Ten years were
occupied
in constructing a causeway,
along which to draw the stones intended for a large
pyramid, and twenty years were then spent in erect-
ing the pyramid itself.
along which to draw the stones intended for a large
pyramid, and twenty years were then spent in erect-
ing the pyramid itself.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
TpaWkig, Xupaz )--III.
A town of Phrygia, be-
tween Lampe and Graosgala. (Nicet. , Ann. , p. 127,
6. )--rV. A town of Armenia Minor, in the northeast-
ern angle of the country. (Ptol. --Compare Cramer,
Asia Mtnor, vol. 2, p. 154. )
Chabaxts, a Mytilenean, brother to Sappho. ( Vid.
Sappho, near the commencement of the article. )
Chares, I. an Athenian general, who succeeded to
the command after the condemnation and death of
Leosthenes. He was sent by the Athenians against
Alexander, tyrant of Pheras, but, instead of coming to
action with the foe, he harassed the Athenian allies to
such a degree by his extortions and oppression, that
the social war was the result (B. C. 388). Although
? ? Chares was the principal cause of this war, yet the
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? CHA
CHA
are graceful and beautiful themselves, and the bestow-
ers of all grace and beauty both on persons and things.
They seem to have been particularly attached to the
train of the goddess of love, although the queen of
heaven had authority over them (It. , 14, 267); and
she promises Pasithea, one of the youngest of them,
as a wife to Somnus, in return for his aid in deceiving
Jupiter: by later writers she is even said to be their
mother. (Nonnus, 31, 184. -- Eudocia, ap. Vitlois. ,
Anecd. Gr. , vol. 1, p. 430. ) Orchomenus, in Boeotia,
was the chief seat of the worship of these goddesses.
Its introduction was ascribed to Etcocles, the son of
the river Cephissus. The Lacedaemonians worship-
ped only two Graces, whom they name Cleta (Re-
nowned) and Phaenna (Bright), as we are informed
by Pausanias (/. c, el 3. 18, 6). The Athenians ori-
ginally adored the same number, under the names of
Hegcmone (Leader) and Auxo (Incrcaser). The
Graces were at all times, in the creed of Greece, tho
goddesses presiding over social enjoyments, the ban-
quet, the dance, and all that tended to inspire gayety
and cheerfulness. They are represented as three
beautiful sisters, either dancing together, or standing
with their arms around each other. Somctimos they
are nude, sometimes habited. (Keightley's Mythol-
ogy, p. 192, seq. )-- The Graces, like the Horse and
Muses, appear to have had originally a reference to
the stars and seasons. The Greeks deprived them
of their astronomical functions, and substituted such
attributes as were merely of a poetic character. We
still see, however, on an ancient gem, the Graces dan-
cing upon the head of Taurus, while two of them are
turning towards seven stars, at which they point with
the hand. (Bortoni, Collect. Anliq. Rom. , fol. 1736,
n. 82. -- Passerat, Thesaur. gemm. astrifcr. , 1, tab.
144. ) At a later period, when moral ideas began to
be more intimately blended with parts of the Grecian
system, the Graces assumed analogous attributes.
One of them was supposed to represent a favour con-
ferred, another a favour received, while the third des-
ignated the return made for benefits. (Artstot. , Eth. ,
5, 8. -- Sencc. , dc Bencf. , 1, 3. -- Constant, de la Reli-
gion, vol. 2, p. 402. --Winckelmann, Essai sur I'Al-
legoric, c. 2. --Traites sur VAllegoric, vol. 1, p. 132. )
Chariton, of Aphrodisias (a Carian town), the
name by which wc know the author of a Greek ro-
mance, entitled Tuv rrcpl Xaipiav nal KaMi/S/Soi/v
ipuTLKuv iiriyjinaTuv Xoyoi q: "The Loves of Chffi-
rcas and Gallirhoe, in eight books. " The appellation
is probably an assumed one, as well as the title he
gives himself of " Secretary to the rhetorician Athcn-
agoras. " This rhetorician is supposed by some to be
the same with the one of whom Thucydidcs makes
mention (6, 35, scqq. ) as enjoying great credit among
the people of Syracuse. He was opposed to Her-
mocratcs, the general who vanquished the Athenians.
The daughter of this Hermocrates is the heroine of
the romance, and it is probable that the writer wished
to appear to his readers in the light of a contemporary.
We have no data by which to fix the period when
Chariton flourished. Some place him at the end of the
4th century of our era. As regards the romance it-
self, it may be observed, that, though by no means
remarkable for its invention, it is smooth and easy in
the story. "Villemain has said no worse about it,"
observes a writer in the Foreign Quarterly (No. 9, p.
132), " than that it is ' a work which the learned Lar-
? ? cher has translated without being able to render it
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? CHA
portentosa mendacia a Diodoro rclata, Orpheum nar-
rant rue nal r&v uaeddv h ptiov Tt/xupiac, k. t. X. "
(Keigkllcy's Mythology, p. 92. )--II. One of the ear-
lier Greek historical writers, a native of Lampsacus,
supposed to have flourished between the 75th and 78th
Olympiads. Charon continued the researches of He-
eateus into eastern ethnography. He wrote (as was
the custom of the historians of his day) separate works
upon Persia, Libya, /Ethiopia, Arc. He also subjoined
the history of his own time, and he preceded Herod-
otus in narrating the events of the Persian war, al-
though Herodotus nowhere mentions him. From the
fragments of his writings which remain, it is manifest
that his relation to Herodotus was that of a dry chroni-
cler to an historian, under whose hands everything
acquires life and character. Charon wrote, besides, a
chronicle of his own country, as several of the early
historians did, who were thence called Horographers
(upot, corresponding to the Latin annates, ought not to
be confounded with upot, termini, hmites. --Schioeigh.
ad Athen. , 11, p. 475, 6 ,- 12, p. 520, d). The frag-
ments of Charon have been collected by Creuzer, in
bis Hwtoricorum Gratcorum Antiquissimorum Frag-
ments. , p. 89, scqq.
Charondas, a celebrated legislator, born at Catana
in Sicily, where he flourished about 650 B. C. We
have very few details of his life. Aristotle merely
informs us that he was of the middling class of citi-
zens, and that he framed laws for the people of Cata-
na as well as for other communities, which, like them,
were descended from Chalcis in Eubira. /Elian adds
(V. H. , 3, 17), that he was subsequently driven into
exile from Catana, and took refuge in Rhegium, where
he succeeded in introducing his laws. Some authors
infirm us, that he compiled his laws for the Thurians;
but he lived, in fact, a long time before the foundation
of Thurium, since his laws were abrogated in part by
Anailias, tyrant of Rhegium, who died 476 B. C. It
is not necessary, therefore, to suppose, with Sainte-
Croii (item, de VAcad. des Inscrtpt. , vol. 42, p. 317),
that there were two legislators of the same name, one
a native of Catana, and the other of Thurium. The
laws of Charondas were, like those of many of the
ancient legislators, in verse, and formed part of the in-
struction of the young. Their fame reached even to
Athens, where they were sung or chanted at repasts.
The preamble of these laws, as preserved to us by
Stobajus, is thought, as far, at least, as regards the
firm of expression, not to be genuine; and Heyne
supposes it to have been taken from some Pythago-
rean treatise on the laws of Charondas. --The man-
ner of this legislator's death is deserving of mention.
He had made a law, that no man should be allowed
to come armed into the assembly of the people. The
penalty for infringement was death. He became the
victim of his own law; for, having returned from pur-
suing some robbers, ho entered the city, and presented
himself before the assembly of the people without re-
flecting that he carried a sword by his side. Some
one thereupon remarked to him, "You are violating
your own law. " His reply was, "On the contrary, I
am establishing it;" and he slew himself on the spot.
This action, however, is ascribed by others to Dioclcs,
legislator of the Syracusans: perhaps it is true of
neither. For farther details respecting Charondas,
consult the memoir of Sainte-Croix, cited above, and
Heyne, Opuscula Aeademiea, vol. 2, p. 74, scqq.
Charybdis, a dangerous whirlpool, mentioned in
? ? the Odyssey, and placed by Homer somewhere be-
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? CHE
CHE
Thebaic nome, near Neapolis. There was in it, ac-
cording to the historian, a temple dedicated to Per-
seus, the son of Danae. This city is considered by
many to be the same with Panopolis, but incorrectly,
as will appear on the least examination of the case.
Herodotus says not a word of Pan's being worship-
ped in this place, he only speaks of the hero Perseus.
He places, moreover, his Chemmis, not in the ThcT
baid, but in the Thebaic nome, the distance of which
from Panopolis forms another strong objection to this
latter place being the same with Chemmis. Still
farther, he mentions the city of Neapolis as stand-
ing near his Chemmis, when no traces of this city,
nor, indeed, of any city at all, arc to be found near
Panopolis. For these reasons Mannert appears to be
perfectly correct in making the Chemmis of Herodo-
tus identical with Coptos. (Manner! , Gcogr. , vol. 10,
pt. 1, p. 374. ) Crcuzcr and Bahr, on the other hand,
are in favour of the opposite opinion stated above, but
adduce very feeble arguments in its support. (Bd. hr,
ad Herod. , 2, 91. ) -- III. An island in Egypt, situate
in a broad and deep lake, near the temple of Latona,
in the city of Butus. The Egyptians, according to
. Herodotus (2, 156), affirmed, that it was a floating
inland; but the historian, with great candour, adds,
that for his own part he could neither sec it float nor
move. The island contained a spacious temple dedi-
cated to Apollo, and three altars; with great numbers
of palms, and other trees, as well of such as produce
fruit as of those that do not. The Egyptians had
the following legend respecting the island: they
stated that Latona, one of the eight primary deities,
residing in Butus, received Apollo from the hands of
Isis, and preserved his life by concealing him in this
island, when Typhon, arriving in these parts, used all
possible diligence to find out the son of Osiris. --It is
thought that the Greeks invented from this story their
fable respecting Dclos. (Compare Larchcr, ad Herod. ,
I. e. ) As regards the name Chemmis, consult the re-
marks of Champollion, Systeme Hieroglyph. , p. 112.
Mannert makes the Egyptian legend arise from the
wish, on the part of the Egyptian priests, to explain
the Grecian mythology by a reference to their own as
its parent source. (Compare the remarkB at the close
of the article Charon. --Mannert, Gcogr. , vol. 10, pt.
1, p. 559. )
Cheops, a king of Egypt, the successor, according
to Herodotus (2, 124), of Rhampsinitus. According
to Larcher (Chronol. d'Herod. , vol. 7, p. 90), Cheops
began to reign 1178 B. C. Herodotus makes him to
have ruled over Egypt for the space of fifty years,
and to have been a most oppressive monarch. He
shut up all the temples, forbade public sacrifices, and
compelled the people to undergo the severest labour.
Ten years were occupied in constructing a causeway,
along which to draw the stones intended for a large
pyramid, and twenty years were then spent in erect-
ing the pyramid itself. On this structure was an in-
scription, in Egyptian characters, stating how much
had been expended in radishes, onions, and garlic for
tht workmen. The interpreter informed Herodotus
that this sum amounted to no less than 1600 talents
of silver. Taking the Attic talent at a valuation of
91055,60, the sum expended will be nearly $1,700,000
of our currency. The mode to which Cheops had re-
course in order to replenish his exhausted treasury,
although gravely related by Herodotus (2, 126), is ut-
? ? terly incredible, and must have been a falsehood of
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? CHI ?
Chersoxesus Cimbrjca, a peninsula in the northern
part of Germany, answering to the modern Jutland,
Schlessicig, and Hoist,-in. (Ptol. , 2, 11 )--III. Cher-
sonesus Taukica, a peninsula between the Pontus
Euxinus and Palus Mssotis, answering to the modem
Crimea. The name was derived from the Tauri, a
barbarous race who inhabited it. It was sometimes
culled Chersonesus Scythica and Chersonesus Magna
{Oxnd, Tnst, 4, 4, 63. ' -- Id. , Pont. , 3, 2, 5. ) -- IV.
Chersoxesus Thracica, often called simply the Cher-
sonesus, and the most important of all. It was a
peninsula of Thrace, between the Sinus Melas and
the Hellespont. The fertility of its soil, and its prox-
imity to the coast of Asia Minor, early attracted an
mflux of Grecian settlers, and its shores soon became
crowded with flourishing and populous cities. From
this quarter the Athenians drew their chief supply of
grain. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 322, seqq. )
Chbrcscj, a people of Germany, between the We-
scr and the Elbe, southeast of the Chauci. Under
the conduct of Arminius, they defeated and slew three
Roman legions commanded by Varus, A. D. 10, in the
Saltus Teutobergiensis, or Bishopric of Padcrborn.
They were afterward defeated by Germanicus, and
never recovered their former eminence. (Tac. , Ann. ,
I, 56 and 59. -- Id. ibid. , 2, 17, 26, 41, 45, and 64. --
U. , Germ. , 36. --Cats. , B. G. , 6, 10. --Veil. Patcrc. , 2,
105)
Chilo, a Spartan, ranked, on account of his wis-
dom and experience, among the seven sages of
Greece. He directed his attention to public affairs,
and became one of the ephori, B. C. 556. (Diog. La-
in. , 1, 68. -- Me-nag. , ad loc. ) Many of his maxims
are quoted by the ancient writers, which justify the
high reputation connected with his name. He died
of joy at an advanced age, while embracing one of
hU sons who had gained a prize at the Olympic games.
The story told by Herodotus (1, 59) respecting Chilo
and the father of Pisistratus cannot be true, since
Pisistratus usurped the government of Athens B. C.
561, only five years after Chilo became ephorus, and
there could not have been any very great difference
between their respective ages. Chilo appears to have
travelled much abroad, and it is probable that he vis-
ited Sardis, the capital of Croesus, a monarch who had
sought an alliance with Sparta. (Herod. , 1, 69. ) It
was at the court of the Lydian monarch, in all proba-
bility, that he saw -<? sop, since Diogenes Laertius
speaks of a question put by the philosopher to the
fabulist. (Diog. Laert. , 1, 68, seqq. )
Chim. f. ra, a fabulous monster, the offspring of Ty-
phon and Echidna (Hcstod, Theog. , 319), which rav-
aged the country of Lycia until slain by Bellerophon.
It had the head and neck of a lion, the body of a goat
(jrc/iaipa), and the tail of a serpent, and vomited forth
fire. (Horn. , II. , 6, 181. ) Hesiod's account is some-
what different from that of Homer, since he gives
the Chimera three heads, one that of a lion, another
a goat's, and a third a serpent's. (Theog. , 321. )
There is strong reason to believe, however, that this
passage in Hesiod is an interpolation. (Heyne, in
Comment. Soc. Golt. , vol. 2, p. 144. ) The Latin
poets, in their description of this monster, have imita-
ted, as usual, their Grecian masters. (Consult Lu-
eret. , 5, 903. -- Ovid, Met. , 9, 646. -- Virgil, Mn. , 6,
288. ) The various explanations given to this fabu-
lous legend by the Greeks may be seen in Eustathius
(ad II. , 5, 181, p. 634, 40). Servius, the great com-
? ? mentator on Virgil, gives a curious one: "This, in
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? CHI
CHCE
The best edition of these letters is that of Hoffmann,
which is joined to the edition of the fragments of
Memnon, by Orelli, Lips. , 1816. --Consult, in relation
to Chion, and the authenticity of these letters, the
prolegomena of Hoffmann, p. 131, scqq. (Schbll, Hist
Lit. Gr. , vol. 2, p. 281. )
Crionides, said to have been the earliest writer of
the old Athenian comedy. (Compare Arislot. , Poet. ,
3, 5. --Simla. *, s. v. Xtuv. ) His representations date
from Olymp. 73, 2, or 487 B. C. The names of three
of his comedies are recorded, 'Hpuec, Ilepoai <</ 'Ao-
avpioi, and Ylruxoi. To judge from these titles, we
should conclude that his comedies had a political ref-
erence, and were lull of personal satire; and from an
allusion in Vitruvius (Praf. in lib. , 6) we may infer,
that they were gnomic, like those of Epicharmus.
{Theatre of the Greeks, p. 99,4th ed )
Chios, now Scio, an island in the /Egean Sea, be-
tween Lesbos and Samos, on the coast oi Asia Minor.
It is about 900 stadia in circuit, and was probably
once connected with the main land, from which it is
separated only by a strait three leagues wide. (Slra-
bo, 645. ) It was known by the names of -Ethalia,
Macris, and Pityusa, bat its most prevalent name was
Chios, derived, according to some, from x'""? snow,
because its mountains were often covered with it.
Isidorus, however, deduces the name from a Syriac
term signifying mastich, with which the island abounds.
(Compare Dioscoridcs, 1, 90. --Plin. , 12,16. ) It was
well inhabited, and could once equip a hundred ships;
and its chief town, called Chios, had a beautiful har-
bour which could contain eighty ships. (Hcrodot. , 6,
8, and 31. --Thucyd. , 8, 15. ) The wine of this isl-
and, so much celebrated by the ancients, is still in
esteem. The Chians are said to have first known the
art of cultivating the vine, taught them by CEnopion,
the son of Bacchus, and by them communicated to the
Test of mankind. The first red wine was made here.
The marble of Chios was also in repute. It was one
of the places which contended for the honour of having
given birth to Homer, and his school was shown in
the island. Modem Scio, until the dreadful ravages
of the Turks, contained 115,000 inhabitants, nearly all
Greeks, and was the best cultivated and most flour-
ishing island in the Archipelago. (Compare Malic-
Brun, Geogr. , vol. 2, p. 86, Am. ed. )
ChTkon, the most celebrated of the Centaurs (rid.
Centauri), and son of Saturn and the nymph Philyra.
Dreading the jealousy of his wife Rhea, the god is said
to have transformed Philyra into a mare, and himself
into a steed : the offspring of this union was Chiron,
half man and half horse. This legend first appeared
in the poem of the Gigantomachia. (Schol. ad Apoll.
Rh. ,3, 554. ) It is also noticed by Pindar. (Pyth. ,
3, 1, scqq. ) Probably the praise of Chiron, by Homer
(//. , 11, 832), for his love of justice, led to the making
him the offspring of the god who ruled over the gold-
en race of men; and if, as it would appear, he was
skilled in music, a more suitable mother could not have
becnassigned him than the nymph" Lyre-loving. " (<t>i-
Mpa, quasi QMXvpa. -- Welcker, Nachlrag zur Tril. ,
p. 53, not. ) Unto Chiron was intrusted the rearing
and educating of Jason and his son Medeus, Hercu-
les, -Esculapius, and Achilles. Besides his knowl-
edge of the musical art, which he imparted to his he-
roic pupils, he was also skilled in surgery, which he
taught to the two last of the number. In the contest
? ? between Hercules and the Centaurs, Chiron was acci-
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? CHCERILUS.
CHO
in what this same lexicographer adds, that Chasrilus
was a young man when Xerxes invaded Greece, there
is a contradiction to the previous assertion, since He-
rodotus was at this time but just bom. Plutarch
states, that Lysander of Sparta was very fond of the
poet's society: this would fix the period when he
nourished between the peace of Cimon and the com-
mencement of the Peloponnesian war, or between 460
and 431 B. C. (Choerilus, ed. Nake. , p. 21, seqq. ) In
his old age Choerilus was invited to the court of Ma-
cedonia by King Archelaus, who allowed him, it is said,
three mins daily. At the court of this prince he died.
Choerilus perceived that a poet could no longer please
by following the footsteps of Homer, since a people
arrived at the degree of civilization in which the
Greeks then were, seemed no longer capable of rel-
ishing, in a modern work, the simplicity which pos-
sesses so many charms in the earlier national poetry.
Choerilus selected, in consequence, an historical sub-
ject, the victory of his countrymen over the arms of
Xerxes. In this, however, he was unfortunate, since
so recent an event was incompatible with the employ-
ment of fiction, and fiction is an important part of the
machinery of every epic poem. According to, Sto-
b>>us, he entitled his poem llepantf, "the Perseid. "
We have so few fragments remaining of this poem
of his, that we are unable to ascertain whether he
ended it with the battle of Salamis, or carried it on to
the close of the war with Xerxes.
tween Lampe and Graosgala. (Nicet. , Ann. , p. 127,
6. )--rV. A town of Armenia Minor, in the northeast-
ern angle of the country. (Ptol. --Compare Cramer,
Asia Mtnor, vol. 2, p. 154. )
Chabaxts, a Mytilenean, brother to Sappho. ( Vid.
Sappho, near the commencement of the article. )
Chares, I. an Athenian general, who succeeded to
the command after the condemnation and death of
Leosthenes. He was sent by the Athenians against
Alexander, tyrant of Pheras, but, instead of coming to
action with the foe, he harassed the Athenian allies to
such a degree by his extortions and oppression, that
the social war was the result (B. C. 388). Although
? ? Chares was the principal cause of this war, yet the
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? CHA
CHA
are graceful and beautiful themselves, and the bestow-
ers of all grace and beauty both on persons and things.
They seem to have been particularly attached to the
train of the goddess of love, although the queen of
heaven had authority over them (It. , 14, 267); and
she promises Pasithea, one of the youngest of them,
as a wife to Somnus, in return for his aid in deceiving
Jupiter: by later writers she is even said to be their
mother. (Nonnus, 31, 184. -- Eudocia, ap. Vitlois. ,
Anecd. Gr. , vol. 1, p. 430. ) Orchomenus, in Boeotia,
was the chief seat of the worship of these goddesses.
Its introduction was ascribed to Etcocles, the son of
the river Cephissus. The Lacedaemonians worship-
ped only two Graces, whom they name Cleta (Re-
nowned) and Phaenna (Bright), as we are informed
by Pausanias (/. c, el 3. 18, 6). The Athenians ori-
ginally adored the same number, under the names of
Hegcmone (Leader) and Auxo (Incrcaser). The
Graces were at all times, in the creed of Greece, tho
goddesses presiding over social enjoyments, the ban-
quet, the dance, and all that tended to inspire gayety
and cheerfulness. They are represented as three
beautiful sisters, either dancing together, or standing
with their arms around each other. Somctimos they
are nude, sometimes habited. (Keightley's Mythol-
ogy, p. 192, seq. )-- The Graces, like the Horse and
Muses, appear to have had originally a reference to
the stars and seasons. The Greeks deprived them
of their astronomical functions, and substituted such
attributes as were merely of a poetic character. We
still see, however, on an ancient gem, the Graces dan-
cing upon the head of Taurus, while two of them are
turning towards seven stars, at which they point with
the hand. (Bortoni, Collect. Anliq. Rom. , fol. 1736,
n. 82. -- Passerat, Thesaur. gemm. astrifcr. , 1, tab.
144. ) At a later period, when moral ideas began to
be more intimately blended with parts of the Grecian
system, the Graces assumed analogous attributes.
One of them was supposed to represent a favour con-
ferred, another a favour received, while the third des-
ignated the return made for benefits. (Artstot. , Eth. ,
5, 8. -- Sencc. , dc Bencf. , 1, 3. -- Constant, de la Reli-
gion, vol. 2, p. 402. --Winckelmann, Essai sur I'Al-
legoric, c. 2. --Traites sur VAllegoric, vol. 1, p. 132. )
Chariton, of Aphrodisias (a Carian town), the
name by which wc know the author of a Greek ro-
mance, entitled Tuv rrcpl Xaipiav nal KaMi/S/Soi/v
ipuTLKuv iiriyjinaTuv Xoyoi q: "The Loves of Chffi-
rcas and Gallirhoe, in eight books. " The appellation
is probably an assumed one, as well as the title he
gives himself of " Secretary to the rhetorician Athcn-
agoras. " This rhetorician is supposed by some to be
the same with the one of whom Thucydidcs makes
mention (6, 35, scqq. ) as enjoying great credit among
the people of Syracuse. He was opposed to Her-
mocratcs, the general who vanquished the Athenians.
The daughter of this Hermocrates is the heroine of
the romance, and it is probable that the writer wished
to appear to his readers in the light of a contemporary.
We have no data by which to fix the period when
Chariton flourished. Some place him at the end of the
4th century of our era. As regards the romance it-
self, it may be observed, that, though by no means
remarkable for its invention, it is smooth and easy in
the story. "Villemain has said no worse about it,"
observes a writer in the Foreign Quarterly (No. 9, p.
132), " than that it is ' a work which the learned Lar-
? ? cher has translated without being able to render it
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? CHA
portentosa mendacia a Diodoro rclata, Orpheum nar-
rant rue nal r&v uaeddv h ptiov Tt/xupiac, k. t. X. "
(Keigkllcy's Mythology, p. 92. )--II. One of the ear-
lier Greek historical writers, a native of Lampsacus,
supposed to have flourished between the 75th and 78th
Olympiads. Charon continued the researches of He-
eateus into eastern ethnography. He wrote (as was
the custom of the historians of his day) separate works
upon Persia, Libya, /Ethiopia, Arc. He also subjoined
the history of his own time, and he preceded Herod-
otus in narrating the events of the Persian war, al-
though Herodotus nowhere mentions him. From the
fragments of his writings which remain, it is manifest
that his relation to Herodotus was that of a dry chroni-
cler to an historian, under whose hands everything
acquires life and character. Charon wrote, besides, a
chronicle of his own country, as several of the early
historians did, who were thence called Horographers
(upot, corresponding to the Latin annates, ought not to
be confounded with upot, termini, hmites. --Schioeigh.
ad Athen. , 11, p. 475, 6 ,- 12, p. 520, d). The frag-
ments of Charon have been collected by Creuzer, in
bis Hwtoricorum Gratcorum Antiquissimorum Frag-
ments. , p. 89, scqq.
Charondas, a celebrated legislator, born at Catana
in Sicily, where he flourished about 650 B. C. We
have very few details of his life. Aristotle merely
informs us that he was of the middling class of citi-
zens, and that he framed laws for the people of Cata-
na as well as for other communities, which, like them,
were descended from Chalcis in Eubira. /Elian adds
(V. H. , 3, 17), that he was subsequently driven into
exile from Catana, and took refuge in Rhegium, where
he succeeded in introducing his laws. Some authors
infirm us, that he compiled his laws for the Thurians;
but he lived, in fact, a long time before the foundation
of Thurium, since his laws were abrogated in part by
Anailias, tyrant of Rhegium, who died 476 B. C. It
is not necessary, therefore, to suppose, with Sainte-
Croii (item, de VAcad. des Inscrtpt. , vol. 42, p. 317),
that there were two legislators of the same name, one
a native of Catana, and the other of Thurium. The
laws of Charondas were, like those of many of the
ancient legislators, in verse, and formed part of the in-
struction of the young. Their fame reached even to
Athens, where they were sung or chanted at repasts.
The preamble of these laws, as preserved to us by
Stobajus, is thought, as far, at least, as regards the
firm of expression, not to be genuine; and Heyne
supposes it to have been taken from some Pythago-
rean treatise on the laws of Charondas. --The man-
ner of this legislator's death is deserving of mention.
He had made a law, that no man should be allowed
to come armed into the assembly of the people. The
penalty for infringement was death. He became the
victim of his own law; for, having returned from pur-
suing some robbers, ho entered the city, and presented
himself before the assembly of the people without re-
flecting that he carried a sword by his side. Some
one thereupon remarked to him, "You are violating
your own law. " His reply was, "On the contrary, I
am establishing it;" and he slew himself on the spot.
This action, however, is ascribed by others to Dioclcs,
legislator of the Syracusans: perhaps it is true of
neither. For farther details respecting Charondas,
consult the memoir of Sainte-Croix, cited above, and
Heyne, Opuscula Aeademiea, vol. 2, p. 74, scqq.
Charybdis, a dangerous whirlpool, mentioned in
? ? the Odyssey, and placed by Homer somewhere be-
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? CHE
CHE
Thebaic nome, near Neapolis. There was in it, ac-
cording to the historian, a temple dedicated to Per-
seus, the son of Danae. This city is considered by
many to be the same with Panopolis, but incorrectly,
as will appear on the least examination of the case.
Herodotus says not a word of Pan's being worship-
ped in this place, he only speaks of the hero Perseus.
He places, moreover, his Chemmis, not in the ThcT
baid, but in the Thebaic nome, the distance of which
from Panopolis forms another strong objection to this
latter place being the same with Chemmis. Still
farther, he mentions the city of Neapolis as stand-
ing near his Chemmis, when no traces of this city,
nor, indeed, of any city at all, arc to be found near
Panopolis. For these reasons Mannert appears to be
perfectly correct in making the Chemmis of Herodo-
tus identical with Coptos. (Manner! , Gcogr. , vol. 10,
pt. 1, p. 374. ) Crcuzcr and Bahr, on the other hand,
are in favour of the opposite opinion stated above, but
adduce very feeble arguments in its support. (Bd. hr,
ad Herod. , 2, 91. ) -- III. An island in Egypt, situate
in a broad and deep lake, near the temple of Latona,
in the city of Butus. The Egyptians, according to
. Herodotus (2, 156), affirmed, that it was a floating
inland; but the historian, with great candour, adds,
that for his own part he could neither sec it float nor
move. The island contained a spacious temple dedi-
cated to Apollo, and three altars; with great numbers
of palms, and other trees, as well of such as produce
fruit as of those that do not. The Egyptians had
the following legend respecting the island: they
stated that Latona, one of the eight primary deities,
residing in Butus, received Apollo from the hands of
Isis, and preserved his life by concealing him in this
island, when Typhon, arriving in these parts, used all
possible diligence to find out the son of Osiris. --It is
thought that the Greeks invented from this story their
fable respecting Dclos. (Compare Larchcr, ad Herod. ,
I. e. ) As regards the name Chemmis, consult the re-
marks of Champollion, Systeme Hieroglyph. , p. 112.
Mannert makes the Egyptian legend arise from the
wish, on the part of the Egyptian priests, to explain
the Grecian mythology by a reference to their own as
its parent source. (Compare the remarkB at the close
of the article Charon. --Mannert, Gcogr. , vol. 10, pt.
1, p. 559. )
Cheops, a king of Egypt, the successor, according
to Herodotus (2, 124), of Rhampsinitus. According
to Larcher (Chronol. d'Herod. , vol. 7, p. 90), Cheops
began to reign 1178 B. C. Herodotus makes him to
have ruled over Egypt for the space of fifty years,
and to have been a most oppressive monarch. He
shut up all the temples, forbade public sacrifices, and
compelled the people to undergo the severest labour.
Ten years were occupied in constructing a causeway,
along which to draw the stones intended for a large
pyramid, and twenty years were then spent in erect-
ing the pyramid itself. On this structure was an in-
scription, in Egyptian characters, stating how much
had been expended in radishes, onions, and garlic for
tht workmen. The interpreter informed Herodotus
that this sum amounted to no less than 1600 talents
of silver. Taking the Attic talent at a valuation of
91055,60, the sum expended will be nearly $1,700,000
of our currency. The mode to which Cheops had re-
course in order to replenish his exhausted treasury,
although gravely related by Herodotus (2, 126), is ut-
? ? terly incredible, and must have been a falsehood of
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? CHI ?
Chersoxesus Cimbrjca, a peninsula in the northern
part of Germany, answering to the modern Jutland,
Schlessicig, and Hoist,-in. (Ptol. , 2, 11 )--III. Cher-
sonesus Taukica, a peninsula between the Pontus
Euxinus and Palus Mssotis, answering to the modem
Crimea. The name was derived from the Tauri, a
barbarous race who inhabited it. It was sometimes
culled Chersonesus Scythica and Chersonesus Magna
{Oxnd, Tnst, 4, 4, 63. ' -- Id. , Pont. , 3, 2, 5. ) -- IV.
Chersoxesus Thracica, often called simply the Cher-
sonesus, and the most important of all. It was a
peninsula of Thrace, between the Sinus Melas and
the Hellespont. The fertility of its soil, and its prox-
imity to the coast of Asia Minor, early attracted an
mflux of Grecian settlers, and its shores soon became
crowded with flourishing and populous cities. From
this quarter the Athenians drew their chief supply of
grain. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 322, seqq. )
Chbrcscj, a people of Germany, between the We-
scr and the Elbe, southeast of the Chauci. Under
the conduct of Arminius, they defeated and slew three
Roman legions commanded by Varus, A. D. 10, in the
Saltus Teutobergiensis, or Bishopric of Padcrborn.
They were afterward defeated by Germanicus, and
never recovered their former eminence. (Tac. , Ann. ,
I, 56 and 59. -- Id. ibid. , 2, 17, 26, 41, 45, and 64. --
U. , Germ. , 36. --Cats. , B. G. , 6, 10. --Veil. Patcrc. , 2,
105)
Chilo, a Spartan, ranked, on account of his wis-
dom and experience, among the seven sages of
Greece. He directed his attention to public affairs,
and became one of the ephori, B. C. 556. (Diog. La-
in. , 1, 68. -- Me-nag. , ad loc. ) Many of his maxims
are quoted by the ancient writers, which justify the
high reputation connected with his name. He died
of joy at an advanced age, while embracing one of
hU sons who had gained a prize at the Olympic games.
The story told by Herodotus (1, 59) respecting Chilo
and the father of Pisistratus cannot be true, since
Pisistratus usurped the government of Athens B. C.
561, only five years after Chilo became ephorus, and
there could not have been any very great difference
between their respective ages. Chilo appears to have
travelled much abroad, and it is probable that he vis-
ited Sardis, the capital of Croesus, a monarch who had
sought an alliance with Sparta. (Herod. , 1, 69. ) It
was at the court of the Lydian monarch, in all proba-
bility, that he saw -<? sop, since Diogenes Laertius
speaks of a question put by the philosopher to the
fabulist. (Diog. Laert. , 1, 68, seqq. )
Chim. f. ra, a fabulous monster, the offspring of Ty-
phon and Echidna (Hcstod, Theog. , 319), which rav-
aged the country of Lycia until slain by Bellerophon.
It had the head and neck of a lion, the body of a goat
(jrc/iaipa), and the tail of a serpent, and vomited forth
fire. (Horn. , II. , 6, 181. ) Hesiod's account is some-
what different from that of Homer, since he gives
the Chimera three heads, one that of a lion, another
a goat's, and a third a serpent's. (Theog. , 321. )
There is strong reason to believe, however, that this
passage in Hesiod is an interpolation. (Heyne, in
Comment. Soc. Golt. , vol. 2, p. 144. ) The Latin
poets, in their description of this monster, have imita-
ted, as usual, their Grecian masters. (Consult Lu-
eret. , 5, 903. -- Ovid, Met. , 9, 646. -- Virgil, Mn. , 6,
288. ) The various explanations given to this fabu-
lous legend by the Greeks may be seen in Eustathius
(ad II. , 5, 181, p. 634, 40). Servius, the great com-
? ? mentator on Virgil, gives a curious one: "This, in
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? CHI
CHCE
The best edition of these letters is that of Hoffmann,
which is joined to the edition of the fragments of
Memnon, by Orelli, Lips. , 1816. --Consult, in relation
to Chion, and the authenticity of these letters, the
prolegomena of Hoffmann, p. 131, scqq. (Schbll, Hist
Lit. Gr. , vol. 2, p. 281. )
Crionides, said to have been the earliest writer of
the old Athenian comedy. (Compare Arislot. , Poet. ,
3, 5. --Simla. *, s. v. Xtuv. ) His representations date
from Olymp. 73, 2, or 487 B. C. The names of three
of his comedies are recorded, 'Hpuec, Ilepoai <</ 'Ao-
avpioi, and Ylruxoi. To judge from these titles, we
should conclude that his comedies had a political ref-
erence, and were lull of personal satire; and from an
allusion in Vitruvius (Praf. in lib. , 6) we may infer,
that they were gnomic, like those of Epicharmus.
{Theatre of the Greeks, p. 99,4th ed )
Chios, now Scio, an island in the /Egean Sea, be-
tween Lesbos and Samos, on the coast oi Asia Minor.
It is about 900 stadia in circuit, and was probably
once connected with the main land, from which it is
separated only by a strait three leagues wide. (Slra-
bo, 645. ) It was known by the names of -Ethalia,
Macris, and Pityusa, bat its most prevalent name was
Chios, derived, according to some, from x'""? snow,
because its mountains were often covered with it.
Isidorus, however, deduces the name from a Syriac
term signifying mastich, with which the island abounds.
(Compare Dioscoridcs, 1, 90. --Plin. , 12,16. ) It was
well inhabited, and could once equip a hundred ships;
and its chief town, called Chios, had a beautiful har-
bour which could contain eighty ships. (Hcrodot. , 6,
8, and 31. --Thucyd. , 8, 15. ) The wine of this isl-
and, so much celebrated by the ancients, is still in
esteem. The Chians are said to have first known the
art of cultivating the vine, taught them by CEnopion,
the son of Bacchus, and by them communicated to the
Test of mankind. The first red wine was made here.
The marble of Chios was also in repute. It was one
of the places which contended for the honour of having
given birth to Homer, and his school was shown in
the island. Modem Scio, until the dreadful ravages
of the Turks, contained 115,000 inhabitants, nearly all
Greeks, and was the best cultivated and most flour-
ishing island in the Archipelago. (Compare Malic-
Brun, Geogr. , vol. 2, p. 86, Am. ed. )
ChTkon, the most celebrated of the Centaurs (rid.
Centauri), and son of Saturn and the nymph Philyra.
Dreading the jealousy of his wife Rhea, the god is said
to have transformed Philyra into a mare, and himself
into a steed : the offspring of this union was Chiron,
half man and half horse. This legend first appeared
in the poem of the Gigantomachia. (Schol. ad Apoll.
Rh. ,3, 554. ) It is also noticed by Pindar. (Pyth. ,
3, 1, scqq. ) Probably the praise of Chiron, by Homer
(//. , 11, 832), for his love of justice, led to the making
him the offspring of the god who ruled over the gold-
en race of men; and if, as it would appear, he was
skilled in music, a more suitable mother could not have
becnassigned him than the nymph" Lyre-loving. " (<t>i-
Mpa, quasi QMXvpa. -- Welcker, Nachlrag zur Tril. ,
p. 53, not. ) Unto Chiron was intrusted the rearing
and educating of Jason and his son Medeus, Hercu-
les, -Esculapius, and Achilles. Besides his knowl-
edge of the musical art, which he imparted to his he-
roic pupils, he was also skilled in surgery, which he
taught to the two last of the number. In the contest
? ? between Hercules and the Centaurs, Chiron was acci-
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? CHCERILUS.
CHO
in what this same lexicographer adds, that Chasrilus
was a young man when Xerxes invaded Greece, there
is a contradiction to the previous assertion, since He-
rodotus was at this time but just bom. Plutarch
states, that Lysander of Sparta was very fond of the
poet's society: this would fix the period when he
nourished between the peace of Cimon and the com-
mencement of the Peloponnesian war, or between 460
and 431 B. C. (Choerilus, ed. Nake. , p. 21, seqq. ) In
his old age Choerilus was invited to the court of Ma-
cedonia by King Archelaus, who allowed him, it is said,
three mins daily. At the court of this prince he died.
Choerilus perceived that a poet could no longer please
by following the footsteps of Homer, since a people
arrived at the degree of civilization in which the
Greeks then were, seemed no longer capable of rel-
ishing, in a modern work, the simplicity which pos-
sesses so many charms in the earlier national poetry.
Choerilus selected, in consequence, an historical sub-
ject, the victory of his countrymen over the arms of
Xerxes. In this, however, he was unfortunate, since
so recent an event was incompatible with the employ-
ment of fiction, and fiction is an important part of the
machinery of every epic poem. According to, Sto-
b>>us, he entitled his poem llepantf, "the Perseid. "
We have so few fragments remaining of this poem
of his, that we are unable to ascertain whether he
ended it with the battle of Salamis, or carried it on to
the close of the war with Xerxes.
