I am in- debted to Gordon's subtle and
powerful
analysis of sociabilite?
Cult of the Nation in France
nie et le caracte`re des nations (see Intro.
, n.
37), II, bk IV, 41n.
Among the works of the major philosophes, Montesquieu's L'esprit des lois, Voltaire's Essai sur les moeurs, and Rousseau's Conside? rations sur le gouver- nement de Pologne devoted particular attention to the question of national character. Among the books that directly focused on the question of national character, see particularly Louis Legendre, Moeurs et coutumes des franc? ois dans les differents temps de la monarchie (Paris, 1712); Louis de Muralt's Let- tres sur les anglais et sur les franc? ais (Zurich, 1725) and the anonymous reply Apologie du caracte`re des anglois et des franc? ois (see Ch. 1, n. 100); d'Espiard's works; Denesle, Les pre? juge? s du public, avec des observations, par M. Denesle (Paris, 1747); [Pichon], La physique de l'histoire (see Ch. 3, n. 86); Se? bastien- Marie-Mathurin Gazon-Dourxigne? , Essai historique et philosophique sur les principaux ridicules des differentes nations (Amsterdam, 1766); de Sacy, L'honneur franc? ois (see Ch. 3, n. 7); Johann Georg Zimmerman, De l'orgueil national (Paris, 1769), a translation of Vom Nationalstolze (see Ch. 1, n. 111); James Rutledge [Rutlidge], Essai sur le caracte`re et les moeurs des franc? ois compare? s a` ceux des anglois (London, 1776), a translation and adaptation of John Andrews, An Account of the Character and Manners of the French (Lon- don, 1770); Lettre d'un jeune homme a` son ami, sur les Franc? ais et les Anglais (see Intro. , n. 70); Sobry, Le mode franc? ois (see Ch. 1, n. 63); Guiraudet, Qu'est- ce que la nation et qu'est-ce que la France (see Ch. 2, n. 106); Joseph-Antoine- Joachim Cerutti, Lettre sur les avantages et l'origine de la gaiete? franc? aise (Paris, 1762); Hugues Maret, Me? moire dans lequel on cherche a` de? terminer quelle influence les moeurs des Franc? ais ont sur leur sante? (Paris, 1771). Period- icals that paid most attention to the subject were the Journal encyclope? dique, the Me? moires de Tre? voux, and the Anne? e litte? raire. On travel literature, see Mona Ozouf, "La Re? volution franc? aise et la perception de l'espace national," and Bertho, "L'invention de la Bretagne" (see Ch. 4, n. 35). On historical writ- ing, see Blandine Barret-Kriegel, Les historiens et la monarchie, 4 vols. (Paris, 1989).
Ozouf, "La Re? volution franc? aise et la formation de l'homme nouveau" (see Intro. , n. 4), 116.
Ozouf, in her otherwise marvellous essay, shifts back and forth between dis- cussions of the "homme nouveau" and the "peuple neuf" or "peuple nou- veau" as if the terms were equivalent.
11. 12.
Notes to Pages 143-146 267
? 13. For a summary of the debates, see Alex Inkeles, National Character: A Psycho- Social Perspective (New Brunswick, 1997).
14. Quoted in Julio Caro Baroja, Le mythe du caracte`re national, Jean-Paul Cortada, trans. (Lyon, 1975), 17. The book provides many more examples, as does Hale, The Civilization of the Renaissance (see Ch. 3, n. 13), 51-66.
15. See esp. Jean Bodin, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, trans. Beatrice Reynolds (New York, 1945). See in general Pagden, The Fall of Natu- ral Man (see Ch. 3, n. 35); also Shackleton, Montesquieu (see Intro. , n. 39); 302-19, and Vyverberg, Human Nature, Cultural Diversity (see Ch. 3, n. 82).
16. Franc? ois de la Mothe le Vayer, "Discours de la contrarie? te? d'humeurs qui se trouve entre certaines nations, et singulie`rement entre la franc? oise et l'espagnole," in Oeuvres, 7 vols. (Dresden, 1757), IV, pt. II, 311-86, quote from 324.
17. Rousseau, for instance, believed that moeurs and religion alike depended largely on the form of government. For Voltaire, in the Essai sur les moeurs, both were heavily influenced by the development of civilization. Notes to Pages 143-146
18. Voltaire, Essai sur les moeurs (see Intro. , n. 41), VI, 230; Charles Duclos, Conside? rations sur les moeurs de ce sie? cle (Amsterdam, 1751), 16. Rousseau, Emile (see Ch. 2, n. 48), 615.
19. D'Espiard, Essai, I, pt. I, 60, 87. D'Espiard's was the first to use the word "cli- mate" for atmospheric conditions, as well as simply region. See Shackleton, 308-9.
20. For the evidence that Montesquieu read and was influenced by d'Espiard, see ibid.
21. Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (see Intro. n. 41), 231-35.
22. Quoted in Shackleton, 302.
23. See Duchet, Anthropologie et histoire (see Ch. 3, n. 35); Anthony Pagden, Euro-
pean Encounters with the New World: From Renaissance to Romanticism (New Haven, 1993), 141-82. See also Robert Shackleton, "The Evolution of Montesquieu's Theory of Climate," Revue internationale de philosophie IX (1955), 317-29.
24. Montesquieu, 310.
25. Journal encyclope? dique, 1757, III, pt. III, 38 (the observation came in a review
of David Hume's essay on national character, which itself drew heavily on Montesquieu); Henri Gaillard, Histoire de la rivalite? de la France et de l'Angleterre, 3 vols. (Paris, 1771), III, 285; Turpin, Histoire des illustres franc? ois sorti du ci-devant tiers-e? tat (see Ch. 4, table 3), I, 1.
26. Rousseau, Confessions, in Oeuvres (see Intro. , n. 42), I, 404.
27. Rousseau, Conside? rations sur le gouvernement de la Pologne, in ibid. , III, 960.
See also his Projet de constitution pour la Corse.
28. Thomas, Essai sur les e? loges (see Ch. 4, n. 1), 21; P. -J. -B. Chaussard, La France
re? ge? ne? re? e (Paris, 1791), 4.
268
Notes to Pages 146-147
? 29. 30. 31.
32. 33.
34.
35.
Notes to Pages 146-147
36.
37.
38.
Mirabeau, L'ami des hommes (see Ch. 1, n. 90), 317.
Voltaire, Essai.
D'Espiard, L'esprit des nations, II, 207; Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte de Guibert, Le Conne? table de Bourbon, in Oeuvres dramatiques de Guibert (Paris, 1825), 22 (the heroine, Ade? lai? de, begins a line of verse by saying "Les hommes font les lois," and the hero, Bayard, completes it with the phrase "Les femmes font les moeurs"); Also Mignonneau, in Re? flexions politiques (see Ch. 2, n. 58), 22: "public moeurs in Europe, and especially in France, today depend solely on women. "
Montesquieu, 310.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Politics and the Arts: Letter to M. d'Alembert on the Theater, trans. and ed. Allan Bloom (Ithaca, 1960), esp. 81-92, 100-113. Voltaire, quoted in Gordon, Citizens without Sovereignty (see Ch. 1, n. 15), 75; Le Poe? me sur la bataille de Fontenoy, unpaginated; quoted in Goodman, The Republic of Letters (see Ch. 1, n. 60), 50.
See for instance Muralt, passim; Zimmermann, Vom Nationalstolze, 201, 256; and the discussion of British views in Newman, The Rise of English National- ism (see Intro. , n. 28), 74-84.
D'Holbach, quoted in Gordon, Citizens without Sovereignty, 76; See also, for instance, [Joseph Servan], Le soldat citoyen, ou vues patriotiques sur la manie`re la plus avantageuse de pourvoir a` la de? fense du royaume ("Dans le pays de la liberte? ," 1780), 16, d'Espiard, L'esprit des nations, I, 62-64; Sobry, Le mode franc? ois, 18.
On the history of notions of sociability in eighteenth-century France, see Gordon's fundamental Citizens without Sovereignty. On the issue of the French as a particularly sociable people, see esp. 75-77.
Montesquieu, Lettres persanes (Paris, 1964), 145-46; Diderot, quoted in Gordon, 29; Voltaire, Cerutti, and Duclos also called the French the most so- ciable of nations: Voltaire, discussed in Gordon, 75, and also in Claude- Gilbert Dubois, "Fonction des mythes d'origine dans le de? veloppement des ide? es nationalistes en France," History of European Ideas, XVI/4-6 (1993), 419; Duclos, Conside? rations, 171. On Cerutti, see Antoine de Baecque, Les e? clats du rire: La culture des rieurs au XVIIIe sie`cle (Paris, 2000), 158.
I am in- debted to Gordon's subtle and powerful analysis of sociabilite? for much of this discussion.
See Louis-Charles Fougeret de Montbron, Le cosmopolite ou le citoyen du monde (London, 1753), 42; Favart, L'anglois a` Bordeaux (see Ch. 1, n. 96), esp. 17-19; and the material discussed in Grieder, Anglomania (see Intro. , n. 55), 61-62, 89.
Quoted in Gordon, 76.
Quoted in Dupront, "Du sentiment national" (see Intro. , n. 34), 1435.
39.
40. 41.
Notes to Pages 147-150 269
? 42. D'Espiard, in his 1743 Essai, insisted that the "lightness of the nation" would have to be "corrected" for France to become a free state (II, bk. IV, 42). He re- turned to the theme often in L'esprit des nations (e. g. I, 62-64, 138, 154, 239). See also Mirabeau, L'ami des hommes, 250, 320; Louis-Se? bastien Mercier, Le tableau de Paris, ed. Jean-Claude Bonnet, 2 vols. (Paris, 1994), I, 1474.
43. See, for instance, Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, 310; Rivarol, L'universalite? (see Ch. 3, n. 83), 23; Discours sur le patriotisme (see Intro. , n. 56), 82. Cerutti is discussed in de Baecque, Les e? clats du rire, 153-70.
44. Sobry, Le mode franc? ois, 19; Perrin quoted in Grieder, Anglomania, 95-96. See also, for instance, the defense of le? gerete? in Apologie du caracte`re des anglois et des franc? ois (esp. 105), whose anonymous author claimed that it made the French more witty and adventurous.
45. For instance, "the most polite and civilized nation": Antoine Court, and Antonie Court de Ge? belin, Le patriote franc? ois et impartial, ou re? ponse a` la lettre de Mr. l'eve^que d'Agen a` Mr. le Contro^leur ge? ne? ral, contre la Tole? rance des Huguenots, en datte du 1 mai 1751, 2 vols. (2d ed. , "Villefranche," 1753), iv; "a spiritual, easy-going politeness" is one of the "traits which have made us fa- mous": Lettre d'un jeune homme a` son ami, 10; "the model of politeness": [Servan], Le soldat citoyen, 16; "French politeness . . . is an almost general quality in the Nation": d'Espiard, L'esprit des nations, I, 153. Notes to Pages 147-150
46. Holbach, quoted in Gordon, 76; Servan, 16; Thomas, 333; d'Espiard, I, 153; Sobry, 379; Turgot, discussed in Febvre, "Civilisation" (see Ch. 1, n. 14), 228.
47. See on this subject particularly Roger Chartier, "From Texts to Manners" (see Intro. , n. 18), and Gordon, Citizens without Sovereignty, 86-128.
48. See for instance Rivarol, L'universalite? de la langue franc? aise, 25; d'Espiard, L'esprit des nations, II, 25; [Pichon], La physique de l'histoire, 262-63; Cerutti, quoted in de Baecque, Les e? clats du rire, 160.
49. Montesquieu, 311-2; D'Espiard, L'esprit des nations, I, 153.
50. Gazon Dourxigne? , Essai, 138.
51. Rivarol, 23.
52. D'Espiard, L'esprit des nations, I, vii.
53. He added that if Asians and Africans stopped keeping women in chains, "they would lose their cruelty, and grow civilized" like the French. Lettre d'un jeune homme, 16.
54. D'Espiard, L'esprit des nations, I, 153.
55. Gazon-Dourxigne? , 138.
56. Rivarol, 23.
57. Rousseau, Politics and the Arts, 100.
58. Millot, Discours sur le patriotisme franc? ois (see Ch. 2, n. 41), 26, 35.
59. Brie-Serrant, Ecrit adresse? a` l'Acade? mie de Cha^lons-sur-Marne (see Ch. 2,
n. 58), 15.
270
Notes to Pages 150-153
? 60. 61.
62. 63.
64. 65.
Notes to Pages 150-153
66.
67.
68.
69. 70.
71. 72. 73. 74.
75.
Thomas, Essai, 508.
See de Baecque, The Body Politic (see Ch. 2, n. 102), 1-25, 133-56. See also on this subject Ozouf, "La formation de l'homme nouveau," and Zizek, "The Politics and Poetics of History" (see Ch. 2, n. 107).
Dussausoy, Le citoyen de? sinteresse? (see Ch. 4, n. 27), 114.
Bouquier quoted in Ozouf, "L'homme nouveau," 134; Millot, Discours sur le patriotisme, 40; "Sur l'influence des mots et le pouvoir de l'usage," by "C. B. , homme libre," in Mercure national et re? volutions de l'europe, journal de? mocratique, 47 (Dec. 14, 1789), 1813; Citoyens franc? ais, quoted in de Baecque, 143; De l'e? galite? des repre? sentants, et de la forme des de? libe? rations aux Etats-Ge? ne? raux de 1789 (n. p. , 1789), 3; Boissy d'Anglas, quoted in Elisabeth Liris, "Eduquer l'homme nouveau," in Boulad-Ayoub, ed. , Former un nou- veau peuple? (see Intro. , n. 11), 303.
Jean-Paul Rabaut de Saint-Etienne, Pre? cis historique de la Re? volution franc? aise, 5th ed. (Paris, 1809), 21.
Charles Chaisneau, Le Panthe? on franc? ais, ou discours sur les honneurs publics de? cerne? s par la nation a` la me? moire des grands hommes (Dijon, 1792), 6; See also Citoyens franc? ais, quoted in de Baecque, 143; Mercier, quoted in Zizek, 131; and other examples given by these two historians.
See for instance Guiraudet, Qu'est-ce que la nation, 63; prospectus to La Feuille villageoise, excerpted in Michel de Certeau, Dominique Julia, and Jacques Revel, Une politique de la langue: La Re? volution franc? aise et les patois (Paris, 1975), 283; "Sur l'influence des mots," 1814.
Henri de Boulainvilliers, Histoire de l'ancien gouvernement de France, avec XIV lettres historiques sur les parlements ou e? tats ge? ne? raux (The Hague and Amsterdam, 1727), 69.
Laurent-Pierre Be? renger, Porte-feuille d'un troubadour, quoted in Gossman, Medievalism (see Ch. 1, n. 116), 342. Gossman's work is fundamental on this subject.
Sacy, L'honneur franc? ois.
See [Bachaumont, et al. ], Me? moires secrets (see Ch. 2, n. 64), VII, 182. On the fad for Renaissance clothing, see Clarence D. Brenner, "Henri IV on the French Stage" (see Ch. 1, n. 40), esp. 544; and in general on Henri IV in the eighteenth century, Reinhard, La le? gende de Henri IV (see Ch. 1, n. 38). Quoted in de Baecque, The Body Politic, 140.
Quoted in ibid. , 142.
Quoted in ibid. ; Le Moniteur, August 17, 1793.
Petition pour rendre a` la France son ve? ritable nom (n. p. , n. d.
Among the works of the major philosophes, Montesquieu's L'esprit des lois, Voltaire's Essai sur les moeurs, and Rousseau's Conside? rations sur le gouver- nement de Pologne devoted particular attention to the question of national character. Among the books that directly focused on the question of national character, see particularly Louis Legendre, Moeurs et coutumes des franc? ois dans les differents temps de la monarchie (Paris, 1712); Louis de Muralt's Let- tres sur les anglais et sur les franc? ais (Zurich, 1725) and the anonymous reply Apologie du caracte`re des anglois et des franc? ois (see Ch. 1, n. 100); d'Espiard's works; Denesle, Les pre? juge? s du public, avec des observations, par M. Denesle (Paris, 1747); [Pichon], La physique de l'histoire (see Ch. 3, n. 86); Se? bastien- Marie-Mathurin Gazon-Dourxigne? , Essai historique et philosophique sur les principaux ridicules des differentes nations (Amsterdam, 1766); de Sacy, L'honneur franc? ois (see Ch. 3, n. 7); Johann Georg Zimmerman, De l'orgueil national (Paris, 1769), a translation of Vom Nationalstolze (see Ch. 1, n. 111); James Rutledge [Rutlidge], Essai sur le caracte`re et les moeurs des franc? ois compare? s a` ceux des anglois (London, 1776), a translation and adaptation of John Andrews, An Account of the Character and Manners of the French (Lon- don, 1770); Lettre d'un jeune homme a` son ami, sur les Franc? ais et les Anglais (see Intro. , n. 70); Sobry, Le mode franc? ois (see Ch. 1, n. 63); Guiraudet, Qu'est- ce que la nation et qu'est-ce que la France (see Ch. 2, n. 106); Joseph-Antoine- Joachim Cerutti, Lettre sur les avantages et l'origine de la gaiete? franc? aise (Paris, 1762); Hugues Maret, Me? moire dans lequel on cherche a` de? terminer quelle influence les moeurs des Franc? ais ont sur leur sante? (Paris, 1771). Period- icals that paid most attention to the subject were the Journal encyclope? dique, the Me? moires de Tre? voux, and the Anne? e litte? raire. On travel literature, see Mona Ozouf, "La Re? volution franc? aise et la perception de l'espace national," and Bertho, "L'invention de la Bretagne" (see Ch. 4, n. 35). On historical writ- ing, see Blandine Barret-Kriegel, Les historiens et la monarchie, 4 vols. (Paris, 1989).
Ozouf, "La Re? volution franc? aise et la formation de l'homme nouveau" (see Intro. , n. 4), 116.
Ozouf, in her otherwise marvellous essay, shifts back and forth between dis- cussions of the "homme nouveau" and the "peuple neuf" or "peuple nou- veau" as if the terms were equivalent.
11. 12.
Notes to Pages 143-146 267
? 13. For a summary of the debates, see Alex Inkeles, National Character: A Psycho- Social Perspective (New Brunswick, 1997).
14. Quoted in Julio Caro Baroja, Le mythe du caracte`re national, Jean-Paul Cortada, trans. (Lyon, 1975), 17. The book provides many more examples, as does Hale, The Civilization of the Renaissance (see Ch. 3, n. 13), 51-66.
15. See esp. Jean Bodin, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, trans. Beatrice Reynolds (New York, 1945). See in general Pagden, The Fall of Natu- ral Man (see Ch. 3, n. 35); also Shackleton, Montesquieu (see Intro. , n. 39); 302-19, and Vyverberg, Human Nature, Cultural Diversity (see Ch. 3, n. 82).
16. Franc? ois de la Mothe le Vayer, "Discours de la contrarie? te? d'humeurs qui se trouve entre certaines nations, et singulie`rement entre la franc? oise et l'espagnole," in Oeuvres, 7 vols. (Dresden, 1757), IV, pt. II, 311-86, quote from 324.
17. Rousseau, for instance, believed that moeurs and religion alike depended largely on the form of government. For Voltaire, in the Essai sur les moeurs, both were heavily influenced by the development of civilization. Notes to Pages 143-146
18. Voltaire, Essai sur les moeurs (see Intro. , n. 41), VI, 230; Charles Duclos, Conside? rations sur les moeurs de ce sie? cle (Amsterdam, 1751), 16. Rousseau, Emile (see Ch. 2, n. 48), 615.
19. D'Espiard, Essai, I, pt. I, 60, 87. D'Espiard's was the first to use the word "cli- mate" for atmospheric conditions, as well as simply region. See Shackleton, 308-9.
20. For the evidence that Montesquieu read and was influenced by d'Espiard, see ibid.
21. Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (see Intro. n. 41), 231-35.
22. Quoted in Shackleton, 302.
23. See Duchet, Anthropologie et histoire (see Ch. 3, n. 35); Anthony Pagden, Euro-
pean Encounters with the New World: From Renaissance to Romanticism (New Haven, 1993), 141-82. See also Robert Shackleton, "The Evolution of Montesquieu's Theory of Climate," Revue internationale de philosophie IX (1955), 317-29.
24. Montesquieu, 310.
25. Journal encyclope? dique, 1757, III, pt. III, 38 (the observation came in a review
of David Hume's essay on national character, which itself drew heavily on Montesquieu); Henri Gaillard, Histoire de la rivalite? de la France et de l'Angleterre, 3 vols. (Paris, 1771), III, 285; Turpin, Histoire des illustres franc? ois sorti du ci-devant tiers-e? tat (see Ch. 4, table 3), I, 1.
26. Rousseau, Confessions, in Oeuvres (see Intro. , n. 42), I, 404.
27. Rousseau, Conside? rations sur le gouvernement de la Pologne, in ibid. , III, 960.
See also his Projet de constitution pour la Corse.
28. Thomas, Essai sur les e? loges (see Ch. 4, n. 1), 21; P. -J. -B. Chaussard, La France
re? ge? ne? re? e (Paris, 1791), 4.
268
Notes to Pages 146-147
? 29. 30. 31.
32. 33.
34.
35.
Notes to Pages 146-147
36.
37.
38.
Mirabeau, L'ami des hommes (see Ch. 1, n. 90), 317.
Voltaire, Essai.
D'Espiard, L'esprit des nations, II, 207; Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte de Guibert, Le Conne? table de Bourbon, in Oeuvres dramatiques de Guibert (Paris, 1825), 22 (the heroine, Ade? lai? de, begins a line of verse by saying "Les hommes font les lois," and the hero, Bayard, completes it with the phrase "Les femmes font les moeurs"); Also Mignonneau, in Re? flexions politiques (see Ch. 2, n. 58), 22: "public moeurs in Europe, and especially in France, today depend solely on women. "
Montesquieu, 310.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Politics and the Arts: Letter to M. d'Alembert on the Theater, trans. and ed. Allan Bloom (Ithaca, 1960), esp. 81-92, 100-113. Voltaire, quoted in Gordon, Citizens without Sovereignty (see Ch. 1, n. 15), 75; Le Poe? me sur la bataille de Fontenoy, unpaginated; quoted in Goodman, The Republic of Letters (see Ch. 1, n. 60), 50.
See for instance Muralt, passim; Zimmermann, Vom Nationalstolze, 201, 256; and the discussion of British views in Newman, The Rise of English National- ism (see Intro. , n. 28), 74-84.
D'Holbach, quoted in Gordon, Citizens without Sovereignty, 76; See also, for instance, [Joseph Servan], Le soldat citoyen, ou vues patriotiques sur la manie`re la plus avantageuse de pourvoir a` la de? fense du royaume ("Dans le pays de la liberte? ," 1780), 16, d'Espiard, L'esprit des nations, I, 62-64; Sobry, Le mode franc? ois, 18.
On the history of notions of sociability in eighteenth-century France, see Gordon's fundamental Citizens without Sovereignty. On the issue of the French as a particularly sociable people, see esp. 75-77.
Montesquieu, Lettres persanes (Paris, 1964), 145-46; Diderot, quoted in Gordon, 29; Voltaire, Cerutti, and Duclos also called the French the most so- ciable of nations: Voltaire, discussed in Gordon, 75, and also in Claude- Gilbert Dubois, "Fonction des mythes d'origine dans le de? veloppement des ide? es nationalistes en France," History of European Ideas, XVI/4-6 (1993), 419; Duclos, Conside? rations, 171. On Cerutti, see Antoine de Baecque, Les e? clats du rire: La culture des rieurs au XVIIIe sie`cle (Paris, 2000), 158.
I am in- debted to Gordon's subtle and powerful analysis of sociabilite? for much of this discussion.
See Louis-Charles Fougeret de Montbron, Le cosmopolite ou le citoyen du monde (London, 1753), 42; Favart, L'anglois a` Bordeaux (see Ch. 1, n. 96), esp. 17-19; and the material discussed in Grieder, Anglomania (see Intro. , n. 55), 61-62, 89.
Quoted in Gordon, 76.
Quoted in Dupront, "Du sentiment national" (see Intro. , n. 34), 1435.
39.
40. 41.
Notes to Pages 147-150 269
? 42. D'Espiard, in his 1743 Essai, insisted that the "lightness of the nation" would have to be "corrected" for France to become a free state (II, bk. IV, 42). He re- turned to the theme often in L'esprit des nations (e. g. I, 62-64, 138, 154, 239). See also Mirabeau, L'ami des hommes, 250, 320; Louis-Se? bastien Mercier, Le tableau de Paris, ed. Jean-Claude Bonnet, 2 vols. (Paris, 1994), I, 1474.
43. See, for instance, Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, 310; Rivarol, L'universalite? (see Ch. 3, n. 83), 23; Discours sur le patriotisme (see Intro. , n. 56), 82. Cerutti is discussed in de Baecque, Les e? clats du rire, 153-70.
44. Sobry, Le mode franc? ois, 19; Perrin quoted in Grieder, Anglomania, 95-96. See also, for instance, the defense of le? gerete? in Apologie du caracte`re des anglois et des franc? ois (esp. 105), whose anonymous author claimed that it made the French more witty and adventurous.
45. For instance, "the most polite and civilized nation": Antoine Court, and Antonie Court de Ge? belin, Le patriote franc? ois et impartial, ou re? ponse a` la lettre de Mr. l'eve^que d'Agen a` Mr. le Contro^leur ge? ne? ral, contre la Tole? rance des Huguenots, en datte du 1 mai 1751, 2 vols. (2d ed. , "Villefranche," 1753), iv; "a spiritual, easy-going politeness" is one of the "traits which have made us fa- mous": Lettre d'un jeune homme a` son ami, 10; "the model of politeness": [Servan], Le soldat citoyen, 16; "French politeness . . . is an almost general quality in the Nation": d'Espiard, L'esprit des nations, I, 153. Notes to Pages 147-150
46. Holbach, quoted in Gordon, 76; Servan, 16; Thomas, 333; d'Espiard, I, 153; Sobry, 379; Turgot, discussed in Febvre, "Civilisation" (see Ch. 1, n. 14), 228.
47. See on this subject particularly Roger Chartier, "From Texts to Manners" (see Intro. , n. 18), and Gordon, Citizens without Sovereignty, 86-128.
48. See for instance Rivarol, L'universalite? de la langue franc? aise, 25; d'Espiard, L'esprit des nations, II, 25; [Pichon], La physique de l'histoire, 262-63; Cerutti, quoted in de Baecque, Les e? clats du rire, 160.
49. Montesquieu, 311-2; D'Espiard, L'esprit des nations, I, 153.
50. Gazon Dourxigne? , Essai, 138.
51. Rivarol, 23.
52. D'Espiard, L'esprit des nations, I, vii.
53. He added that if Asians and Africans stopped keeping women in chains, "they would lose their cruelty, and grow civilized" like the French. Lettre d'un jeune homme, 16.
54. D'Espiard, L'esprit des nations, I, 153.
55. Gazon-Dourxigne? , 138.
56. Rivarol, 23.
57. Rousseau, Politics and the Arts, 100.
58. Millot, Discours sur le patriotisme franc? ois (see Ch. 2, n. 41), 26, 35.
59. Brie-Serrant, Ecrit adresse? a` l'Acade? mie de Cha^lons-sur-Marne (see Ch. 2,
n. 58), 15.
270
Notes to Pages 150-153
? 60. 61.
62. 63.
64. 65.
Notes to Pages 150-153
66.
67.
68.
69. 70.
71. 72. 73. 74.
75.
Thomas, Essai, 508.
See de Baecque, The Body Politic (see Ch. 2, n. 102), 1-25, 133-56. See also on this subject Ozouf, "La formation de l'homme nouveau," and Zizek, "The Politics and Poetics of History" (see Ch. 2, n. 107).
Dussausoy, Le citoyen de? sinteresse? (see Ch. 4, n. 27), 114.
Bouquier quoted in Ozouf, "L'homme nouveau," 134; Millot, Discours sur le patriotisme, 40; "Sur l'influence des mots et le pouvoir de l'usage," by "C. B. , homme libre," in Mercure national et re? volutions de l'europe, journal de? mocratique, 47 (Dec. 14, 1789), 1813; Citoyens franc? ais, quoted in de Baecque, 143; De l'e? galite? des repre? sentants, et de la forme des de? libe? rations aux Etats-Ge? ne? raux de 1789 (n. p. , 1789), 3; Boissy d'Anglas, quoted in Elisabeth Liris, "Eduquer l'homme nouveau," in Boulad-Ayoub, ed. , Former un nou- veau peuple? (see Intro. , n. 11), 303.
Jean-Paul Rabaut de Saint-Etienne, Pre? cis historique de la Re? volution franc? aise, 5th ed. (Paris, 1809), 21.
Charles Chaisneau, Le Panthe? on franc? ais, ou discours sur les honneurs publics de? cerne? s par la nation a` la me? moire des grands hommes (Dijon, 1792), 6; See also Citoyens franc? ais, quoted in de Baecque, 143; Mercier, quoted in Zizek, 131; and other examples given by these two historians.
See for instance Guiraudet, Qu'est-ce que la nation, 63; prospectus to La Feuille villageoise, excerpted in Michel de Certeau, Dominique Julia, and Jacques Revel, Une politique de la langue: La Re? volution franc? aise et les patois (Paris, 1975), 283; "Sur l'influence des mots," 1814.
Henri de Boulainvilliers, Histoire de l'ancien gouvernement de France, avec XIV lettres historiques sur les parlements ou e? tats ge? ne? raux (The Hague and Amsterdam, 1727), 69.
Laurent-Pierre Be? renger, Porte-feuille d'un troubadour, quoted in Gossman, Medievalism (see Ch. 1, n. 116), 342. Gossman's work is fundamental on this subject.
Sacy, L'honneur franc? ois.
See [Bachaumont, et al. ], Me? moires secrets (see Ch. 2, n. 64), VII, 182. On the fad for Renaissance clothing, see Clarence D. Brenner, "Henri IV on the French Stage" (see Ch. 1, n. 40), esp. 544; and in general on Henri IV in the eighteenth century, Reinhard, La le? gende de Henri IV (see Ch. 1, n. 38). Quoted in de Baecque, The Body Politic, 140.
Quoted in ibid. , 142.
Quoted in ibid. ; Le Moniteur, August 17, 1793.
Petition pour rendre a` la France son ve? ritable nom (n. p. , n. d.
