They were
accordingly
the same time by fire and water offered a still more
accused of treason, and, what was still worse, of neart-rending sight.
accused of treason, and, what was still worse, of neart-rending sight.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
) is very remarkable in the history of the Eastern
In the time of Augustus forty gold coins (uurei or empire. The civil wars by which the empire of
solidi) were equal to a pound ; but as these coins the Arabs was shaken compelling the khalif to
were struck lighter and lighter, it was at length cease making war without his realm, in order to
enacted by Valentinian I. in A. D. 367 (Cod. 10. obtain peace within, he bound himself to pay a
tit. 72 (70), s. 5), that henceforth 72 solidi should daily“ tribute of 1000 pieces of gold, one slave,
be coined out of a pound of gold ; and we accord- and one horse of noble breed. " The en. peror in his
ingly find conob for the first time on the coins of turn ceded to the khalif one moiety of the income
the latter emperor.
of Armenia, Iberia (in the Caucasus), and Cyprus,
In the reign of Justinian the custom was first which were henceforth held in joint occupancy by
introduced of indicating on the coins the number of the two monarchs, and he promised to employ his
the year of the emperor's reign. This practice be- forces and authority in compelling the Mardaites or
gan in the twelfth year of Justinian's reign, and Maronites, in Mount Lebanon, to refrain from mo-
explains the reason why Justinian enacted, in the lesting the Arabs. This promise was a great
eleventh year of his reign, that in future all official political blunder, the consequences of which are
documents were to contain in them the year of the still felt by the inhabitants of the Lebanon and Syria.
emperor's reign. (Novella, 47. ) In the same year Leontius, one of the most distinguished generals of
another change was made in the coins. Hitherto the Greeks, and afterwards emperor, having been
they had represented the emperor as a warrior with charged with executing the treaty in the case of
a lance ; but Justinian, who carried on his wars by the Maronites, assassinated their chief Joannes,
means of his generals, and who was more interested compelled the people to take the oath of allegiance,
personally in legislation, theological disputes, and and persuaded 10,000 Maronites to leave their na-
public buildings, caused himself to be represented tive mountains with their wives and children, and
with the imperial globe and no longer as a warrior. to settle in Thrace and Armenia. Until then the
The drawing below represents a medal of Justi- Christian Maronites had been a barrier against the
nian, which was found by the Turks among the progress of the Arabs in these quarters, and no
ruins of Caesareia, in Cappadocia, in the year 1751. sooner were they thus dispersed than the Moham-
It was carried to Constantinople, where it was medans obtained a firm footing in the Taurus and
bought by Desalleurs, who presented it to Louis Anti-Taurus, and found themselves enabled to in-
XV. . It was stolen from the royal collection at vade Asia Minor at their leisure. It is true the
Paris, in the year 1832, but an engraving of it had Maronites never lost their independence entirely,
been previously given by De Boze, in the Mémoires but other tribes, hostile to them, settled in
de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, vol. Lebanon ; and they continued to be what they
xxvi. p. 523. Its loss is the more to be deplored, still are, an outpost surrounded by the enemies of
as it is the only specimen known to be in existence. Christianity, scarcely able to maintain themselves
The obverse represents the head of Justinian with on their native rocks, and unable to make a step
the legend D N IVSTINIANVS PP AVG: he wears a beyond them.
richly adorned helmet, behind which is the nimbus, It was expected that the energy which young
and holds in his right hand a spear. On the re- Justinian had shown on many occasions would lead
verse the emperor is riding on a horse, adorned him to perform great and good actions ; but his
with pearls ; the helmet, the nimbus, the spear, bad character soon became manifest, and caused
and the dress, correspond to the representation on a universal and deep disappointment throughout
the obverse : before him walks Victory, looking his dominions. Instead of establishing peace in
round at him, and carrying in her left hand a the church, he caused new dissensions through his
trophy: by the side of Justinian's head a star ap- intolerance : the Manichaeans were cruelly per-
pears. The legend is SALVS ET GLORIA ROMANO- secuted ; many thousands were put to death by
This medal was struck probably in the early the sword or by fire ; and the remainder were
years of the emperor's reign, as the face is that of driven into merciless exile. In 688 he broke the
a young man, and the obverse resembles what we peace with the Bulgarians, and obtained a splendid
find on the early coins of Justinian. De Boze victory over them; but having allowed himself to
thinks that it has reference to the Persian vic- be surprised by another army, he was totally
tories.
routed, lost half of his troops, and fled in confusion
to Constantinople. About the same time the Arabs
set out for their fourth invasion of Africa. Justi-
nian exerted himself with great activity in opposing
their designs ; a numerous fleet carrying a strong
body of troops, left Constantinople, and, being
reinforced by the garrisons of Sicily, compelled
the Arabs to retreat in haste to their native country.
Instead of availing himself of his success, Justinian
foolishly gave up his joint occupancy of Cyprus,
CONOD
which was forth with seized by the Arabs, who,
encouraged by the strange conduct of the emperor,
invaded Asia Minor and Mesopotamia in 692, and
JUSTINIANUS II. , surnamed RHINO- in the following year conquered all Armenia. Jus-
TMETUS (he whose nose is cut off), emperor of tinian consoled himself with pleasures, and found
the East (A. D. 685-695 and 704–711), suc-relief in torturing his subjects. His luxury, es-
ceeded his father Constantine IV. Pogonatus, in pecially his love of erecting magnificent buildings,
the month of September, A. D. 685, at the age of in which he rivalled his great namesake Justinian
sixteen. Soon after his accession he made a truce | I. , involved him in extraordinary expenses, and
of ten years with the khalif 'Abdu-l-málek, which the art of inventing new taxes soon became his
;
RVM.
JANV'S
PRIE
MEDAL OF JUSTINIAN I.
3 x 2
## p. 676 (#692) ############################################
676
JUSTINIANUS.
JUSTINIANUS.
favourite occupation. He was ably assisted by the Bulgarians. Terbelis was soon persuaded to
two monsters whose names are branded in the his- undertake one of those sudden inroads for which
tory of civilisation. Stephanus, the minister of the Bulgarians were so much dreaded in those
finances, so pleased his master by his skill in plun- times, and before Tiberius knew that his rival had
dering, that he continued to enjoy his favours, fled from Phanagoria, he saw him with fifteen
although he threatened the emperor's mother, Anas. thousand Bulgarian horse under the walls of Con-
tasia, with the punishment inflicted upon naughty stantinople. Some adherents of Justinian led the
children ; and the monk Theodatus, who rose to barbarians secretly into the city, and flight was now
the dignity of Logotheta, was unsurpassed in the the only safety for Tiberius. Overtaken at Apul-
art of realising the rapacious measures of his collonia, he was carried back to Constantinople, and
lengue. Those who could not pay the taxes were together with his brother Heraclius, and the deposed
driven out of their homes, tortured, or hanged by and still captive emperor Leontius, dragged before
hundreds ; and those who refused paying them Justinian, who was just amusing himself in the
were stified with the smoke of damp burning straw, Hippodrome. While they lay prostrate before him
till they gave up either their property or their lives. the tyrant placed his feet on the necks of his two
The people of Constantinople, exasperated by r- rivals, and continued to look at the performances
pacity and cruelty, showed symptoms of rebellion, and to listen to the savage demonstration of joy
and, in a moment of fury, Justinian ordered his of the people, who were shouting the verses of the
guards to rush into the streets and to massacre all | psalmist : “ Thou shalt tread upon the lion and
whom they might find abroad. The order became adder ; the young lion and the dragon shalt thou
known before it was executed, and a general re trample under thy feet. ” Having at last satisfied
bellion ensued, to which chance gave an able and his revenge he ordered them to be put to death. A
successful leader. Leontius, the commander against system of persecution was now carried on against
the Maronites, having become suspected by Justi- the adherents of Leontius and Tiberius, of which
nian, soon after his return from that campaign was few examples are found in Byzantine history: the
arrested and confined in a prison, where he remained capital and the provinces swarmed with informers and
about three years, till the emperor, who neither dared executioners, who committed unheard of cruelties,
to put him to death, nor liked to have him alive in while the confiscated property of the unhappy
his capital, suddenly restored him to liberty, and victims was employed in satisfying the demands of
gave him the government of Greece, with an order Terbelis. As early as 708 the friendship between
to set out immediately. As he was in the act of the khan and the emperor was at an end. Terbelis
stepping on board a galley in the Golden Horn, he treated and was justified in treating Justinian as
was stopped by an exasperated and trembling crowd, a madman. War was declared, and Justinian
who implored him to save them from the fury of having suffered a total defeat at Anchialus, re
Justinian. Without hesitation he put himself at turned to Constantinople to commit fresh cruelties.
the head the people. To St. Sophia! they About this time the Arabs took Tyana and made
shouted. Thousands of well-armed men soon sur- great progress in Asia Minor, and the inhabitan is
rounded the cathedral, and in a few hours the of Ravenna having shown their discontent with
revolution was achieved, and Leontius was seated the rapacity of the exarch, an expedition was sent
on the imperial throne. Justinian, a prisoner against them, and after the town had been taken,
loaded with chains, was dragged before him; the it was treated worse than if it had belonged to the
mob demanded his head; but Leontius remem- Persians or Bulgarians: the rich spoil of that
bering the kindness of the father of Justinian, ruined city was carried to Constantinople. In 710
saved the life of his rival, and banished him to Pope Constantine was summoned to appear at Nico-
Cherson in the present Crimca. Previous to his medeia before the emperor, who had some ecclesi-
departure, however, Justinian had his nose cut off: astical reform in view, and he went thither trembling,
hence his name 'Pivotuntos. (A. D. 695. ) but against his expectation was treated with great
After a reign of three years Leontius was de- honours, and returned in the following year. From
throned and confined in a prison, in 6. 98, by Tibe- Nicomedeia, where he had resided for some time,
rius Absimarus, who reigned till 704, when the Justinian was compelled to fiy suddenly to his
exiled Justinian regained possession of his throne capital, as a body of Arabs had penetrated as far
under the following circumstances :
as Chalcedon. Unable to obtain any advantage over
In his exile Justinian thought of nothing but them, Justinian resolved to cool his fury in the
revenge, and his misfortunes, far from smoothing blood of the Chersonites, and the savage Stephanus
his violent temper, increased the fury of his passions. was sent against them with a fleet and the order to
He ill treated the inhabitants of Cherson, where destroy the whole population. They found, horr-
he seems to have exercised some power, or enjoyed ever, time to fly into the country, and Stephanus
at least too much liberty, so unmercifully that they returned in anger, after having hanged, drowned,
formed a plan to put him to death. He escaped or roasted alive, only a few hundreds where he
their just resentment by a sudden flight to Busirus, hoped to massacre thousands. Neither he nor his
the khan of the Khazars, who received him well
, fleet reached the capital: a storm destroyed the
gave him his sister Theodora in marriage, and ships, and the Euxine swallowed up the crew.
assigned him the town of Phanagoria, in the present | He had no sooner left Cherson than the inbabitants
island of Tamad on the Cimmerian Bosporus, as a returned to their city, a general insurrection arose,
residence. When Tiberius became informed of and Bardanes was proclaimed emperor, and assumed
this, he bribed Busirus, who sent out messengers the purple under the name of Philippicus (Phi-
with an order to kill the imperial refugee. But lepicus). Infuriated at the loss of his fleet, and
Theodora discovered their designs, and having the escape of the Chersonites, Justinian fitted out a
conimunicated them to her husband, he killed two second expedition, under the command of Maurus,
of the messengers, sent his faithful wife back to who, however, found Cherson well fortified and
her brother, and escaped to Terbelis, the king of still better defended. Trenubling to appear before
a
## p. 677 (#693) ############################################
JUSTINIANUS.
677
JUSTINUS.
their master without having executed his bloody | spect of a speedy termination. Tiberius, dissatis-
orders, Maurus with his whole army joined Philip-fied with Justinian's conduct in this campaign,
picns, who, with them and his own forces, forth with recalled him, and gave the command to Mauricius.
sailed for Constantinople. Meanwhile, Justinian Justinian thought himself unfairly dealt with, and
was gone to Sinope, on the Euxine, opposite the entered into a conspiracy to assassinate Tiberius
Crimea, in order to be as near as possible to the on the day of his coronation, and to have himself
theatre of the war, and he was delighted when he chosen in his stead. It appears that he had no
discovered his fleet on the main in the direction of chance of success, for he voluntarily confessed his
the Bosporus. He was soon informed of the evil designs, and Tiberius generously pardoned
rebellion, and hastened to his capital, in order to him. When, in the following year, 579, Tiberius
prepare a vigorous defence, but on his way thither was absent from the capital, the empress Sophia,
he received the terrible news that Constantinople who expected that Tiberius would have married
had surrendered to Philippicus, and that his son, her, but was grievously disappointed at sceing that
the youthful Tiberius, had been assassinated on the he was secretly married to another, persuaded
altar of the Church of the Holy Virgin. He has- Justinian to resume his former designs, promising
tened back to Sinope, but while he was hesitating to assist him with her treasures and influence. The
what to do, he was overtaken by Elias, once his plan was discovered, the property of Sophia was
friend, but whom he had cruelly persecuted, and confiscated, and a watch was put upon her ; but
who put him to death (December, 711). Elias Justinian was again pardoned by the noble Tibe-
struck off the tyrant's head and sent it to Constan- rius. The time of Justinian's death is not known.
tinople, where it arrived in January, 712. Phi- (Theophan. p. 385, &c. , ed. Paris ; Evagrius, v.
lippicus now reigned without opposition. Justinian | 14, &c. ; Procop. Bell. Goth. iii. 32, 40, iv. 25, 26 ;
was the last emperor of the family of the great Theophylact
. iii
. 12, &c. ; Paul. Diacon. iii. 12;
Heraclius ; and he was the first who caused the Menander in Excerpt. Legat. ; the sources quoted
image of Christ to be put on his coins. (Theophan. in the lives of Justin. II. and Tiberius. ) (W. P. ]
p. 303, &c. ; Niceph. Call. p. 24 ; Cedren. p. 440, JUSTINIA'NUS, son of Mauricius. [Mau-
&c. ; Zonaras, vol. ii. p. 91, &c. ; Glycas, p. 279; RICIUS. ]
Const. Manasses, p. 79; Const. Porphyr. De JUSTI'NUS I. , or the elder, emperor of the
Adm. Imp. c. 22, 27, in the Paris edit. ; Suidas, East from A. D. 518—527, was of barbarian, pro-
8. v. 'lovo Tiviavós ; Paulus Diacon. De Gest. Longob. bably Gothic extraction. Tired of the humble occu-
vi. 11, 12, 31, 32. )
(W. P. ] pation of a shepherd, for which he had been brought
JUSTINIA'NUS, the second son of Germanus, up in his native village, Tauresium, in Dardani,
and the grand-nephew of Justinian I. (see the he went to Constantinople in company with two
genealogical table prefixed to the life of that em- youthful comrades, to try his fortune in the capital.
peror), a distinguished general, becomes first con- Justin entered the guards of the emperor Leo, and
spicuous in the Gothic campaign of A. D. 550, through his undaunted courage soon rose to some
when, after exerting himself in raising the army eminence. He served with great distinction against
that was to invade Italy through Illyricum, he was the Isaurians and the Persians, and his merits were
appointed, on the sudden death of his father, to successively rewarded with the dignities of tribunus,
succeed him in the supreme command. He was comes, senator, and at last commander-in-chief of
then very young, but the time of his birth can only the imperial guards, an important post, which he
be conjectured: it was probably about 530. In held in the reign of the emperor Anastasius. It
the following year he commanded, with his elder was expected that the aged Anastasius would
brother, Justin, against the Slavonians ; and he is appoint one of his three nephews his future suc-
also mentioned as the commander of the Greek cessor, but as they evinced little capacity, the em-
auxiliaries of Alboin against Thrasimund, king of peror hesitated. His prime minister, the eunuch
the Gepidae. His nane became universally known Amantius, availed himself of his master's irresolu-
as one of the first generals of the empire, when tion to promote his own interest by bringing about
the regent, Tiberius, appointed him, in 574, or, as the election of his creature Theodatus, and for this
some say, 576, commander-in-chief of an army of purpose entrusted large sums of money to Justin,
150,000 German and Scythian mercenaries, against with which he was to bribe the guards and other
the Persian king, Chosroes, who had invaded persons of influence to espouse the cause of Theo-
Armenia. Justinian advanced from Cappadocia, datus. He expected that an illiterate and rude
and Chosroes pushed on to aeet him. The en- / barbarian, who resembled Hercules more than Mer-
counter took place at Melitene, in Lesser Armenia, cury, would faithfully execute his orders. But he
not far from the Euphrates, and after a sharp was greatly mistaken. Justin employed the money
struggle, the left wing of the Persians was totally for his own elevation ; and when Anastasius died,
routed ; in consequence of which Chosroes was on the 10th July, 518, it was not Theodatus whom
compelled to retreat in haste and confusion into the army proclaimed emperor, but Justin, who thus
the heart of his dominions. This splendid victory ascended the throne without opposition, at the
was equally due to the military skill of Justinian, advanced age of sixty-eight. Justin could neither
and the undaunted valour of Curs, a Scythian in read nor write, and was in every respect a rude
the Greek service. Upon this Justinian crossed soldier ; but his predecessor Anastasius was scarcely
the Euphrates, and turning to the left, conquered more civilized, and the people preferred a brave
part of northern Persia, took up his winter-quarters master to a learned one. Feeling his incapacities
in Hyrcania, and returned unmolested in the fol- as a statesman, Justin committed the direction of
lowing spring to Armenia. But there he suffered affairs to the quaestor Proclus, and this excellent
a severe defeat from the Persian general, Tam- man discharged his functions to the satisfaction of .
chosroes, in consequence of which the pending both master and subjects. Soon after his accession,
negotiations for peace were abruptly broken off by as it appears, Justin assumed the noble name of
Chosroes, and the war continued without any pro- | Anicius ; some, however, believe that he had pre-
X X 3
## p. 678 (#694) ############################################
678
JUSTINUS.
JUSTINUS
;
viously been adopted by a member of that illustrious Anazarba, and Pompeiopolis were laid in ruins, and
family. Amantius, indignant at being cheated by in Europe Corinth and Dyrrachium met with a
a rustic, gave vent to his feelings, and perhaps similar fate. But the destruction of Antioch at
conspired with Theodatus.
They were accordingly the same time by fire and water offered a still more
accused of treason, and, what was still worse, of neart-rending sight. When Justin heard of its
heresy, and they paid for their imprudence with awful fate, he ordered the theatres to be closed,
their heads. Several of their associates shared their took off his royal diadem, and dressed himself in
fate. In 519 Justin, who was a stanch adherent mourning. He spent two million pounds sterling
of the orthodox church, and had adopted energetic towards the rebuilding of Antioch, which was done
measures against the Eutychians, concluded an ar- with the utmost splendour, and he evinced a pro-
rangement with pope Hormisdas, in consequence of portionate liberality towards the other sufferers.
which the harmony between Rome and Constan- On the whole, Justin, though a barbarian and a
tinople remained undisturbed during a considerable fanatic, was a man of good sense, a sincere well-
time, to the great satisfaction of the East. In the wisher of his subjects, and successful in choosing
following year, 520, Justin adopted his nephew capable persons to govern them ; his knowledge
Justinian, whom he had withdrawn in early youth of the human character was remarkably sound.
from their native villase, and the governinent was He died on the 1st of August, 527, shortly after
henceforth in the hands of Justinian. The eleva- ) having conferred the dignity of Augustus upon his
tion of Justininn was signalized by an event which nephew and successor, the great Justinian. He was
occasioned great discontent and disorders in the buried in the church of Euphemia near his wife
empire. The Goth Vitalian, so famous by his war Euphemia, a woman as illiterate and rude as her
against Anastasius, and who held the offices of con- husband, but who never interfered with public
sul and magister militum, under Justin, became affairs, and who caused that church to be built at
an object of suspicion and jealousy to the emperor | her expense. (Evagr. iv. 1-10, 56 ; Procop.
and his crafty nephew, and on rising from a banquet Vandal. i. 9; De Aed. ii. 6, 7, iii. 7, iv. 1;
to which he had been invited, was treacherously Arcan. c. 6, 9 ; Pers. i. 19. ii. 15, &c. ; Theoph.
assassinated by the order and in presence of Justin p. 141, &c. ; Zonar. vol. ii. p. 58, &c. ; Cedren.
and Justinian. Vitalian was beloved by the faction of p. 363 in the Paris edit. ; Jornand. De Regn. Suec.
the Green, who immediately took up arms, and as p. 62, ed. Lindenbrog. )
(W. P. )
they were opposed by the Blue, who enjoyed the JUSTINUS II. , the younger, emperor of the
favour of the emperor, great troubles arose, which East, from A. D. 565–578, and nephew of the great
lasted during three years, without Justin's becoming Justinian. (See the genealogical table prefixed to
well acquainted with the extent of danger. When the life of Justinian I. ) His reign is signalized by
he was at last apprised of it, he appointed one important and extraordinary events. Justin had in-
Theodotus prefect of the capital, who succeeded finitely less merit than his cousins Justinus and Jus-
in restoring peace.
In 522 some misunderstand tinian, the sons of Germanus, who had distinguished
ing arose between Justin and Theodoric, king themselves in the field against the Persians, and
of the East Goths in Italy, who was offended were universally beloved for the frankness of their
with Justin because he continued to appoint consuls, character ; but he was of a crafty disposition, and
a dignity which, in the opinion of Theodoric, could while his cousins exposed their lives in the defence
only be conferred by the master of Rome ; but of the empire, he prudently remained at Constan-
Justin prudently renounced the privilege, leaving tinople and courted the aged Justinian. In order
its exercise entirely to the Gothic king, who accord- to insinuate himself the better into his uncle's
ingly appointed Symmachus and the famous Boe- favour, he married Sophia, the niece of the empress
thius consuls for the year 522. In the same year Theodora, a beautiful and clever woman, but am-
misunderstandings arose between Justin and the bitious, imperious and revengeful. In the night
Persian king Cabades, on account of the kingdom that Justinian died (13th of November, 565),
of Colchis or Lazica. Cabades proposed to the Justin had retired to his apartments, and was fast
emperor, as a guarantee for their mutual friendship, asleep, when he was suddenly awakened by a loud
to adopt his favourite son Nushirwan or Chosroes, knocking against his door : it was a deputation of
who afterwards reigned over Persia with so much the senate, composed of some of its members who
glory, and Justin would have complied with the had witnessed the emperor's death, and now came
king's wishes, but for the interference of the wise to congratulate Justin, whom, according to their
quaestor Proclus, on whose advice the emperor report, the dying moxarch had appointed his suc-
declined the proposition. Annoyed by the failure cessor. Whether this was true or not, no time was
of his plan, Cabades prepared for war, the outbreak lost by Justin and his friends. He went imme-
of which was hastened by Gurgenus, king of Iberia, diately to the senate, who were already waiting
throwing himself upon the protection of the em- for him, and after a document had been read to
peror. The Persians having invaded Iberia, Justin him, which purported to be the will of Justinian,
dispatched Sittas and Belisarius against them, and he was forth with proclaimed emperor. Early in the
this is the first time that the name of Belisarius following morning he repaired to the hippodrome,
becomes known in history. He was, however, not which was filled by an immense and anxious crowd
successful in this campaign, but was, neverthe- and after having delivered divers fine speeches,
less, appointed governor of the great fortress of which met with boisterous acclamation, he issued a
Dara, on the confines of Mesopotamia and Syria, general pardon for all offenders, and, in order to
and the historian Procopius was appointed his convince the people the more completely of his vir-
secretary. The war was carried on for some years tuous and generous sentiments, summoned the
without leading to important results on either side. numerous creditors of Justinian to come forth with
In 525 a terrible earthquake and the overflowing their claims. They obeyed eagerly, and their as-
of several rivers carried destruction through some tonishment was still greater when a file of porters
of the finest cities of the empire. In the East Edessa, made their appearance, each sighing under the
## p. 679 (#695) ############################################
JUSTINUS.
679
JUSTINUS.
weight of an enormous bag of gold: in a few hours taking. But it was too late, the Longobards
the whole of Justinian's debts was discharged. descended into Italy, and Narses died of grief.
The people found no limits to their praise and (NARSEB. )
delight, and their admiration of their new master In 568 Alboin descended the Julian Alps, with
was at its height, when Sophia, imitating the noble his stern Longobards and numerous contingents of
example set by her lord, opened her treasury and Bavarians, Suevians, and other Germans : 20,000
paid the debts of a host of poor people. At the Saxons, the kinsmen and old confederates of the
same time the orthodox Justin issued an edict of Longobards, joined the expedition with their wives
universal toleration; all persons exiled for their and children. Longinus, the successor of Narses,
religion, except Eutychius, were recalled and re- was an incompetent general, who had neglected to
stored to their families or friends ; and the church fortify the passes through the Alps, and thus the
enjoyed a state of peace for fifty years, unprece barbarians rushed down into Iuly like an Alpine
dented in the annals of the ecclesiastical history of | torrent. Forum Julii, built by Caesar, was thic.
the Enst. The golden age seemed to have arrived first town they conquered, and, having been made
in Constantinople and the provinces.
by Alboin the seat of a feudal duchy, which ex-
Too soon, however, did the real character of tended over the adjacent districts, was the cause
Justin show itself, and sadly disappointed the san- of that province being now called Friuli, or in
guine hopes of the Greeks. An embassy of the German Friaul, which is a corruption of Forum
khan of the A vars having solicited an audience, Julii : Grasulf was its first duke. Aquileia soon
Justin dismissed them hanghtily and provoked the followed the fate of Forum Julii, and its fugi-
resentment of their chief; and he exhibited an tive inhabitants took refuge on the Venetian
equally overbearing conduct in his negotiations with islands. In 569 Alboin took Mantua, conquered
the Persians, whence an early rupture might easily Liguria as far as the Cottian Alps, and on the 5th
be prognosticated. In 566 the indignation of the of September of the same year, victoriously entered
Greeks was provoked by the murder of Justin the Milan (Mediolanum), where he was crowned king
younger, the emperor's cousin. This distinguished of Italy. Henceforth the country surrounding
prince excited the jealousy of both Justin and Milan was called Longobardia, or Lombardy, the
Sophia, and, from the Danube, where he com- name which it still bears. In the following year
manded against the Avars, he was suddenly sent Alboin made himself master of a large portion of
as governor to Egypt, but had scarcely put his Central Italy, and founded a second feudal duchy
foot on the shore of Alexandria, when he fell under at Spoleto, where Faroald reigned under his su-
the dagger of a hired assassin. His numerous premacy. The establishment of a third duchy at
friends were exasperated ; it was said that they Benevento was the fruit of the campaign of 570 :
had conspired against the emperor, and the alleged Alboin found a strong colony of Longobards in that
conspiracy was stifled in blood. The treasures place, who had settled there nineteen years pre-
Justin had spent in satisfying the creditors of viously, having received the town with its territory
Justinian, he recovered by a system of oppression from Narses, in reward for their services in the
and rapacity which surpassed even that of his Greek armies ; their chief, Zotto, was made duke.
predecessor, and the places under government were
In 571 Calabria fell into the hands of the Longo-
sold without shame or disguise. Italy, exhausted bards, and now the name of Calabria was given by
and ravaged by the Gothic war and its consequences the Greek government to the narrow peninsula of
famine and disease, was in a deplorable state. Bruttium and part of Lucania, countries which
Alboin, king of the Longobards, coveted that fair are still called Calabria. Rome and Ravenna,
conquest of Justinian, but his hopes were checked however, as well as different other portions of Italy
through fear of Narses, who still held the com- in the north and in the soutli, withstood the con-
mand at Ravenna. Yet Narses was approaching queror, and remained under the sway of the em-
the extreme limits of human life, and Alboin re- peror.
solved to wait, and to increase his power by While the most splendid conquest of Justinian
breaking that of his troublesome neighbours the was thus wrested from the Greeks, Justin found
Gepidae, who reigned in Hungary. He entered consolation in pleasures and luxury, leaving the
into an alliance with the Avars, and in 566 the government in the hands of his wife, his ministers,
Gepidae disappeared from among the independent and his eunuchs. At the very time that Italy was
barbarians in Europe. Every one could now fore- taken from him, he was involved in a dangerous
see an invasion of Italy, and Justin ought conse- war with the Persians, which broke out under the
quently to have concentrated his power in the plains following circumstances. The Turks having by
of the Po, and put both his treasures and soldiers at this time made great conquests in the countries to
the free disposition of Narses. Narses, however, was the north of Persia, gave umbrage to the Persian
hated by Sophia, and he had given just causes of king Chosroes, especially since they concluded an
complaint to the Italians, by his arbitrary govern- alliance with Justin, and Chosroes began hostilities
ment and his extreme rapacity. Justin, listening by invading and subjugating the kingdom of the
to the foolish advice of his wife, sent him an order | Homeritae, in Southern Arabia. Encouraged by
to return to Constantinople, and bring with him the approach and success of the Turks, the Iberiang
his own riches and those of the public treasury; and Persarmenians threw off the Persian yoke,
and Narses, having remonstrated, pointing out the and submitted to Justin, on condition of his de
imminent danger from the Longobards, Sophia fending them against Chosroes. The emperor pro-
sent him a most insulting letter, which so roused mised to do so, and at the same time refused to
the fury of the old general that he invited Alboin to pay the annual tribute of 30,000 pieces of gold,
turn his arms against Italy, promising that he would which had been fixed by former treaties. Thus
not take the command of the Romans. Soon after-war broke out in 572. Justin sent Marcian against
wards, however, he deeply regretted his faithless-the Persians, an able general, who found no army
Dess, and tried to dissuade Alboin from the under- / on his arrival at the frontiers, but created one in a
X X +
## p. 680 (#696) ############################################
680
JUSTINUS.
JUSTINUS.
short time, and did more than could have been ex- tinian I. ), a general of great distinction and popo-
pected under such circumstances. He was shut larity in the army, but justly suspected by Justinian
up for some time in the important fortress of Dara 1. and Justin II. , on account of his ambition and
Reinforced by the contingents of the Lazians and faithlessness. In A. D. 551 he held a command
other Caucasian nations, he suddenly sallied forth, in the army against the Slavonians, and shared its
laid siege to Nisibis, and offered battle to Chosroes, defeat in the battle of Adrianople. He was more
who approached with an army of 100,000 men. fortunate against the Persians in Colchis, over
At this critical moment Acacius arrived from Con- whom he obtained a coniplete victory on the river
stantinople with an order for Marcian to hasten Phasis (555), in consequence of which he was
directly to the capital, and surrender the command entrusted with the command in chief, which had
to him. Marcian obeyed, but no sooner was he bech taken from Martinus. Some time after he
gone than the whole Greek army disbanded, as discovered the secret designs of the khun of the
A cacius was known to be destitute of all military Avars, who had sent an embassy to Constantinople
talent. The consequence was that Syria was under the pretext of making a treaty of alliance,
ravaged by the Persians with fire and sword, and while their real object was the purchase of arms,
Dara, the bulwark of the empire, was taken by and the stores which they were secretly sending
Chosroes, after a long and gallant resistance. When into Avaria were consequently taken from them by
this news reached Constantinople, Justin showed Justin, who commanded on the Ararian frontiers
all the symptoms of insanity, and his mental dis (the Danube). The accession of his cousin Justin
order increased so much as to make him unfit for proved fatal to him: they had made an agreement
any business (574). The entire government now that, after the expected death of Justinian, the
devolved upon the empress Sophia.
son of Germanus should be Caesar, while the other
Two years previously Alboin had been assas- Justin, the son of Vigilantia, was to reign as
sinated, shortly after he had taken Pavia, where Augustus. But no sooner was the latter seated on
his successor Clepho took up his residence. This the throne, than Justin, the subject of this article,
king was slain a short time after his accession, but was recalled from the Danube, and after having
the Longobards, nevertheless, maintained them- been detained a short time at Constantinople, was
selves in the greater part of Italy. These events sent as governor (Dux and Augustalis) to Alexan-
were coincident with a war against the Avars, who dria, where he was, however, treated like a prisoner,
worsted the Greek commander Tiberius, a great and, shortly after his arrival, treacherously assassi-
general at the head of a bad army. The state of nated while asleep. His murder caused several of
the empire was so critical that Sophia persuaded his friends to conspire against the emperor, as is
Justin to adopt Tiberius and to make him Caesar. narrated in the life of Justin II. (Theophan. p.
The emperor followed the advice, and in 574 the 198, 204-210, ed. Paris ; Agathias, ii. 18, č. 2,
new Caesar was presented to the senate, Sophia 17—23, iv. 13—22 ; Procop. Bell. Goth. ii. 32;
acted wisely in buying a truce of one year from the Evagrius, v. 1, 2. )
(W. P. ]
Persians for the sum of 45,000 pieces of gold, JUSTI'NUS, son of Mauricius. [MAURICIUS. )
which was soon afterwards prolonged for three JUSTINUS, the historian. We possess a work
years, by an annual tribute of 30,000 pieces. But entitled Justini Historiurum Philippicarum Libri
this truce did not include Armenia, and thus XLIV. , in the preface to which the author informs us
Chosroes set out in 576, or more probably as early that his book was entirely derived from the Uni-
as 574, with a large army to extend the frontiers versal History (totius Orbis Historias), composed in
of his realm in the north-west. With great ex- Latin by Trogus Pompeius. Before proceeding,
ertions and sacrifices Tiberius succeeded in raising therefore, to consider the former, it is necessary
an army of 150,000 foreign mercenaries, with to inquire into the contents and character of the
whom he despatched Justinian, the emperor's cousin, more important and voluminous archetype.
against the Persians, thus leaving Italy unprotected From the statement of Trogus Pompeius himsell,
and Greece open to the inroads of the Slavonians. as preserved by Justin (xliii. 5), we learn that his
The details of this remarkable campaign are nar- ancestors traced their origin to the Gaulish tribe of
rated in the lives of 'Tiberius and Justinian. Jus- the Vocontii, that his grandfather received the
tinian obtained splendid victories, and sent 24 citizenship of Rome from Cn. Pompeius during the
elephants to Constantinople ; but he sustained in war against Sertorius, that his patemal uncle com-
his turn severe defeats, and was succeeded in the manded a squadron of cavalry in the army of the
supreme command by Mauricius, who, in 578, same general in the last struggle with Mithridates,
penetrated as far as the Tigris. The war was still and that his father served under C. Caesar (i. e.
raging with unabated fury, when Justin, whose the dictator), to whom he afterwards became
mental sufferings were increased by an ulcer on his private secretary. It is hence evident that the
leg, felt his dissolution approaching, and conse- son must have flourished under Augustus ; and
quently created Tiberius Augustus on the 26th of since the recovery of the standards of Crassus from
September, 578, and had him crowned and publicly the Parthians was recorded towards the close of
acknowledged as his successor. Justin died on the his history, it is probable that it may have been
5th of October following ; the best action of his published not long after that event, which took
life was the choice of his successor. (Corippus, De place B. c. 20. Our knowledge of this production
Land. Justini; Evagrius, v. 1--13; Theophan. p. is derived from three sources which, taken in com-
198, &c. ; Cedren. p. 388, &c. ; Zonaras, vol. ii. bination, afford a considerable amount of inform-
p. 70, &c. ; Glycas, p. 270, &c. ; Const. Manasses, ation with regard to the nature and extent of the
p. 68, &c. , Joel, p. 173, in the Paris edit. ; Paul. undertaking. 1. A few brief fragments quoted by
Diacon. ii. 5, &c. , iii. 11, 12 ; Theophylact. iii. 9, (Pliny? ), Vopiscus, Jerome, Augustin, Orosius,
&c.
In the time of Augustus forty gold coins (uurei or empire. The civil wars by which the empire of
solidi) were equal to a pound ; but as these coins the Arabs was shaken compelling the khalif to
were struck lighter and lighter, it was at length cease making war without his realm, in order to
enacted by Valentinian I. in A. D. 367 (Cod. 10. obtain peace within, he bound himself to pay a
tit. 72 (70), s. 5), that henceforth 72 solidi should daily“ tribute of 1000 pieces of gold, one slave,
be coined out of a pound of gold ; and we accord- and one horse of noble breed. " The en. peror in his
ingly find conob for the first time on the coins of turn ceded to the khalif one moiety of the income
the latter emperor.
of Armenia, Iberia (in the Caucasus), and Cyprus,
In the reign of Justinian the custom was first which were henceforth held in joint occupancy by
introduced of indicating on the coins the number of the two monarchs, and he promised to employ his
the year of the emperor's reign. This practice be- forces and authority in compelling the Mardaites or
gan in the twelfth year of Justinian's reign, and Maronites, in Mount Lebanon, to refrain from mo-
explains the reason why Justinian enacted, in the lesting the Arabs. This promise was a great
eleventh year of his reign, that in future all official political blunder, the consequences of which are
documents were to contain in them the year of the still felt by the inhabitants of the Lebanon and Syria.
emperor's reign. (Novella, 47. ) In the same year Leontius, one of the most distinguished generals of
another change was made in the coins. Hitherto the Greeks, and afterwards emperor, having been
they had represented the emperor as a warrior with charged with executing the treaty in the case of
a lance ; but Justinian, who carried on his wars by the Maronites, assassinated their chief Joannes,
means of his generals, and who was more interested compelled the people to take the oath of allegiance,
personally in legislation, theological disputes, and and persuaded 10,000 Maronites to leave their na-
public buildings, caused himself to be represented tive mountains with their wives and children, and
with the imperial globe and no longer as a warrior. to settle in Thrace and Armenia. Until then the
The drawing below represents a medal of Justi- Christian Maronites had been a barrier against the
nian, which was found by the Turks among the progress of the Arabs in these quarters, and no
ruins of Caesareia, in Cappadocia, in the year 1751. sooner were they thus dispersed than the Moham-
It was carried to Constantinople, where it was medans obtained a firm footing in the Taurus and
bought by Desalleurs, who presented it to Louis Anti-Taurus, and found themselves enabled to in-
XV. . It was stolen from the royal collection at vade Asia Minor at their leisure. It is true the
Paris, in the year 1832, but an engraving of it had Maronites never lost their independence entirely,
been previously given by De Boze, in the Mémoires but other tribes, hostile to them, settled in
de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, vol. Lebanon ; and they continued to be what they
xxvi. p. 523. Its loss is the more to be deplored, still are, an outpost surrounded by the enemies of
as it is the only specimen known to be in existence. Christianity, scarcely able to maintain themselves
The obverse represents the head of Justinian with on their native rocks, and unable to make a step
the legend D N IVSTINIANVS PP AVG: he wears a beyond them.
richly adorned helmet, behind which is the nimbus, It was expected that the energy which young
and holds in his right hand a spear. On the re- Justinian had shown on many occasions would lead
verse the emperor is riding on a horse, adorned him to perform great and good actions ; but his
with pearls ; the helmet, the nimbus, the spear, bad character soon became manifest, and caused
and the dress, correspond to the representation on a universal and deep disappointment throughout
the obverse : before him walks Victory, looking his dominions. Instead of establishing peace in
round at him, and carrying in her left hand a the church, he caused new dissensions through his
trophy: by the side of Justinian's head a star ap- intolerance : the Manichaeans were cruelly per-
pears. The legend is SALVS ET GLORIA ROMANO- secuted ; many thousands were put to death by
This medal was struck probably in the early the sword or by fire ; and the remainder were
years of the emperor's reign, as the face is that of driven into merciless exile. In 688 he broke the
a young man, and the obverse resembles what we peace with the Bulgarians, and obtained a splendid
find on the early coins of Justinian. De Boze victory over them; but having allowed himself to
thinks that it has reference to the Persian vic- be surprised by another army, he was totally
tories.
routed, lost half of his troops, and fled in confusion
to Constantinople. About the same time the Arabs
set out for their fourth invasion of Africa. Justi-
nian exerted himself with great activity in opposing
their designs ; a numerous fleet carrying a strong
body of troops, left Constantinople, and, being
reinforced by the garrisons of Sicily, compelled
the Arabs to retreat in haste to their native country.
Instead of availing himself of his success, Justinian
foolishly gave up his joint occupancy of Cyprus,
CONOD
which was forth with seized by the Arabs, who,
encouraged by the strange conduct of the emperor,
invaded Asia Minor and Mesopotamia in 692, and
JUSTINIANUS II. , surnamed RHINO- in the following year conquered all Armenia. Jus-
TMETUS (he whose nose is cut off), emperor of tinian consoled himself with pleasures, and found
the East (A. D. 685-695 and 704–711), suc-relief in torturing his subjects. His luxury, es-
ceeded his father Constantine IV. Pogonatus, in pecially his love of erecting magnificent buildings,
the month of September, A. D. 685, at the age of in which he rivalled his great namesake Justinian
sixteen. Soon after his accession he made a truce | I. , involved him in extraordinary expenses, and
of ten years with the khalif 'Abdu-l-málek, which the art of inventing new taxes soon became his
;
RVM.
JANV'S
PRIE
MEDAL OF JUSTINIAN I.
3 x 2
## p. 676 (#692) ############################################
676
JUSTINIANUS.
JUSTINIANUS.
favourite occupation. He was ably assisted by the Bulgarians. Terbelis was soon persuaded to
two monsters whose names are branded in the his- undertake one of those sudden inroads for which
tory of civilisation. Stephanus, the minister of the Bulgarians were so much dreaded in those
finances, so pleased his master by his skill in plun- times, and before Tiberius knew that his rival had
dering, that he continued to enjoy his favours, fled from Phanagoria, he saw him with fifteen
although he threatened the emperor's mother, Anas. thousand Bulgarian horse under the walls of Con-
tasia, with the punishment inflicted upon naughty stantinople. Some adherents of Justinian led the
children ; and the monk Theodatus, who rose to barbarians secretly into the city, and flight was now
the dignity of Logotheta, was unsurpassed in the the only safety for Tiberius. Overtaken at Apul-
art of realising the rapacious measures of his collonia, he was carried back to Constantinople, and
lengue. Those who could not pay the taxes were together with his brother Heraclius, and the deposed
driven out of their homes, tortured, or hanged by and still captive emperor Leontius, dragged before
hundreds ; and those who refused paying them Justinian, who was just amusing himself in the
were stified with the smoke of damp burning straw, Hippodrome. While they lay prostrate before him
till they gave up either their property or their lives. the tyrant placed his feet on the necks of his two
The people of Constantinople, exasperated by r- rivals, and continued to look at the performances
pacity and cruelty, showed symptoms of rebellion, and to listen to the savage demonstration of joy
and, in a moment of fury, Justinian ordered his of the people, who were shouting the verses of the
guards to rush into the streets and to massacre all | psalmist : “ Thou shalt tread upon the lion and
whom they might find abroad. The order became adder ; the young lion and the dragon shalt thou
known before it was executed, and a general re trample under thy feet. ” Having at last satisfied
bellion ensued, to which chance gave an able and his revenge he ordered them to be put to death. A
successful leader. Leontius, the commander against system of persecution was now carried on against
the Maronites, having become suspected by Justi- the adherents of Leontius and Tiberius, of which
nian, soon after his return from that campaign was few examples are found in Byzantine history: the
arrested and confined in a prison, where he remained capital and the provinces swarmed with informers and
about three years, till the emperor, who neither dared executioners, who committed unheard of cruelties,
to put him to death, nor liked to have him alive in while the confiscated property of the unhappy
his capital, suddenly restored him to liberty, and victims was employed in satisfying the demands of
gave him the government of Greece, with an order Terbelis. As early as 708 the friendship between
to set out immediately. As he was in the act of the khan and the emperor was at an end. Terbelis
stepping on board a galley in the Golden Horn, he treated and was justified in treating Justinian as
was stopped by an exasperated and trembling crowd, a madman. War was declared, and Justinian
who implored him to save them from the fury of having suffered a total defeat at Anchialus, re
Justinian. Without hesitation he put himself at turned to Constantinople to commit fresh cruelties.
the head the people. To St. Sophia! they About this time the Arabs took Tyana and made
shouted. Thousands of well-armed men soon sur- great progress in Asia Minor, and the inhabitan is
rounded the cathedral, and in a few hours the of Ravenna having shown their discontent with
revolution was achieved, and Leontius was seated the rapacity of the exarch, an expedition was sent
on the imperial throne. Justinian, a prisoner against them, and after the town had been taken,
loaded with chains, was dragged before him; the it was treated worse than if it had belonged to the
mob demanded his head; but Leontius remem- Persians or Bulgarians: the rich spoil of that
bering the kindness of the father of Justinian, ruined city was carried to Constantinople. In 710
saved the life of his rival, and banished him to Pope Constantine was summoned to appear at Nico-
Cherson in the present Crimca. Previous to his medeia before the emperor, who had some ecclesi-
departure, however, Justinian had his nose cut off: astical reform in view, and he went thither trembling,
hence his name 'Pivotuntos. (A. D. 695. ) but against his expectation was treated with great
After a reign of three years Leontius was de- honours, and returned in the following year. From
throned and confined in a prison, in 6. 98, by Tibe- Nicomedeia, where he had resided for some time,
rius Absimarus, who reigned till 704, when the Justinian was compelled to fiy suddenly to his
exiled Justinian regained possession of his throne capital, as a body of Arabs had penetrated as far
under the following circumstances :
as Chalcedon. Unable to obtain any advantage over
In his exile Justinian thought of nothing but them, Justinian resolved to cool his fury in the
revenge, and his misfortunes, far from smoothing blood of the Chersonites, and the savage Stephanus
his violent temper, increased the fury of his passions. was sent against them with a fleet and the order to
He ill treated the inhabitants of Cherson, where destroy the whole population. They found, horr-
he seems to have exercised some power, or enjoyed ever, time to fly into the country, and Stephanus
at least too much liberty, so unmercifully that they returned in anger, after having hanged, drowned,
formed a plan to put him to death. He escaped or roasted alive, only a few hundreds where he
their just resentment by a sudden flight to Busirus, hoped to massacre thousands. Neither he nor his
the khan of the Khazars, who received him well
, fleet reached the capital: a storm destroyed the
gave him his sister Theodora in marriage, and ships, and the Euxine swallowed up the crew.
assigned him the town of Phanagoria, in the present | He had no sooner left Cherson than the inbabitants
island of Tamad on the Cimmerian Bosporus, as a returned to their city, a general insurrection arose,
residence. When Tiberius became informed of and Bardanes was proclaimed emperor, and assumed
this, he bribed Busirus, who sent out messengers the purple under the name of Philippicus (Phi-
with an order to kill the imperial refugee. But lepicus). Infuriated at the loss of his fleet, and
Theodora discovered their designs, and having the escape of the Chersonites, Justinian fitted out a
conimunicated them to her husband, he killed two second expedition, under the command of Maurus,
of the messengers, sent his faithful wife back to who, however, found Cherson well fortified and
her brother, and escaped to Terbelis, the king of still better defended. Trenubling to appear before
a
## p. 677 (#693) ############################################
JUSTINIANUS.
677
JUSTINUS.
their master without having executed his bloody | spect of a speedy termination. Tiberius, dissatis-
orders, Maurus with his whole army joined Philip-fied with Justinian's conduct in this campaign,
picns, who, with them and his own forces, forth with recalled him, and gave the command to Mauricius.
sailed for Constantinople. Meanwhile, Justinian Justinian thought himself unfairly dealt with, and
was gone to Sinope, on the Euxine, opposite the entered into a conspiracy to assassinate Tiberius
Crimea, in order to be as near as possible to the on the day of his coronation, and to have himself
theatre of the war, and he was delighted when he chosen in his stead. It appears that he had no
discovered his fleet on the main in the direction of chance of success, for he voluntarily confessed his
the Bosporus. He was soon informed of the evil designs, and Tiberius generously pardoned
rebellion, and hastened to his capital, in order to him. When, in the following year, 579, Tiberius
prepare a vigorous defence, but on his way thither was absent from the capital, the empress Sophia,
he received the terrible news that Constantinople who expected that Tiberius would have married
had surrendered to Philippicus, and that his son, her, but was grievously disappointed at sceing that
the youthful Tiberius, had been assassinated on the he was secretly married to another, persuaded
altar of the Church of the Holy Virgin. He has- Justinian to resume his former designs, promising
tened back to Sinope, but while he was hesitating to assist him with her treasures and influence. The
what to do, he was overtaken by Elias, once his plan was discovered, the property of Sophia was
friend, but whom he had cruelly persecuted, and confiscated, and a watch was put upon her ; but
who put him to death (December, 711). Elias Justinian was again pardoned by the noble Tibe-
struck off the tyrant's head and sent it to Constan- rius. The time of Justinian's death is not known.
tinople, where it arrived in January, 712. Phi- (Theophan. p. 385, &c. , ed. Paris ; Evagrius, v.
lippicus now reigned without opposition. Justinian | 14, &c. ; Procop. Bell. Goth. iii. 32, 40, iv. 25, 26 ;
was the last emperor of the family of the great Theophylact
. iii
. 12, &c. ; Paul. Diacon. iii. 12;
Heraclius ; and he was the first who caused the Menander in Excerpt. Legat. ; the sources quoted
image of Christ to be put on his coins. (Theophan. in the lives of Justin. II. and Tiberius. ) (W. P. ]
p. 303, &c. ; Niceph. Call. p. 24 ; Cedren. p. 440, JUSTINIA'NUS, son of Mauricius. [Mau-
&c. ; Zonaras, vol. ii. p. 91, &c. ; Glycas, p. 279; RICIUS. ]
Const. Manasses, p. 79; Const. Porphyr. De JUSTI'NUS I. , or the elder, emperor of the
Adm. Imp. c. 22, 27, in the Paris edit. ; Suidas, East from A. D. 518—527, was of barbarian, pro-
8. v. 'lovo Tiviavós ; Paulus Diacon. De Gest. Longob. bably Gothic extraction. Tired of the humble occu-
vi. 11, 12, 31, 32. )
(W. P. ] pation of a shepherd, for which he had been brought
JUSTINIA'NUS, the second son of Germanus, up in his native village, Tauresium, in Dardani,
and the grand-nephew of Justinian I. (see the he went to Constantinople in company with two
genealogical table prefixed to the life of that em- youthful comrades, to try his fortune in the capital.
peror), a distinguished general, becomes first con- Justin entered the guards of the emperor Leo, and
spicuous in the Gothic campaign of A. D. 550, through his undaunted courage soon rose to some
when, after exerting himself in raising the army eminence. He served with great distinction against
that was to invade Italy through Illyricum, he was the Isaurians and the Persians, and his merits were
appointed, on the sudden death of his father, to successively rewarded with the dignities of tribunus,
succeed him in the supreme command. He was comes, senator, and at last commander-in-chief of
then very young, but the time of his birth can only the imperial guards, an important post, which he
be conjectured: it was probably about 530. In held in the reign of the emperor Anastasius. It
the following year he commanded, with his elder was expected that the aged Anastasius would
brother, Justin, against the Slavonians ; and he is appoint one of his three nephews his future suc-
also mentioned as the commander of the Greek cessor, but as they evinced little capacity, the em-
auxiliaries of Alboin against Thrasimund, king of peror hesitated. His prime minister, the eunuch
the Gepidae. His nane became universally known Amantius, availed himself of his master's irresolu-
as one of the first generals of the empire, when tion to promote his own interest by bringing about
the regent, Tiberius, appointed him, in 574, or, as the election of his creature Theodatus, and for this
some say, 576, commander-in-chief of an army of purpose entrusted large sums of money to Justin,
150,000 German and Scythian mercenaries, against with which he was to bribe the guards and other
the Persian king, Chosroes, who had invaded persons of influence to espouse the cause of Theo-
Armenia. Justinian advanced from Cappadocia, datus. He expected that an illiterate and rude
and Chosroes pushed on to aeet him. The en- / barbarian, who resembled Hercules more than Mer-
counter took place at Melitene, in Lesser Armenia, cury, would faithfully execute his orders. But he
not far from the Euphrates, and after a sharp was greatly mistaken. Justin employed the money
struggle, the left wing of the Persians was totally for his own elevation ; and when Anastasius died,
routed ; in consequence of which Chosroes was on the 10th July, 518, it was not Theodatus whom
compelled to retreat in haste and confusion into the army proclaimed emperor, but Justin, who thus
the heart of his dominions. This splendid victory ascended the throne without opposition, at the
was equally due to the military skill of Justinian, advanced age of sixty-eight. Justin could neither
and the undaunted valour of Curs, a Scythian in read nor write, and was in every respect a rude
the Greek service. Upon this Justinian crossed soldier ; but his predecessor Anastasius was scarcely
the Euphrates, and turning to the left, conquered more civilized, and the people preferred a brave
part of northern Persia, took up his winter-quarters master to a learned one. Feeling his incapacities
in Hyrcania, and returned unmolested in the fol- as a statesman, Justin committed the direction of
lowing spring to Armenia. But there he suffered affairs to the quaestor Proclus, and this excellent
a severe defeat from the Persian general, Tam- man discharged his functions to the satisfaction of .
chosroes, in consequence of which the pending both master and subjects. Soon after his accession,
negotiations for peace were abruptly broken off by as it appears, Justin assumed the noble name of
Chosroes, and the war continued without any pro- | Anicius ; some, however, believe that he had pre-
X X 3
## p. 678 (#694) ############################################
678
JUSTINUS.
JUSTINUS
;
viously been adopted by a member of that illustrious Anazarba, and Pompeiopolis were laid in ruins, and
family. Amantius, indignant at being cheated by in Europe Corinth and Dyrrachium met with a
a rustic, gave vent to his feelings, and perhaps similar fate. But the destruction of Antioch at
conspired with Theodatus.
They were accordingly the same time by fire and water offered a still more
accused of treason, and, what was still worse, of neart-rending sight. When Justin heard of its
heresy, and they paid for their imprudence with awful fate, he ordered the theatres to be closed,
their heads. Several of their associates shared their took off his royal diadem, and dressed himself in
fate. In 519 Justin, who was a stanch adherent mourning. He spent two million pounds sterling
of the orthodox church, and had adopted energetic towards the rebuilding of Antioch, which was done
measures against the Eutychians, concluded an ar- with the utmost splendour, and he evinced a pro-
rangement with pope Hormisdas, in consequence of portionate liberality towards the other sufferers.
which the harmony between Rome and Constan- On the whole, Justin, though a barbarian and a
tinople remained undisturbed during a considerable fanatic, was a man of good sense, a sincere well-
time, to the great satisfaction of the East. In the wisher of his subjects, and successful in choosing
following year, 520, Justin adopted his nephew capable persons to govern them ; his knowledge
Justinian, whom he had withdrawn in early youth of the human character was remarkably sound.
from their native villase, and the governinent was He died on the 1st of August, 527, shortly after
henceforth in the hands of Justinian. The eleva- ) having conferred the dignity of Augustus upon his
tion of Justininn was signalized by an event which nephew and successor, the great Justinian. He was
occasioned great discontent and disorders in the buried in the church of Euphemia near his wife
empire. The Goth Vitalian, so famous by his war Euphemia, a woman as illiterate and rude as her
against Anastasius, and who held the offices of con- husband, but who never interfered with public
sul and magister militum, under Justin, became affairs, and who caused that church to be built at
an object of suspicion and jealousy to the emperor | her expense. (Evagr. iv. 1-10, 56 ; Procop.
and his crafty nephew, and on rising from a banquet Vandal. i. 9; De Aed. ii. 6, 7, iii. 7, iv. 1;
to which he had been invited, was treacherously Arcan. c. 6, 9 ; Pers. i. 19. ii. 15, &c. ; Theoph.
assassinated by the order and in presence of Justin p. 141, &c. ; Zonar. vol. ii. p. 58, &c. ; Cedren.
and Justinian. Vitalian was beloved by the faction of p. 363 in the Paris edit. ; Jornand. De Regn. Suec.
the Green, who immediately took up arms, and as p. 62, ed. Lindenbrog. )
(W. P. )
they were opposed by the Blue, who enjoyed the JUSTINUS II. , the younger, emperor of the
favour of the emperor, great troubles arose, which East, from A. D. 565–578, and nephew of the great
lasted during three years, without Justin's becoming Justinian. (See the genealogical table prefixed to
well acquainted with the extent of danger. When the life of Justinian I. ) His reign is signalized by
he was at last apprised of it, he appointed one important and extraordinary events. Justin had in-
Theodotus prefect of the capital, who succeeded finitely less merit than his cousins Justinus and Jus-
in restoring peace.
In 522 some misunderstand tinian, the sons of Germanus, who had distinguished
ing arose between Justin and Theodoric, king themselves in the field against the Persians, and
of the East Goths in Italy, who was offended were universally beloved for the frankness of their
with Justin because he continued to appoint consuls, character ; but he was of a crafty disposition, and
a dignity which, in the opinion of Theodoric, could while his cousins exposed their lives in the defence
only be conferred by the master of Rome ; but of the empire, he prudently remained at Constan-
Justin prudently renounced the privilege, leaving tinople and courted the aged Justinian. In order
its exercise entirely to the Gothic king, who accord- to insinuate himself the better into his uncle's
ingly appointed Symmachus and the famous Boe- favour, he married Sophia, the niece of the empress
thius consuls for the year 522. In the same year Theodora, a beautiful and clever woman, but am-
misunderstandings arose between Justin and the bitious, imperious and revengeful. In the night
Persian king Cabades, on account of the kingdom that Justinian died (13th of November, 565),
of Colchis or Lazica. Cabades proposed to the Justin had retired to his apartments, and was fast
emperor, as a guarantee for their mutual friendship, asleep, when he was suddenly awakened by a loud
to adopt his favourite son Nushirwan or Chosroes, knocking against his door : it was a deputation of
who afterwards reigned over Persia with so much the senate, composed of some of its members who
glory, and Justin would have complied with the had witnessed the emperor's death, and now came
king's wishes, but for the interference of the wise to congratulate Justin, whom, according to their
quaestor Proclus, on whose advice the emperor report, the dying moxarch had appointed his suc-
declined the proposition. Annoyed by the failure cessor. Whether this was true or not, no time was
of his plan, Cabades prepared for war, the outbreak lost by Justin and his friends. He went imme-
of which was hastened by Gurgenus, king of Iberia, diately to the senate, who were already waiting
throwing himself upon the protection of the em- for him, and after a document had been read to
peror. The Persians having invaded Iberia, Justin him, which purported to be the will of Justinian,
dispatched Sittas and Belisarius against them, and he was forth with proclaimed emperor. Early in the
this is the first time that the name of Belisarius following morning he repaired to the hippodrome,
becomes known in history. He was, however, not which was filled by an immense and anxious crowd
successful in this campaign, but was, neverthe- and after having delivered divers fine speeches,
less, appointed governor of the great fortress of which met with boisterous acclamation, he issued a
Dara, on the confines of Mesopotamia and Syria, general pardon for all offenders, and, in order to
and the historian Procopius was appointed his convince the people the more completely of his vir-
secretary. The war was carried on for some years tuous and generous sentiments, summoned the
without leading to important results on either side. numerous creditors of Justinian to come forth with
In 525 a terrible earthquake and the overflowing their claims. They obeyed eagerly, and their as-
of several rivers carried destruction through some tonishment was still greater when a file of porters
of the finest cities of the empire. In the East Edessa, made their appearance, each sighing under the
## p. 679 (#695) ############################################
JUSTINUS.
679
JUSTINUS.
weight of an enormous bag of gold: in a few hours taking. But it was too late, the Longobards
the whole of Justinian's debts was discharged. descended into Italy, and Narses died of grief.
The people found no limits to their praise and (NARSEB. )
delight, and their admiration of their new master In 568 Alboin descended the Julian Alps, with
was at its height, when Sophia, imitating the noble his stern Longobards and numerous contingents of
example set by her lord, opened her treasury and Bavarians, Suevians, and other Germans : 20,000
paid the debts of a host of poor people. At the Saxons, the kinsmen and old confederates of the
same time the orthodox Justin issued an edict of Longobards, joined the expedition with their wives
universal toleration; all persons exiled for their and children. Longinus, the successor of Narses,
religion, except Eutychius, were recalled and re- was an incompetent general, who had neglected to
stored to their families or friends ; and the church fortify the passes through the Alps, and thus the
enjoyed a state of peace for fifty years, unprece barbarians rushed down into Iuly like an Alpine
dented in the annals of the ecclesiastical history of | torrent. Forum Julii, built by Caesar, was thic.
the Enst. The golden age seemed to have arrived first town they conquered, and, having been made
in Constantinople and the provinces.
by Alboin the seat of a feudal duchy, which ex-
Too soon, however, did the real character of tended over the adjacent districts, was the cause
Justin show itself, and sadly disappointed the san- of that province being now called Friuli, or in
guine hopes of the Greeks. An embassy of the German Friaul, which is a corruption of Forum
khan of the A vars having solicited an audience, Julii : Grasulf was its first duke. Aquileia soon
Justin dismissed them hanghtily and provoked the followed the fate of Forum Julii, and its fugi-
resentment of their chief; and he exhibited an tive inhabitants took refuge on the Venetian
equally overbearing conduct in his negotiations with islands. In 569 Alboin took Mantua, conquered
the Persians, whence an early rupture might easily Liguria as far as the Cottian Alps, and on the 5th
be prognosticated. In 566 the indignation of the of September of the same year, victoriously entered
Greeks was provoked by the murder of Justin the Milan (Mediolanum), where he was crowned king
younger, the emperor's cousin. This distinguished of Italy. Henceforth the country surrounding
prince excited the jealousy of both Justin and Milan was called Longobardia, or Lombardy, the
Sophia, and, from the Danube, where he com- name which it still bears. In the following year
manded against the Avars, he was suddenly sent Alboin made himself master of a large portion of
as governor to Egypt, but had scarcely put his Central Italy, and founded a second feudal duchy
foot on the shore of Alexandria, when he fell under at Spoleto, where Faroald reigned under his su-
the dagger of a hired assassin. His numerous premacy. The establishment of a third duchy at
friends were exasperated ; it was said that they Benevento was the fruit of the campaign of 570 :
had conspired against the emperor, and the alleged Alboin found a strong colony of Longobards in that
conspiracy was stifled in blood. The treasures place, who had settled there nineteen years pre-
Justin had spent in satisfying the creditors of viously, having received the town with its territory
Justinian, he recovered by a system of oppression from Narses, in reward for their services in the
and rapacity which surpassed even that of his Greek armies ; their chief, Zotto, was made duke.
predecessor, and the places under government were
In 571 Calabria fell into the hands of the Longo-
sold without shame or disguise. Italy, exhausted bards, and now the name of Calabria was given by
and ravaged by the Gothic war and its consequences the Greek government to the narrow peninsula of
famine and disease, was in a deplorable state. Bruttium and part of Lucania, countries which
Alboin, king of the Longobards, coveted that fair are still called Calabria. Rome and Ravenna,
conquest of Justinian, but his hopes were checked however, as well as different other portions of Italy
through fear of Narses, who still held the com- in the north and in the soutli, withstood the con-
mand at Ravenna. Yet Narses was approaching queror, and remained under the sway of the em-
the extreme limits of human life, and Alboin re- peror.
solved to wait, and to increase his power by While the most splendid conquest of Justinian
breaking that of his troublesome neighbours the was thus wrested from the Greeks, Justin found
Gepidae, who reigned in Hungary. He entered consolation in pleasures and luxury, leaving the
into an alliance with the Avars, and in 566 the government in the hands of his wife, his ministers,
Gepidae disappeared from among the independent and his eunuchs. At the very time that Italy was
barbarians in Europe. Every one could now fore- taken from him, he was involved in a dangerous
see an invasion of Italy, and Justin ought conse- war with the Persians, which broke out under the
quently to have concentrated his power in the plains following circumstances. The Turks having by
of the Po, and put both his treasures and soldiers at this time made great conquests in the countries to
the free disposition of Narses. Narses, however, was the north of Persia, gave umbrage to the Persian
hated by Sophia, and he had given just causes of king Chosroes, especially since they concluded an
complaint to the Italians, by his arbitrary govern- alliance with Justin, and Chosroes began hostilities
ment and his extreme rapacity. Justin, listening by invading and subjugating the kingdom of the
to the foolish advice of his wife, sent him an order | Homeritae, in Southern Arabia. Encouraged by
to return to Constantinople, and bring with him the approach and success of the Turks, the Iberiang
his own riches and those of the public treasury; and Persarmenians threw off the Persian yoke,
and Narses, having remonstrated, pointing out the and submitted to Justin, on condition of his de
imminent danger from the Longobards, Sophia fending them against Chosroes. The emperor pro-
sent him a most insulting letter, which so roused mised to do so, and at the same time refused to
the fury of the old general that he invited Alboin to pay the annual tribute of 30,000 pieces of gold,
turn his arms against Italy, promising that he would which had been fixed by former treaties. Thus
not take the command of the Romans. Soon after-war broke out in 572. Justin sent Marcian against
wards, however, he deeply regretted his faithless-the Persians, an able general, who found no army
Dess, and tried to dissuade Alboin from the under- / on his arrival at the frontiers, but created one in a
X X +
## p. 680 (#696) ############################################
680
JUSTINUS.
JUSTINUS.
short time, and did more than could have been ex- tinian I. ), a general of great distinction and popo-
pected under such circumstances. He was shut larity in the army, but justly suspected by Justinian
up for some time in the important fortress of Dara 1. and Justin II. , on account of his ambition and
Reinforced by the contingents of the Lazians and faithlessness. In A. D. 551 he held a command
other Caucasian nations, he suddenly sallied forth, in the army against the Slavonians, and shared its
laid siege to Nisibis, and offered battle to Chosroes, defeat in the battle of Adrianople. He was more
who approached with an army of 100,000 men. fortunate against the Persians in Colchis, over
At this critical moment Acacius arrived from Con- whom he obtained a coniplete victory on the river
stantinople with an order for Marcian to hasten Phasis (555), in consequence of which he was
directly to the capital, and surrender the command entrusted with the command in chief, which had
to him. Marcian obeyed, but no sooner was he bech taken from Martinus. Some time after he
gone than the whole Greek army disbanded, as discovered the secret designs of the khun of the
A cacius was known to be destitute of all military Avars, who had sent an embassy to Constantinople
talent. The consequence was that Syria was under the pretext of making a treaty of alliance,
ravaged by the Persians with fire and sword, and while their real object was the purchase of arms,
Dara, the bulwark of the empire, was taken by and the stores which they were secretly sending
Chosroes, after a long and gallant resistance. When into Avaria were consequently taken from them by
this news reached Constantinople, Justin showed Justin, who commanded on the Ararian frontiers
all the symptoms of insanity, and his mental dis (the Danube). The accession of his cousin Justin
order increased so much as to make him unfit for proved fatal to him: they had made an agreement
any business (574). The entire government now that, after the expected death of Justinian, the
devolved upon the empress Sophia.
son of Germanus should be Caesar, while the other
Two years previously Alboin had been assas- Justin, the son of Vigilantia, was to reign as
sinated, shortly after he had taken Pavia, where Augustus. But no sooner was the latter seated on
his successor Clepho took up his residence. This the throne, than Justin, the subject of this article,
king was slain a short time after his accession, but was recalled from the Danube, and after having
the Longobards, nevertheless, maintained them- been detained a short time at Constantinople, was
selves in the greater part of Italy. These events sent as governor (Dux and Augustalis) to Alexan-
were coincident with a war against the Avars, who dria, where he was, however, treated like a prisoner,
worsted the Greek commander Tiberius, a great and, shortly after his arrival, treacherously assassi-
general at the head of a bad army. The state of nated while asleep. His murder caused several of
the empire was so critical that Sophia persuaded his friends to conspire against the emperor, as is
Justin to adopt Tiberius and to make him Caesar. narrated in the life of Justin II. (Theophan. p.
The emperor followed the advice, and in 574 the 198, 204-210, ed. Paris ; Agathias, ii. 18, č. 2,
new Caesar was presented to the senate, Sophia 17—23, iv. 13—22 ; Procop. Bell. Goth. ii. 32;
acted wisely in buying a truce of one year from the Evagrius, v. 1, 2. )
(W. P. ]
Persians for the sum of 45,000 pieces of gold, JUSTI'NUS, son of Mauricius. [MAURICIUS. )
which was soon afterwards prolonged for three JUSTINUS, the historian. We possess a work
years, by an annual tribute of 30,000 pieces. But entitled Justini Historiurum Philippicarum Libri
this truce did not include Armenia, and thus XLIV. , in the preface to which the author informs us
Chosroes set out in 576, or more probably as early that his book was entirely derived from the Uni-
as 574, with a large army to extend the frontiers versal History (totius Orbis Historias), composed in
of his realm in the north-west. With great ex- Latin by Trogus Pompeius. Before proceeding,
ertions and sacrifices Tiberius succeeded in raising therefore, to consider the former, it is necessary
an army of 150,000 foreign mercenaries, with to inquire into the contents and character of the
whom he despatched Justinian, the emperor's cousin, more important and voluminous archetype.
against the Persians, thus leaving Italy unprotected From the statement of Trogus Pompeius himsell,
and Greece open to the inroads of the Slavonians. as preserved by Justin (xliii. 5), we learn that his
The details of this remarkable campaign are nar- ancestors traced their origin to the Gaulish tribe of
rated in the lives of 'Tiberius and Justinian. Jus- the Vocontii, that his grandfather received the
tinian obtained splendid victories, and sent 24 citizenship of Rome from Cn. Pompeius during the
elephants to Constantinople ; but he sustained in war against Sertorius, that his patemal uncle com-
his turn severe defeats, and was succeeded in the manded a squadron of cavalry in the army of the
supreme command by Mauricius, who, in 578, same general in the last struggle with Mithridates,
penetrated as far as the Tigris. The war was still and that his father served under C. Caesar (i. e.
raging with unabated fury, when Justin, whose the dictator), to whom he afterwards became
mental sufferings were increased by an ulcer on his private secretary. It is hence evident that the
leg, felt his dissolution approaching, and conse- son must have flourished under Augustus ; and
quently created Tiberius Augustus on the 26th of since the recovery of the standards of Crassus from
September, 578, and had him crowned and publicly the Parthians was recorded towards the close of
acknowledged as his successor. Justin died on the his history, it is probable that it may have been
5th of October following ; the best action of his published not long after that event, which took
life was the choice of his successor. (Corippus, De place B. c. 20. Our knowledge of this production
Land. Justini; Evagrius, v. 1--13; Theophan. p. is derived from three sources which, taken in com-
198, &c. ; Cedren. p. 388, &c. ; Zonaras, vol. ii. bination, afford a considerable amount of inform-
p. 70, &c. ; Glycas, p. 270, &c. ; Const. Manasses, ation with regard to the nature and extent of the
p. 68, &c. , Joel, p. 173, in the Paris edit. ; Paul. undertaking. 1. A few brief fragments quoted by
Diacon. ii. 5, &c. , iii. 11, 12 ; Theophylact. iii. 9, (Pliny? ), Vopiscus, Jerome, Augustin, Orosius,
&c.
