LRC, Byang chub lam rim chen mo (Great
Exposition
ofthe Path to Enlightenment), TKSB, VoLpa.
Tsongkhapa-s-Qualms-About-Early-Tibetan-Interpretations-of-Madhyamaka-Philosophy
?
31.
mchil ma'i thai ba bzhin du dar bar rigs 50// LS, pA15.
32. For a detailed examination of Tsongkhapa's u nderstanding of the illusion-like
? ? idcnlitication of these opponents on Bhaso Chokyi Gyaltsen (1402? 1473) and Lobsang Phuntsok. However, Thurman misreads LN's reference to the LTC (pp. l21-45) where Tsongkhapa states that he had alrEi. ldy dealt L'xlensively with the rdulaliOl,s of the four positions. Thurman takes this to be referring to Tsongkh"pa's rebuttal of four types of objections against the Madhyamaka philosophy of emptiness (LTC, pp. 50-89). Sec Thurman (1984), pp. 326-28, footnotes 1 12, 113 & 1 14. Although related, these are two quill. ' distinct issues. One relates specifically with the refutation of w hat Tsongkhapa sees as four main r;lisreadings of Prasangika-Madhyamaka's ontological nominalism. In contrast, the rebuttal of the four objections in LTC is part of Tsongkhapa's overall argument against those who, when identifying the objection of negation, go beyond the scope of reason's capacity to negate (dgag bya ngos 'dzin khyab che bal. This is dearly an error which must be corrected in future reprints of Thurman's book.
? 36. LC, folio 47.
37. LC does not give any identification of the proponent of this third position.
38. On the problem of identification of these third objects of Tsongkhapa's
critique, see Williams (1985).
39. Naga? una:
If I had posited some theses,
then I would be open to objections. As I do not have any thesis,
I am free of all faults. (VV, 29. )
Aryadeva:
He who does not have a standpoint,
of "is", flis not", I'both" nor "neither",
he cannot be criticised
of any t1aws for a long while. (CS, 16:25. )
Candraklrt i :
He who is a Madhyamlka cannot derive inferences from autonomous reason? ing, for he does not accept the other's thesis. (PSP, p. 11. )
p. 484.
22 THE TIBET JOURNAL
Tsongkhapa's reading of these passages can be found in LTC, pp. 136-144. 40. In LTC, Tsongkhapa identifies four main premises of the "no-thesis" view. that (i) critical reasoning that enquires into the question of whether or no? things exist in terms of their intrinsic being, negates all phenomena; (ii) phenomena such as production, cessation, etc. cannot be objects of valid cognitions for it has been stated in the Madhyamaka scriptures that percept_ ions like visual, auditory, olfactory and so on cannot be accepted as valid; (iii) phenomena such as production, cessation, etc. cannot be accepted as existent even on the conventional level for the reason that negates production on the ultimate level also negates it on the conventional level as well; and (iv) there is nothing that does not fall into the categories of existence, nonexistence, both, and neither, and all these four possibilities have been revealed to be untenable. Tsongkhapa subjects these four premises to detailed criticism in LTC, pp. 23-89. For Khedrup-Je's critique of the "no-thesis" view, see Cabez6n
(1992), pp. 102-112.
41. Interestingly, a number of writers on Madhyamaka in modern scholarship
appear to share the view that the Madhyamika literally has no views of his own. For example, B. K. Matilal characterises the Prasangika-Madhyamaka's standpoint as "non-committal. " See Matilal (1971), p. 164.
42. Ruegg (1983), Thurman (1984), Napper (1989), Williams (1985), and Cabez6n (1994).
43. dBu ma pa'i khyad chos gcig po de khyed kyis bkag pa yin noll LTC, p. 36. Tsongkhapa wrote in eloquent praise of the Buddha in verse called rTen 'breI bstod pa ("In praise of dependent origination"), TKSB, Vol. kha. This piece is a celebration of Tsongkhapa's realisation of the profound convergence between emptiness and dependent origination.
44. Rang gi ngo bos med na med par 'dod par gsal te . . . LTC, p. 38.
45. IHa bdud tu babs pa. LTC, p. 33.
46. LTC, p. 38: de Itar ji srid du myu gu la sogs pa mams yod par 'dod pa de sris du
ranggingobosgrubpa'i yodparsmralaranggingosbosgrubpagtanmedna gtan med du smra na ni mtha: gnyis su ! tung bar gdon mi za bas dngos por smra ba'i go lugs dang khyad med pa yin tel
47. dBu ma pa la med pa pa'am chad Ita ba zhes zer roll LTC, p. 40.
48. LTC, p. 88: des na rgud pa thams cad kyi rtsa ba ni rang bzhin sgro 'dogs pa'j rna rig pa yin lal de dang 'dzin stangs dngos su 'gal ba'j sgo nas de druns 'byin pa ni rang bzhin med pa'am bdag med pa rtogs pa'i shes rab nyag gcig yin . . . Tsongkhapa cites
seen as so antithetical to Tsongkhapa's Madhyamaka. He suggests an interest- ing reading of the view whereby a distinction is drawn between an assertion made for the sake of others (gzhan ngo la bltos pa'i khas len) and an assertion from one's own perspective (rang ngo'i khas len). See dBu ma klu sgrub dgongs rgyan, pp. 323-355. Although dBu ma klu sgrub dgongs rgyan does not mention
from CS to make this point. 49. LTC, p. 48.
50. Nai(lSviibhtivyanirvrttau sviibhiivyal]'! hi prasiddha1! 1 syiitll VV, 26b. Rang bzhin med pa nyid log nail rang /Jzhin nyid du rab grub 'gyurll Quoted in LTC, p. 43.
51. Gendun Chophel (1903-1951) argues that the "no-thesis" view need notbe
52. 53.
54.
TSONGKHAPA'S QUALMS 23
its source, this distinction of two types of assertion seems to be based on Rongton Sheja Kunrig. See, for example, his dBu ma la 'jug pa'i mam bshad nges don mam nges, p. 72. RongtOn identifies three types of thesis: 1) thesis that is accepted for the sake of others under special circumstances, 2) thesis accepted both by oneself and others, and 3) thesis accepted only by oneself. I have explored this "negative" approach in detail elsewhere, i. e. Jinpa (1998). For a detailed study of this "constructive" approach, see Jinpa (1997), chapter 5.
GR, p. 226: 'phags pa'i gzhung 'grel tshul la rang gi mtshan nyid kyis grub pa rdul Isam med kyang/ bya byed 'thams cad bzhag pas chog pa'i 'grel tshul gyi lugs thun mong ma yin pa 'di la brtm nasi rnam par dag pa'i grub mtha' 'grel byed gzhan dang thun mong ma yin pa mang du yod tel de gang zhe na re zhig gtso lio mams brjod na/ Ishags drug las ngo bo lha dad pa'i kun gzhi mam shes dang/ rang rig 'gog lugs thun mong rna yin pa dang/ rang rgyud kyi sbyor bas phyir rgol gyi rgyud la de kho 111l nyid kyi Ita ba skyed pa khas mi len pa gsum dang/ shes pa khas len pa bzhin du. phyi rol gyi don yang khas blang dgos pa dang/ nyan rang la dngos po rang l! zhin med par rtogs pa yud pa dang/ chos kyi bdag 'dzin nljon mongs su 'jog
pa dang/ zhig pa dngos pu yin pa dang/ de'i rgyu mtshan gyis dus gsum 'jog tshul thung mong rna yin pa sags yin no//
TKSB, Vol. tsha.
BTP, p. 154.
iTa ba'i shab 'bycd, folio 1%: zhig pa dngos po pa ni chos 'di pa las phyi rol du gyur pa mu stegs bye brag pa'i grub mtha' yin gyi/ nang pa'i grub mtha' la med pas shin III mi 'thad pa'i gyms so// Taktshang Lotsawa too rejects Tsongkhapa's claim that the cL'Ssation of empirical things is a conditioned phenomenon. He arsrues that this as"ertion conctradicts Tsongkhapa's own Madhyamaka analysis whereby things, such as a pot, are shown to be untenable when subjected to critical analysis. See Taktshang, op. cit. p. 235.
Kun gzhi dang/ rang rig mi 'dod cing/ phyi don khas len pa'i t3hul yang dpyad par bya slc/. . . ITa ba'i shan 'byed, p. 28a.
Sher 'grel ke ta ka, p. 31: bde sogs rang gis nyams su myong ba yang tha snyad du ji Itar 'gog stc mi 'gog go/I des na SClns bdm grub lu 'dod pa la rang rig pa mi 'Ihad kyang bden med du 'dod pa la rang rig pa'i tha snyad shin tll 'thad par yang shes par bya stc. . . For an in-depth study of Mipham's views on reflexive aware- ness, see Williams (1998).
Taktshang, op. cit. p. 155: gzhan dbang bder! grub dang rang rig nml gyis bkag pa Ita bu'j dgag pa gang du'ang ma mdzad doll
Future studies may reveal the identity of the proponents of these views. But even at this early stage it can be surmised that Tsongkhapa's primary concern in this letter appears to be that there still remains a strong legacy of Hva- shang's views in Tibet. Samten Karmay has shown the influence of the Chinese "simultaneist" doctrine on the development of the Dzogchen thought. See Karmay (1988), chapters 3 & 4.
rNam rtog ma rig chen po ste/ Gomchen Ngawang Drakpa (op cit. folio 26b) identifies this line as a citation from the Hevafratantra.
55. 56. 57.
58.
59.
60. 61.
62.
? ? 24 THE TIBET JOURNAL
63. For a succinct discussion on the dispute between the proponents of "intrinsI'e
emptiness" (rang stong) and "extrinsic emptiness" (gzhan stong), see Willi7
(1989), pp. 96-109. A more extensive discussion on the dispute based
Tho. ken Chokyi Nyima's Grub mtha ' shel gyi me long, could be found in Rue n
(1963). For a contemporary polemical work defending thc "extrinsic emP I-
ness" view, see Hookham (1991).
64. Quaies, pp. 34-35.
65. Ibid. , p. 27: Kfw bas ni de Ita'i sgom de hva shang gi sgmn lugs las khyad par gtan
ma phyed do//.
66. LTC, p. 230.
67. Ibid. , pp. 227-261. . . Ibid. ,
68. DeItamayinnagnyid 'thugpologpadangrgyalbalasagspa'itsheyang .
p. 231.
69. Queries p. 37: Nyams len la rtse gcig tu gzhol 'dod kha Clg ni thos bsam la gegs 51/
'dzin par 'dug/ Yang thos bsam byed 'dod la la yang thog ma nas rang rgyud la sgom don 'tshol ba'i rtsis mi byed par gzhan smra dbab 'dod dang/ rang mkhas 'dod kyi grbags skam sgrub pa'i bsam pas kha phyir Itas su shor nas. . .
References
WORKS OF TSONGKHAPA LOBSANC DRAKPA (1357-1419)
BTP, dBu ma'i Ita khrid phyogs bsdebs (An Anthology of the Guide to the Middle Way
View), reprinted in typeset by Gelukpa Students Union, Sarnath, 1985.
GR, dBu ma Ia Jug pa'i mam bshad dgongs pa mb gsal, ("Elucidation ofthe Thought"being a Commentary of Madhyamakiivattira), TKSB, Vol. ma, reprinted in typeset, Sarnath:
Gelukpa Students Union, 1973.
Queries, dGe sbyor gyi gnad la dri ba snyan bskuI ba lhag bsam rab dkar, ("Queries fram a Pure Heart calling Attention to Critical Religious Issues") in gSung thor bu, TKSB, Vol. kha, reprinted in typeset in BTP, pp. 12-41.
LC, Byang chub lam rim chen mo'i dka' ba'i gnad mams mchan bu bzhi'i sgo nas legs par bshad pa theg chen lam gyi gsal sgron ("Great Exposition of the Stages Ofthe Path to Enlightemnent" with four interwoven annotations), reprintcd in New Delhi, Ch6phel Lekden, 1972.
LN, Drang ba dang nges pa 'i don mam par 'byed pa'i bstan bcos legs bshad snying po, (Essence of True Eloquence distinguishing between the Provisional and the Definitive
Reprinted in typeset, Mundgod: Dre- pung Loseling Library, 1991. English translation in Thurman (1984).
Meaning of the Scriptures), TKSB, Vol. pha
.
LRC, Byang chub lam rim chen mo (Great Exposition ofthe Path to Enlightenment), TKSB, VoLpa. Reprinted in typeset, Xining: Qinghai Minorities Press, 1988.
LTC, Lhag mthong chen mo ("Special Insight') in Byang chub lam rim chen mo, (Great Exposition of the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment), TKSB VoLpa. Reprinted in typeset in rJe'i gsung Ita ba'i skor, Dharamsala: Office of HH the Dalai Lama, 1975, VoL I, pp. 7-261. For a complete English translation, see Wayman (1978). A partial translation exists in Napper (1989).
TKSB, The Collected Works of Tsongkhapa, Reproduced from the Tashi Lhunpo edition and reprinted in New Delhi by Ngawang Gclek Demo, 1980.
ggt'
? TSONGKHAPA'S QUALMS 25
TKSB; IJe red mda' ba'i gsung Ian (A Reply to Je Rendaz,ua) in gSung thor bu, TKSB, VoJ. kha, reprinted in typeset in BTP, pp. 41-56.
, rIe btsun jam pa'i dbyangs kyi lam gyi gnad red mda' bar shog dril du phul ba. TJZSB, Vol. pha, reprinted in typeset in BTP, pp. 41-56.
, rTsa ba shes rab kyi dka' gnas chen po brgyad kyi brjed byang, TKSB, Vol. ba, --;printed in typeset in BTP, pp. 154-187.
, rten 'brei bstod pa legs bshad snying po (An Eloquent Speech: III Praise ofDependent &igination) in gSung thor bu, TKSB, Vol. kha, reprinted in typeset in BTP, pp. 1-7.
O1ItERS
Aryadeva, Yogtictiracatuhsataka, (CS) rNa! 'byor spyod pa bzhi brgya pa, P 5246, Vo! . 95. Reprinted in typeset in rTsa ba shes rab/ bzhi brya pal sum eu pal lIyi shu pa bzhugs
Cabez6n, Jos6, Buddhism and Language: A Study ofIndo-Tibetan Scholasticism, Albany:
? ; Trans. , A Dose of Emptiness: Annotated Translation of the Stong thun chen mo of lIIKh? grub dGe legs dPal bzang, Albany: S tate University of New York, 1992.
? Candraklrti, J'v! illamadhyamak? vrttiprasannapadti, (PSP) dBu ma rtsa ba'i 'grel pa tshig gsal, P 5260, Vol. 98 Reprinted in typeset, Dharamsala: Council of Religious & Cultural Affairs of H. H. the Dalai Lama, 1968. Sanskrit edition in La Valee roussin, L. (ed. ), Mulamadhyamakaktiriktis de Ntigtirjuna avec Ie Prasannapadti commentaire de Candrakfrti, St. Petersburg: Academie Imperiale des Sciences.
Oemieville, Paul, Le councile de Lhasa, Rome: Instituto Italiano per il Media ed Estremo Oriente, 1966, Serie Orientale Roma, XXXIV; Ecole des Hautes Etudes, 1967.
Oruk Gdiwang Chcije (Completed in 1845 ), rJe'i mam thar chen mo. Reprinted in typeset, Xining: Qinghai Minorities Press, 1981.
Oungk<'lr Lobsang Thrinley (d. 1997), edited with annotations, Deb ther dmar Fa of Tsalpa Kunga D01ie (1309-1364), Beijing: Minorities Press, 1981.
Gendun Chiiphel (1903-1951), dBu rna kiu sgrub dgongs rgyan in dGe 'dun chos 'phel gyi gsung rlsom (The Works of Gendun Chliphel), Tibet: Xinhua Press, 1990, Vol. 2, pp. 271-376. This is a post-humous work attributed to Gendun Chophel, edited by one Nyagpa Dawa Zangpo.
Gomchen Ngawang Drakpa (1418-1496), Lhag bsam rab dkar gyi dris Ian dngos grub phren;. ; ba and Lhag bsam rab dkar gyi Ita sgom dris Ian in Collected Works of Gomchen Ngawang Drakpa, Vol. 2. Reprinted by Ngawang Sopa, New Delhi, 1981.
Gowo Rabjampa Sonam Senge (1429-1489), ITa ba'i shen 'byed theg mchog gnad kyi zla zer in Complete Works of the Masters of the Sa skya Sect of Tibetan B uddhism, Tokyo: The Toyo Bunko, 1968, VoU3.
Harrison, Paul, Druma-kinnara-rtija-pariprcchii-sutra: A Critical Edition of the Tibetan (Recension A) based on Eight Editions of the Kanjur and the Dunhuang Manuscript Fragment, Studia Philologica Buddhica Monograph Series VII Tokyo: Inter- national Institute for Buddhist Studies, 1992.
? Hookham, S. K. , The Budha Within, Albany: State Umversity of New York, 1991 Honston, G , Sources for the History of bSam yas Debate, St. AugustIn, 1980.
? ? ? 50// Sarna! h: Gelukpa Student's Union, 1974.
State University of New York, 1994.
26 THE TIBET JOURNAL
[maeda, Y. , "Documents Tibetains de Touen-Houang Concernant Le Councile du Tibet" in Journal Asiatique, CCLXIII, 1975, 1: 125-46.
Jinpa, Thupten, "Delineating Reason's Scope for Negation: Tsongkhapa's Con_ tributions to Madhyamaka's Dialectical Method," 1998, Journal of Indian Philosophy, VoL26, 1998, pp. 275-708.
__ , '''Self', Persons and Madhyamaka Dialectics: A Study of Tsongkhapa's Middle Way Philosophy. '" PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge, UX, 1997.
? Karmay, Samten G. , The Great Perfection: A Philosophical and Meditative Teaching of Tibetan Buddhism, Lciden: E,J. Brill, 1988.
__, "An open letter by Phobrang Zhi-ba-'od to the Buddhists of Tibet," The Tibet Journal, YoU, 1980, pp. 3-28.
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Matilal, B. K. , Epistemology, Logic and Grammar in Indian Philosophical Analysis, Hague: Mouton, 1971.
Mipham Gelek Namgyal (1846-1912), Sher 'gre/ ke ta ka, Reprinted in typeset, Si- chuan: Minorities Press, 1992,
Nagaljuna, Mulamadhyamakakiirikii, (MMK) dBu rna rtsa ba'i tshig le'ur byas pa, P 5224, YoL%. Reprinted in typeset in rTsa ba shes rabl bzhi brgya pal sum cu pal nyishu pa bzhugs soil Sarnath: Gelukpa Student's Union, 1974. Sanskrit edition in La Yah? e Poussin, L. (cd. ) Mulamadhyamakakiirikiis de Niigiirjuna avec Ie Prasannapadil comrnentaire de Candrakfrti, St. Petersburg: Academie Imperiale des Sciences.
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PaDchen Lobsang Chogyen (1570-1662), Dris Ian blo bzang bzhad pa'i sgra dbyangs, Collected Works, YoLnga,
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__,
? __
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__
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? TSONGKHAPA' S QUALMS 27 Ruegg D. Seyfort, "The Jo nang pas: A School of Buddhist Ontologists According
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Taktsang Lotsawa Sherap Rinchen (b. 1405), Grub mtha' kUIl shes nas mtha' bral grub pa zhes bya ba'i bstan bcos, Thimphu: Kunsang Topgey, 1976.
Thuken Chakyi Nyima (1737-1802), Grub mtha' shel gyi me long, reprinted in typeset, Kansu: Minorities Press, 1984.
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TIllETA:-. J NAMES [\1 THE WYLIE TRANSLITERATION
Bhaso Chakyi Gyaltsen ButCin Rinchen Drup Chak Lotsawa
Chapa Chakyi Senge
Drukp
Geluk a Kagyti
Sa so chos kyi rgyal mtshan
Bu ston rin chen grub
Chag 10 tsa ba
Phya pa chos kyi seng ge
sDe srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho Dung dkar blo bzang 'phrin las 'Bri gong dpal 'dzin
'Brug rgyal dbang chos lie 'Brug pa bka' brgyud
dGe lugs
Qinghai Mmontles Press, 1989.
Reprinted in Gangtok, 1974, pp. 307-499.
Desi Sangye Gyatso
Dhungkar Lobsang Thrinley
Drigong Pelzin
Druk Gyalwang Chaje
28 THE TIBET JOURNAL
Gendun Chophd
Go Khukpa Lhatse
Gomchen Ngawang Drakpa Gyaltshap Dharma Rinchen Gowo Rabjampa, Sonam Senge
dGe 'dun chos 'phd
'Gos khug pa Iha btsas
sGom chen ngag dbang grags pa
rGyal tshab dharma rill. chen
Go bo rab 'byams pa, bSod nams seng ge
]hampa Lingpa Sonam Narrtgyal Byams pa gling pa bsod nams mam rgyal
]hangchup b
Ju Mipham Gelek Namgyal Kadam
Kagyu
Karmapa Mikyo Dmic Khedrup Gelek Pelsang Khu Lotsawa
Lha Lama Yeshe b Lllbsang Phuntsok
Maja Jhangchup Tsondru Marpa Lotsawa
Neu PaDc;iita
Ngog Loden Sherap
Nyagpa Dawa Sangpo Nyingma
Patsap Nyima Drak
Pawo Tsuglak Threngwa PaDchen Lobsang Chogyen Pema Karpo, Drukpa Rendawa Zhc)nu Lodro Rinchen Sangpo, Lotsawa RongtOn Sheja Kunrik Sakya PaJ,c;iita
Shakya Chogden, Serdok PaDchen
Sumpa Yeshe Paljor Taktsang Lotsawa, Sherap
Rinchen Tashi Lhunpo
Thuken Ch6kyi Nyima Trisong Detsen
Tsalpa Kunga Dorje Tsami Lotsawa
Tselen Zhabdrung Tsongkhapa, Lobsang Drakpa Zhang Thangsakpa
Shentong
Byang chub 'od
'Ju mi pham dge legs mam rgyal dKa' gdams
dKa' brgyud
Karmapa Mi bskyod rdo lie mKhas grub dge legs dpal bzang Khu 10 tsa ba
Lha bla ma ye shes 'od
Blo bzang phun tshogs
rMa bya byang chub brtson 'grus Mar pa 10 tsa ba
Ne'u PaDc;iila
rNgog blo Idan shes rab
Nyag pa zla ba bzang po rNying ma
Pa tsab nyi ma grags
dPa' bo gtsug lag 'phreng ba PaD chan bLo bzang chos rgyan Pad ma dkar po, 'Brug pa
Red mda' ba gzhon nu blo gros Rin chen bzang po, 10 tsa ba Rong ston shes bya kun rig
Sa skya PaDdita
Sha kya mchog Idan, gSer mdog PaDchen Sum pa ye shes dpal 'byor
?
32. For a detailed examination of Tsongkhapa's u nderstanding of the illusion-like
? ? idcnlitication of these opponents on Bhaso Chokyi Gyaltsen (1402? 1473) and Lobsang Phuntsok. However, Thurman misreads LN's reference to the LTC (pp. l21-45) where Tsongkhapa states that he had alrEi. ldy dealt L'xlensively with the rdulaliOl,s of the four positions. Thurman takes this to be referring to Tsongkh"pa's rebuttal of four types of objections against the Madhyamaka philosophy of emptiness (LTC, pp. 50-89). Sec Thurman (1984), pp. 326-28, footnotes 1 12, 113 & 1 14. Although related, these are two quill. ' distinct issues. One relates specifically with the refutation of w hat Tsongkhapa sees as four main r;lisreadings of Prasangika-Madhyamaka's ontological nominalism. In contrast, the rebuttal of the four objections in LTC is part of Tsongkhapa's overall argument against those who, when identifying the objection of negation, go beyond the scope of reason's capacity to negate (dgag bya ngos 'dzin khyab che bal. This is dearly an error which must be corrected in future reprints of Thurman's book.
? 36. LC, folio 47.
37. LC does not give any identification of the proponent of this third position.
38. On the problem of identification of these third objects of Tsongkhapa's
critique, see Williams (1985).
39. Naga? una:
If I had posited some theses,
then I would be open to objections. As I do not have any thesis,
I am free of all faults. (VV, 29. )
Aryadeva:
He who does not have a standpoint,
of "is", flis not", I'both" nor "neither",
he cannot be criticised
of any t1aws for a long while. (CS, 16:25. )
Candraklrt i :
He who is a Madhyamlka cannot derive inferences from autonomous reason? ing, for he does not accept the other's thesis. (PSP, p. 11. )
p. 484.
22 THE TIBET JOURNAL
Tsongkhapa's reading of these passages can be found in LTC, pp. 136-144. 40. In LTC, Tsongkhapa identifies four main premises of the "no-thesis" view. that (i) critical reasoning that enquires into the question of whether or no? things exist in terms of their intrinsic being, negates all phenomena; (ii) phenomena such as production, cessation, etc. cannot be objects of valid cognitions for it has been stated in the Madhyamaka scriptures that percept_ ions like visual, auditory, olfactory and so on cannot be accepted as valid; (iii) phenomena such as production, cessation, etc. cannot be accepted as existent even on the conventional level for the reason that negates production on the ultimate level also negates it on the conventional level as well; and (iv) there is nothing that does not fall into the categories of existence, nonexistence, both, and neither, and all these four possibilities have been revealed to be untenable. Tsongkhapa subjects these four premises to detailed criticism in LTC, pp. 23-89. For Khedrup-Je's critique of the "no-thesis" view, see Cabez6n
(1992), pp. 102-112.
41. Interestingly, a number of writers on Madhyamaka in modern scholarship
appear to share the view that the Madhyamika literally has no views of his own. For example, B. K. Matilal characterises the Prasangika-Madhyamaka's standpoint as "non-committal. " See Matilal (1971), p. 164.
42. Ruegg (1983), Thurman (1984), Napper (1989), Williams (1985), and Cabez6n (1994).
43. dBu ma pa'i khyad chos gcig po de khyed kyis bkag pa yin noll LTC, p. 36. Tsongkhapa wrote in eloquent praise of the Buddha in verse called rTen 'breI bstod pa ("In praise of dependent origination"), TKSB, Vol. kha. This piece is a celebration of Tsongkhapa's realisation of the profound convergence between emptiness and dependent origination.
44. Rang gi ngo bos med na med par 'dod par gsal te . . . LTC, p. 38.
45. IHa bdud tu babs pa. LTC, p. 33.
46. LTC, p. 38: de Itar ji srid du myu gu la sogs pa mams yod par 'dod pa de sris du
ranggingobosgrubpa'i yodparsmralaranggingosbosgrubpagtanmedna gtan med du smra na ni mtha: gnyis su ! tung bar gdon mi za bas dngos por smra ba'i go lugs dang khyad med pa yin tel
47. dBu ma pa la med pa pa'am chad Ita ba zhes zer roll LTC, p. 40.
48. LTC, p. 88: des na rgud pa thams cad kyi rtsa ba ni rang bzhin sgro 'dogs pa'j rna rig pa yin lal de dang 'dzin stangs dngos su 'gal ba'j sgo nas de druns 'byin pa ni rang bzhin med pa'am bdag med pa rtogs pa'i shes rab nyag gcig yin . . . Tsongkhapa cites
seen as so antithetical to Tsongkhapa's Madhyamaka. He suggests an interest- ing reading of the view whereby a distinction is drawn between an assertion made for the sake of others (gzhan ngo la bltos pa'i khas len) and an assertion from one's own perspective (rang ngo'i khas len). See dBu ma klu sgrub dgongs rgyan, pp. 323-355. Although dBu ma klu sgrub dgongs rgyan does not mention
from CS to make this point. 49. LTC, p. 48.
50. Nai(lSviibhtivyanirvrttau sviibhiivyal]'! hi prasiddha1! 1 syiitll VV, 26b. Rang bzhin med pa nyid log nail rang /Jzhin nyid du rab grub 'gyurll Quoted in LTC, p. 43.
51. Gendun Chophel (1903-1951) argues that the "no-thesis" view need notbe
52. 53.
54.
TSONGKHAPA'S QUALMS 23
its source, this distinction of two types of assertion seems to be based on Rongton Sheja Kunrig. See, for example, his dBu ma la 'jug pa'i mam bshad nges don mam nges, p. 72. RongtOn identifies three types of thesis: 1) thesis that is accepted for the sake of others under special circumstances, 2) thesis accepted both by oneself and others, and 3) thesis accepted only by oneself. I have explored this "negative" approach in detail elsewhere, i. e. Jinpa (1998). For a detailed study of this "constructive" approach, see Jinpa (1997), chapter 5.
GR, p. 226: 'phags pa'i gzhung 'grel tshul la rang gi mtshan nyid kyis grub pa rdul Isam med kyang/ bya byed 'thams cad bzhag pas chog pa'i 'grel tshul gyi lugs thun mong ma yin pa 'di la brtm nasi rnam par dag pa'i grub mtha' 'grel byed gzhan dang thun mong ma yin pa mang du yod tel de gang zhe na re zhig gtso lio mams brjod na/ Ishags drug las ngo bo lha dad pa'i kun gzhi mam shes dang/ rang rig 'gog lugs thun mong rna yin pa dang/ rang rgyud kyi sbyor bas phyir rgol gyi rgyud la de kho 111l nyid kyi Ita ba skyed pa khas mi len pa gsum dang/ shes pa khas len pa bzhin du. phyi rol gyi don yang khas blang dgos pa dang/ nyan rang la dngos po rang l! zhin med par rtogs pa yud pa dang/ chos kyi bdag 'dzin nljon mongs su 'jog
pa dang/ zhig pa dngos pu yin pa dang/ de'i rgyu mtshan gyis dus gsum 'jog tshul thung mong rna yin pa sags yin no//
TKSB, Vol. tsha.
BTP, p. 154.
iTa ba'i shab 'bycd, folio 1%: zhig pa dngos po pa ni chos 'di pa las phyi rol du gyur pa mu stegs bye brag pa'i grub mtha' yin gyi/ nang pa'i grub mtha' la med pas shin III mi 'thad pa'i gyms so// Taktshang Lotsawa too rejects Tsongkhapa's claim that the cL'Ssation of empirical things is a conditioned phenomenon. He arsrues that this as"ertion conctradicts Tsongkhapa's own Madhyamaka analysis whereby things, such as a pot, are shown to be untenable when subjected to critical analysis. See Taktshang, op. cit. p. 235.
Kun gzhi dang/ rang rig mi 'dod cing/ phyi don khas len pa'i t3hul yang dpyad par bya slc/. . . ITa ba'i shan 'byed, p. 28a.
Sher 'grel ke ta ka, p. 31: bde sogs rang gis nyams su myong ba yang tha snyad du ji Itar 'gog stc mi 'gog go/I des na SClns bdm grub lu 'dod pa la rang rig pa mi 'Ihad kyang bden med du 'dod pa la rang rig pa'i tha snyad shin tll 'thad par yang shes par bya stc. . . For an in-depth study of Mipham's views on reflexive aware- ness, see Williams (1998).
Taktshang, op. cit. p. 155: gzhan dbang bder! grub dang rang rig nml gyis bkag pa Ita bu'j dgag pa gang du'ang ma mdzad doll
Future studies may reveal the identity of the proponents of these views. But even at this early stage it can be surmised that Tsongkhapa's primary concern in this letter appears to be that there still remains a strong legacy of Hva- shang's views in Tibet. Samten Karmay has shown the influence of the Chinese "simultaneist" doctrine on the development of the Dzogchen thought. See Karmay (1988), chapters 3 & 4.
rNam rtog ma rig chen po ste/ Gomchen Ngawang Drakpa (op cit. folio 26b) identifies this line as a citation from the Hevafratantra.
55. 56. 57.
58.
59.
60. 61.
62.
? ? 24 THE TIBET JOURNAL
63. For a succinct discussion on the dispute between the proponents of "intrinsI'e
emptiness" (rang stong) and "extrinsic emptiness" (gzhan stong), see Willi7
(1989), pp. 96-109. A more extensive discussion on the dispute based
Tho. ken Chokyi Nyima's Grub mtha ' shel gyi me long, could be found in Rue n
(1963). For a contemporary polemical work defending thc "extrinsic emP I-
ness" view, see Hookham (1991).
64. Quaies, pp. 34-35.
65. Ibid. , p. 27: Kfw bas ni de Ita'i sgom de hva shang gi sgmn lugs las khyad par gtan
ma phyed do//.
66. LTC, p. 230.
67. Ibid. , pp. 227-261. . . Ibid. ,
68. DeItamayinnagnyid 'thugpologpadangrgyalbalasagspa'itsheyang .
p. 231.
69. Queries p. 37: Nyams len la rtse gcig tu gzhol 'dod kha Clg ni thos bsam la gegs 51/
'dzin par 'dug/ Yang thos bsam byed 'dod la la yang thog ma nas rang rgyud la sgom don 'tshol ba'i rtsis mi byed par gzhan smra dbab 'dod dang/ rang mkhas 'dod kyi grbags skam sgrub pa'i bsam pas kha phyir Itas su shor nas. . .
References
WORKS OF TSONGKHAPA LOBSANC DRAKPA (1357-1419)
BTP, dBu ma'i Ita khrid phyogs bsdebs (An Anthology of the Guide to the Middle Way
View), reprinted in typeset by Gelukpa Students Union, Sarnath, 1985.
GR, dBu ma Ia Jug pa'i mam bshad dgongs pa mb gsal, ("Elucidation ofthe Thought"being a Commentary of Madhyamakiivattira), TKSB, Vol. ma, reprinted in typeset, Sarnath:
Gelukpa Students Union, 1973.
Queries, dGe sbyor gyi gnad la dri ba snyan bskuI ba lhag bsam rab dkar, ("Queries fram a Pure Heart calling Attention to Critical Religious Issues") in gSung thor bu, TKSB, Vol. kha, reprinted in typeset in BTP, pp. 12-41.
LC, Byang chub lam rim chen mo'i dka' ba'i gnad mams mchan bu bzhi'i sgo nas legs par bshad pa theg chen lam gyi gsal sgron ("Great Exposition of the Stages Ofthe Path to Enlightemnent" with four interwoven annotations), reprintcd in New Delhi, Ch6phel Lekden, 1972.
LN, Drang ba dang nges pa 'i don mam par 'byed pa'i bstan bcos legs bshad snying po, (Essence of True Eloquence distinguishing between the Provisional and the Definitive
Reprinted in typeset, Mundgod: Dre- pung Loseling Library, 1991. English translation in Thurman (1984).
Meaning of the Scriptures), TKSB, Vol. pha
.
LRC, Byang chub lam rim chen mo (Great Exposition ofthe Path to Enlightenment), TKSB, VoLpa. Reprinted in typeset, Xining: Qinghai Minorities Press, 1988.
LTC, Lhag mthong chen mo ("Special Insight') in Byang chub lam rim chen mo, (Great Exposition of the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment), TKSB VoLpa. Reprinted in typeset in rJe'i gsung Ita ba'i skor, Dharamsala: Office of HH the Dalai Lama, 1975, VoL I, pp. 7-261. For a complete English translation, see Wayman (1978). A partial translation exists in Napper (1989).
TKSB, The Collected Works of Tsongkhapa, Reproduced from the Tashi Lhunpo edition and reprinted in New Delhi by Ngawang Gclek Demo, 1980.
ggt'
? TSONGKHAPA'S QUALMS 25
TKSB; IJe red mda' ba'i gsung Ian (A Reply to Je Rendaz,ua) in gSung thor bu, TKSB, VoJ. kha, reprinted in typeset in BTP, pp. 41-56.
, rIe btsun jam pa'i dbyangs kyi lam gyi gnad red mda' bar shog dril du phul ba. TJZSB, Vol. pha, reprinted in typeset in BTP, pp. 41-56.
, rTsa ba shes rab kyi dka' gnas chen po brgyad kyi brjed byang, TKSB, Vol. ba, --;printed in typeset in BTP, pp. 154-187.
, rten 'brei bstod pa legs bshad snying po (An Eloquent Speech: III Praise ofDependent &igination) in gSung thor bu, TKSB, Vol. kha, reprinted in typeset in BTP, pp. 1-7.
O1ItERS
Aryadeva, Yogtictiracatuhsataka, (CS) rNa! 'byor spyod pa bzhi brgya pa, P 5246, Vo! . 95. Reprinted in typeset in rTsa ba shes rab/ bzhi brya pal sum eu pal lIyi shu pa bzhugs
Cabez6n, Jos6, Buddhism and Language: A Study ofIndo-Tibetan Scholasticism, Albany:
? ; Trans. , A Dose of Emptiness: Annotated Translation of the Stong thun chen mo of lIIKh? grub dGe legs dPal bzang, Albany: S tate University of New York, 1992.
? Candraklrti, J'v! illamadhyamak? vrttiprasannapadti, (PSP) dBu ma rtsa ba'i 'grel pa tshig gsal, P 5260, Vol. 98 Reprinted in typeset, Dharamsala: Council of Religious & Cultural Affairs of H. H. the Dalai Lama, 1968. Sanskrit edition in La Valee roussin, L. (ed. ), Mulamadhyamakaktiriktis de Ntigtirjuna avec Ie Prasannapadti commentaire de Candrakfrti, St. Petersburg: Academie Imperiale des Sciences.
Oemieville, Paul, Le councile de Lhasa, Rome: Instituto Italiano per il Media ed Estremo Oriente, 1966, Serie Orientale Roma, XXXIV; Ecole des Hautes Etudes, 1967.
Oruk Gdiwang Chcije (Completed in 1845 ), rJe'i mam thar chen mo. Reprinted in typeset, Xining: Qinghai Minorities Press, 1981.
Oungk<'lr Lobsang Thrinley (d. 1997), edited with annotations, Deb ther dmar Fa of Tsalpa Kunga D01ie (1309-1364), Beijing: Minorities Press, 1981.
Gendun Chiiphel (1903-1951), dBu rna kiu sgrub dgongs rgyan in dGe 'dun chos 'phel gyi gsung rlsom (The Works of Gendun Chliphel), Tibet: Xinhua Press, 1990, Vol. 2, pp. 271-376. This is a post-humous work attributed to Gendun Chophel, edited by one Nyagpa Dawa Zangpo.
Gomchen Ngawang Drakpa (1418-1496), Lhag bsam rab dkar gyi dris Ian dngos grub phren;. ; ba and Lhag bsam rab dkar gyi Ita sgom dris Ian in Collected Works of Gomchen Ngawang Drakpa, Vol. 2. Reprinted by Ngawang Sopa, New Delhi, 1981.
Gowo Rabjampa Sonam Senge (1429-1489), ITa ba'i shen 'byed theg mchog gnad kyi zla zer in Complete Works of the Masters of the Sa skya Sect of Tibetan B uddhism, Tokyo: The Toyo Bunko, 1968, VoU3.
Harrison, Paul, Druma-kinnara-rtija-pariprcchii-sutra: A Critical Edition of the Tibetan (Recension A) based on Eight Editions of the Kanjur and the Dunhuang Manuscript Fragment, Studia Philologica Buddhica Monograph Series VII Tokyo: Inter- national Institute for Buddhist Studies, 1992.
? Hookham, S. K. , The Budha Within, Albany: State Umversity of New York, 1991 Honston, G , Sources for the History of bSam yas Debate, St. AugustIn, 1980.
? ? ? 50// Sarna! h: Gelukpa Student's Union, 1974.
State University of New York, 1994.
26 THE TIBET JOURNAL
[maeda, Y. , "Documents Tibetains de Touen-Houang Concernant Le Councile du Tibet" in Journal Asiatique, CCLXIII, 1975, 1: 125-46.
Jinpa, Thupten, "Delineating Reason's Scope for Negation: Tsongkhapa's Con_ tributions to Madhyamaka's Dialectical Method," 1998, Journal of Indian Philosophy, VoL26, 1998, pp. 275-708.
__ , '''Self', Persons and Madhyamaka Dialectics: A Study of Tsongkhapa's Middle Way Philosophy. '" PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge, UX, 1997.
? Karmay, Samten G. , The Great Perfection: A Philosophical and Meditative Teaching of Tibetan Buddhism, Lciden: E,J. Brill, 1988.
__, "An open letter by Phobrang Zhi-ba-'od to the Buddhists of Tibet," The Tibet Journal, YoU, 1980, pp. 3-28.
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Mipham Gelek Namgyal (1846-1912), Sher 'gre/ ke ta ka, Reprinted in typeset, Si- chuan: Minorities Press, 1992,
Nagaljuna, Mulamadhyamakakiirikii, (MMK) dBu rna rtsa ba'i tshig le'ur byas pa, P 5224, YoL%. Reprinted in typeset in rTsa ba shes rabl bzhi brgya pal sum cu pal nyishu pa bzhugs soil Sarnath: Gelukpa Student's Union, 1974. Sanskrit edition in La Yah? e Poussin, L. (cd. ) Mulamadhyamakakiirikiis de Niigiirjuna avec Ie Prasannapadil comrnentaire de Candrakfrti, St. Petersburg: Academie Imperiale des Sciences.
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__,
? __
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? TSONGKHAPA' S QUALMS 27 Ruegg D. Seyfort, "The Jo nang pas: A School of Buddhist Ontologists According
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TIllETA:-. J NAMES [\1 THE WYLIE TRANSLITERATION
Bhaso Chakyi Gyaltsen ButCin Rinchen Drup Chak Lotsawa
Chapa Chakyi Senge
Drukp
Geluk a Kagyti
Sa so chos kyi rgyal mtshan
Bu ston rin chen grub
Chag 10 tsa ba
Phya pa chos kyi seng ge
sDe srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho Dung dkar blo bzang 'phrin las 'Bri gong dpal 'dzin
'Brug rgyal dbang chos lie 'Brug pa bka' brgyud
dGe lugs
Qinghai Mmontles Press, 1989.
Reprinted in Gangtok, 1974, pp. 307-499.
Desi Sangye Gyatso
Dhungkar Lobsang Thrinley
Drigong Pelzin
Druk Gyalwang Chaje
28 THE TIBET JOURNAL
Gendun Chophd
Go Khukpa Lhatse
Gomchen Ngawang Drakpa Gyaltshap Dharma Rinchen Gowo Rabjampa, Sonam Senge
dGe 'dun chos 'phd
'Gos khug pa Iha btsas
sGom chen ngag dbang grags pa
rGyal tshab dharma rill. chen
Go bo rab 'byams pa, bSod nams seng ge
]hampa Lingpa Sonam Narrtgyal Byams pa gling pa bsod nams mam rgyal
]hangchup b
Ju Mipham Gelek Namgyal Kadam
Kagyu
Karmapa Mikyo Dmic Khedrup Gelek Pelsang Khu Lotsawa
Lha Lama Yeshe b Lllbsang Phuntsok
Maja Jhangchup Tsondru Marpa Lotsawa
Neu PaDc;iita
Ngog Loden Sherap
Nyagpa Dawa Sangpo Nyingma
Patsap Nyima Drak
Pawo Tsuglak Threngwa PaDchen Lobsang Chogyen Pema Karpo, Drukpa Rendawa Zhc)nu Lodro Rinchen Sangpo, Lotsawa RongtOn Sheja Kunrik Sakya PaJ,c;iita
Shakya Chogden, Serdok PaDchen
Sumpa Yeshe Paljor Taktsang Lotsawa, Sherap
Rinchen Tashi Lhunpo
Thuken Ch6kyi Nyima Trisong Detsen
Tsalpa Kunga Dorje Tsami Lotsawa
Tselen Zhabdrung Tsongkhapa, Lobsang Drakpa Zhang Thangsakpa
Shentong
Byang chub 'od
'Ju mi pham dge legs mam rgyal dKa' gdams
dKa' brgyud
Karmapa Mi bskyod rdo lie mKhas grub dge legs dpal bzang Khu 10 tsa ba
Lha bla ma ye shes 'od
Blo bzang phun tshogs
rMa bya byang chub brtson 'grus Mar pa 10 tsa ba
Ne'u PaDc;iila
rNgog blo Idan shes rab
Nyag pa zla ba bzang po rNying ma
Pa tsab nyi ma grags
dPa' bo gtsug lag 'phreng ba PaD chan bLo bzang chos rgyan Pad ma dkar po, 'Brug pa
Red mda' ba gzhon nu blo gros Rin chen bzang po, 10 tsa ba Rong ston shes bya kun rig
Sa skya PaDdita
Sha kya mchog Idan, gSer mdog PaDchen Sum pa ye shes dpal 'byor
?
