
When the Executioner had cut off one ear, which he had cut deep and close to the head in an extraordinary cruel man ner ; yet he never once moved and stirred for though he had cut an artery, so as the blood ran streaming down upon the scaffold, which divers persons standing about the pillory seeing, dipped their handkerchiefs in, as thing most precious, the people giving a mournful shout, and crying for the surgeon, whom the croud and other impediments for a time kept off, so that he could not come to stop the blood he all the while held up his hands, said, Be content, well, blessed be God. The other ear being cut no less deep, he then was freed from the pillory, and came down, where the surgeon waiting for him, presently applied remedy for stopping the blood after large effusion thereof, yet for all this he fainted not in the least manner, though through expense of much blood he waxed pale. And one offering him a little wormwood-water, he said, It needs not yet through importunity he only tasted of
and no more, saying, His master, Christ, was not so well used, for they gave him gall and vinegar, but you give me good strong water to refresh me, blessed be God. His head being bound up, two friends led him away to an house provided him in King- street, where being set down, and bid to speak little, yet he said after pause, This too hot to hold long Now lest they in the room, or his wife should mistake, and think he spake of himself concerning his pain, he said, speak not this of myself; for that which have suffered nothing to that my Saviour suffered for me, who had his hands and feet nailed to the cross and lying still while, he took Mr. Prynn's sufferings much to heart, and asked the people how he did, for, said he, his sufferings have been great. He asked also how Dr. Bastwick did, with much compassion and grief, that himself (being the first that was executed) could not stay to see how they two fared after him.
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FORBIDDEN BOOKS IMPORTED. 71
When all the ingenuities of cruelty had been thus tried upon Prynn, Bastwick, and Burton, they were securely locked up in prison;* but the key of the gaoler could not confine the thoughts that had escaped them at the pillory in Westminster, or obliterate from the minds of the spectators the recollection of the shameful exhibition. "The people," says Carte, "listened greedily to their speech. Notes were taken of them, and in written copies spread about the city. "t Another Royalist recorder of these events, Clarendon, dilates upon the fact that their dangerous opinions " had been faithfully dispersed by their proselytes in London. " These opinions, however, no man dared reprint in Eng land, and recourse was had to presses abroad. Books, which it was found impossible to complete in this country, were produced in Holland and elsewhere, and secretly imported. The rule of the political economists that demand will create supply held good, and the very persecution of the offending writers having assisted in spreading their fame, the demand for copies of their books, unsatisfied by English publishers, was fed by the presses of Holland. As an additional punishment to Prynn, his volumes (and they were by no means small ones) were burnt by the hangman, so close under his nose as he stood in the pillory that he was nearly
* Prynn was taken to the Tower by water ; and, on his passage in the boat, composed the following Latin verses on the two letters S. L. , which had been branded on his cheek, to signify Schismatical Libeller, but which he chose to translate "Stigmata Laudes," the stigmas of his enemy, Archbishop Laud —
" Stigmata maxillis referens insignia Laudis Exultans remeo, victima grata Deo. "
tCarte's History of England, Vol. IV. , p. 236.
72 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
choked by the flames and smoke ; yet from the ashes of their destruction they rose again Phoenix-like, more vigorous in their power to offend the authorities. Various modes were adopted to stay this invasion of foreign reprints of distasteful opinions. On the 1st of July, 1637, a Star Chamber decree was issued, "for reducing the number of master printers, and punishing all others that should follow the trade, and for prohibit ing as well the impression of all new books without licence, and of such as had been licensed
formerly without a new one, as the importation of all books in the English tongue, printed abroad, and of all foreign
books whatever, till a true catalogue thereof had been presented to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishop of London, and the books themselves had been received by their chaplains, or other learned men of their appointment, together with the masters and war dens of the Stationers' Company. " Carte, who recites this order in his history, adds — " Care was taken to have this decree duly executed, and to procure from the States General of the United Provinces a procla mation against the printers and dispersers of seditious books and libels injurious to the Church and Bishops of England. The magistrates of Amsterdam and Rotterdam were likewise engaged to apprehend and punish such Englishmen as had printed any unlicensed pamphlets. "
These measures were so stringently acted upon, that for a time they seemed to have the intended effect, but the difficulties of the King's government were in creasing, and as the attention of his officers was called to other affairs, means were adopted for smuggling the
THE LAWS AFFECTING BOOKS. 73
forbidden publications into London. To stop this, the Star Chamber was once more brought into play.
It was an old law—a law enacted in the reign of Richard the Third, who, though the villain of Shaks- pear's play and of history, was yet in many things a
prudent and talented king— that foreigners might import any books, and sell them, by retail or otherwise, in England. * Henry the Eighth repealed this law
(in the 25th year of his reign), when books from foreign countries were likely to tell against his kingly views, t and imposed a fine on those who offended the new rule. A few years afterwards, the same monarch procured the passing of an act directing that any person printing opinions contrary to the six articles should be burnt alive. J His more benevolent son, the friend of education, Edward the Sixth, repealed this sangui nary decree : but the edict against imported books remained in force, was aided by the proclamations of Elizabeth,|| and was further strengthened by the
* 1st Richard ILL, c. 9, § 12. 1 25th Henry VIII. , c. 15, { 1,
% 31st Henry VIII. , c. 14.
|| Queen Elizabeth seems to have been very fond of meddling with
the spread of written opinion, as the following list of proclamations will testify :—
11th Eliz. —A proclamation was issued against "bringing into the realm unlawful books. "
12th Eliz. — A proclamation against "Seditious and traitorous books, bills, and writings. " 1st July.
15th Eliz. —A proclamation " prohibiting the having or selling of a book called The Admonition to the Parliament, made against the book of Common Prayer. " 11th June. In the same year another proclama tion against slanderous and seditious books and libels. 28th September.
18th Eliz. — A proclamation "for the discovery of the authors of certain seditious and infamous libels. " 26th March.
21st Eliz. —Aproclamation " against such as speak evil of Monsieur
74 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
obedient Parliament of James the First, who passed an act* prohibiting altogether the importation of Popish" books in any language, and imposing a fine on all who imported Superstitious Books in English. " Superstition in Latin, therefore, might be dealt in; and such a statute emanating from the author of a work on witchcraft is very amusing to us who live in days when witchcraft no longer obtains belief. Sanctioned by these laws, and by their own decree, the Star Chamber determined upon making another example that should cast terror upon the minds of the people.
selected two victims, — one a man in his eighty-fifth year, but whose character and exertions had strengthened the popular cause ; the other a youth of twenty, who had newly arrived from a visit to Holland, the country whence the hated books were
This selection was most unfortunate for those who made it ; for the old man, John Wharton, became in the eyes of the people a venerable martyr ; whilst the injustice and cruelty of the Star Chamber goaded the youth to a heroism of puritanical furor and soldierly zeal which bore bitter fruits to his op pressors, when Cavalier met Roundhead at Edgehill and Marston Moor.
the French King's brother, and against a book seditiously published against him by Stubs, called the Gaping Gulfe. " 27th September.
25th Eliz. A proclamation "against seditious and schismatical books and libels. " June.
26th Eliz. — A similar proclamation.
31st Eliz. —Another repetition of the same.
43rd Eliz. —A proclamation offering a reward of £100 (a very
large sum in these days) to such as shall discover any authors or wri ters of such libels as were scattered abroad in London. 5th April.
* 3rd James c. 25.
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brought.
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THE SEIZURE OF LILBURN. 76
The manner of Lilburn's seizure, and the treacher ous civilities of Mr. Cockshey, the Attorney General's clerk, cannot be better told than in the words of the
chief actor in the scenes: —
Upon Tuesday the 11th or 12th Dec. 1637, I was treacher
ously and Judasly betrayed (by one that I supposed to be my friend) into the hands of the pursuivant, with four of his assist ants, as I was walking in Soperlane with one John Chilburne, servant to old Mr. John Wharton, in Bow-lane, a hot-presser. And about twelve of the clock the next day, I was committed to the Gate-house, by sir John Lamb, the prelate of Canterbury's chancellor, with others, without any examination at all, for send ing of factious and scandalous Books out of Holland into England. And having not been at the foresaid prison above three
days, I was removed, by a warrant from the Lords of the Coun cil, to the Fleet, where I now remain. And after my being there some time, I drew a Petition to the Lords of the Council for my liberty ; and their Answer to it was, that I should be ex amined before sir John Banks, the king's Attorney : The copy of which examination thus follows.
Upon Tuesday the 14th Jan. 1637, I was had to sir John Banks the Attorney General's chamber, and was referred to be examined by Mr. Cockshey his chief clerk; and at our first coming together, he did kindly intreat me, and made me sit down by him, and put on my hat, and began with me after this manner; Mr. Lilburn, what is your Christian name? I said John. —Did you live in London before you went into Holland ? Yes, that I did. —Where? Near London-stone. —With whom there? With Mr. Thomas Hewson. —What trade is he? A dealer in cloth, I told him. —How long did you serve him? About five years. —How came you to part ? After this manner : I perceiving my master had an intention to leave off his trade, I often moved him that I might have my liberty, to provide for myself, and at the last he condescended unto it : and so I went into the country, to have the consent of my friends ; and after
that went into Holland. — Where were
dam. — And from thence you went to Amsterdam ? yes I was
you there ? At Rotter
76 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
at Amsterdam. —What books did you see in Holland ? Great store of books, for in every bookseller's shop as I came in, there were great store of books. —I know that, but I ask you if you did see Dr. Bastwick's Answer to my master's Information, and a Book called his Litany ? Yes, I saw them there ; and if you please to go thither, you may buy an hundred of them at the booksellers, if you have a mind to them. — Have you seen the "Unbishoping of Timothy and Titus," the "Looking-glass," and a "Breviate of the Bishop's late Proceedings"? Yes I have, and those also you may have there, ifyou please to send for them. —
Who printed all those books ?
the charges of printing them ? Of that I am ignorant. —But
I sent not any of them over. —Do you know one Hargust there ? Yes, I did see
did you not send over some of these books ?
Imet with him one day accidentally at Amsterdam. —How oft did you see him there ? Twice upon one day. —But did not he send over books ? If he did, it is nothing to me, for his doings are unknown to
such a man. —Where did you see him ?
me. — But he wrote a letter, by your directions, did he not? What he writ over I know no more than you. —But did you see him no where else there? Yes, I saw him at Rotterdam. — What conference had you with him ? Very little ; but why do you ask me all these questions ; these are beside the matter of
I do not know.
—
Who was at
I pray come to the thing for which I am
my imprisonment ; —
accused and imprisoned.
but do belong to the thing for which you are imprisoned.
— had you with Chillington since you came to town ?
you. —How long do you think ?
What speeches I am not
No, these are not beside the business,
But do you know of any that sent over any books ? What other men did, doth not belong to me to know or search into ; sufficient it is for me to look well to my own occasions. —Well, here is the Examination of one Edmund Chillington, do you know such a one ? Yes. —How long have you been acquainted with him ? A little before I went away, but how long I do not certainly know. —Do you know one John Wharton ? No. —Do you not ? he is a hot-presser. I know him, but I do not well remember his other name. —How long have you been acquainted
I cannot well tell
with him, and how came you acquainted ?
I do not know.
A STAK CHAMBER EXAMINATION. 77
bound to tell you : but sir (as I said before) why do you ask me all these questions ? these are nothing pertinent to my imprison ment, for I am not imprisoned for knowing and talking with such and such men, but for sending over Books ; and therefore I am not willing to answer you to any more of these questions
because I
for seeing the things for which I am imprisoned cannot be proved against me, you will get other matter out of my exami nation : and therefore if you will not ask me about the thing laid to my charge, I shall answer no more: but if you will ask of that, I shall then answer you, and do answer that for the thing for which I am imprisoned, which is for sending over books, I am clear, for I sent none ; and of any other matter you have to accuse me of, I know it is warrantable by the law of
see you go about by this Examination to ensnare me :
God, and I think by the law of the land, that I may stand upon myjust defence, and not answer to your interrogatories; and
that my accusers ought to be brought face to face, to justify what they accuse me of. And this is all the answer that for the present I am willing to make: and if you ask me of any more things, I shall answer you with silence. —At this he was exceeding angry, and said, there would be a course taken with me to make me answer. I told him, I did not regard what course they would take with me; only this I desire you to take notice of, that I do not refuse to answer out of any contempt, but only because I am ignorant of what belongs to an Examination, (for this is the first time that ever I was examined ;) and therefore I am unwilling to answer to any impertinent questions, for fear that with my answer I may do myself hurt. — This is not the way to get liberty: I had thought you would have answered punctually, that so you might have been dis
patched as shortly as might be. I have answered punctually to the thing for which I was imprisoned and more I am not bound to answer, and for my liberty I must wait God's time. —You had better answer, for I have two Examinations wherein you are accused.
Of what am I accused? —Chillington hath accused you for printing ten or twelve thousand of books in Holland, and that they stand you in about 80/. , and that you had a cham ber at Mr, John Foot's at Delf, where he thinks the books were
78 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
kept, and that you would have printed the " Unmasking of the Mystery of Iniquity," if you could have got a true copy of it. I do not believe that Chillington said any such things; and if he did, I know and am sure, that they are all of them lies. — You received money of Mr. Wharton since you came to town,
I do not say I do not say it was for any, and I have already answered all that for the present I have to answer; and if that will give you content well and good; if not do what you please. —If you will not answer no more (here I
did you not ? What if I did ? —It was for books ?
so. —For what sort of books was it ?
told him, if I had thought he would have insisted upon such im pertinent questions, I would not have given him so many answers) we have power to send you to the place from whence you came. You may do your pleasure, said I. —So he called in anger for my keeper, and gave him a strict charge to look well to me. I said, they should not fear my running away.
And so I was sent down to sir John Banks himself. And after he had read over what his man had writ, he called me in, and said, I perceive you are unwilling to confess the truth.
Lilburn. No sir, I have spoken the truth.
Sir John Banks. This is your Examination is it not? What your man hath writ, I do not know. —Come near, and see that I read it right. Sir, I do not own it for my Examination, your man hath writ what it pleased him, and hath not writ my answer; for my answer was to him, and so it is to you, that for the thing for which I am imprisoned (which is for sending over Books) I am clear, for I did not send any, and for any other matter that is laid to my charge, I know it is warrantable by the law of God, and I think by the law of the land, for me to stand upon my just defence, and that my accusers ought to be brought face to face, to justify what they accuse me of: and this is all that I have to say for the present. —You must set your hand to this your Examination. I beseech you, sir, pardon me, I will set my hand to nothing but what I have now said. — So he took the pen and writ, ' The examined is unwilling to ' to answer to any thing but that for which he is imprisoned. '
Now you will set your hand to it; I am not willing, in regard I do not own that which your man hath writ ; but if it please
ANOTHER STAR CHAMBER SCENE. 79
you to lend me the pen, I will write my answer, and set my hand to it. So he gave me the pen and I begun to write thus: ' The Answer of me, John Lilburn, is,' and here he took the pen from me, and said he could not stay, that was sufficient. Then one of my keepers asked him if they might have me back again? And he said yea; for he had no order for my enlargement.
And about ten or twelve days after, I was had forth to Grays-Inn again; and when I came there, I was had to the Star Chamber office; and being there, as the order is, I must enter my appearance, they told me. I said, To what ? For I was never served with any subpoena; neither was there any bill preferred against me, that I did hear of. One of the clerks told me, I must first be examined, and then sir John would make the bill. It seems they had no grounded matter against me for to write a bill, and therefore they went about to make me betray my own innocency, that so they might ground the bill upon my own words: and at the entrance of my appearance, the clerk and I had a deal of discoure,(the particulars whereof for brevity sake I now omit;) but in the conclusion he de manded money of me, for entering of my appearance: and I told him I was but a young man, and a prisoner, and money was not very plentiful with me, and therefore I would not part with any money upon such terms. Well (said he) if you will not pay your fee, I will dash out your name again. Do what you please
(said I) I care not if you do; so he made complaint to Mr. Goad, the master of the office, that I refused to enter my appearance. And then I was brought before him, and he demanded of me
I told him, I had no business with him, but I was a prisoner in the Fleet, and was sent for, but to whom and to what end I do not know, and therefore if he had nothing
to say to me, I had no business with him. And then one of the clerks said, I was to be examined. Then Mr. Goad said, tender him the book: so I looked another way, as though I did not give ear to what he said; and then he bid me pull off my glove, and lay my hand upon the book. What to do sir P said I. You must swear, said he. To what ? ' That you shall make true ' answer to all things that are asked you. ' 'Must I so, sir ? but before I swear, I will know to what I must swear.
what my business was ?
80 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
As soon as you have sworn, you shall, but not before. —To that I answered sir, I am but a young man, and do not well know what belongs to the nature of an oath, and therefore before I swear, I will be better advised. — Saith he, how old are you ? About 20 years old, I told him. —You have received the Sacra ment, have you not ? Yes, that I have. — And you have heard
the ministers deliver God's word, have you not ?
sermons. Well then, you know the holy Evangelists ? Yes, that I do. — But, sir, though I have received the Sacrament, and have heard sermons, yet it doth not therefore follow that I am bound to take an oath, which I doubt of the lawfulness of. — Look you here, said he (and with that he opened the book), we desire you to swear by no foreign thing, but to swear by the
I ques tion how lawful it is for me to swear to I do not know what.
So some of the clerks began to reason with me, and told me every one took that oath : and would I be wiser than all other
I told them, it made no matter to me what other men
men ?
do ; but before I swear, I will know better grounds and reasons than other men's practices, to convince me of the lawfulness of such an oath, to swear I do not know to what. — So Mr. Goad bid them hold their peace, he was not to convince any man's conscience of the lawfulness of but only to offer and tender it. Will you take or no, saith he Sir, will be better ad vised first Whereupon there was messenger sent to sir John Banks, to certify him, that would not take the Star Chamber oath and also to know of him what should be done with me. So looked should be committed close prisoner, or worse. And about an hour after came Mr. Cockshey, Sir John's chief clerk What, said he, Mr. Lilburn, seems you will not take your Oath, to make true answer told him, would be better advised before took such an oath. Well then, saith he, you must go from whence you came.
Upon Friday the 9th of February, in the morning, one of the officers of the Fleet came to my chamber, and bid me get up and make me ready to go to the Star Chamber Bar forthwith.
having no time to fit myself, made me ready in all haste to go.
I have heard
holy Evangelists. —Sir, I do not doubt or question that ; —
I
;
I;
I
I
it
? I it I
a ? I
it,
: I
lilburn's defence. 81
To detail the proceedings before the Star Chamber would only be to repeat again the scene of intolerant and glaring injustice enacted in the case of Prynn,
and others. Lilburn refused to be sworn ; he loudly protested his innocence of the offence charged against him, and there is every reason to believe that he spoke the truth. When heard in his defence, he said :—
It seems there were divers Books sent out of Holland, which came to the hands of one Edmund Chillington, who made this Affidavit against us ; and as I understand, he delivered divers of these Books unto one John Chilburne, servant to this old man Mr. Wharton; and his master being in prison, he dispersed divers of them for the foresaid Chillington's use ; whereupon the Books were taken in his custody : he being found dispersing of them, goes to one Smith, a taylor, in Bridewell, (as I am in formed) and desires him to get his peace made with the bishops. Whereupon he covenants with some of the bishops' creatures to betray me into their hands, being newly come out of Holland, which, (as he said,) did send over these Books. So, my Lords, he having purchased his own liberty, lays the plot for betraying
me, and I was taken by a pursuivant and four others of his as sistants, walking in the streets with the foresaid John Chilburne, who had laid and contrived the plot before (as I am able to to make good. )
The sentence of the Court was, that Wharton should be fined £500, be pilloried, and imprisoned ; whilst Lilburn, "being a young man, for example sake, should have some corporal punishment" inflicted upon him. It was ordered, therefore, that he should be whipped before he was put into the pillory; and that, like his fellow-sufferer, he should be fined £500, and imprisoned.
The orders of the Court were rigorously obeyed.
Lilburn was whipped through the streets from the VOL. I. G
82 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
Fleet Prison, along the Strand to the pillory, which had been set up between Westminster Hall gate and the Star Chamber close by. As the cart drew him along he repeated Scripture texts, and talked enthusi astically to the people. * When the flogging was over, and he was untied from the cart at Westminster, he was taken into a tavern to await the remainder of the punishment : and here let him again tell his own
tale :—
I was cruelly whipped through the streets to Westminster,
and at the last came to the pillory, where I was unloosed from the cart, and having put on some of my clothes, went to the tavern, where I staid a pretty while waiting for my surgeon, who was not yet come to dress me ; where were many of my friends, who exceedingly rejoiced to see my courage, that the Lord had enabled me to undergo my punishment so willingly.
I had a desire to retire into a private room from the multi tude of people that were about me, which made me like to faint; I had not been there long, but Mr. Lightbourne, the tipstaff of the Star Chamber, came unto me, saying, the Lords sent him to me to know if I would acknowledge myself to be in fault, and then he knew what to say unto me. To whom I replied, Have their honours caused me to be whipped from the Fleet to West minster, and do they now send to know if I will acknowledge a fault ? They should have done this before I had been whipped ; for now, seeing I have undergone the greatest part of my punishment, I hope the Lord will assist me to go through it all : and beside, if I would have done this at the first, I needed not to have come to this : but as I told the Lords when I was before them at the bar, so I desire you to tell them again, that I am
not conscious to myself of doing any thing that deserves a sub mission, but yet I do willingly submit to their Lordships' plea sures in my censure. He told me, if I would confess my fault, it would save me a standing in the pillory : otherwise, I must undergo the burthen of it.
•State Trials, Vol. III. , p. 1328.
LILBURN IN THE PILLORY. S3 Well, said I, I regard not a little outward disgrace for the
I have found already that sweetness in him
cause of my God ;
in whom I have believed, that through his strength I am able to undergo any thing that shall be inflicted on me : but me- thinks that I had very hard measure, that I should be con demned and thus punished upon two oaths, in which the party has most falsely forsworn himself ; and because I would not take an oath to betray mine own innocence. Why, Paul found more mercy from the heathen Roman Governors, for they would not put him to an oath to accuse himself, but suffered him to make the best defence he could for himself: neither would they con demn him, before his accusers and he were brought face to face, to justify, and fully to prove their accusation : but the Lords have not dealt so with me, for my accusers and I were never brought face to face, to justify their accusation against me. It is true, two false oaths were sworn against me, and I was thereupon condemned ; and because I would not accuse myself. And so he went away, and I prepared myself for the pillory, to which I went with a joyful courage ; and when I was upon it, I made obeisance to the Lords, some of them, as I suppose, look ing out at the Star Chamber window towards me. And so I put my neck into the hole, which being a great deal too low for me, it was very painful to me, in regard of continuance of the time that I stood on the pillory, which was about two hours ; my back being also very sore, and the sun shining so exceed ing hot, and the tipstaff-man not suffering me to keep on my hat to defend my head from the heat of the sun, so that I stood there in great pain : yet through the strength of my God I underwent it with courage, to the very last minute.
When in the pillory he addressed the people, affirm ing his innocence; pointing out how his accuser had committed perjury; and then went on to denounce the Bishops, and to applaud Prynn, Bastwick, and Burton, as martyrs who had suffered on the same spot. He described the Church as descended from that of
Rome, and interwove his speech with texts and Scrip G2
84 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
tural allusions, which met hearty sympathy from many of the assembled multitude gathered near the spot. Gradually his discourse grew into a complete sermon on the times :—
It is true I am a young man, and no scholar, according to that which the world counts scholarship, yet I have obtained mercy of the Lord to be faithful, and he, by a Divine Provi dence, hath brought me hither this day ; and I speak to you in the name of the Lord, being assisted with the spirit and power of the God of heaven and earth : and I speak not the words of rashness or inconsiderateness, but the words of soberness and mature deliberation ; for I did consult with my God, before I came hither, and desired him that he would direct and enable me to speak that which might be for his glory and the good of his people. And as I am a soldier, fighting under the banner of the great and mighty Captain the Lord Jesus Christ ; and so I look for that crown of immortality, which one day I know shall be set upon my temples, being in the condition that I am in, I dare not hold my peace, but speak unto you with boldness in the might and strength of my God, the things which the Lord in mercy hath made known unto my soul, come life, come death.
This mode of speech found more favour with the crowd than with those who had ordered Lilburn's
punishment, and at this point he was interrupted in a way he himself thus describes : —
When I was hereabout, there came a fat lawyer, I do not know his name, and commanded me to hold my peace, and leave my preaching. To whom I replied and said, Sir, I will not hold my peace, but speak my mind freely, though I be hanged at Tyburn for my pains. It seems he himself was galled and touched, as the lawyers were in Christ's time, when he spake against the Scribes and Pharisees, which made them say, " Master, in saying thus thou revilestus also. " So he went his way, and I think complained to the Lords.
THE OPEN-SPEAKER GAGGED. S5
Lilburn went on with his discourse for a while, and scattered some forbidden books among the people. The effect upon the throng was evident. He was gain ing applause instead of derision. The Star Chamber was being bearded on its own portal, and a messenger came a second time to command him to be silent. " I will speak and declare my cause and mind, though I be hanged at that gate for speaking. " He was threatened with a second flogging as he stood in the pillory, but he was not to be daunted.
So the Warden of the Fleet caused proclamation to be made
upon the pillory, for bringing to him the Books : so then he
commanded me to be gagged, and if I spake any more, that
then Ishould be whipt again upon the pillory. —So Iremained
about an hour and a half gagged, being intercepted of much
matter, which by God's assistance Iintended to have spoken.
And when I was to come down, having taken my head out of the pillory, I looked about me upon the people, and said, ' I am more than a conqueror through him that hath loved ' me. ' * * And so Icame down and was had back again to the tavern, where I, together with Mr. Wharton, staid a while, till one went to the Warden to know what should be done with me, who gave order we should be carried back again to the Fleet. —After I came back to the prison, none were suffered to come to me, but the surgeon.
A cruel imprisonment of more than two years fol lowed. He was laid in irons, was kept almost without food, and, when suffering from a fever thus induced, was refused the succour of friends or the help of ser vants, "so that if he had not been relieved by stealth of his fellow-prisoners," he must have died. *
* Lilburn afterwards became an enthusiastic republican, and dis played an unconquerable spirit that bore him through the difficulties of a chequered and adventurous life. He fought on the side of the
**
80 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
Whilst Lilburn lay in gaol, great changes were in progress throughout the country. King Charles had by this time embroiled himself to a most dangerous extent on all sides. In Scotland he had attempted
to coerce the people into an unpopular religious ob servance, and had found, when it was too late, that the people of that country, when they came to a mental resolve, were not to be deluded by regal cajolery, or to be frightened by a display of regal anger. To them the question of a liturgy was a question of duty to their God, which they dared to think more important than fealty to an earthly King. The popular feeling could find no expression and no safety-valve in a Newspaper, and could be shown through the press only in a book. Such publications did not fail to appear, and to be read. The arm of authority was stretched out to stay the printed thoughts, —three proclamations were issued,* all of an unpopular character, the third being directed against a certain "seditious book," which was ordered to be suppressed. This brought affairs to a crisis. A tumult arose in Edinburgh ; three hundred women, attended, says Carte, by " a rabble of men," sought to tear the authors of the obnoxious ordinances
Parliament in the chief battles of the Civil War ; at Brentford he was taken prisoner, and narrowly escaped the gallows; at Marston Moor he led a regiment of dragoons very gallantly, and at the conclu sion of the strife of the sword he wielded a pen. His opinions sub sequently got him into gaol on a charge of contempt, and he was brought before the House of Lords for that offence. He contrived, even whilst in gaol, to publish a pamphlet. The courage that availed him in the pillory did not fail him afterwards. He was tried for accus ing Cromwell and Ireton of treason ; but his defence was so clever, that he obtained an acquittal. He died in 1657.
* Oct. 17. See Carte's History of England, p. 141-2.
PUBLIC SYMPATHY AND EXCITEMENT. 87
to pieces, and the noblemen and priests who assembled in the Scottish city to suppress the people's thirst for freedom of conscience and thought, had a narrow
escape for their lives.
The friends of Prynn, Bastwick, and Burton were
also active, though not so violent as their Scottish brethren. These writers had been confined in prisons in this country, but the number of their sympathizers increased so rapidly that the King's advisers thought it best to remove them to more distant places of security ; and they were accordingly taken to gaols across the sea.
Prynn was sent to a castle in Jersey, and Burton to Guernsey, but their absence did not effect the pur pose the king had in view, for the obnoxious opinions were nourished in silence only to display their real strength when a favourable opportunity arose. The wives and other relatives of the condemned writers led the van of those who sought their emancipation. The power of the supreme court—the Star Chamber— no man, however bold, had yet ventured to impeach;* but the sentence of that authority, it was urged, had
consigned Prynn and his companions to some prison in England or Wales; it was the Lords of the Council who had selected more distant places of incarceration. This change in the mode of carrying out the Star Chamber decision was declared to be a violation of it. Meanwhile, the King's difficulties in Scotland compelled him to be more conciliating towards the Parliament ; and he promised, if they agreed to his demands for
money to help him against the Scotch, he would give * Clarendon, Hist, of Rebellion, Vol. 159.
I. , p.
88 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
the Commons of England satisfaction in their just demands. All this was thought to augur well; but a hasty and ill-advised dissolution of the Parliament soon made affairs worse than ever. Troubles grew on all sides, and murmurs were rising audibly in all parts of the kingdom. Money was the Monarch's great want, and, in the hope of getting he summoned the memorable Parliament that met on the 3rd of Nov.
1640—as proved, to sit so long and to do so much. Soon after they assembled, the friends of Prynn, aided the pressure from without, induced the speaker to
issue his warrant " to the Governors and Captains of the several Castles, to bring their prisoners in safe custody to London. "
Now the feelings of the people were displayed, as Clarendon bears witness and such witness, hating Prynn and his opinions, may well be relied on not to exaggerate the favour shown to the released writers. " Prynn and Burton," says the Chancellor, " being neighbours, though in distinct islands, landed at the same time at Southampton, where they were received, and entertained with extraordinary demonstrations of affection and esteem attended marvellous conflux of company; and their charges not only borne with great magnificence, but liberal presents given to them.
And this method and ceremony kept them company
all their journey; great herds of people meeting them at their entrance into all towns, and waiting upon them out, with wonderful acclamations of joy. When they came near London multitudes of people of several conditions, some on horseback, others on foot, met them some miles from the town, very many having
;
by a
it,
;
a
by
it
TRIUMPHANT RETURN OF PRYNN. 89
been a day's journey; and they were brought, about two of the clock in the afternoon, in at Charing Cross, and carried into the City by above ten thousand persons with boughs and flowers in their hands, the common people strewing flowers and herbs in the ways as they passed, making great noise and expressions of joy for their deliverance and return, and in those acclamations mingling loud and virulent exclamations against the Bishops who had so cruelly prosecuted such godly men. In the same manner, within five or six days after, and in like triumph, Dr. Bastwick returned from Silley, landing at Dover, and from thence, bringing the same testimonies of the affections and zeal of Kent as the others had done from Hampshire and Surrey, was met before he came to Southwark by the good people of London, and so conducted to his lodging likewise in the City. "*
This great and unmistakeable demonstration of
wide-spread sympathy for men who had been im prisoned because they were popular writers, was not without further results. Prynn was elected a Member of Parliament for Newport ; the abuses of the irrespon sible Court that had condemned him were again brought prominently forward; and when the King, humbled by the difficulties which his mode of govern ment had accumulated about him, came again to the
* Prynn, like Lilburn and Knightley, when opportunity offered, returned good for evil, by an exhibition of tolerance when their enemies required it. Prynn spoke in the House of Commons in favour of Charles the First, when such a course was eminently dangerous. After the Restoration, the author of the philippic against plays and players was made keeper of the records by the very King who was so great a patron of the stage and its immoralities. He died in 1669.
90 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
Parliament for aid, that Parliament gave in a list of grievances for redress. Prominent in the catalogue was the obnoxious tribunal that had done so much injustice ; the King yielded ; and in February 1641 the Star Chamber, to the great joy of all good men, was abolished !
This was the first great step tOIS'jdg. lhsJ-'^ty^L- t^fiJJflS^ in England, and no sooner had it been taken than the Newspapers began to print English News and to discuss English affairs. But the Parliament did not content themselves with abolishing the Star
Chamber: they openly placed their legislative con- ductLififbie the people for scrutiny, by allowing the publication of reports of their proceedings. These
were first issued under the title of T) turn at. Occurrences In Parliament, and were continued from November the 3rd, 1641, tffl'fhe Restoration put an end, for a time, to a custom so dangerous to despotism.
In the British Museum Collection we find the pro ceedings of the earlier days of the Long Parliament printed in a volume; but numbers of the separate pamphlets and Newspapers may be seen. Here is the title page of one :—
Diurnal Occurrences, or the heads of several proceedings in both Houses of Parliament, from the 13th of December to the 20th of the same, 1641. Wherein they concluded what English and Scottish forces, both of horse and foot, shall speedily be sent for Ireland &c.
This early Newspaper report of Parliamentary pro ceedings contains six small quarto pages, besides the title, and has for imprint the royal arms, with the
reports
OLD NEWSPAPERS IN THE MUSEUM. 91
initials C. 11. Subsequent publications are to be seen with the heading " Speeches and passages of this great and happy Parliament.
