He has written
and published much,- farces, vaudevilles, comic
romances, and political works.
and published much,- farces, vaudevilles, comic
romances, and political works.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v26 to v30 - Tur to Zor and Index
His vent.
ures along literary lines are almost too numer-
to mention. He was the founder and
editor of the Dial, and contributed to many
journals; was one of the projectors of Brook
Farm, and a transcendentalist, - writing articles
which covered the whole ground of philosoph-
ical speculation. He was long the literary
critic of the New York Tribune, and one of
the most noted reviewers of his time. He left
no extended work, and will be remembered
rather as a promoter of learning. In 1838 ap-
peared his first two volumes of Foreign Stand-
ard Literature,' a series of fourteen in all, which
exerted great influence upon the educated mind
of New England. They were entitled Philo.
sophical Miscellanies. '
Ous
a
## p. 460 (#476) ############################################
460
RISHANGER - ROBERTHIN
wars.
Rishanger, William. An English monk of
St. Alban's, and chronicler ; born about 1250 ;
died about 1312.
He rekindled the desire
among monks for composing chronicles,-a
desire which had almost died out in his day.
His most important writing is the Narratio de
Bellis apud Lewes et Evesham (Account of
the Fights at Lewes and Evesham), with an
autobiographical sketch forming part of the
manuscript. It extends from 1258 to 1267, and
gives with vigor, picturesque detail, and polit-
ical insight, an excellent account of the barons'
Several other works are accredited to
him; but their authenticity is doubtful, with
the exception of the short chronicle (Quædem
Recapitulatio Brevis de Gestis Domini Edwardi
(Short Account of the Acts and Sayings of
King Edward).
Ritchie, Mrs. Anna Cora (Mowatt). An
American novelist and dramatist; born (Og-
den) in Bordeaux, France, in 1822; died in
1870. She came in early life to New York.
A once popular actress, she retired from the
stage in 1854, and devoted herself to the pro-
duction of romances and dramas, with no little
success. Some of her books have been pub-
lished under the pseudonyms of ( Isabel
and «Helen Berkley. ” They include: “The
Fortune-Hunter) (1842); «The Mute Singer);
(Fashion, a comedy (1847), which was very
popular; Evelyn' (1845); The Autobiography
of an Actress) (1854), the best-known and
most popular of her productions; (Mimic Life)
(1855); Fairy Fingers) (1865); (The Clergy-
man's Wife) (1867); and others.
Ritchie, Anne Isabelle (Thackeray. ) An
English miscellaneous writer, daughter of Will-
iam Makepeace Thackeray; born in London
in 1838. Among her writings are : (Old Ken-
sington (1873); “Toilers and Spinsters) (1873);
Bluebeard's Keys) (1874); Miss Angel?
(1875); (Mme. de Sévigné) (1881); “Records of
Tennyson, Ruskin, and Browning' (1892); Lord
Tennyson and his Friends) (1893); and with
R. Evans, Lord Amherst and the British Ad-
vance Eastward to Burma) (1894). *
Ritson, Joseph. An English antiquary and
scholar; born at Stockton-on-Tees, Oct. 2, 1752 ;
died at Hoxton, Sept. 3, 1803. He devoted
many years to antiquarian researches, and ed-
ited a vast number of reprints of old and rare
books. His own works include: (Observa-
tions on Warton's History of English Poetry)
(1782); (Ancient Songs from the Time of King
Henry III. to the Revolution) (1790); (A Col-
lection of Scottish Songs) (1794); "Robin Hood
Ballads) (1795); (Bibliographia Poetica' (1802);
(Ancient English Metrical Romances) (1802);
and many others.
Ritter, Frédéric Louis. An American musi-
cian; born in Strasburg, Alsace, 1834; died in
1891. He came to the United States in 1856,
and soon made a reputation both here and
abroad as a writer on musical topics. Besides
many articles in English, French, and German
periodicals, he published: (A History of Music
in the Form of Lectures) (1870–74); Music in
England (1883); (Music in America' (1883);
Manual of Musical History' (1886); and Mu-
sical Dictation' (1888).
Ritter, Heinrich (rit'ter). A German phi.
losopher; born at Zerbst in 1791; died in 1869.
He owes his literary fame to his profound
works on the history of philosophy. The most
important of them are : "On the Education of
the Philosopher through the History of Philos-
ophy) (1817); (Introductory Lectures to Logic
(1823); "History of Philosophy) (1829-53); “On
the Relation between Philosophy and Scientific
Life in General (1835); and (Encyclopædia
of Philosophic Science) (1862-63).
Rivarol, Antoine (re-vä-ről'). A French
satirist and publicist; born at Bagnols, Langue-
doc, near 1754 ; died at Berlin, April 13, 1801.
He was one of the most brilliant wits of the
eighteenth century. His first work of import-
ance, the discourse (On the Universality of
the French Language,' took the prize at the
Academy of Berlin in 1784. His "Little Alma.
nac of our Great Men) (1788), a volume of
satires against authors of his day, and a free
translation of Dante's Inferno,' were both par-
ticularly successful. He also wrote a Diction-
ary of the French Language, and Letters to
the Duke of Brunswick. His Works) ap-
peared in 1808.
Rives, Amélie. See Troubetzkoi.
Rivet, Gustave (ré-vā'). A French littéra.
teur; born at Domène (Isère), Jan. 25, 1848.
He has written a number of dramas, some of
which have appeared on the French stage.
His writings include : Lost Voices) (1874),
poems; Victor Hugo at Home) (1878); (The
Punishment) (1879), a drama; Marie Tou-
chet) (1881), a drama; and “The Quest of
Paternity) (1890).
Rivière, Henri-Laurent (riv-yår'). A
French marine officer and littérateur; born in
Paris, July 12, 1827; killed in Anam, May 20,
1883. He acquired a speedy popularity by two
simple tales, ' Pierrot) (1860), and "Cain) (1870).
Ile afterward produced many stories, com-
edies, and works of a more serious character,
among them being : (The French Navy under
Louis XV. (1859); ( The Possessed One) (1863);
(The Journal of a Marine (1806); (The Up-
start) (1869); (Adventures of Three Friars!
(1875); (M. Margerie) (1875); and (The New
Caledonia) (1880)
Robert of Gloucester. An English chron-
icler, living at the time of the battle of Eves-
ham (1265). He is remarkable for a metrical
chronicle of England, from the time of the
fabulous Brutus to his own, based chiefly upon
Geoffrey of Monmouth's book. It extends to
ten thousand lines, and is one of the earliest
epics of the English language. It was printed
by Thomas Hearne in 1724.
Roberthin, Robert (rob-arºten). A German
poet; born at Königsberg in 1600; died there,
>
## p. 461 (#477) ############################################
ROBERTS-ROBINSON
461
(
April 7, 1648. He published his graceful songs,
copies of which have become very rare, under
the anagram of “Berintho. ) His principal work
was (Songs and Airs, Religious and Secular)
(1638-50). His poems have also been incor-
porated in volumes on German poets, etc.
Roberts, Anna S. An American poet; born
in Philadelphia in 1827; died in 1858. She
published a book of poems entitled (Forest
Flowers of the West) (1851), the most notable
of which are: (The Old Mansion, (Two Por-
traits, (The Unsealed Fountain,' and (A Vis-
ion.
Roberts, Charles George Douglas. A Ca-
nadian poet; born in Douglas, N. B. , Jan. 10,
1860. He is an earnest advocate of Canadian
nationalism, and such of his poetical compo-
sitions as relate to this and other distinctly
Canadian subjects are particularly excellent.
He has published: (Orion, and Other Poems)
(1880), and (In Divers Tones) (1887); and has
edited (Poems of Wild Life) in the series of
Canterbury Poets) (1888). In 1897 appeared
his (History of Canada. *
Roberts, Emma. An English descriptive and
verse writer ; born in 1794; died in Poonah,
India, Sept. 16, 1846. She lived in India much
of her life, devoting herself closely to literature
and journalism. Among her many books may
be named : (Memoirs of the Rival Houses of
York and Lancaster) (1827); (Oriental Scenes,
Sketches, and Tales) (1832), a volume of po-
etry; "Scenes and Characteristics of Hindostan)
(1835); (The East India Voyager) (1839); and
(Hindostan, its Landscapes, Palaces, etc. (1845-
47).
Roberts, Margaret. A Welsh novelist and
miscellaneous writer; born at Honyngs, North
Wales, in 1833. She has lived much in Italy,
France, and Germany, and wrote her first book
in Italian, with the exception of the last chap-
ter. Most of her books have been published
anonymously. They include: Mademoiselle
Mori? (1860); (Denise) (1863); Madame Fon-
tenoy' (1864); (On the Edge of the Storm)
(1868); Margaret Woodward (1877); “Gram-
mar of the French Language) (1882); (In the
Olden Time) (1883); “Hester's Venture ) (1886);
(Under a Cloud' (1888); and many others.
Roberts, Samuel. An English author and
pamphleteer; born at Sheffield, April 18, 1763 ;
died there, July 24, 1848. He was known as
the Pauper's Advocate, and is the author of
an immense number of books, pamphlets, and
broadsheets, dealing with all that he considered
unjust or tyrannical. His principal works are :
(Tales of the Poor) (1813); (The Blind Man
and his Son (1816); (Defence of the Poor
Laws) (1819); Life of Queen Mary) (1822);
(The Gipsies: Their Origin, Continuance, and
Destination (1836); and (Milton Unmasked)
(1844). His (Autobiography and Select Re-
mains) were published in 1849.
Robertson, Frederick William. An English
clergyman; born in London, Feb. 3, 1816; died
at Brighton, Aug. 15, 1853. His fame rests upon
the series of sermons which he delivered at
Trinity Chapel, Brighton. His writings and
biography have been reprinted in the United
States, and widely read, and have exerted great
influence in liberalizing religious thought. His
works were collected and published after his
death under the titles (Sermons Preached at
Trinity Chapel, Brighton (1855-64); "Lectures
and Addresses on Literary and Social Topics)
(1858); 'Expository Lectures on St. Paul's Epis-
tles to the Corinthians) (1859); and Notes on
Genesis) (1877). *
Robertson, James Burton. An English his.
torian; born in London, Nov. 15, 1800; died in
Dublin, Feb. 14, 1877. He studied literature,
philosophy, and the elements of dogmatic the-
ology, in France; and after various preliminary
essays, published a translation of Frederick
Schlegel's Philosophy of History) (1835), which
passed through many editions. His second trans-
lation, (Symbolism, or Exposition of Doctrinal
Differences between Catholics and Protestants)
(1843), was also widely read in both England
and America, and created a profound impres-
sion. His original writings include: Public
Lectures on Some Subjects of Ancient and
Modern History) (1859); Lectures on Some
Subjects of Modern History and Biography
(1864); and many others.
Robertson, Thomas William. An English
actor and dramatist; born at Newark-on-Trent,
Jan. 9, 1829; died in London, Feb. 3, 1871. His
first play was (A Night's Adventure (1851);
and after its production he settled in London,
and devoted himself to play-writing. Several
of his dramas were very successful : the best
known are (David Garrick) (1864) and (Caste)
(1868). Other successful ones are: (Society)
(1865); (Ours) (1866); (School (1869);' Dreams)
(1869); and M. P. (1870).
Robertson, William. A Scotch historian;
born at Borthwick, Midlothian, Sept. 19, 1721;
died at Grange House, near Edinburgh, June
II, 1793. Although ranked with Gibbon and
Hume while he lived, and enjoying great pop-
ularity, his writings are now but little read. He
is the author of many books, chief among which
are : (History of Scotland during the Reigns
of Mary and James VI. (1758–59); History of
the Reign of the Emperor Charles V. (1769);
History of America) (1777); and Historical
Disquisition concerning the Knowledge which
the Ancients had of India (1791).
Robinson, Agnes Mary Frances. See
Darmesteter.
Robinson, Charles Seymour. An American
clergyman and hymnologist; born at Benning-
ton, Vt. , March 31, 1829. He is famed as a
collector of hymns and tunes used in the Pres.
byterian Church. His publications include:
Songs of the Church) (1862); «Songs for the
Sanctuary) (1865); (Church Work) ( 1873 );
(Studies in the New Testament (1880); Lau-
des Domini? (1884); "The Pharaohs of the
## p. 462 (#478) ############################################
462
ROBINSON – ROCHEFOUCAULD
(
Bondage and the Exodus) (1887); 'Simon Peter,
his Life and Times) (1888); (From Samuel to
Solomon (1889); New Laudes Domini? (1892);
(Annotations upon Popular Hymns) (1893);
(Simon Peter: Later Life and Labors' (1894);
and others.
Robinson, Frederick William. An English
novelist; born in Spitalfields, London, in 1830.
He is a most prolific and skillful writer, and
has published, among many others : No Church)
(1862); (Beyond the Church) (1866); “True to
Herself) (1870); (Her Face was her Fortune)
(1873); (As Long as She Lived' (1876); “The
Hands of Justice (1881); (The Man She Cared
For) (1884); Dark Street) (1887); and (The
Youngest Miss Green (1888).
Robinson, Henry Crabb. An English lawyer
and diarist; born at Bury St. Edmunds, March
13, 1775; died in London, Feb. 5, 1867. He
acquired a thorough knowledge of modern Ger-
man literature, and enjoyed the intimate friend-
ship of Goethe, Schiller, the Schlegels, and
other prominent Germans. He published but
little, but left a copious diary and correspond-
ence (102 volumes in all), selections from which
were published under the title of Diary, Rem-
iniscences, and Correspondence of H. Crabb
Robinson (1869), very valuable for its descrip-
tion of the men and events of his time in
England.
Robinson, Jane. The following volumes,
signed by the author of Whitefriars, are
ascribed to the above writer in Olphar Hamst's
[Ralph Thomas's) Handbook for Fictitious
Names: (Whitehall; or, The Days of Charles I. '
(1845); (The Maid of Orleans) (1849); (The
Gold Worshipers) (1851); “The City Banker)
(1855); Maulever's Divorce) (1858); "Which
Wins ? ) (1863); Dorothy Firebrace) (1865);
and others.
Robinson, Mary. An English actress and
author; born at Bristol, Nov. 27, 1758; died at
Surrey, Dec. 26, 1800. Her first collection of
poems was published in 1775, under the patron-
age of the Duchess of Devonshire. After this
she published several books, among them being :
(Celadon and Lydia) (1777), a tale ; (Captivity)
(1777), a poem; Angelina) (1796); (Lyrical
Tales) (1800); and (Effusions of Love,' purport-
ing to be her correspondence with the Prince
of Wales, afterwards George IV. , of whom she
was the recognized mistress.
Robinson, Philip Stewart. An English de-
scriptive writer; born at Chunar, India, in 1849.
His published works include: (In my Indian
Garden) (1878); Under the Punkah) (1881);
Noah's Ark; or, Mornings in the Zoo) (1882);
(Sinners and Saints: A Tour across the States
and Round Them) (1883); (The Valley of
Teetotum Trees) (1886); and others.
Robinson, Therese Albertine Luise (von
Jakob). (Pseudonym “Talvj,) — her initials. ]
A German historical and miscellaneous writer;
born at Halle, Jan. 26, 179 ; died at Hamburg,
April 13, 1869. Her most important work is
A Historical View of the Languages and Liter-
ature of the Slavic Nations) (1850). Among her
other writings are: Psyche: Original Tales!
(1824); (Servian Songs) (1825-26); and "Char.
acteristics of the Popular Songs of the German
Nations) (1840).
Roche, Antonin (rösh). A French littéra.
teur ; born at Solignac-sur-Loire, Nov. 10, 1813.
He has founded in London, classes in liter-
ature, history, geography, and astronomy, for
young people, which have proved very success-
ful; and has published both in London and
Paris, in connection with this work, several
educational books, among them being : (His-
tory of France) (1866); (The English Writers
of the Nineteenth Century) (1868); History
of England (1875); and History of Principal
French Writers) (1878).
Roche, James Jeffrey. An American au
thor; born in Queen's County, Ireland, May
31, 1847. He went to Boston in 1806 and has
lived there since; is an editor of the Pilot,
and has published: (Songs and Satires' (1886);
(Ballads of Blue Water); Life of John Boyle
O'Reilly); "His Majesty the King.
Roche, Regina Maria. An Irish novelist :
born about 1764 in the south of Ireland; died
at Waterford, May 17, 1845. She sprang into
fame on the appearance of the novel (The
Children of the Abbey) (1798), a story abound-
ing in sentimentality, abductions, secret re-
treats, etc. , - a cross between the Mysteries of
Udolpho) and domestic novels like Clarissa
Harlowe. ' From that time until her death she
produced many books of the same character,
including : (The Nocturnal Visit' (1800); (The
Tradition of the Castle) (1824); (The Castle
Chapel (1825);( The Nun's Picture (1834); and
many others.
Rochefort, Victor Henri (rösh-for'). A
French journalist and republican agitator; born
at Paris, Jan. 30, 1830. He was removed from
the editorship of Figaro because of his satires
on the imperial government; and the papers
which he himself founded -- La Lanterne, La
Marseillaise, and Le Mot d'Ordre – were filled
with the same violent attacks. He has more
than once been exiled from France for long
periods. His last venture, L'Intransigeant, is
noted for the virulence of its criticisms upon
leading politicians of the day.
He has written
and published much,- farces, vaudevilles, comic
romances, and political works. Among them
may be mentioned : (The Depraved Ones)
(1875); Return from Nova Scotia! (1877);
(Mlle. Bismarck' (1880); (Bitter Farces) (1886);
(The [political] Lanterns of the Empire' (1884);
and (Fantasia) (1888).
Rochefoucauld, François, Duc de la (rösh-
fö-ko'), Prince de Marcillac. A great French
classic; born at Paris, Sept. 15, 1013; died
there, March 17, 1680. His celebrity is due
to his small volume of Reflections, or Moral
Sentences and Maxims, commonly known as
the (Maxims) (first ed. 1665; final edition of
## p. 463 (#479) ############################################
ROCHESTER - ROE
463
(
the author 1678, comprising 504 maxims). The
dominant note of the Maxims' is egoism :
virtue and vice are in themselves indifferent.
This philosophy of life is set forth with con-
summate wit, and in a style of faultless ele-
gance. His (Memoirs) (1662) possess literary
merit in a degree hardly inferior to the (Max-
ims); and in historical interest they are equal
to the most celebrated memoirs of the time. *
Rochester, John Wilmot, Earl of. An
English satirist and verse-writer; born at Ditch-
ley, Oxfordshire, April 10, 1648; died July 26,
1680. He became a favorite at the court of
Charles II. , and wrote songs and satires in
accordance with prevailing taste. His Poems
and Familiar Letters) were posthumously pub-
lished.
Rochon de Chabannes, Marc Antoine
Jacques (rô-shồn” dè sha-ban). A French
dramatist; born in Paris, Jan. 25, 1730; died
there, May 15, 1800. He wrote a great number
of successful comedies, published under the title
of “Theatre (1786); besides (Slothful Nobil-
ity) (1756), and Philosophic and Moral Dis-
course) (1768).
Rod, Édouard (rod). A French-Swiss novel-
ist and critic; born at Nyon in 1857. He has
published many works of criticism and erudi.
tion, among them being :'À propos de L'As-
sommoir)) (1879); (The Germans at Paris)
(1880); and (Wagner and the German Æs-
thetic) (1886). But he is better known as a
novelist, and has published: (The Fall of Miss
Topsy) (1882); (The Deathward Career) (1885);
(The Meaning of Life) (1889); (Stendhal)
(1891); and “The Sacrificed One) (1892).
Rodbertus, Johann Karl (rod-bãrt'ös)
(known as Rodbertus-Jagetzow). A German
political economist; born at Greifswald, Pomer-
ania, Aug. 12, 1805; died Dec. 6, 1875. He is
regarded by many as the founder of scien-
tific socialism. He maintains that all com-
modities can only be considered economically
as the product of labor, and cost nothing but
labor. ) His most important works are: (A
Contribution to the Knowledge of Municipal
Conditions) (1842); (Social Letters to Von
Kirchmann (1850-51), published later under
the title of "Capital (1888); Exposition and
Defense of the Existing Credit Note Based
upon Real Estate) (1868–69); (The Normal
Working-Day) (1871); Letters and Politico-
Social Theorems of Dr. Rodbertus-Jagetzow)
(1884).
Rodd, James Rennell. An English diplomat
and verse-writer; born in London, November
1858. He has published : Poems in Many
Lands) (1883); (Feda and Other Poems' (1886);
(The Unknown Madonna and Other Poems)
(1888); Frederick, Crown Prince and Emperor'
(1888), a biographical sketch; and others.
Rodenbach, George (rö'den-bäch). A Bel-
gian poet and journalist; born at Tournay, July
16, 1855. He is noted for the delicacy of his
poetic sentiment and the grace of his lines.
His great piece is (Belgium (1880), a histor-
ical poem; and he has also written : (The
Fireside and the Fields) (1877); "Sorrows)
(1879); (The Beautiful Sea) (1881); (The Win-
ter of Fashion (1884); (White Youth' (1886);
(Silence) (1888); (Art in Exile) (1889); “The
Reign of Silence) (1891); and one romance,
(Bruges la Morte) (1892).
Rodenberg, Julius (rö'den-berg). A Ger-
man poet and descriptive writer; born at Ro-
denberg, Hesse-Nassau, June 26, 1831. He sub-
stituted for his own name, Levy, that of his
birthplace. He has published accounts of his
extensive travels in France, England, Italy, and
Belgium, and has written poems of diverse
kinds, - epic, heroic-comic, lyrical, dramatic,
and opera librettos. His works include : Jour-
nalistic Life in London (1859); Paris by Day-
light and Gaslight' (1867); (An Educational
Tour in England) (1873); Pictures of Berlin
Life) (1885-88); and the romances (The Singer
of London's Streets) (1863); (The New Del-
uge) (1865), translated into many languages;
and By the Grace of God” (1870).
Rodger, Alexander. A Scotch minor poet;
born at Mid-Calder, Midlothian, July 16, 1784;
died at Glasgow, Sept. 26, 1846. He began as
a humble hand-loom weaver, and wrote some
of his best lyrics while inspector of cloths in
Glasgow. His style is somewhat rough, but
easy and vigorous. Ilis books include: (Scotch
Poetry, Songs, Odes, Authors, and Epigrams)
(1821); Poems and Songs, Humorous and Sa-
tirical (1838); (Stray Leaves from the Port-
folios of Alisander the Seer, Andrew Whaup,
and Humphrey Henkecke) (1842); and others.
His best-known poems are: (Robin Tamson's
Smiddy) and (Behave Yoursell before Folk. )
Roe, Azel Stevens. An American novelist;
born in New York city, Aug. 16, 1798; died at
East Windsor Hill, Conn. , Jan. I, 1886. He
left the wine business for the production of
literature, attaining considerable success. He
wrote: James Mountjoy) (1850); (To Love
and be Loved) (1852); (Time and Tide; or,
Strive and Win' (1852); (A Long Look Ahead)
(1855); (The Star and the Cloud? (1856); ( True
to the Last) (1859); "How Could He Help It ? )
(1860); Looking Around (1865); “Woman Our
Angel' (1866); ( The Cloud in the Heart' (1869);
(Resolution (1871); and (True Love Rewarded
(1877).
Roe, Edward Payson. An American novel-
ist; born in Orange County, N. Y. , March 7,
1838; died at Cornwall, N. Y. , July 19, 1888.
He has written a great number of very pop-
ular novels, which have been republished in
England and other countries. His first novel,
(Barriers Burned Away) (1872), met with im-
mediate success, and was followed by (What
Can She Do? ) (1873); (The Opening of a
Chestnut Burr) (1874); (From Jest to Earnest)
(1875); Near to Nature's Heart) (1876); (A
Knight of the Nineteenth Century) (1877);
(A Face Illumined) (1878); (A Day of Fate)
## p. 464 (#480) ############################################
464
ROGER OF HOVEDON - ROLFE
(1880); (Without a Home) (1880); (His Lon-
don Rivals) (1883); (A Young Girl's Wooing)
(1884); Nature's Serial Story) (1884); "An Ori.
ginal Belle) (1885); Driven Back to Eden)
(1885); He Fell in Love with his Wife) (1886);
(The Earth Trembled (1887); (A Hornet's
Nest! (1887); "Found, Yet Lost' (1888); Miss
Lou' (1888); and (Taken Alive, and Other
Stories.
Roger of Hovedon. An English chronicler,
known to have been alive in 1174; probably a
native of Howden; died in 1201 (? ). His chron-
icle extends from 732 to 1201 ; and although
careless in chronology, is of the highest value
as giving much attention to legal and consti.
tutional details.
Rogers, Henry. An English essayist and
reviewer; born at St. Albans, Oct. 18, 1806;
died in North Wales, Aug. 20, 1877. Although
he was neither philosopher nor theologian, his
writings hovered between philosophy and the-
ology, and were widely read. They include:
"Life and Character of John Howe) (1830);
(General Introduction to a Course of Lectures
on English Grammar and Composition (1838);
(The Eclipse of Faith (1853), a piece of clever
dialectics which had great vogue with the reli-
gious public of his day; (Reason and Faith
(1866); (The Superhuman Origin of the Bible!
(1873); and two series of Essays) (1850-55).
Rogers, James Edwin Thorold. An Eng-
lish economist ; born in Hampshire in 1823;
died at Oxford, Oct. 13, 1890. He was profes-
sor of political economy at Oxford, and will
be remembered as a historian of economics.
His principal work is (The History of Agri-
culture and Prices in England (1866-88), of
which (Six Centuries of Work and Wages)
(1885) is an abridgment. Among his other
writings are: (Cobden and Modern Political
Opinion (1873); (The First Nine Years of the
Bank of England) (1887); (The Economic In-
terpretation of History) (1888); and (The In-
dustrial and Commercial History of England
(1892).
Rogers, Robert. An American soldier and
author; born at Dunbarton, N. H. , 1727; died
in England in 1800. He commanded during
the French and Indian War (1755-63) the cel-
ebrated corps known as “Rogers's Rangers. ”
Later he published in England : (A Concise
Account of North America! (1765); Journal
of Major Robert Rogers) (1765); and Pon.
teach (Pontiac); or, The Savages of Amer-
ica,' a tragedy in blank verse, copies of which
are now very rare. He also left in MS. (A
Diary of the Siege of Detroit in the War with
Pontiac,' first published in 1860.
Rogers, Samuel. An English poet; born
at Newington Green, London, July 30, 1763;
died in London, Dec. 18, 1855. His wealth,
liberality, and social qualities, gave his pro-
ductions a great vogue. His best poem is the
(Pleasures of Memory) (1792), which passed
through fifteen editions. He wrote also : (The
Voyage of Columbus) (1812); Jacqueline)
( 1813); Human Life) ( 1819 ); and (Italy)
( 1822 ),- all highly prized for their exquisite
illustrations. He was the intimate friend of
nearly all the literary men of his time in Great
Britain. *
Rohan, Henri de (ro-oi). A French Gen-
eral and military writer; born in Brittany,
Aug. 25 (or 21), 1579; died April 13, 1038.
lle is less remarkable for military achieve.
ments than for his four books of memoirs :
the first three published under the title (Me-
moirs on Events in France from the Death of
Henry the Great to June 1629' (1644), cover-
ing the civil wars; and the fourth as Memoirs
and Letters on the War of the Valtelline
(1758), whither Richelieu had sent him to keep
off the Imperialists and the Spanish. They
rank among the finest of the memoirs written
by the aristocracy of the 16th and 17th cen-
turies. He also wrote (The Perfect Captain'
(1636), a political tract; and others.
Rohlfs, Anna Katherine (Green). See
Green.
Roig, Jaume (rā'ēg). A Spanish (Valencian)
poet of the 15th century. Although physician
to Queen Maria (wife of Alphonso V. ), he
wrote a work full of invectives against the fair
sex, intermingled with many moral precepts,
under the title of Book of very Salutary and
Profitable Counsels, as much for the Regulation
and Order of a Good Life, as for Augmenting
the Devotion to the Purity and Conception of
the Virgin Mary) (1531). Copies of this work
are now very rare. He occupies one of the first
places among the Spanish poets who followed
and emulated the troubadours.
Rojas y Zorilla, Francisco (rõ'has ē thô.
rel'yä). A Spanish dramatist; born in Toledo,
Oct. 4, 1607; died probably after 1680. Twenty.
four of his plays are now extant, which were
published in two parts (1640 and 1645). The
finest is None Below the King,' considered
one of the classics among Spanish plays. Other
notable ones are : ( There is No Friend for a
Friend); (What Women Are); Persiles and
Sigismunda,' taken from Cervantes's romance;
(The Simpleton's Sport'; and (The Insult
Avenged.
Roland, Madame - Manon Jeanne Phlipon.
A French author and republican politician;
born in Paris, March 17, 1754 ; executed Nov.
8, 1793. She imbibed republican ideas from
Rousseau and her classical readings, and her
salon was the meeting place of the Girondist
party. She is well known for her Memoirs,'
written in prison, and edited by Dauban (1864);
as were her (Letters) (1869).
Rolfe, William James. An American edi
tor; born in Newburyport, Mass. , Dec. 10, 1827.
He is a distinguished Shakespearean scholar,
and has published many editions of Shakes-
peare, annotated; among them (The Friendly
Edition, in 20 vols. (1870-83), and a (School
Edition,' in 40 vols. He has also published:
## p. 465 (#481) ############################################
ROLLAND-RONDELET
465
"Shakespeare, the Boy); annotated editions
of selections from Tennyson, Scott, Browning,
Wordsworth, Gray, Goldsmith, and other Eng.
lish poets; several classical text-books; and
(Tales from English History?
Rolland, Amédée (rol-län'). A French littéra.
teur; born at Paris, February 1819; died July
26, 1868. Besides contributions to many jour.
nals, he published two books of verse, (At the
Bottom of the Glass) (1854) and (The Poem
of Death) (1866); and several plays, including
(The Merchant in Spite of Himself) (1858);
(An Upstart) (1859); "Our Ancestors) (1859).
Rollenhagen, Georg (rõl'en-hä''gen). A Ger.
man poet; born at Bernau, April 22, 1542; died
at Magdeburg, May 20, 1609. His great work
is the remarkable heroic-comic and didactic
poem entitled Froschmeuseler, the Grand
Court of the Frogs and Mice) (1595); where,
under the guise of frogs, rats, mice, cats, and
foxes, the author describes the people of his
day,- their customs, domestic life, temporal
and spiritual government, and lastly their
military state. He also wrote (The Limping
Courier,' and other works.
Rollett, Hermann (rol'let). An Austrian
poet; born near Vienna, Aug. 20, 1819. He
has published two collections of (Wreaths of
Song' (1842); “Wanderings of a Vienna Poet)
(1846); (A Sister) (1847); "War Songs) (1848);
"Oratorical Poems) (1871); Narrative Poems)
(1872); and others. An American edition of
his writings has appeared as Poems from the
German of Hermann Rollett) (1887).
Rollin, Ambrose Lucien (ro-lan'). A West-
Indian historian; born at Trois Rivières, Guade-
loupe, in 1692; died at Pointe à Pitre, in 1749.
He devoted his leisure to researches upon the
Caribs and other Indian tribes, and published
several works which are still considered authori.
ties upon the subjects he covered. They in-
clude: History of the Indians) (1739); “The
Indians and the Spanish Conquest' (1840);
History and Description of the Caribs, their
Condition after the Conquest (1843); (Civiliza-
tion of the Indians Compared to their Social
Condition) (1845); and (The Incas of Peru and
the Spanish Conquest) (1748).
Rollin, Charles. A French historian and
humanist; born in Paris, Jan. 30, 1661; died
there, Sept. 14, 1741. His best-known work is
the Ancient History) (1730-38), often reprinted
in France, England, and America, and not
useless even yet as an entertaining popular
work to create an interest in history. He wrote
in an uncritical age, but he was a good story-
teller and a keen judge of a good story. His
other works include "Roman History (1738-48),
and a “Treatise on Study) (1726-31).
Rollinat, André (ro-le-nä'). A French his-
torian; born at Bordeaux in 1741; died at Nantes
in 1793. He devoted himself to researches on
the early navigators who have been credited
with the discovery of America, and published
"Researches on the Forerunners of Christopher
Columbus in America' (1785); (The Norwegian
Sagas and the Scandinavian Navigators' (1788);
(Table of the Tithes Paid to the Treasury of
St. Peter during the Thirteenth and Fourteenth
Centuries by Vinland) (1790); History of the
Norse Navigators) (1791); and ( Researches on
the Discovery of Brazil by a Dieppe Naviga-
tor of the Fifteenth Century) (1791).
Rollinat, Maurice. A French poet; born
at Châteauroux (Indre), in 1853. In his first
book of poems, In the Heaths) (1877), he re-
produced in verse the most remarkable pass.
ages of George Sand's "La Petite Fadette) and
(La Mare au Diable. ) His other works in-
clude : "Les Névroses ) (1883), and “The Abyss)
(1886), besides his musical productions of (Ten
Melodies (1877) and (Rondels and Rondeaux)
(1883). All of his poems have been received
most favorably.
Rollins, Alice Marland (Wellington). An
American verse-writer; born in Boston, June
12, 1847; died Dec. 5, 1897. She has written :
(My Welcome Beyond, and Other Poems)
(1885); (All Sorts of Children (1886); (The
Three Tetons) (1887); Uncle Tom's Tene-
ment) (1888); and (From Palm to Glacier. '
Romey, Louis Charles Réparat Geneviève
Octave (ro-mā'). A French historian and mis-
cellaneous writer; born at Paris, Dec. 26, 1804;
died there, April 1874. After extensive travels,
and a long sojourn in Spain, where he studied
its history and literature, he returned to France
and began to work upon his * History of Spain
from its Early Days to the Present Time)
(1838–51); a history of great merit, but one
which he never completed. His other writings
include: (Châteaubriand as Prophet) (1849);
(Ancient and Modern Russia' (1855); (A Voy-
age among my Books) (1861); Men and
Things of Various Times) (1864); many trans-
lations, notably that of Uncle Tom's Cabin)
(1853); and many valuable contributions to
periodicals.
Romieu, Auguste (röm-ye'). A French ad-
ministrator and littérateur; born at Paris, Oct.
17, 1800; died Nov. 20, 1855. He spent his
youth in dissipation, and in the production of
vaudevilles and brilliant witticisms; but after
the Coup d'État, published two works of merit
which attracted attention, (The Era of the
Cæsars) (1850) and (The Red Spectre (1851).
Rondelet, Antonin François (rôn-dlā'). A
French professor and economist; born at Lyons,
Feb.
ures along literary lines are almost too numer-
to mention. He was the founder and
editor of the Dial, and contributed to many
journals; was one of the projectors of Brook
Farm, and a transcendentalist, - writing articles
which covered the whole ground of philosoph-
ical speculation. He was long the literary
critic of the New York Tribune, and one of
the most noted reviewers of his time. He left
no extended work, and will be remembered
rather as a promoter of learning. In 1838 ap-
peared his first two volumes of Foreign Stand-
ard Literature,' a series of fourteen in all, which
exerted great influence upon the educated mind
of New England. They were entitled Philo.
sophical Miscellanies. '
Ous
a
## p. 460 (#476) ############################################
460
RISHANGER - ROBERTHIN
wars.
Rishanger, William. An English monk of
St. Alban's, and chronicler ; born about 1250 ;
died about 1312.
He rekindled the desire
among monks for composing chronicles,-a
desire which had almost died out in his day.
His most important writing is the Narratio de
Bellis apud Lewes et Evesham (Account of
the Fights at Lewes and Evesham), with an
autobiographical sketch forming part of the
manuscript. It extends from 1258 to 1267, and
gives with vigor, picturesque detail, and polit-
ical insight, an excellent account of the barons'
Several other works are accredited to
him; but their authenticity is doubtful, with
the exception of the short chronicle (Quædem
Recapitulatio Brevis de Gestis Domini Edwardi
(Short Account of the Acts and Sayings of
King Edward).
Ritchie, Mrs. Anna Cora (Mowatt). An
American novelist and dramatist; born (Og-
den) in Bordeaux, France, in 1822; died in
1870. She came in early life to New York.
A once popular actress, she retired from the
stage in 1854, and devoted herself to the pro-
duction of romances and dramas, with no little
success. Some of her books have been pub-
lished under the pseudonyms of ( Isabel
and «Helen Berkley. ” They include: “The
Fortune-Hunter) (1842); «The Mute Singer);
(Fashion, a comedy (1847), which was very
popular; Evelyn' (1845); The Autobiography
of an Actress) (1854), the best-known and
most popular of her productions; (Mimic Life)
(1855); Fairy Fingers) (1865); (The Clergy-
man's Wife) (1867); and others.
Ritchie, Anne Isabelle (Thackeray. ) An
English miscellaneous writer, daughter of Will-
iam Makepeace Thackeray; born in London
in 1838. Among her writings are : (Old Ken-
sington (1873); “Toilers and Spinsters) (1873);
Bluebeard's Keys) (1874); Miss Angel?
(1875); (Mme. de Sévigné) (1881); “Records of
Tennyson, Ruskin, and Browning' (1892); Lord
Tennyson and his Friends) (1893); and with
R. Evans, Lord Amherst and the British Ad-
vance Eastward to Burma) (1894). *
Ritson, Joseph. An English antiquary and
scholar; born at Stockton-on-Tees, Oct. 2, 1752 ;
died at Hoxton, Sept. 3, 1803. He devoted
many years to antiquarian researches, and ed-
ited a vast number of reprints of old and rare
books. His own works include: (Observa-
tions on Warton's History of English Poetry)
(1782); (Ancient Songs from the Time of King
Henry III. to the Revolution) (1790); (A Col-
lection of Scottish Songs) (1794); "Robin Hood
Ballads) (1795); (Bibliographia Poetica' (1802);
(Ancient English Metrical Romances) (1802);
and many others.
Ritter, Frédéric Louis. An American musi-
cian; born in Strasburg, Alsace, 1834; died in
1891. He came to the United States in 1856,
and soon made a reputation both here and
abroad as a writer on musical topics. Besides
many articles in English, French, and German
periodicals, he published: (A History of Music
in the Form of Lectures) (1870–74); Music in
England (1883); (Music in America' (1883);
Manual of Musical History' (1886); and Mu-
sical Dictation' (1888).
Ritter, Heinrich (rit'ter). A German phi.
losopher; born at Zerbst in 1791; died in 1869.
He owes his literary fame to his profound
works on the history of philosophy. The most
important of them are : "On the Education of
the Philosopher through the History of Philos-
ophy) (1817); (Introductory Lectures to Logic
(1823); "History of Philosophy) (1829-53); “On
the Relation between Philosophy and Scientific
Life in General (1835); and (Encyclopædia
of Philosophic Science) (1862-63).
Rivarol, Antoine (re-vä-ről'). A French
satirist and publicist; born at Bagnols, Langue-
doc, near 1754 ; died at Berlin, April 13, 1801.
He was one of the most brilliant wits of the
eighteenth century. His first work of import-
ance, the discourse (On the Universality of
the French Language,' took the prize at the
Academy of Berlin in 1784. His "Little Alma.
nac of our Great Men) (1788), a volume of
satires against authors of his day, and a free
translation of Dante's Inferno,' were both par-
ticularly successful. He also wrote a Diction-
ary of the French Language, and Letters to
the Duke of Brunswick. His Works) ap-
peared in 1808.
Rives, Amélie. See Troubetzkoi.
Rivet, Gustave (ré-vā'). A French littéra.
teur; born at Domène (Isère), Jan. 25, 1848.
He has written a number of dramas, some of
which have appeared on the French stage.
His writings include : Lost Voices) (1874),
poems; Victor Hugo at Home) (1878); (The
Punishment) (1879), a drama; Marie Tou-
chet) (1881), a drama; and “The Quest of
Paternity) (1890).
Rivière, Henri-Laurent (riv-yår'). A
French marine officer and littérateur; born in
Paris, July 12, 1827; killed in Anam, May 20,
1883. He acquired a speedy popularity by two
simple tales, ' Pierrot) (1860), and "Cain) (1870).
Ile afterward produced many stories, com-
edies, and works of a more serious character,
among them being : (The French Navy under
Louis XV. (1859); ( The Possessed One) (1863);
(The Journal of a Marine (1806); (The Up-
start) (1869); (Adventures of Three Friars!
(1875); (M. Margerie) (1875); and (The New
Caledonia) (1880)
Robert of Gloucester. An English chron-
icler, living at the time of the battle of Eves-
ham (1265). He is remarkable for a metrical
chronicle of England, from the time of the
fabulous Brutus to his own, based chiefly upon
Geoffrey of Monmouth's book. It extends to
ten thousand lines, and is one of the earliest
epics of the English language. It was printed
by Thomas Hearne in 1724.
Roberthin, Robert (rob-arºten). A German
poet; born at Königsberg in 1600; died there,
>
## p. 461 (#477) ############################################
ROBERTS-ROBINSON
461
(
April 7, 1648. He published his graceful songs,
copies of which have become very rare, under
the anagram of “Berintho. ) His principal work
was (Songs and Airs, Religious and Secular)
(1638-50). His poems have also been incor-
porated in volumes on German poets, etc.
Roberts, Anna S. An American poet; born
in Philadelphia in 1827; died in 1858. She
published a book of poems entitled (Forest
Flowers of the West) (1851), the most notable
of which are: (The Old Mansion, (Two Por-
traits, (The Unsealed Fountain,' and (A Vis-
ion.
Roberts, Charles George Douglas. A Ca-
nadian poet; born in Douglas, N. B. , Jan. 10,
1860. He is an earnest advocate of Canadian
nationalism, and such of his poetical compo-
sitions as relate to this and other distinctly
Canadian subjects are particularly excellent.
He has published: (Orion, and Other Poems)
(1880), and (In Divers Tones) (1887); and has
edited (Poems of Wild Life) in the series of
Canterbury Poets) (1888). In 1897 appeared
his (History of Canada. *
Roberts, Emma. An English descriptive and
verse writer ; born in 1794; died in Poonah,
India, Sept. 16, 1846. She lived in India much
of her life, devoting herself closely to literature
and journalism. Among her many books may
be named : (Memoirs of the Rival Houses of
York and Lancaster) (1827); (Oriental Scenes,
Sketches, and Tales) (1832), a volume of po-
etry; "Scenes and Characteristics of Hindostan)
(1835); (The East India Voyager) (1839); and
(Hindostan, its Landscapes, Palaces, etc. (1845-
47).
Roberts, Margaret. A Welsh novelist and
miscellaneous writer; born at Honyngs, North
Wales, in 1833. She has lived much in Italy,
France, and Germany, and wrote her first book
in Italian, with the exception of the last chap-
ter. Most of her books have been published
anonymously. They include: Mademoiselle
Mori? (1860); (Denise) (1863); Madame Fon-
tenoy' (1864); (On the Edge of the Storm)
(1868); Margaret Woodward (1877); “Gram-
mar of the French Language) (1882); (In the
Olden Time) (1883); “Hester's Venture ) (1886);
(Under a Cloud' (1888); and many others.
Roberts, Samuel. An English author and
pamphleteer; born at Sheffield, April 18, 1763 ;
died there, July 24, 1848. He was known as
the Pauper's Advocate, and is the author of
an immense number of books, pamphlets, and
broadsheets, dealing with all that he considered
unjust or tyrannical. His principal works are :
(Tales of the Poor) (1813); (The Blind Man
and his Son (1816); (Defence of the Poor
Laws) (1819); Life of Queen Mary) (1822);
(The Gipsies: Their Origin, Continuance, and
Destination (1836); and (Milton Unmasked)
(1844). His (Autobiography and Select Re-
mains) were published in 1849.
Robertson, Frederick William. An English
clergyman; born in London, Feb. 3, 1816; died
at Brighton, Aug. 15, 1853. His fame rests upon
the series of sermons which he delivered at
Trinity Chapel, Brighton. His writings and
biography have been reprinted in the United
States, and widely read, and have exerted great
influence in liberalizing religious thought. His
works were collected and published after his
death under the titles (Sermons Preached at
Trinity Chapel, Brighton (1855-64); "Lectures
and Addresses on Literary and Social Topics)
(1858); 'Expository Lectures on St. Paul's Epis-
tles to the Corinthians) (1859); and Notes on
Genesis) (1877). *
Robertson, James Burton. An English his.
torian; born in London, Nov. 15, 1800; died in
Dublin, Feb. 14, 1877. He studied literature,
philosophy, and the elements of dogmatic the-
ology, in France; and after various preliminary
essays, published a translation of Frederick
Schlegel's Philosophy of History) (1835), which
passed through many editions. His second trans-
lation, (Symbolism, or Exposition of Doctrinal
Differences between Catholics and Protestants)
(1843), was also widely read in both England
and America, and created a profound impres-
sion. His original writings include: Public
Lectures on Some Subjects of Ancient and
Modern History) (1859); Lectures on Some
Subjects of Modern History and Biography
(1864); and many others.
Robertson, Thomas William. An English
actor and dramatist; born at Newark-on-Trent,
Jan. 9, 1829; died in London, Feb. 3, 1871. His
first play was (A Night's Adventure (1851);
and after its production he settled in London,
and devoted himself to play-writing. Several
of his dramas were very successful : the best
known are (David Garrick) (1864) and (Caste)
(1868). Other successful ones are: (Society)
(1865); (Ours) (1866); (School (1869);' Dreams)
(1869); and M. P. (1870).
Robertson, William. A Scotch historian;
born at Borthwick, Midlothian, Sept. 19, 1721;
died at Grange House, near Edinburgh, June
II, 1793. Although ranked with Gibbon and
Hume while he lived, and enjoying great pop-
ularity, his writings are now but little read. He
is the author of many books, chief among which
are : (History of Scotland during the Reigns
of Mary and James VI. (1758–59); History of
the Reign of the Emperor Charles V. (1769);
History of America) (1777); and Historical
Disquisition concerning the Knowledge which
the Ancients had of India (1791).
Robinson, Agnes Mary Frances. See
Darmesteter.
Robinson, Charles Seymour. An American
clergyman and hymnologist; born at Benning-
ton, Vt. , March 31, 1829. He is famed as a
collector of hymns and tunes used in the Pres.
byterian Church. His publications include:
Songs of the Church) (1862); «Songs for the
Sanctuary) (1865); (Church Work) ( 1873 );
(Studies in the New Testament (1880); Lau-
des Domini? (1884); "The Pharaohs of the
## p. 462 (#478) ############################################
462
ROBINSON – ROCHEFOUCAULD
(
Bondage and the Exodus) (1887); 'Simon Peter,
his Life and Times) (1888); (From Samuel to
Solomon (1889); New Laudes Domini? (1892);
(Annotations upon Popular Hymns) (1893);
(Simon Peter: Later Life and Labors' (1894);
and others.
Robinson, Frederick William. An English
novelist; born in Spitalfields, London, in 1830.
He is a most prolific and skillful writer, and
has published, among many others : No Church)
(1862); (Beyond the Church) (1866); “True to
Herself) (1870); (Her Face was her Fortune)
(1873); (As Long as She Lived' (1876); “The
Hands of Justice (1881); (The Man She Cared
For) (1884); Dark Street) (1887); and (The
Youngest Miss Green (1888).
Robinson, Henry Crabb. An English lawyer
and diarist; born at Bury St. Edmunds, March
13, 1775; died in London, Feb. 5, 1867. He
acquired a thorough knowledge of modern Ger-
man literature, and enjoyed the intimate friend-
ship of Goethe, Schiller, the Schlegels, and
other prominent Germans. He published but
little, but left a copious diary and correspond-
ence (102 volumes in all), selections from which
were published under the title of Diary, Rem-
iniscences, and Correspondence of H. Crabb
Robinson (1869), very valuable for its descrip-
tion of the men and events of his time in
England.
Robinson, Jane. The following volumes,
signed by the author of Whitefriars, are
ascribed to the above writer in Olphar Hamst's
[Ralph Thomas's) Handbook for Fictitious
Names: (Whitehall; or, The Days of Charles I. '
(1845); (The Maid of Orleans) (1849); (The
Gold Worshipers) (1851); “The City Banker)
(1855); Maulever's Divorce) (1858); "Which
Wins ? ) (1863); Dorothy Firebrace) (1865);
and others.
Robinson, Mary. An English actress and
author; born at Bristol, Nov. 27, 1758; died at
Surrey, Dec. 26, 1800. Her first collection of
poems was published in 1775, under the patron-
age of the Duchess of Devonshire. After this
she published several books, among them being :
(Celadon and Lydia) (1777), a tale ; (Captivity)
(1777), a poem; Angelina) (1796); (Lyrical
Tales) (1800); and (Effusions of Love,' purport-
ing to be her correspondence with the Prince
of Wales, afterwards George IV. , of whom she
was the recognized mistress.
Robinson, Philip Stewart. An English de-
scriptive writer; born at Chunar, India, in 1849.
His published works include: (In my Indian
Garden) (1878); Under the Punkah) (1881);
Noah's Ark; or, Mornings in the Zoo) (1882);
(Sinners and Saints: A Tour across the States
and Round Them) (1883); (The Valley of
Teetotum Trees) (1886); and others.
Robinson, Therese Albertine Luise (von
Jakob). (Pseudonym “Talvj,) — her initials. ]
A German historical and miscellaneous writer;
born at Halle, Jan. 26, 179 ; died at Hamburg,
April 13, 1869. Her most important work is
A Historical View of the Languages and Liter-
ature of the Slavic Nations) (1850). Among her
other writings are: Psyche: Original Tales!
(1824); (Servian Songs) (1825-26); and "Char.
acteristics of the Popular Songs of the German
Nations) (1840).
Roche, Antonin (rösh). A French littéra.
teur ; born at Solignac-sur-Loire, Nov. 10, 1813.
He has founded in London, classes in liter-
ature, history, geography, and astronomy, for
young people, which have proved very success-
ful; and has published both in London and
Paris, in connection with this work, several
educational books, among them being : (His-
tory of France) (1866); (The English Writers
of the Nineteenth Century) (1868); History
of England (1875); and History of Principal
French Writers) (1878).
Roche, James Jeffrey. An American au
thor; born in Queen's County, Ireland, May
31, 1847. He went to Boston in 1806 and has
lived there since; is an editor of the Pilot,
and has published: (Songs and Satires' (1886);
(Ballads of Blue Water); Life of John Boyle
O'Reilly); "His Majesty the King.
Roche, Regina Maria. An Irish novelist :
born about 1764 in the south of Ireland; died
at Waterford, May 17, 1845. She sprang into
fame on the appearance of the novel (The
Children of the Abbey) (1798), a story abound-
ing in sentimentality, abductions, secret re-
treats, etc. , - a cross between the Mysteries of
Udolpho) and domestic novels like Clarissa
Harlowe. ' From that time until her death she
produced many books of the same character,
including : (The Nocturnal Visit' (1800); (The
Tradition of the Castle) (1824); (The Castle
Chapel (1825);( The Nun's Picture (1834); and
many others.
Rochefort, Victor Henri (rösh-for'). A
French journalist and republican agitator; born
at Paris, Jan. 30, 1830. He was removed from
the editorship of Figaro because of his satires
on the imperial government; and the papers
which he himself founded -- La Lanterne, La
Marseillaise, and Le Mot d'Ordre – were filled
with the same violent attacks. He has more
than once been exiled from France for long
periods. His last venture, L'Intransigeant, is
noted for the virulence of its criticisms upon
leading politicians of the day.
He has written
and published much,- farces, vaudevilles, comic
romances, and political works. Among them
may be mentioned : (The Depraved Ones)
(1875); Return from Nova Scotia! (1877);
(Mlle. Bismarck' (1880); (Bitter Farces) (1886);
(The [political] Lanterns of the Empire' (1884);
and (Fantasia) (1888).
Rochefoucauld, François, Duc de la (rösh-
fö-ko'), Prince de Marcillac. A great French
classic; born at Paris, Sept. 15, 1013; died
there, March 17, 1680. His celebrity is due
to his small volume of Reflections, or Moral
Sentences and Maxims, commonly known as
the (Maxims) (first ed. 1665; final edition of
## p. 463 (#479) ############################################
ROCHESTER - ROE
463
(
the author 1678, comprising 504 maxims). The
dominant note of the Maxims' is egoism :
virtue and vice are in themselves indifferent.
This philosophy of life is set forth with con-
summate wit, and in a style of faultless ele-
gance. His (Memoirs) (1662) possess literary
merit in a degree hardly inferior to the (Max-
ims); and in historical interest they are equal
to the most celebrated memoirs of the time. *
Rochester, John Wilmot, Earl of. An
English satirist and verse-writer; born at Ditch-
ley, Oxfordshire, April 10, 1648; died July 26,
1680. He became a favorite at the court of
Charles II. , and wrote songs and satires in
accordance with prevailing taste. His Poems
and Familiar Letters) were posthumously pub-
lished.
Rochon de Chabannes, Marc Antoine
Jacques (rô-shồn” dè sha-ban). A French
dramatist; born in Paris, Jan. 25, 1730; died
there, May 15, 1800. He wrote a great number
of successful comedies, published under the title
of “Theatre (1786); besides (Slothful Nobil-
ity) (1756), and Philosophic and Moral Dis-
course) (1768).
Rod, Édouard (rod). A French-Swiss novel-
ist and critic; born at Nyon in 1857. He has
published many works of criticism and erudi.
tion, among them being :'À propos de L'As-
sommoir)) (1879); (The Germans at Paris)
(1880); and (Wagner and the German Æs-
thetic) (1886). But he is better known as a
novelist, and has published: (The Fall of Miss
Topsy) (1882); (The Deathward Career) (1885);
(The Meaning of Life) (1889); (Stendhal)
(1891); and “The Sacrificed One) (1892).
Rodbertus, Johann Karl (rod-bãrt'ös)
(known as Rodbertus-Jagetzow). A German
political economist; born at Greifswald, Pomer-
ania, Aug. 12, 1805; died Dec. 6, 1875. He is
regarded by many as the founder of scien-
tific socialism. He maintains that all com-
modities can only be considered economically
as the product of labor, and cost nothing but
labor. ) His most important works are: (A
Contribution to the Knowledge of Municipal
Conditions) (1842); (Social Letters to Von
Kirchmann (1850-51), published later under
the title of "Capital (1888); Exposition and
Defense of the Existing Credit Note Based
upon Real Estate) (1868–69); (The Normal
Working-Day) (1871); Letters and Politico-
Social Theorems of Dr. Rodbertus-Jagetzow)
(1884).
Rodd, James Rennell. An English diplomat
and verse-writer; born in London, November
1858. He has published : Poems in Many
Lands) (1883); (Feda and Other Poems' (1886);
(The Unknown Madonna and Other Poems)
(1888); Frederick, Crown Prince and Emperor'
(1888), a biographical sketch; and others.
Rodenbach, George (rö'den-bäch). A Bel-
gian poet and journalist; born at Tournay, July
16, 1855. He is noted for the delicacy of his
poetic sentiment and the grace of his lines.
His great piece is (Belgium (1880), a histor-
ical poem; and he has also written : (The
Fireside and the Fields) (1877); "Sorrows)
(1879); (The Beautiful Sea) (1881); (The Win-
ter of Fashion (1884); (White Youth' (1886);
(Silence) (1888); (Art in Exile) (1889); “The
Reign of Silence) (1891); and one romance,
(Bruges la Morte) (1892).
Rodenberg, Julius (rö'den-berg). A Ger-
man poet and descriptive writer; born at Ro-
denberg, Hesse-Nassau, June 26, 1831. He sub-
stituted for his own name, Levy, that of his
birthplace. He has published accounts of his
extensive travels in France, England, Italy, and
Belgium, and has written poems of diverse
kinds, - epic, heroic-comic, lyrical, dramatic,
and opera librettos. His works include : Jour-
nalistic Life in London (1859); Paris by Day-
light and Gaslight' (1867); (An Educational
Tour in England) (1873); Pictures of Berlin
Life) (1885-88); and the romances (The Singer
of London's Streets) (1863); (The New Del-
uge) (1865), translated into many languages;
and By the Grace of God” (1870).
Rodger, Alexander. A Scotch minor poet;
born at Mid-Calder, Midlothian, July 16, 1784;
died at Glasgow, Sept. 26, 1846. He began as
a humble hand-loom weaver, and wrote some
of his best lyrics while inspector of cloths in
Glasgow. His style is somewhat rough, but
easy and vigorous. Ilis books include: (Scotch
Poetry, Songs, Odes, Authors, and Epigrams)
(1821); Poems and Songs, Humorous and Sa-
tirical (1838); (Stray Leaves from the Port-
folios of Alisander the Seer, Andrew Whaup,
and Humphrey Henkecke) (1842); and others.
His best-known poems are: (Robin Tamson's
Smiddy) and (Behave Yoursell before Folk. )
Roe, Azel Stevens. An American novelist;
born in New York city, Aug. 16, 1798; died at
East Windsor Hill, Conn. , Jan. I, 1886. He
left the wine business for the production of
literature, attaining considerable success. He
wrote: James Mountjoy) (1850); (To Love
and be Loved) (1852); (Time and Tide; or,
Strive and Win' (1852); (A Long Look Ahead)
(1855); (The Star and the Cloud? (1856); ( True
to the Last) (1859); "How Could He Help It ? )
(1860); Looking Around (1865); “Woman Our
Angel' (1866); ( The Cloud in the Heart' (1869);
(Resolution (1871); and (True Love Rewarded
(1877).
Roe, Edward Payson. An American novel-
ist; born in Orange County, N. Y. , March 7,
1838; died at Cornwall, N. Y. , July 19, 1888.
He has written a great number of very pop-
ular novels, which have been republished in
England and other countries. His first novel,
(Barriers Burned Away) (1872), met with im-
mediate success, and was followed by (What
Can She Do? ) (1873); (The Opening of a
Chestnut Burr) (1874); (From Jest to Earnest)
(1875); Near to Nature's Heart) (1876); (A
Knight of the Nineteenth Century) (1877);
(A Face Illumined) (1878); (A Day of Fate)
## p. 464 (#480) ############################################
464
ROGER OF HOVEDON - ROLFE
(1880); (Without a Home) (1880); (His Lon-
don Rivals) (1883); (A Young Girl's Wooing)
(1884); Nature's Serial Story) (1884); "An Ori.
ginal Belle) (1885); Driven Back to Eden)
(1885); He Fell in Love with his Wife) (1886);
(The Earth Trembled (1887); (A Hornet's
Nest! (1887); "Found, Yet Lost' (1888); Miss
Lou' (1888); and (Taken Alive, and Other
Stories.
Roger of Hovedon. An English chronicler,
known to have been alive in 1174; probably a
native of Howden; died in 1201 (? ). His chron-
icle extends from 732 to 1201 ; and although
careless in chronology, is of the highest value
as giving much attention to legal and consti.
tutional details.
Rogers, Henry. An English essayist and
reviewer; born at St. Albans, Oct. 18, 1806;
died in North Wales, Aug. 20, 1877. Although
he was neither philosopher nor theologian, his
writings hovered between philosophy and the-
ology, and were widely read. They include:
"Life and Character of John Howe) (1830);
(General Introduction to a Course of Lectures
on English Grammar and Composition (1838);
(The Eclipse of Faith (1853), a piece of clever
dialectics which had great vogue with the reli-
gious public of his day; (Reason and Faith
(1866); (The Superhuman Origin of the Bible!
(1873); and two series of Essays) (1850-55).
Rogers, James Edwin Thorold. An Eng-
lish economist ; born in Hampshire in 1823;
died at Oxford, Oct. 13, 1890. He was profes-
sor of political economy at Oxford, and will
be remembered as a historian of economics.
His principal work is (The History of Agri-
culture and Prices in England (1866-88), of
which (Six Centuries of Work and Wages)
(1885) is an abridgment. Among his other
writings are: (Cobden and Modern Political
Opinion (1873); (The First Nine Years of the
Bank of England) (1887); (The Economic In-
terpretation of History) (1888); and (The In-
dustrial and Commercial History of England
(1892).
Rogers, Robert. An American soldier and
author; born at Dunbarton, N. H. , 1727; died
in England in 1800. He commanded during
the French and Indian War (1755-63) the cel-
ebrated corps known as “Rogers's Rangers. ”
Later he published in England : (A Concise
Account of North America! (1765); Journal
of Major Robert Rogers) (1765); and Pon.
teach (Pontiac); or, The Savages of Amer-
ica,' a tragedy in blank verse, copies of which
are now very rare. He also left in MS. (A
Diary of the Siege of Detroit in the War with
Pontiac,' first published in 1860.
Rogers, Samuel. An English poet; born
at Newington Green, London, July 30, 1763;
died in London, Dec. 18, 1855. His wealth,
liberality, and social qualities, gave his pro-
ductions a great vogue. His best poem is the
(Pleasures of Memory) (1792), which passed
through fifteen editions. He wrote also : (The
Voyage of Columbus) (1812); Jacqueline)
( 1813); Human Life) ( 1819 ); and (Italy)
( 1822 ),- all highly prized for their exquisite
illustrations. He was the intimate friend of
nearly all the literary men of his time in Great
Britain. *
Rohan, Henri de (ro-oi). A French Gen-
eral and military writer; born in Brittany,
Aug. 25 (or 21), 1579; died April 13, 1038.
lle is less remarkable for military achieve.
ments than for his four books of memoirs :
the first three published under the title (Me-
moirs on Events in France from the Death of
Henry the Great to June 1629' (1644), cover-
ing the civil wars; and the fourth as Memoirs
and Letters on the War of the Valtelline
(1758), whither Richelieu had sent him to keep
off the Imperialists and the Spanish. They
rank among the finest of the memoirs written
by the aristocracy of the 16th and 17th cen-
turies. He also wrote (The Perfect Captain'
(1636), a political tract; and others.
Rohlfs, Anna Katherine (Green). See
Green.
Roig, Jaume (rā'ēg). A Spanish (Valencian)
poet of the 15th century. Although physician
to Queen Maria (wife of Alphonso V. ), he
wrote a work full of invectives against the fair
sex, intermingled with many moral precepts,
under the title of Book of very Salutary and
Profitable Counsels, as much for the Regulation
and Order of a Good Life, as for Augmenting
the Devotion to the Purity and Conception of
the Virgin Mary) (1531). Copies of this work
are now very rare. He occupies one of the first
places among the Spanish poets who followed
and emulated the troubadours.
Rojas y Zorilla, Francisco (rõ'has ē thô.
rel'yä). A Spanish dramatist; born in Toledo,
Oct. 4, 1607; died probably after 1680. Twenty.
four of his plays are now extant, which were
published in two parts (1640 and 1645). The
finest is None Below the King,' considered
one of the classics among Spanish plays. Other
notable ones are : ( There is No Friend for a
Friend); (What Women Are); Persiles and
Sigismunda,' taken from Cervantes's romance;
(The Simpleton's Sport'; and (The Insult
Avenged.
Roland, Madame - Manon Jeanne Phlipon.
A French author and republican politician;
born in Paris, March 17, 1754 ; executed Nov.
8, 1793. She imbibed republican ideas from
Rousseau and her classical readings, and her
salon was the meeting place of the Girondist
party. She is well known for her Memoirs,'
written in prison, and edited by Dauban (1864);
as were her (Letters) (1869).
Rolfe, William James. An American edi
tor; born in Newburyport, Mass. , Dec. 10, 1827.
He is a distinguished Shakespearean scholar,
and has published many editions of Shakes-
peare, annotated; among them (The Friendly
Edition, in 20 vols. (1870-83), and a (School
Edition,' in 40 vols. He has also published:
## p. 465 (#481) ############################################
ROLLAND-RONDELET
465
"Shakespeare, the Boy); annotated editions
of selections from Tennyson, Scott, Browning,
Wordsworth, Gray, Goldsmith, and other Eng.
lish poets; several classical text-books; and
(Tales from English History?
Rolland, Amédée (rol-län'). A French littéra.
teur; born at Paris, February 1819; died July
26, 1868. Besides contributions to many jour.
nals, he published two books of verse, (At the
Bottom of the Glass) (1854) and (The Poem
of Death) (1866); and several plays, including
(The Merchant in Spite of Himself) (1858);
(An Upstart) (1859); "Our Ancestors) (1859).
Rollenhagen, Georg (rõl'en-hä''gen). A Ger.
man poet; born at Bernau, April 22, 1542; died
at Magdeburg, May 20, 1609. His great work
is the remarkable heroic-comic and didactic
poem entitled Froschmeuseler, the Grand
Court of the Frogs and Mice) (1595); where,
under the guise of frogs, rats, mice, cats, and
foxes, the author describes the people of his
day,- their customs, domestic life, temporal
and spiritual government, and lastly their
military state. He also wrote (The Limping
Courier,' and other works.
Rollett, Hermann (rol'let). An Austrian
poet; born near Vienna, Aug. 20, 1819. He
has published two collections of (Wreaths of
Song' (1842); “Wanderings of a Vienna Poet)
(1846); (A Sister) (1847); "War Songs) (1848);
"Oratorical Poems) (1871); Narrative Poems)
(1872); and others. An American edition of
his writings has appeared as Poems from the
German of Hermann Rollett) (1887).
Rollin, Ambrose Lucien (ro-lan'). A West-
Indian historian; born at Trois Rivières, Guade-
loupe, in 1692; died at Pointe à Pitre, in 1749.
He devoted his leisure to researches upon the
Caribs and other Indian tribes, and published
several works which are still considered authori.
ties upon the subjects he covered. They in-
clude: History of the Indians) (1739); “The
Indians and the Spanish Conquest' (1840);
History and Description of the Caribs, their
Condition after the Conquest (1843); (Civiliza-
tion of the Indians Compared to their Social
Condition) (1845); and (The Incas of Peru and
the Spanish Conquest) (1748).
Rollin, Charles. A French historian and
humanist; born in Paris, Jan. 30, 1661; died
there, Sept. 14, 1741. His best-known work is
the Ancient History) (1730-38), often reprinted
in France, England, and America, and not
useless even yet as an entertaining popular
work to create an interest in history. He wrote
in an uncritical age, but he was a good story-
teller and a keen judge of a good story. His
other works include "Roman History (1738-48),
and a “Treatise on Study) (1726-31).
Rollinat, André (ro-le-nä'). A French his-
torian; born at Bordeaux in 1741; died at Nantes
in 1793. He devoted himself to researches on
the early navigators who have been credited
with the discovery of America, and published
"Researches on the Forerunners of Christopher
Columbus in America' (1785); (The Norwegian
Sagas and the Scandinavian Navigators' (1788);
(Table of the Tithes Paid to the Treasury of
St. Peter during the Thirteenth and Fourteenth
Centuries by Vinland) (1790); History of the
Norse Navigators) (1791); and ( Researches on
the Discovery of Brazil by a Dieppe Naviga-
tor of the Fifteenth Century) (1791).
Rollinat, Maurice. A French poet; born
at Châteauroux (Indre), in 1853. In his first
book of poems, In the Heaths) (1877), he re-
produced in verse the most remarkable pass.
ages of George Sand's "La Petite Fadette) and
(La Mare au Diable. ) His other works in-
clude : "Les Névroses ) (1883), and “The Abyss)
(1886), besides his musical productions of (Ten
Melodies (1877) and (Rondels and Rondeaux)
(1883). All of his poems have been received
most favorably.
Rollins, Alice Marland (Wellington). An
American verse-writer; born in Boston, June
12, 1847; died Dec. 5, 1897. She has written :
(My Welcome Beyond, and Other Poems)
(1885); (All Sorts of Children (1886); (The
Three Tetons) (1887); Uncle Tom's Tene-
ment) (1888); and (From Palm to Glacier. '
Romey, Louis Charles Réparat Geneviève
Octave (ro-mā'). A French historian and mis-
cellaneous writer; born at Paris, Dec. 26, 1804;
died there, April 1874. After extensive travels,
and a long sojourn in Spain, where he studied
its history and literature, he returned to France
and began to work upon his * History of Spain
from its Early Days to the Present Time)
(1838–51); a history of great merit, but one
which he never completed. His other writings
include: (Châteaubriand as Prophet) (1849);
(Ancient and Modern Russia' (1855); (A Voy-
age among my Books) (1861); Men and
Things of Various Times) (1864); many trans-
lations, notably that of Uncle Tom's Cabin)
(1853); and many valuable contributions to
periodicals.
Romieu, Auguste (röm-ye'). A French ad-
ministrator and littérateur; born at Paris, Oct.
17, 1800; died Nov. 20, 1855. He spent his
youth in dissipation, and in the production of
vaudevilles and brilliant witticisms; but after
the Coup d'État, published two works of merit
which attracted attention, (The Era of the
Cæsars) (1850) and (The Red Spectre (1851).
Rondelet, Antonin François (rôn-dlā'). A
French professor and economist; born at Lyons,
Feb.
