13; and the
piracies
of the subordinates
of Chares are noticed in Aeschin.
of Chares are noticed in Aeschin.
Demosthenese - First Philippic and the Olynthiacs
Goodwin MT.
?
745).
Others prefer the constr.
miv-ra.
1re? ? erv (oii'rws c'bo're)1ro)u'1 paw ? u7\d'r1'sw exovras 'h Krfio'aafiat
(My e? 'xov-ras). (So Franke and Westermanu. ) For the sense
cp. Thuc. ii 65 0. 117va e? 'xowas d? alpe? fivaz '7) Krwne'vovs dru-
X'Flo'ar, Xen. Cyr. vii 5, 26, Anab. vii 7, 28. For the converse
thought see 1 ? 23. Both maxims (says Dindorf) are 'equally
true of different characters and persons. To some it is easier
to acquire than to retain, to others the reverse. '
243. inrh 'roii wohe? lwu: after passive sense of Xonre? v ? 011.
244. m'rrdw: emphatic.
? 271. 245. (hp). 8? ] Seiv: ? l4, 4 ? 21, 1 ? ? 6, 17; se. 151. 469.
etc-Mpcw xpfipwra: 1 ? 20. The scholiasts (assuming
that this speech is later than the first Olynthiae) notice that
Demosthenes does not venture to repeat his unpopular 'proposal'
to apply the 'theoric fund ' to the purposes of war (1 ? ? 19 f).
Hence his former 'proposal' is now only indirectly suggested in
eia? e? psw, (249) rd; 1rpa? dzrezs d? eheiv and (250) 1d Kafl' dais
AMI/mam.
'246. Gl'l'ltfideal. I, 801101. . diaflahke? vruv' 'ydp' 76v pn-re? pwv 1:01); u'rpa'm-
zoll? y tlfi? 1reff1rolltu (ll/To"; ifll KPLU'IV, Kill. TPVTUV GVaXUPT'UtlI/TUIV spinal:
"Maps-m 'ra. "pawn-m. The context, especially ll. 250--3, shows that in
this general phmse the orator has a special case in view ; and the scholiast
is doubtless right in supposing that Chares is meant (Weil). Cp. ? 28.
1rpl. v dv--Kpu-rfio-q-re, 'till you have gained your objects,'
or 'become masters of the situation. ' Hyper. Epit. end
of col. 5 avve'B-q 5' afi'rq? 16311 new 1rpa'y/1d1wv 6w wpoelhe'ro
Kpa'rfio'az (Blass).
249. TM npoltdo-a; 'rd'w a'TpaT'rl'ycIW (4 ? 25), explained by
the following section.
250. e? hhetppm-a, 'defaults. '
251. nikpdis, 'strictly,' 'scverely'; 22 ? 20 e? dv micst Kal
drhc'ds 'rds 1rpo? dasis dve? hm'e, 45 ? 70 1r. eiee? rpafev.
? 28 l. 254. we? hqsov : not the Olynthian war, but the whole
period of the war with Philip. During' that time the operations
of Chares in aid of Artabazus had taken place (4 ? 24). It is
probably Chares whom the speaker has in mind (schol. ) This
is confirmed by the fact that Lampsacus and Sigeum (l. 263)
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 05:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31175009758841 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 180 SECOND 0L YNTHIAC' II ? ? 28, 29
were in the region of those operations. It has been suggested
that Demosthenes is here virtually defending Chares against
attack. He shows a certain partiality for him in 19 ? 332
Xdpns ei/pi/lo'e'rat mun'bs Kai efivol'm'bs . . 1rpa'. -r-rwv inre? p 15111511.
255. imre? iuqu're : 4 ? 26. who; : 01'): 0. 13102 rotofivrai
em; 1? ]: Wheels (schol. ), 'ou their private account. ' stpL
new, ' seek out,' ' find out,' and welcome as a godsend.
256. el. Sei . . eirreiv: apologetic, 21 ? 112. 1'! - ram
(iv-rwv, 'something that is true,' 'a few grains of truth'
(HMWilkins). Xen. Anab. iv 4, 10 dhn0sfiaar 'rd. 6111a T6 LiJS
6111a, Kai 'rd. ,un'y 611-m (ils 011K BVTG. . --OII the mischievous results
of the employment of mercenaries see Tliirlwall v 20945, Grote
c. 87 viii 35, Holm iii c. 13 n. 6.
257. e'vrafiaa: in the war with Philip; opp. to int (261),
in the expeditions started by the generals on their own account.
Tahfi(o. )--1rohepos, ' the prizes of the war. ' Cp. 4 ? 5 1. 52.
258. 'Apatt'n'ohts in emphatic position before Kav. du
(=e? dv) and el are often placed after the em hatic word; cp.
4 ? ? 29, 43 ; 3 ? 15 ; note on 20 ? 43 (ed. San ys).
261. rd . . hfiupa-ra, 'the profits,' corresponding to 'the
prizes' of l. 257. Thuc. iii 38, 3 i) 5e 16M: e? K 16v Tore? mie d'yo'wwv
Tc'l. [Lev 20M; e? 're? pozs fiidwo'w, 0. 61? ) ea 1'01): KLV6L'WOUS' dragbe'pei.
263. Ae? pilmxos, Zlyewv: on the Asiatic side of ,the Helles-
pont, at its NE. and SW. extremities respectively. Theo-
pompus ap. Athen. 532 B states that Sigeum was a favourite
residence of Chares. He had probably taken possession of both
towns on his own account in 356 3. 0. (cp. Corn. Nepos Chabrz'as 3,
ASchaefer i 171, 2, ii 54, 5). Charidemus similarly occupied
Scepsis, Cebren, and Ilium (23 ? 154). rd who? a
a-uMTw-w: in 8 ? 24 the inhabitants of Chios, Erythrae, and
the coast of Asia Minor are described as regularly offering
'benevolences' to the Athenian generals to save their vessels
from being plundered. Athenian privateers are mentioned in
21 ? 173, 24 ? 12, 51 ?
13; and the piracies of the subordinates
of Chares are noticed in Aeschin. 2 ? 71 Kariryov 5% rd 10. 0211 ml
TOI'IS' "Ehh'qvas e? lc Ti); Kowfis fiahd-r-rns. (iv-rt 5' ctfubparos Kai T779
16W 'Ehhfivwv h'yeuovias 1'7 #6th 1'7,u. GW 'rfis Muovvfio'ou Kai 'r'fis TCW
hya'n'bv 56517: drewlpnrhan-o. e? 'rra) . . 'rh hmrvrehoiiv . .
profio'w, 'turn to ' ; Lys. 31 ? 6 1rape? v7'es 1'6 13: thews d'yafiou
e? rri To e? awinl [5:01; Ke? pdos e? 'hfioiev.
264. gKarr'ror. oi anaT'rn/ol, 8 ? 24.
? 29 l. 265. duofihe? drq're: 3 ? 1, Aeschin. 3 ? 168 8. 11 . .
1rpos 13711 edgtamiav 0. 151017 16W M'ywv drolBhe? r-rl-re.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 05:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31175009758841 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? II ? 29 SECOND OLYNTHIAO 181
267. 86v"; Myov, 'having granted a hearing,' ? 31 ;
20 ? 167, 24 ? 65. Elsewhere, of 'rendering an account. '
was c'wdyxas, 'difiiculties,' pl. in 4 ? ? 24, 25. rain-as;
ref. to l. 260 #117915; 5' oi'nc Ea'nv.
268. wepteo-n, 'the result is. ' e? pfgew Kat Sieo're? vm:
cp. 4 ? 3 1. 27.
270. 1r 61'spov . . Kurd. cruppopfias elvedae? pere, 'formerly
you had oards for taxes' (K. ), 'you used to pay the extra-
ordinary war-tax by companies. ' Demosthenes is comparing
the organisation of the two parties in the Assembly with the
organisation for the payment of the war-tax. At the head of
each party was an orator, and, subordinate to him, a general,
whose acts were defended by the orator in the Assembly. The
orator and the general are compared to the fiyspo'w and
e? 'rrtpekq'rfis, or 'chairman' and 'superintendent' respectively,
of each of the numerous groups of citizens which formed what
was known as a eupnopla for the purposes of the war-tax. The
Assembly as a whole is regarded as divided into two vast
auaaoplaz. Attached to the orator and general, and roughly
corresponding to the 300 wealthiest citizens in the arrange-
ments for the war-tax, was a bod of partisans who applauded
the speeches of the leaders of t eir party. The rest of the
citizens were attached to the one set or the other, like the
ordinary members of the Symmories, without voice or influence
in the direction of affairs (cp. Heslop). wpdrepov does not
imply that this organisation of the war-tax had been abolished,
but only that the state had for some time past given up levying
a tax which weighed heavily on a majority of the citizens.
By an arrangement dating from the archonship of Nausiniclls (378-7 3. 0. )
the citizens, who were all bound to pay the war-tax, were divided into a
number of napopl'at, or boards, each representing an approximately equal
part of the entire wealth of the state. The distribution of the citizens
into a-vppoplat was managed by the or 0. 117an (89 ? 8). The war-tax was
levied on a graduated scale, which was iighest for the wealthiest citizens,
who were placed in the first class, and was lower in proportion for the
three other classes. The 300 wealthiest citizens formed the first of the
four classes (Isaeus 6 ? 60). These assessment-classes correspond to the
four rim of the Solonian constitution, and must not be confounded with
the avppopial or boards formed for organising the payment of the war-tax.
In the case of the war-tax the number of the wppopiai, and the number
of citizens in each, is unknown.
When a war-tax was decreed by the Ecclesia, the amount required was
first apportioned among the various Symmories. Each Symmory then
drew up a list, in which the payments demanded ofleach member of the
Symmory were calculated according to the assessment of that person's
property (Harpocr. s. v. Sie? ypaapa). The war-tax was collected in ac-
cordance with these lists, and, for some time after the archonship of
Nausinieus (378-7 3. 0. ), this was done directly by the state (22 ? 54,
24 ? 166, Lys. 29 ? 9). In 362-1 13. 0. we find the earliest mention of a plan
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 05:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31175009758841 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 182 SECOND 0L YNTHIAC' II ? 29
for facilitating the collection of the tax. In that year the Council are
described as drawing up a list of citizens who are required to pay the tax
in advance for the members of the same deme ([50] ? 8). This plan was,
however, soon abandoned in favour of one by which the tax was paid in
advance by the 300 wealthiest citizens ([42] ? 25), who afterwards recovered
the sums due from the poorer members ([50] ? 9).
In 357--6, b the decree of Periander, the system of Symmories was
further applie to the trierarchy ([47] ? ? '21, 44). The 1200 wealthiest
citizens in the Synnnories for the war-tax were then divided into 20
Symmories of 60 members each for the purposes of the trierarch y (14 ? 17,
21 ? 155). Each Symmory represented an approximately equal part of the
total assessed wealth of the 1200; and the 300 wealthiest citizens were
distributed equally among the 20 Symmories, 15 in each (Dinarchus 1 ? 42,
Hyper. ap. Harpocr. s. v. a'unnopia). In the Symmories for the trierarchy,
as in those for the war-tax, the wealthiest member of each Symmory was
called the fiqu'w (18 ? ? 102, 812). Corresponding to the 20 1', spam,
but subordinate to them, were the 20 e'mpehrrai ([47] ? ? 21, 22, 24), who
aided the arpa-myoi in apportioning the duties of the trierarchy among the
members of the Symmories. As it was the wealthiest members in each
Symmory who made all the arrangements and apportioned the services
required of each individual, these wealthy individuals soon began to
arrange the burdens in such a way that they themselves escaped payment
as far as possible (18 ? ? 102 f, 21 ? 155). To remove this abuse Demosthenes,
who had proposed a scheme of reform as early as 354 B. C. (14 ? ? 16 f), carried
a law in 340-39 which, while leaving the Symmories intact, ensured that
the trierarchic burdens imposed on every individual should be in strict
accordance with his assessment. The equipment of two ships was now
fixed as the maximum duty that could be demanded of any one. Any one
whose resources were not equal to equipping even a single ship had to
share the duty with others in proportion to his own wealth (Gilbert pp.
368~74 Engl. ed. ) Cp. Bocckh P'ubl. Econ. bk. iv 0. 9 p. 678 Lamb, Sauppe
Ep. ad Hermannum pp. 129-31 (=Ausgcw. Schm'ften pp. 165 f), ASchaefer ii
1862 n. ; also Whibley in Companion to Greek Studies ? 434.
273. pfi'rwp . . o'rpa'r'qye? s: Acschin. 3 ? 7 (the generals)
o'vu'q'yopoiivre? s TLO'L 'rc'iw finrropwv hvoalvovraz 'r'hv 1rohvreiav, Plut.
dc amorcfratcrno 486 D o'vvep'yoz'iaw dhhfihocs odhhov, Lbs Armo-
dde? vns Kal Xoipns, Kai wdhw Alexiv'ns' <Kai @wxlwv>, Kai Eileovhos
<KalAL01r61617s>, Kai 'T1repel517s Kai Aewofie? uns, at #61, he? 'yov-res
6'11 1'4; 511mg Kai 7pd? ovres, 01'. 5% o'rpa'rn'yoiivres Kat 1rpd'r'rovres,
Phocian 7, and Comp. Dem. ct C'ic. 3. (The generals Diopeithes
and Chares and the politician Aristophon are named in 8 ? 30 ;
the politicians Callistratus, Aristophon and Diophantus in
18 ? 297 ; Diophantus and Eubulus in 20 ? 137 ; while Eubulus
and Aristophon are opposed to one another in 20 ? 137. )
Isocr. do Pace ? 54, Thirlwall v 243.
274. 8011 ae? pevor. ' utadiectivum inter articuhun et suiun substantivum
positum est, ut una notio comprehendatur' (Voemel ed. 1857). (oi)
TpLaK60LOL=oi whova'w'rra-rot in 18 ? 171, =oi 1rpoew?
1re? ? erv (oii'rws c'bo're)1ro)u'1 paw ? u7\d'r1'sw exovras 'h Krfio'aafiat
(My e? 'xov-ras). (So Franke and Westermanu. ) For the sense
cp. Thuc. ii 65 0. 117va e? 'xowas d? alpe? fivaz '7) Krwne'vovs dru-
X'Flo'ar, Xen. Cyr. vii 5, 26, Anab. vii 7, 28. For the converse
thought see 1 ? 23. Both maxims (says Dindorf) are 'equally
true of different characters and persons. To some it is easier
to acquire than to retain, to others the reverse. '
243. inrh 'roii wohe? lwu: after passive sense of Xonre? v ? 011.
244. m'rrdw: emphatic.
? 271. 245. (hp). 8? ] Seiv: ? l4, 4 ? 21, 1 ? ? 6, 17; se. 151. 469.
etc-Mpcw xpfipwra: 1 ? 20. The scholiasts (assuming
that this speech is later than the first Olynthiae) notice that
Demosthenes does not venture to repeat his unpopular 'proposal'
to apply the 'theoric fund ' to the purposes of war (1 ? ? 19 f).
Hence his former 'proposal' is now only indirectly suggested in
eia? e? psw, (249) rd; 1rpa? dzrezs d? eheiv and (250) 1d Kafl' dais
AMI/mam.
'246. Gl'l'ltfideal. I, 801101. . diaflahke? vruv' 'ydp' 76v pn-re? pwv 1:01); u'rpa'm-
zoll? y tlfi? 1reff1rolltu (ll/To"; ifll KPLU'IV, Kill. TPVTUV GVaXUPT'UtlI/TUIV spinal:
"Maps-m 'ra. "pawn-m. The context, especially ll. 250--3, shows that in
this general phmse the orator has a special case in view ; and the scholiast
is doubtless right in supposing that Chares is meant (Weil). Cp. ? 28.
1rpl. v dv--Kpu-rfio-q-re, 'till you have gained your objects,'
or 'become masters of the situation. ' Hyper. Epit. end
of col. 5 avve'B-q 5' afi'rq? 16311 new 1rpa'y/1d1wv 6w wpoelhe'ro
Kpa'rfio'az (Blass).
249. TM npoltdo-a; 'rd'w a'TpaT'rl'ycIW (4 ? 25), explained by
the following section.
250. e? hhetppm-a, 'defaults. '
251. nikpdis, 'strictly,' 'scverely'; 22 ? 20 e? dv micst Kal
drhc'ds 'rds 1rpo? dasis dve? hm'e, 45 ? 70 1r. eiee? rpafev.
? 28 l. 254. we? hqsov : not the Olynthian war, but the whole
period of the war with Philip. During' that time the operations
of Chares in aid of Artabazus had taken place (4 ? 24). It is
probably Chares whom the speaker has in mind (schol. ) This
is confirmed by the fact that Lampsacus and Sigeum (l. 263)
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 05:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31175009758841 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 180 SECOND 0L YNTHIAC' II ? ? 28, 29
were in the region of those operations. It has been suggested
that Demosthenes is here virtually defending Chares against
attack. He shows a certain partiality for him in 19 ? 332
Xdpns ei/pi/lo'e'rat mun'bs Kai efivol'm'bs . . 1rpa'. -r-rwv inre? p 15111511.
255. imre? iuqu're : 4 ? 26. who; : 01'): 0. 13102 rotofivrai
em; 1? ]: Wheels (schol. ), 'ou their private account. ' stpL
new, ' seek out,' ' find out,' and welcome as a godsend.
256. el. Sei . . eirreiv: apologetic, 21 ? 112. 1'! - ram
(iv-rwv, 'something that is true,' 'a few grains of truth'
(HMWilkins). Xen. Anab. iv 4, 10 dhn0sfiaar 'rd. 6111a T6 LiJS
6111a, Kai 'rd. ,un'y 611-m (ils 011K BVTG. . --OII the mischievous results
of the employment of mercenaries see Tliirlwall v 20945, Grote
c. 87 viii 35, Holm iii c. 13 n. 6.
257. e'vrafiaa: in the war with Philip; opp. to int (261),
in the expeditions started by the generals on their own account.
Tahfi(o. )--1rohepos, ' the prizes of the war. ' Cp. 4 ? 5 1. 52.
258. 'Apatt'n'ohts in emphatic position before Kav. du
(=e? dv) and el are often placed after the em hatic word; cp.
4 ? ? 29, 43 ; 3 ? 15 ; note on 20 ? 43 (ed. San ys).
261. rd . . hfiupa-ra, 'the profits,' corresponding to 'the
prizes' of l. 257. Thuc. iii 38, 3 i) 5e 16M: e? K 16v Tore? mie d'yo'wwv
Tc'l. [Lev 20M; e? 're? pozs fiidwo'w, 0. 61? ) ea 1'01): KLV6L'WOUS' dragbe'pei.
263. Ae? pilmxos, Zlyewv: on the Asiatic side of ,the Helles-
pont, at its NE. and SW. extremities respectively. Theo-
pompus ap. Athen. 532 B states that Sigeum was a favourite
residence of Chares. He had probably taken possession of both
towns on his own account in 356 3. 0. (cp. Corn. Nepos Chabrz'as 3,
ASchaefer i 171, 2, ii 54, 5). Charidemus similarly occupied
Scepsis, Cebren, and Ilium (23 ? 154). rd who? a
a-uMTw-w: in 8 ? 24 the inhabitants of Chios, Erythrae, and
the coast of Asia Minor are described as regularly offering
'benevolences' to the Athenian generals to save their vessels
from being plundered. Athenian privateers are mentioned in
21 ? 173, 24 ? 12, 51 ?
13; and the piracies of the subordinates
of Chares are noticed in Aeschin. 2 ? 71 Kariryov 5% rd 10. 0211 ml
TOI'IS' "Ehh'qvas e? lc Ti); Kowfis fiahd-r-rns. (iv-rt 5' ctfubparos Kai T779
16W 'Ehhfivwv h'yeuovias 1'7 #6th 1'7,u. GW 'rfis Muovvfio'ou Kai 'r'fis TCW
hya'n'bv 56517: drewlpnrhan-o. e? 'rra) . . 'rh hmrvrehoiiv . .
profio'w, 'turn to ' ; Lys. 31 ? 6 1rape? v7'es 1'6 13: thews d'yafiou
e? rri To e? awinl [5:01; Ke? pdos e? 'hfioiev.
264. gKarr'ror. oi anaT'rn/ol, 8 ? 24.
? 29 l. 265. duofihe? drq're: 3 ? 1, Aeschin. 3 ? 168 8. 11 . .
1rpos 13711 edgtamiav 0. 151017 16W M'ywv drolBhe? r-rl-re.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 05:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31175009758841 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? II ? 29 SECOND OLYNTHIAO 181
267. 86v"; Myov, 'having granted a hearing,' ? 31 ;
20 ? 167, 24 ? 65. Elsewhere, of 'rendering an account. '
was c'wdyxas, 'difiiculties,' pl. in 4 ? ? 24, 25. rain-as;
ref. to l. 260 #117915; 5' oi'nc Ea'nv.
268. wepteo-n, 'the result is. ' e? pfgew Kat Sieo're? vm:
cp. 4 ? 3 1. 27.
270. 1r 61'spov . . Kurd. cruppopfias elvedae? pere, 'formerly
you had oards for taxes' (K. ), 'you used to pay the extra-
ordinary war-tax by companies. ' Demosthenes is comparing
the organisation of the two parties in the Assembly with the
organisation for the payment of the war-tax. At the head of
each party was an orator, and, subordinate to him, a general,
whose acts were defended by the orator in the Assembly. The
orator and the general are compared to the fiyspo'w and
e? 'rrtpekq'rfis, or 'chairman' and 'superintendent' respectively,
of each of the numerous groups of citizens which formed what
was known as a eupnopla for the purposes of the war-tax. The
Assembly as a whole is regarded as divided into two vast
auaaoplaz. Attached to the orator and general, and roughly
corresponding to the 300 wealthiest citizens in the arrange-
ments for the war-tax, was a bod of partisans who applauded
the speeches of the leaders of t eir party. The rest of the
citizens were attached to the one set or the other, like the
ordinary members of the Symmories, without voice or influence
in the direction of affairs (cp. Heslop). wpdrepov does not
imply that this organisation of the war-tax had been abolished,
but only that the state had for some time past given up levying
a tax which weighed heavily on a majority of the citizens.
By an arrangement dating from the archonship of Nausiniclls (378-7 3. 0. )
the citizens, who were all bound to pay the war-tax, were divided into a
number of napopl'at, or boards, each representing an approximately equal
part of the entire wealth of the state. The distribution of the citizens
into a-vppoplat was managed by the or 0. 117an (89 ? 8). The war-tax was
levied on a graduated scale, which was iighest for the wealthiest citizens,
who were placed in the first class, and was lower in proportion for the
three other classes. The 300 wealthiest citizens formed the first of the
four classes (Isaeus 6 ? 60). These assessment-classes correspond to the
four rim of the Solonian constitution, and must not be confounded with
the avppopial or boards formed for organising the payment of the war-tax.
In the case of the war-tax the number of the wppopiai, and the number
of citizens in each, is unknown.
When a war-tax was decreed by the Ecclesia, the amount required was
first apportioned among the various Symmories. Each Symmory then
drew up a list, in which the payments demanded ofleach member of the
Symmory were calculated according to the assessment of that person's
property (Harpocr. s. v. Sie? ypaapa). The war-tax was collected in ac-
cordance with these lists, and, for some time after the archonship of
Nausinieus (378-7 3. 0. ), this was done directly by the state (22 ? 54,
24 ? 166, Lys. 29 ? 9). In 362-1 13. 0. we find the earliest mention of a plan
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 05:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31175009758841 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 182 SECOND 0L YNTHIAC' II ? 29
for facilitating the collection of the tax. In that year the Council are
described as drawing up a list of citizens who are required to pay the tax
in advance for the members of the same deme ([50] ? 8). This plan was,
however, soon abandoned in favour of one by which the tax was paid in
advance by the 300 wealthiest citizens ([42] ? 25), who afterwards recovered
the sums due from the poorer members ([50] ? 9).
In 357--6, b the decree of Periander, the system of Symmories was
further applie to the trierarchy ([47] ? ? '21, 44). The 1200 wealthiest
citizens in the Synnnories for the war-tax were then divided into 20
Symmories of 60 members each for the purposes of the trierarch y (14 ? 17,
21 ? 155). Each Symmory represented an approximately equal part of the
total assessed wealth of the 1200; and the 300 wealthiest citizens were
distributed equally among the 20 Symmories, 15 in each (Dinarchus 1 ? 42,
Hyper. ap. Harpocr. s. v. a'unnopia). In the Symmories for the trierarchy,
as in those for the war-tax, the wealthiest member of each Symmory was
called the fiqu'w (18 ? ? 102, 812). Corresponding to the 20 1', spam,
but subordinate to them, were the 20 e'mpehrrai ([47] ? ? 21, 22, 24), who
aided the arpa-myoi in apportioning the duties of the trierarchy among the
members of the Symmories. As it was the wealthiest members in each
Symmory who made all the arrangements and apportioned the services
required of each individual, these wealthy individuals soon began to
arrange the burdens in such a way that they themselves escaped payment
as far as possible (18 ? ? 102 f, 21 ? 155). To remove this abuse Demosthenes,
who had proposed a scheme of reform as early as 354 B. C. (14 ? ? 16 f), carried
a law in 340-39 which, while leaving the Symmories intact, ensured that
the trierarchic burdens imposed on every individual should be in strict
accordance with his assessment. The equipment of two ships was now
fixed as the maximum duty that could be demanded of any one. Any one
whose resources were not equal to equipping even a single ship had to
share the duty with others in proportion to his own wealth (Gilbert pp.
368~74 Engl. ed. ) Cp. Bocckh P'ubl. Econ. bk. iv 0. 9 p. 678 Lamb, Sauppe
Ep. ad Hermannum pp. 129-31 (=Ausgcw. Schm'ften pp. 165 f), ASchaefer ii
1862 n. ; also Whibley in Companion to Greek Studies ? 434.
273. pfi'rwp . . o'rpa'r'qye? s: Acschin. 3 ? 7 (the generals)
o'vu'q'yopoiivre? s TLO'L 'rc'iw finrropwv hvoalvovraz 'r'hv 1rohvreiav, Plut.
dc amorcfratcrno 486 D o'vvep'yoz'iaw dhhfihocs odhhov, Lbs Armo-
dde? vns Kal Xoipns, Kai wdhw Alexiv'ns' <Kai @wxlwv>, Kai Eileovhos
<KalAL01r61617s>, Kai 'T1repel517s Kai Aewofie? uns, at #61, he? 'yov-res
6'11 1'4; 511mg Kai 7pd? ovres, 01'. 5% o'rpa'rn'yoiivres Kat 1rpd'r'rovres,
Phocian 7, and Comp. Dem. ct C'ic. 3. (The generals Diopeithes
and Chares and the politician Aristophon are named in 8 ? 30 ;
the politicians Callistratus, Aristophon and Diophantus in
18 ? 297 ; Diophantus and Eubulus in 20 ? 137 ; while Eubulus
and Aristophon are opposed to one another in 20 ? 137. )
Isocr. do Pace ? 54, Thirlwall v 243.
274. 8011 ae? pevor. ' utadiectivum inter articuhun et suiun substantivum
positum est, ut una notio comprehendatur' (Voemel ed. 1857). (oi)
TpLaK60LOL=oi whova'w'rra-rot in 18 ? 171, =oi 1rpoew?
